2nd PUC

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Karnataka 2nd PUC Electronics Previous Year Question Paper June 2017

2nd PUC Electronics Previous Year Question Paper June 2017

Time : 3 hrs. 15 min.
Max Marks: 70

Instructions:

• The question has five Parts A, B, C and D.
• Part – A has no choice
• Part – D has two parts. Part -1 is from problems, Part – II is of essay type questions.
• Circuit diagram/timing diagram/truth tables are drawn wherever necessary.
• Problems without necessary formula/formulae carry no marks.

Part – A

Answer all questions: 10 x 1 = 10

Question 1.
What is amplification factor?
Answer:
It is the ratio of change in drain to source voltage V_DS to corresponding change in gate to source voltage V_GS for constant drain current I_D.

Question 2.
Define CMRR.
Answer:
CMRR is defined as the ratio of differential mode .gain to common mode gain.

Question 3.
Mention the speed of electromagnetic waves in free space.
Answer:
3 x 10⁸ ms^-8

Question 4.
Mention the value of IF for AM reception.
Answer:
455 KHz

Question 5.
An FM signal has a freuency deviation of 12 KHz and modulating frequency of 6KHz. Calculate the modulation index.
Answer:
Δ= 12KHz f_m = 6KHz m_f = ?
\(\mathrm{m}_{t}=\frac{\Delta \mathrm{f}}{\mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{m}}}=\frac{12 \mathrm{KHz}}{6 \mathrm{KHz}}\)

Question 6.
Name the lightly doped layer in the power diode.
Answer:
Drift layer or epitaxial layer.

Question 7.
What is an octet?
Answer:
An octet is a group of eight adjacent is either in two horizontal rows or in two vertical columns.

Question 8.
Write excess-3 code for (69)₁₀.
Answer:

Decimal	6	9
BCD	0110	1001
Add0011	0011	0011
Excess 3 code	1001	1100

Question 9.
Why 8051 microcontroller is known as 8 bit processor?
Answer:
8051 microcontroller is called 8 bit processor because it processes 8 bits of data.

Question 10.
What is the size of an integer in C-programming?
Answer:
2 bytes.

Part – B

Answer any five questions. 5 x 2 = 10

Question 11.
Write the steps involved in drawing DC equivalent circuit of a CE amplifier.
Answer:

• Reduce all the AC sources to zero.
• Open all the capacitors.

Question 12.
A amplifier of gain 500 reduces to 100 after feedback. Calculate the feedback factor.
Answer:

Question 13.
Distinguish between sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal oscillator.
Answer:

• Sinusoidal oscillator: Oscillator output is a sinusoidal waveform
• Non-sinusoidal oscillator: Oscillator output is a non-sinusoidal waveform.

Question 14.
Mention any two applications of power devices.
Answer:

• AC to DC rectifier.
• AC to AC voltage controller.
• DC to DC chopper
• DC to AC inverter.

Question 15.
A silicon power diode has V_j of 0.4V, R_0N in drift region of 0.0020 and I_r = 75A
Answer:

Question 16.
Briefly explain the function of accumulator and program counter in microcontroller 8051.
Answer:

• Accumulator : It stores a number and on receipt of another number, adds the two and stores the sum. It can also sense the signal, clear and complement etc.
• Program counter: It holds the address of a byte in memory. It also specifies the address at the next instruction to be fetched and executed.

Question 17.
Write the meanings of the following operators in C programming,
(i) = = (ii) &&
Answer:
(i) Equal to
(ii) LoginalAND

Question 18.
Mention any two applications of RADAR.
Answer:

• Used as altimeters to measure height
• Used in defence weapons system
• Used in landing of planes in bad weather conditions.

Part – C

Answer any five questions.

Question 19.
Explain the construction of n-channel JFET.
Answer:

Consider n channel JFET with gate to source voltage V_GG and drain to source voltage V_GG. When V_GG is zero, drain current is maximum and flows from drain to source called as L_cc. When V_0G is increased, reverse bias across junction increases and width of depletion region across the junctions increases. Due to this channel width decreases and hence the drain current decreases. Thus the reverse voltage applied across gate to source terminal controls the drain current. When the gate to source voltage is further increased, a stage will be reached at which two depletion regions touch each other and the drain current becomes zero. Pinch off voltage is the gate voltage at which drain current becomes zero.

Question 20.
Explain the terms thermal runaway, leakage current and heat sink.
Answer:
The self destruction of an unbiased transistor due to increase in temperature and hense increase in leakage current.

Heat sink is a device which absorbs unwanted heat generated in the transistor and radiates to the surroundings. A copper conductor with different shapes are connected to the device to take out heat from the device. With heat sink, power rating of the device increases.

Leakage current is current through a device due to the motion of minority charge carriers under reverse bias conditions.

Different leakage currents are:

• Collector to base leakage current with emitter open (I_CB0).
• Collector to emitter leakage current with base open (1_CE0).

Question 21.
Derive an expression for input impedance of negative feedback amplifier.
Answer:
An amplifier should have high input impedance so that it will not load the preceding stage or input voltage source. High input impedance for an amplifier can be achieved with Voltage series negative feedback.

Let Ii and Vi be input current and input voltage to the basic amplifier. Vs is input to feedback amplifier, Vf is feedback voltage and vo is the output voltage.

Input impedance of basic amplifier is
\(z_{i}=\frac{V_{i}}{I_{i}}-(1)\)

Input impedance of feedback amplifier is
\(z_{v}=\frac{V_{s}}{I_{i}} \rightarrow(2)\)

Input voltage to basic amplifier with negative feedback is

\(=\left(\frac{V_{i}}{I_{i}}\right)(1+A \beta)\)
Z_if = Z_i (1+Aβ)from eq ………… (1)
As (1 + Aβ) > 1 for negative feedback, Z_if > Z_i
Hence with negative feedback, input impedance of an amplifier increases.

Question 22.
Define critical angel, critical frequency and skip distance
Answer:
Skip distance is the minimum distance measured between transmitting antenna and the first receiving antenna measured along the surface of the earth after propagation through the ionosphere.

Critical angle for a given layer is the maximum angle of incidence of a radio wave under ionospheric propagation that gets returned to the earth.

Critical frequency for a given layer is the highest frequency of a beamed radio wave that will be returned to the earth.

Question 23.
What is demodulation? Draw the circuit diagram of linear diode detector.
Answer:
Demodulation is the process of recovering a modulating signal from the modulated wave.

LC tank circuit is used as a parallel resonant circuit. The resonant frequency of the circuit can be varied by varying the value of capacitance C and hence RF signal of any desired frequency can be tuned in.

When a selected modulated signal is applied to the diode, the diode conducts only during the positive half of the modulated wave. Thus the diode removes the entire negative half cycles. Across R₁C₁ only positive half cycles of carrier modulated wave appears. Thus the low pass filter made up of R₁ C₁ removes the RF.

During positive half cycle, diode conducts the capacitor C₁ gets charged. During negative half cycle of the carrier and diode doesnot conduct but C₁ discharges through R₁. Hence output is obtained. The spikes can be reduced by proper choice of R₁ C₁ and depth of modulation. The capacitor C_B removes D_c component produced by the detector.

Question 24.
Explain non-punch through type power diode.
Answer:
In non-punch through diodes, the depletion region boundary does not reach the end of drift layer. In punch through diode, the depletion layer spans the entire drift region and is in contact with n⁺ cathode.

Question 25.
Draw the logic circuit of a full-adder using 3 input XOR gate. Write the Boolean expression for outputs SUM and CARRY.
Answer:
Full adder is a combinational logic circuit that performs arithmetic sum of three bits and gives their sum and carry .

Question 26.
List the additional features of 3G and 4G cell-phone systems.
Answer:
Additional features of 3G and 4G phone systems are:

1. Colour LCD screens
2. Digital cameras
3. E-mail, Games
4. GPS, Bluetooth
5. Internet access
6. Video conferencing

Part – D

Answer any Five questions. 3 x 5 = 16

Question 27.
For CE amplifier circuit using Germanium transistor given below. Find
i) Voltage across 10KQ
ii) I_E
iii) r_e
iv) A_v [Given V_BE = 0.32V]
Answer:

Question 28.
Calculate output voltage if V₁ = 300mV and V₂ = 700mV.

Answer:

Question 29.
A colpitts oscillator oscillates at 1.13MHz. If inductor in the feedback network has a value of 20μH and one of the capacitor value is 0.1 μF. Calculate the value of the other capacitor.
Answer:

Question 30.
A sinusoidal carries voltage V_c = 80 sin 2π x 10⁵ t is amplitude modulated by a sinusoidal voltage
V_m = 32 sin 2π x 10³t . Write the equation of the AM wave and draw its output frequency spectrum.
Answer:

Question 31.
Simplify the given equation using K-map. Y = Σm (1, 3, 4, 6, 9) + Σd (11,12,14) and identify the logic gate for the simplified output expression.
Answer:

Part – E

Answer any Four questions.

Question 32.
What is direct-coupled amplifier? With neat circuit diagram explain the working of direct-coupled amplifier and draw the frequency response curve.
Answer:

The direct coupled amplifier using two npn transistors is as shown in the diagram. In this method, output of first stage is directly coupled to the input of second stage. Resistors R₁ and R₂ form voltage divider circuit. Any signal at the base of the first transistor is amplified A, times and appears at the collector of first stage.

It is then applied to the base of transistor in the second stage. Hence it is amplified A₂ times. The gain of the direct coupled amplifier is A = A x A. Direct-coupled amplifiers are used to amplify extremely low frequency signals.

Frequency Response of Direct coupled transistor amplifier.

Question 33.
What is op-amp subtractor? Derive an expression for the output of op-amp subtractor with a circuit diagram.
Answer:

Voltage follower is Obtained by shorting R_f. The output is directly fed to inverting input terminal. Output voltage V of non-inverting

It is used as buffer amplifier for impedance matching.

Question 34.
With a neat block diagram explain the working of FM transmitter.
Answer:

The modulating signal is applied to the pre-emphasis circuit, which improves signal to noise ratio, AF amplifier amplifies output of pre-emphasis. The processed signal is fed to reactance modulator. The reactance modulator uses a transistor or FET connected across tank circuit of carrier oscillator.

The oscillator frequency depends on the tank reactance which in turn depends on the instantaneous amplitude of modulating signal. Thus, output of reactance modulator will be a frequency modulated wave.

The oscillator is followed by a buffer amplifier which isolates oscillator from subsequent stages. The limiter maintains the amplitude constant. Class C power amplifier amplifies modulated wave to required power levels. The FM signal is then fed to the transmitting antenna.

Question 35.
Explain the working of JK flip-flop with logic circuit and truth-table. Draw its timing diagram.
Answer:

1. When J = 0, K= 0, the S and R inputs are both at 0 and hence the output is in the HOLD state.
2. When J = 0, K = 1, S input is at 0 while R can be either at 0 or 1, but output is always in the RESET state.
3. When J = 1, K = 0, S input can be 0 or 1 but R input is always at logic 0 and hence the output remains at a stable SET state.
4. When J = 1, K = 1 the Flip flop goes to complementary’ state of previous output i.e, flip flop toggles

 

Question 36.
Write an assembly language program to add two numbers 1FH and B4H and store the result in R7. Verify the result by binary addition.
Answer:

Question 37.
What is debugging? Explain the different types of error that occur in C programming language?
Answer:
The process of detecting and correcting errors in the program is debugging.
C is a powerful, flexible, portable and structured programming language.

You can Download Chapter Reconstruction of a Partnership Firm – Admission of a Partner Questions and Answers, Notes, 2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 3 Reconstruction of a Partnership Firm – Admission of a Partner

2nd PUC Accountancy Reconstruction of a Partnership Firm – Admission of a Partner NCERT Text Book Questions and Answers

2nd PUC Reconstruction of a Partnership Firm – Admission of a Partner Short Answer Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Identify various matters that need adjustments at the time of admission of a new partner.
Answer:
The important points which require attention at the time of admission of a new partner:

• New profit sharing ratio;
• Sacrificing ratio;
• Valuation and adjustment of goodwill;
• Revaluation of assets and Reassessment of liabilities;
• Distribution of accumulated profits (reserves); and
• Adjustment of partners capitals.

Question 2.
Why it is necessary to ascertain new profit sharing ratio even for old partners when a new partner is admitted?
Answer:
When new partner is admitted he acquires his share in the profits from the old partners. In other words, on the admission of a new partner, the old partners sacrifice a share of their profit in favour of the new partner. But, what will be the share of new partner and how he will acquire it from the existing partners is decided mutually among the old partners and the new partner.

On admission of a new partner, the profit sharing ratio among the old partners will change . keeping in view their, respective contribution to the profit sharing ratio of the incoming partner. Hence, there is a need to ascertain the new profit sharing ratio among all the partners.

Question 3.
What is sacrificing ratio? Why is it calculated?
Answer:

• Sacrifice ratio is the ratio sacrificed by the old partners to the new partner.
• Sacrifice ratio is calculated in order to distribute the goodwill brought in cash by the new partner on account of admission.

Question 4.
On what occasions sacrificing ratio is used?
Answer:
The new partner is required to compensate the old partner’s for their loss of share in the super profits of the firm for which he brings in an additional amount known as premium or goodwill. This amount is shared by the existing partners in the ratio in which they forego their shares in favour of the new partner which is called sacrificing ratio.

Question 5.
If some goodwill already exists in the books and the new partner brings in his share of goodwill in cash, how will you deal with existing amount of goodwill?
Answer:
When goodwill already exists in books: It is quite possible that when a new partner brings in his share of goodwill in cash, some amount of goodwill already exists in books. In that case, after crediting the old partners by the amount of goodwill brought in by the new partner, the existing goodwill must be written off by debiting the old partners in their old profit sharing ratio. But, if it is decided that the goodwill may continue to appear in the books at its old value, the amount to be brought in by new partner will have to be proportionately reduced

Question 6.
Why there is need for the revaluation of assets and liabilities on the admission of a partner?
Answer:
Revaluation Method: This method is followed when the new partner does not bring in his share of goodwill in cash. In such a situation, the goodwill account is raised in the books of account by crediting the old partners in the old profit sharing ratio. When goodwill account is to be raised in the books of account there are two possibilities,
(a) No goodwill appears in books at the time of admission, and
(b) Goodwill already exists in books at the time of admission.

Admission of a Partner 137
(a) When no goodwill exists in the books: When no goodwill exists in the books at the time of the admission of a new partner, the goodwill account must be raised at its full value. This can be done by debiting goodwill account with its full value and crediting the old partners’ capital accounts in their profit sharing ratio. The journal entry will be:
Goodwill A/c Dr.
To Old Partners’Capitals A/c (individually)
(Goodwill raised at full value in the old ratio)
The goodwill thus raised shall appear in the balance”sheet of the firm at its full value.

2nd PUC Reconstruction of a Partnership Firm – Admission of a Partner Long Answer Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Do you advise that assets and liabilities must be revalued at the time, of admission of a partner? If so, why? Also describe how is this treated in the book of account?
Answer:
Adjustments for Revaluation of. Assets and Reassessment of Liabilities: If, at the time of admission of a partner, the assets and liabilities are revalued or some asset or liability is found unrecorded, necessary adjustments are made through the Revaluation Account. Any gain or loss arising from such exercise shall be distributed among the old partner’s in their old profit sharing ratio.

The accounting treatment in the book of accounts are – in case of increase in the value of assets It should be recorded on credit side of revaluation account arid in case of decrease of assets recorded on debit side of revaluation account. In case of increase of liabilities recorded on debit side of revaluation account. In case of decrease in the value of liabilities and It should be recorded on credit side of revaluation account

Question 2.
What is goodwill? What factors affect goodwill?
Answer:
A well-established business develops an advantage of good name, reputation and wide business connections. This helps the business to earn more profits as compared to a newly set up business. In accounting, the monetary value of such advantage is known as “goodwill”.

The main factors affecting the value of goodwill are as follows:

• Nature of business: A firm that produces high value added products or having a stable demand is able to earn more profits and therefore has more goodwill.
• Location: If the business is centrally located or is at a place having heavy customer traffic, the goodwill tends to be high.
• Efficiency of management: A well-managed concern usually enjoys the advantage of . ‘ high productivity and cost efficiency. This leads to higher profits and so the value of goodwill will also be high.
• Market situation: The monopoly condition or limited competition enables the concern to earn high profits which leads to higher value of goodwill.
• Special advantages: The firm that enjoys special advantages like import licences, low rate and assured supply of electricity, long-term contracts for supply of materials, well- known collaborators, patents, trademarks, etc. enjoy higher value of goodwill.

Question 3.
Explain various methods of valuation of goodwill.
Answer:
Goodwill is an intangible asset it is very difficult to accurately calculate its value. Various methods have been advocated for the valuation of goodwill of a partnership firm, Goodwill calculated by one method may differ from the goodwill.
Calculated by another method. Hence, the method by which goodwill is to be calculated, may be specifically decided between the existing partners and the incoming partner.
The important methods of valuation of goodwill are as follows:

1. Average Profits Method.
2. Supper Profits Method
3. Capitalisation Method

1. Average Profits Method: Under this method, the goodwill is valued at agreed number of . ‘years’ purchase of the average profits of the past few years. It is based on the assumption that a new business will not be able to earn any profits during the first few years of its operations.

2. Supper Profits Method : The basic assumption in the average profits (simple or weighted) method of calculating goodwill is that if a new business is set up, it will not be able to earn any profits during the first few years of its operations. Hence, the person who purchases an existing business has to pay in the form of goodwill a sum equal to the total profits he is likely to receive for the first‘few years’.

3. Capitalisation Methods: Under this method the goodwill can be calculated in two ways:
(a) by capitalizing the average profits, or
(b) by capitalizing the super profits.

(a) Capitalisation of Average Profits: Under this method, the value of goodwill is ascertained by deducting the actual capital employed (net assets) in the business from the capitalized value of the average profits on the basis of normal rate of return. This involves the following steps:

1. Ascertain the average profits based on the past few years’ performance.
2. Capitalize the average profits on the basis of the normal rate of return to ascertain the capitalised value of average profits as follows:
   Average Profits × 100/Normal Rate of Return
3. Ascertain the actual capital employed (net assets) by deducting outside liabilities from the total assets (excluding goodwill).
   Capital Employed = Total Assets (excluding goodwill) – Outside Liabilities
4. Compute the value of goodwill by deducting net assets from the capitalised value of average profits, i.e. (2) – (3).

Question 4.
If it is agreed that the capital of all the partners should be proportionate to the new profit sharing ratio, how will you work out the new capital of each partner?
Give examples and state how necessary adjustments will be made.
Answer:
The total capital of the firm may clearly be specified and it is agreed that the capital of each partner should be proportionate to his share in profits. In such a situation each partner’s capital (including the new partner’s capital to be brought by him) is calculated on the basis of his share in profits.

By bringing in additional amount or withdrawal of excess amount, the final capital of each partner can be brought up to the required level.

It may be noted that subject to agreement among the partners, surplus or deficiency in each old partners’ capital accounts can also be taken care of simply by transfer to their respective current accounts.

Question 5.
Explain how will you deal with goodwill when new partner is not in a position to bring his share of goodwill in cash.
Answer:
The incoming partner who acquires his share in the profits of the firm from the existing partners brings in some additional amount to compensate them for loss of their share in super profits. It is termed as his share of goodwill (also called premium). Alternatively he may agree that goodwill account be raised in the books of the firm by giving the necessary credit to the old partners. Thus, when a new partner is admitted, goodwill can be treated in two ways:

1. By Premium Method, and
2. By Revaluation Method.

Premium Method: This method is followed when the new partner pays his share of goodwill in cash. The amount of premium brought in by the new partner is shared by the existing partners in their ratio of sacrifice.

Question 6.
Explain various methods for the treatment of goodwill on the admission of a new partner?
Answer:
Over a period of time, a well-established ‘business develops an advantage of good name, reputation and wide business connections. This helps the business to earn more profits as compared to a newly set up business. In accounting, the monetary value of such advantage is known as “goodwill”.

Methods of valuation of Goodwill: Since goodwill is an intangible asset it is very difficult to accurately calculate its value. Various methods have been advocated for the valuation of goodwill of a partnership firm. Goodwill calculated by one method may differ from the goodwill calculated by another method. Hence, the method by which goodwill is to be calculated, may be specifically decided between the existing partners and the incoming partner.

The important methods of valuation of goodwill are as follows:

1. Average Profits Method
2. Supper Profits Method’
3. Capitalisation Method

1. Average Profits Method: Under this method, the goodwill is valued at agreed number of ‘years’ purchase of the average profits of the past few years. It is based on the assumption that a new business will not be able to earn any profits during the first few years of its operations.

2. Supper Profits Method: The basic assumption in the average profits (simple or weighted) method of calculating goodwill is that if a new business is set up, it will not be able to earn any profits during the first few years of its operations. Hence, the person who purchases an existing business has to pay in the form of goodwill a sum equal to the total profits he is likely to receive for the first‘few years’.

3. Capitalisation Methods: Under this method the goodwill can be calculated in two ways:

1. by capitalizing the average profits, or
2. by capitalizing the super profits.

(a) Capitalisation of Average Profits: Under this method, the value of goodwill is ascertained by deducting the actual capital employed (net assets) in the business from the capitalized value of the average profits on the basis of normal rate of return. This ” involves the following steps:

1. Ascertain the average profits based on the past few years’ performance.
2. Capitalize the average profits on the basis of the normal rate of return to ascertain the capitalised value of average profits as follows:
   Average Profits × 100/Normal Rate of Return
3. Ascertain the actual capital employed (net assets) by deducting outside liabilities ‘ from the total assets (excluding goodwill).
   Capital Employed = Total Assets (excluding goodwill) – Outside Liabilities
4. Compute the value of goodwill by deducting net assets from the capitalised value of average profits, i.e. (2) – (3).

Question 7.
How will you deal with the accumulated profits and losses and reserves on the admission of a new partner?
Answer:
A firm may have accumulated profits not yet transferred to capital accounts of the partners. These are usually in the firm of general reserve, reserve fund and/or Profit and Loss Account balance. The new partner is not entitled to have any share in such accumulated profits. These are distributed among the partners by transferring it to their capital accounts in old profit sharing ratio.

Similarly, if there are some accumulated losses in the form of a debit balance of profit and loss account appearing in the balance sheet of the firm. A remote possibility, the same should also be transferred to the old partners’ capital accounts

Question 8.
At what figures the value of assets and liabilities appear in the books of the firm after revaluation has been due. Show with the help of an imaginary balance sheet.
Answer:
At the time of admission of a new partner, it is always desirable to ascertain whether the assets of the firm are shown in books at their current values. In case the assets are overstated or understated, these are revalued. Similarly, a reassessment of the liabilities is also done so that these are brought in the books at their correct values.

At times there may also be some unrecorded assets and liabilities of the firm. These also have to be brought into the books of the firm. For this purpose the firm has to prepare the Revaluation Account. The gain or loss on revaluation of each asset and liability is transferred to this account and finally its balance is transferred to the capital accounts of the old partners in their old profit sharing ratio.

In other words, the revaluation account is credited with increase in the value of each asset and decrease in its liabilities because it is a gain and is debited with decrease in the value of assets and increase in its liabilities is debited to revaluation account because it is a loss. Similarly unrecorded assets are credited and unrecorded liabilities are debited to the revaluation account.

If the revaluation account finally shows a credit balance then it indicates net gain and if there is a debit balance then it indicates net loss. Which will be transferred to the capital accounts of the old partners in old ratio.

2nd PUC Reconstruction of a Partnership Firm – Admission of a Partner Numerical Questions and Answers

Question 1.
A and B were partners in a firm sharing profits and losses in the ratio of 3:2. They admit C into the partnership with 1/6 share in the profits. Calculate the new profit sharing ratio?
Answer:

C admits for \(\frac { 1 }{ 6 }\) share of new profit in new firm.
Let new firm’s profit =1
Remaining share of A and B in the new firm = 1 – C’s share.
\(=1-\frac{1}{6}=\frac{5}{6}\)
New Ratio = Old Ratio × Remaining Share of A and B
\(A=\frac{3}{5} \times \frac{5}{6}=\frac{15}{30}\) \(, B=\frac{2}{5} \times \frac{5}{6}=\frac{10}{30}\)
A : B : C

Question 2.
A, B, C were partners in a firm sharing profits in 3:2:1 ratio. They admitted D for 10% profits. Calculate the new profit sharing ratio?
Answer:

D admits for \(\frac { 10 }{ 100 }\) share in the new firm. Let new firm’s profit = 1
Remaining share of A, B and C in new firm = 1 – D’s share
\(=1-\frac{10}{100}=\frac{90}{100}=\frac{9}{10}\)
New Ratio Old Ratio × Remaining Share of A, H and C in new firm
A = \(\frac{3}{6} \times \frac{9}{10}=\frac{27}{60}\), B = \(\frac{2}{6} \times \frac{9}{10}=\frac{18}{60}\), C = \(\frac{1}{6} \times \frac{9}{10}=\frac{9}{60}\)
A:B:C:D

Question 3.
X and Y are partners sharing profits in 5 : 3 ratio admitted Z for share which he acquired equally for X and Y. Calculate new profit sharing ratio?
Answer:
X : Y Old Ratio = 5:3
Z admits for \(\frac { 1 }{ 10 }\) share in the new firm.
X and Y each sacrifice = \(\frac{1}{10} \times \frac{1}{2}=\frac{1}{20}\)
New Ratio = Old Ratio – Sacrificing Ratio

Question 4.
A, B and C are partners sharing profits in 2 : 2 : 1 ratio admitted D for 1/8 share which he acquired entirely from A. Calculate new profit sharing ratio?
Answer:
A : B : C’s Old Ratio = 2 : 2 : 1 = \(\frac{2}{5}: \frac{2}{5}: \frac{1}{5}\)
D admits for \(\frac { 1 }{ 8 }\) share in new firm, which he takes from A.
Here only A will sacrifice.
New Ratio = Old Ratio – Sacrificing Ratio ⇒ A = \(\frac{2}{5}-\frac{1}{8}=\frac{16-5}{40}=\frac{11}{40}\)

Question 5.
P and Q are partners sharing profits in 2:1 ratio. They admitted R into partnership giving him 1/5 share which he acquired from P and Q in 1:2 ratio. Calculate new profit sharing ratio?
Answer:
P:Q’s Old ratio = 2:1 = \(=\frac{2}{3}: \frac{1}{3}\)
R admits for \(\frac { 1 }{ 5 }\) share in the new firm which he takes from \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 }\) from P and \(\frac { 2 }{ 3 }\) from Q.
P’s sacrifice = R’s share \(\times \frac{1}{3}=\frac{1}{5} \times \frac{2}{3}=\frac{2}{15}\)
New Ratio = Old Ratio – Sacrificing Ratio

Question 6.
A, B and C are partners sharing profits in 3 : 2 : 2 ratio. The admitted D as a new partner for 1/5 share which lie acquired from A, B and C in 2 : 2 : 1 ratio respectively. Calculate new profit sharing ratio?
Answer:
A: B : C’s Old Ratio : 3 : 2 : 2
D admits for \(\frac { 1 }{ 5 }\) share in the new firm which he takes \(\frac { 1 }{ 5 }\) in the ratio 2:2:1 from A, B and C.
A’s sacrifice = D’s share × \(\frac { 2 }{ 5 }\) B’s sacrifice = D’s share × \(\frac { 2 }{ 5 }\) C’s share = D’s share × \(\frac { 2 }{ 5 }\)
New Ratio = Old Ratio – Sacrificing Ratio

Question 7.
A and B were partners in a firm sharing profits in 3 : 2 ratio. They admitted C for 3/7 share which he took 2/7 from A and 1/7 from B. Calculate new profit sharing ratio?
Answer:
A:B Old Ratio = 3: 2 or \(\frac{3}{5}: \frac{2}{5}\)
C Admitted for \(\frac{3}{7}^{\text {th }}\) share in the new firm
A’s sacrifice = \(\frac { 2 }{ 7 }\) ⇒ B’s sacrifice = \(\frac { 1 }{ 7 }\)
New Ratio = Old Ratio – Sacrificing Ratio

Question 8.
A, B and C were partners in a firm sharing profits in 3 : 3 : 2 ratio. They admitted D as a new partner for 4/7 profit. D acquired his share 2/ 7 from A. 1/ 7 from B and 1/ 7 from C. Calculate new profit sharing ratio?
Answer:
Old Ratio =A:B:C 3:3:2
D admitted for \(\frac { 4 }{ 7 }\) share of profit in newfirm.
D’s share = A’s sacrifice + B’s sacrifice + C’s sacrifice
\(\frac{4}{7}=\frac{2}{7}+\frac{1}{7}+\frac{1}{7}\)
New Ratio = Old Ratio – Sacrificing Ratio

Question 9.
Radha and Rukmini are partners in a firm sharing profits in 3:2 ratio. They admitted Gopi as a new partner. Radha surrendered 1/3 of her share in favour of Gopi and Rukmani surrendered 1/4 of her share in favour of Gopi. Calculate new profit sharing ratio?
Answer:
Radha: Rukmani Old Ratio : 3 : 2
Radha surrendered in favour of Gopi = \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 }\) of his share.
Rukmani surrendered in favour of Gopi = \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\) of his share
Radha \(=\frac{3}{5} \times \frac{1}{3}=\frac{1}{5}\) Rukumani \(=\frac{3}{5} \times \frac{1}{4}=\frac{1}{10}\) ∴2:1
Sacrificing Ratio = Old Ratio x Surrender Ratio

New Ratio ⇒ 4:3:3

Question 10.
Singh, Gupta and Khan are partners in a firm sharing profits in 3:2:3 ratio. They admitted Jain as a new partner. Singh surrendered 1/3 of his share in favour of Jain: Gupta surrendered 1/4 of his share in favour of Jain and Khan surrendered 1/5 in favour of Jain. Calculate new profit sharing ratio?
Answer:
Old Ratio = Singh : Gupta : Khan
= 3:2:3
\(=\frac{3}{8}: \frac{2}{8}: \frac{3}{8}\)
Singh surrender = \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 }\) of his share
Gupta surrender = \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\) of his share
Khan surrender = \(\frac { 1 }{ 5 }\) of his share
Sacrificing ratio = old ratio × Surrender ratio

Question 11.
Sandeep and Navdeep are partners in a firm sharing profits in 5:3 ratio. They admit C into the firm and the new profit sharing ratio was agreed at 4:2:1. Calculate the sacrificing ratio?
Answer:
Sandeep : Navdeep Old Radio = 5 : 3 \(=\frac{5}{8}: \frac{3}{8}\)
Sandeep : Navdeep : C New Ratio = 4 : 2 : 1 = \(=\frac{4}{7}: \frac{2}{7}: \frac{1}{7}\)
Sacrificing Ratio = Old Ratio – New Ratio

Sandeep : Navdeep
Sacrificing \(=\frac{3}{56}: \frac{5}{56} 3: 5\)

Question 12.
Rao and Swami are partners in a firm sharing profits and losses in 3 : 2 ratio. They admit Ravi as a new partner for 1/8 share in the profits. The new profit sharing ratio between Rao and Swami is 4:3. Calculate new profit sharing ratio and sacrificing ratio?
Answer:
Rao : Swami Old Ratio -3:2
Ravi admit for \(\frac { 1 }{ 8 }\) share of profit in the new firm.
Let the New Firm Profit =1
Combined share of Rao and Swami in the new firm
= 1 – Ravi’s share of profit. = \(1-\frac{1}{8}=\frac{7}{8}\)
New Ratio = Combined Share of Rao and Swami x Proportion of Rao and Swami in the combined share.
Rao \(=\frac{7}{8} \times \frac{4}{7}=\frac{28}{56}\) Swami \(=\frac{7}{8} \times \frac{3}{7}=\frac{21}{56}\)
Rao : Swami : C

Sacrificing Ratio = Old Ratio – New Ratio
Rao = \(\frac{3}{5}-\frac{4}{8}=\frac{24-20}{40}=\frac{4}{40}\)
Swami
Sacrificing Ratio = Rao : Swami = \(\frac{4}{40}: \frac{1}{40}\) =4:1

Question 13.
Compute the value of goodwill on the basis of four years’ purchase of the average profits based on the last five years? The profits for the last five years were as follows:
2002 – 40,000
2003- 50,000
2004 – 60,000
2005 – 50,000
2006 – 60,000
Answer:

Goodwill = Average Profit × Number of Year’s Purchases = 52,000 × 4 = ₹ 2,08,000

Question 14.
Capital employed in a business is 2,00,000. The normal rate of return on capital employed is 15%. During the year 2002, the firm earned a profit of ₹ 48,000. Calculate goodwill on the basis of 3 years purchase of super profit?
Answer:
Capital Employed = ₹ 2,00,000
Actual Profit = 48,000
Normal Rate of Return 15%

\(=2,00,000 \times \frac{5}{100}=\mathrm{Rs} .30,000\)
Super profit = Actual profit – Normal profit = 48,000 – 30,000 = ₹ 18,000
Goodwill = Super Profi t × Number of Years Purchase = 18,000 × 3 = ₹ 54,000

Question 15.
The books of Rain and Bharat showed that the capital employed on 31.12.2002 was? 5,00,000 and the profits for the last 5 years :
2002 ₹ 40,000;
2003 ₹ 50,000;
2004 ₹ 55,000;
2005 ₹ 70,000 and
2006 ₹ 85,000.
Calculate the value of goodwill on the basis of 3 years purchase of the average super profits of the last 5 years assuming that the normal rate of return is 10%?
Answer:
Sum of given year profit number of given years

Average Super Profit = Average Actual Profit – Normal Profit = 60,000 – 50,000 = ₹ 10,000
Goodwill = Average Super Profit × Number of year purchase
= 10,000 × 3 = ₹ 30,000

Question 16.
Rajan and Rajani are partners in a firm. Their capitals were Rajau ₹ 3,00,000; Rajani ₹ 2,00,000. During the year 2002, the firm earned a profit of ₹ 1,50,000. Calculate the value of goodwill of the firm assuming that the normal rate of return is 20%?
Answer:

Rajani’s Capital	3,00,000
Rajni’s Capital	2,00,000
Total Capital employed	5,00,000

Normal rate of return = 20%

Goodwill = capitalised value – capital Employed = 7,50,000-5,00,000 = ₹ 2,50,000

Question 17.
A business has earned average profits of ₹ 1,00,000 during the last few years. Find out the value of goodwill by capitalisation method, given that the assets of the business are ₹ 10,00,000 and its external liabilities are ₹ 1,80,000. The normal rate of return is 10%?
Answer:
Capital Employed = Assets – External Liabilities
= 10,00,000 – 1,80,000 = ₹ 8,20,000

Super Profit = Actual Profit – Normal Profit – 1,00,000 – 82,000 = ₹ 18,000

Alternative Method

Capitalised value = 1,00,000 × \(\frac { 10 }{ 100 }\) = ₹ 1,00,000
Goodwill = Capitalised Value – Capital Employed
= 10,00,000 – 8,20,000 = ₹ 1,80,000

Question 18.
Verma and Sharma are partners in a firm sharing profits and losses in the ratio of 5:3. They admitted Ghosh as a new partner for 1/5 share of profits. Ghosh is to bring in ₹ 20,000 as capital and ₹ 4,000 as his share of goodwill premium. Give the necessary journal entries:
(a) When the amount of goodwill is retained in the business.
(b) When the amount goodwill is fully withdrawn.
(c) When 50% of the amount of goodwill is withdrawn.
(d) When goodwill is paid privately.
Answer:

Question 19.
A and B are partners in a firm sharing profits and losses in the ratio of 3 : 2. They decide to admit C into partnership with 1/4 share in profits. C will bring in ₹ 30,000 for capital and the requisite amount of goodwill premium in cash. The goodwill of the firm is valued at Rs, 20,000. The new profit sharing ratio is 2:1:1. A and B withdraw their share of goodwill. Give necessary journal entries?
Answer:

Sacrificing Ratio = Old Ratio – New Ratio
A \(=\frac{3}{5}-\frac{2}{4}=\frac{12-10}{20}=\frac{2}{20}\) B \(=\frac{2}{5}-\frac{1}{4}=\frac{8-5}{20}=\frac{3}{20}\)
A : B Sacrificing Ratio = \(\frac{2}{20}: \frac{3}{20}\) =2:3 Goodwill of the firm = ₹ 20,000
C’s share of Goodwill = 20,000 x \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\) = Rs.5,000
A will receive = 5,000 × \(\frac { 2 }{ 5 }\) = 2,000 or 20,000 x \(\frac { 2 }{ 20 }\) = 2,000
B will receive 20,000 × \(\frac { 3 }{ 20 }\)= 3,000

Question 20.
Arti and Bharti are partners in a firm sharing profits in 3:2 ratio, They admitted Sarthi for 1/4 share in the profits of the firm. Sarthi brings ₹ 50,000 for his capital and ₹ 10,000 for his 1/4 share of goodwill. Goodwill already appears in the books of Arti and Bharti at ₹ 5,000. The new profit sharing ratio between Arti, Bharti and Sarthi will be 2:1:1. Record the necessary journal entries in the books of the new firm?
Answer:


Arti: Bharti Old Ratio 3:2
Sarthi admitted for \(\frac { 3 }{ 20 }\) share in new firm Arti: Bharti: Sarthi
New ratio 2:1:1
Sacrificing Ratio = Old Ratio – New Ratio

Arti will receive = 10,000 × \(\frac { 2 }{ 5 }\) Bharti will receive = 10,000 × \(\frac { 3 }{ 5 }\) = 6000

Question 21.
X and Y are partners in a firm sharing profits and losses in 4 : 3 ratio. They admitted’ Z for 1/8 share. Z brought ₹ 20,000 for his capital and ₹ 7,000 for his 1/8 share of goodwill. Subsequently X, Y and Z decided to show goodwill in their books at ₹ 40,000. Show necessary entries in the books of X, Y and Z?
Answer:

Question 22.
Aditya and Balan are partners sharing profits and losses in 3 : 2 ratio. They Christopher for 1/4 share in The profits. The new profit sharing ratio agreed 2:1:1. Christopher brought ₹ 50,000 for his capital. His share of goodwill was agreed to at ₹ 15,000. Christopher could bring only ₹ 10,000 out of his share of goodwill. Record necessary journal entries in the books of the firm?
Answer:

Sacrificing Ratio = Old Ratio New Ratio
Aditya = \(\frac{3}{5}-\frac{2}{4}=\frac{12-10}{20}=\frac{2}{20}\) Balam = \(\frac{2}{5}-\frac{1}{4}=\frac{8-5}{20}=\frac{3}{20}\)
Sacrificing ratio \(=\frac{2}{10}: \frac{3}{20}=\frac{2: 3}{20}\) = 2:3

Question 23.
Amar and Samar were partners in a firm sharing profits and losses in 3:1 ratio. They admitted Kanwar for 1/4 share of profits. Kanwar could not bring his share of goodwill premium in cash. The Goodwill of the firm was valued at ₹ 80,000 on Kanwar’s admission. Record necessary journal entry for goodwill on Kanwar’s admission.
Answer:
Amar: Samar.
Old Ratio 3:1
Kanwar admitted for \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\) share of profit.

New Firm’s Goodwill = ₹ 80,000
Kanwar’s Share of Goodwill = 80,000 × \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\) 20,000

Question 24.
Mohan Lai and Sohan Lai were partners in a firm sharing profits and losses in 3:2 ratio. They admitted Ram Lai for 1/4 share on 1.1.2003. It was agreed that goodwill of; the firm will be valued at 3 years purchase of the average profits of last 4 years which were
₹ 50,000 for 2003,
₹ 60,000 for 2004,
₹ 90,000 for 2005 and
₹ 70,000 for 2006.
Ram Lai did not bring his share of goodwill premium in cash. Record the necessary; journal entries in the books of the firm on Ram Lai’s admission when:
(a) Goodwill already appears in the books at ₹ 2,02,500.
(b) Goodwill appears in the books at ₹ 2,500.
(c) Goodwill appears in the books at ₹ 2,05,000.
Answer:
Sum of profit ⇒ 50,000 + 60,000 + 90,000 + 70,000
⇒ 2,70,000
Average profit = \(\frac{2,70,000}{4}=\mathrm{Rs} .67,500\)
Goodwill Average Profit × No. of Years Purchases = 67,500 × 3 = 2,02,500
Ram Lal entered into the firm for 1/4 share of Profit.
Ram Lal’s share of goodwill = 2,02,500 × (1/4) = ₹ 50,625
Here sacrificing ratio of Mohan Lai and Sohan Lai will be equal to old ratio because new and sacrificing ratio is not given.
Mohan Lal will get Ram Lai’s Share of Goodwill × (3/5) = 50,625 × (3/5) = 10,125 × 3 = ₹ 30,375
Sohan Lai will Ramlal Share of Goodwill × (1/5) = 50,625 × (1/5)
= ₹ 10,125 × 2 = ₹ 20,250
Case (a)

Case (b)

Question 25.
Rajesh and Mukesh are equal partners in a firm. They admit Han into partnership and the new profit sharing ratio between Rajesh, Mukesh and Han is 4:3:2. On Han’s admission goodwill of the firm is valued at ₹ 36,000. Han is unable to bring his share goodwill premium in cash. Rajesh, Mukesh and Han decided not to show goodwill in their balance sheet. Record necessary journal entries for the treatment of goodwill on Han’s adtnission.
Answer:

Working notes :
1. Goodwill of a firm = 36,000 Hari’s share in goodwill
= Goodwill of firm × admitting Partner Share 36,000 × \(\frac { 2 }{ 9 }\)

2. Sacrificing Ratio = Old Ratio – New Ratio

Sacrificing Ratio between Rajesh and Mukesh 1:3

Question 26.
Amar and Akbar are equal partners in a firm. They admitted Anthony as a new partner and the new profit sharing ratio is 4:3:2. Anthony could not bring this share of goodwill ₹ 45,000 in cash. It is decided to do adjustment for goodwill without opening goodwill account. Pass the necessary journal entry for the treatment of goodwill?
Answer:

Working notes:
1. Sacrificing Ratio = Old Ratio – New Ratio
Amar’s sacrificing ratio = \(\frac{1}{2}-\frac{4}{9}=\frac{9-8}{18}=\frac{1}{18}\)
Akbar’s sacrificing ratio = \(\frac{1}{2}-\frac{3}{9}=\frac{9-6}{18}=\frac{3}{18}\)
Sacrificing Ratio between Amar and Akbar =1:3.

Question 27.
Given below is the Balance Sheet of A and B, who are carrying on partnership business on 31.12.2016. A and B share profits and lossess the ratio of 2:1.

C is admitted as a partner on the date of the balance sheet on the following terms:

1. C will bring in ₹ 1,00,900 as his capital and ₹ 60,000 as his share of goodwill for 1/4 share in the protits.
2. Plant is to be appreciated to ₹ 1,20,000 and the value of buildings is to be appreciated by 10%.
3. Stock is found over valued by ₹ 4,000.
4. A provision for bad and doubtful debts is to be created at 5% of debtors.
5. Creditors were unrecorded to the extent of ₹ 1,000.

Pass the necessary journal entries, prepare the revaluation account and partners’ capital accounts, and show the Balance Sheet after the admission of C.
Answer:

Question 28.
LeeLa and Meeta were partners in a firm sharing profits and losses in the ratio 5:3. On 1st Jan. 2007 they admitted Om as a new partner. On the date of Om’s admission the balance sheet of Leela and Meeta showed a balance of ₹ 16,000 in general reserve and ₹ 24,000 (Cr) in Profit and Loss Account. Record necessary journal entries for the treatment of these items on Om’s admission. The new profit sharing ratio between Leela, Meeta and Om was 5:3:2.
Answer:

Question 29.
Amit and Viney are partners in a firm sharing profits and losses On 1.1.2007 they admitted Ranjan as a partner. On Ranjan’s admission the profit and loss account of Amit and Viney showed a debit balance of ₹ 40,000. Record necessary journal entry for the treatment of the same.
Answer:

Question 29.
A and B share profits in the proportions of 3/4 and 1/4. Their Balance Sheet on 31,2006 was as follows:

On Jan. 1,2017, C was admitted into partnership on the following terms:
(a) That C pays ₹ 10,000 as his capital.
(b) That C pays ₹ 5,000 for goodwill. Half of this sum is to be withdrawn by A and B.
(c) That stock and Fixtures be reduced by 10% and a 5%, provision for doubtful
debts be created on Sundry Debtors and Bills Receivable.
(d) That the value of land and buildings be appreciated by 20%.
(e) There being a claim against the firm for damages, a liability to the extent of Rs 1,000 should be created.
(f) An item of ₹ 650 included in sundry creditors is not likely to be claimed and hence should be written back.
Record the above transactions (journal entries) in the books of the firm assuming that the profit sharing ratio between A and B has not changed. Prepare the new Balance Sheet on the admission of C.
Answer:

Question 30.
A and B are partners sharing profits and losses in the ratio of 3 : 1. On 1st Jan. 2007 the admitted C as a new partner for 1/4 share in the profits of the firm. C brings ₹ 20,000 as for his 1/4 share in the profits of the firm. The capitals of A and B after all adjustments in respect of goodwill, revaluation of assets and liabilities, etc. has been worked out at ₹ 50,000 for A and ₹ 12,000 for B. Its agreed that partner’s capitals will be according to the profit sharing ratio. Calculate the new capitals of A and B and pass the necessary journal entries assuming that A and B brought in or withdrew the necessary cash as the case may be for making their capitals in proportion to their profit sharing ratio?
Answer:

1. Calculation of New Profit sharing Ratio
C’s Shares = \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\)
Remaining share = \(1-\frac{1}{4}=\frac{3}{4}\) A’s New share =\(\frac{3}{4} \times \frac{3}{4}=\frac{9}{16}\)
B’s New Share =.\(\frac{1}{4} \times \frac{3}{4}=\frac{3}{16}\)

New Profit sharing ratio of A; B and C will be 9 : 3 : 4

2. New Capital of A and B.
C bring ₹ 20,000 for 1/4^th share of profit in the new firm.
Thus, total capital of firm on the basis of C’s share = 20,000 × \(\frac { 4 }{ 1 }\) = 80,000
A’s Capital = \(\frac { 9 }{ 16 }\) × 80,000 = 45,000
Thus, A will withdraw = 50,000 – 45,000 = 5,000
A’s Capital = \(\frac { 3 }{ 16 }\) × 80,000 = 15,000
Thus, B’s will bring 15,000 – 12,000 = 3,000

Question 31.
Roopa partners in a firm sharing profits and losses in the ratio of 3:2:1. S is admitted as a new partner for, 1/4 share in the profits of the firm, which he gets 1/8 from Pinky, and 1/16 each from Qmar and Roopa. The total capital of the new firm after Seema’s admission will be ₹ 2,40,000. Seema is required to bring in cash equal to 1/4 of the total capital of the new firm. The capitals of the old partners also have to be adjusted in proportion of their profit sharing ratio. The capitals of Pinky, Qqmar and Roopa after all adjustments in respect of goodwill and revaluation of assets and liabilities have been made are Pinky ₹ 80,000, Qmar ₹ 30,000 and Roopa ₹ 20,000. Calculate the capitals of all the partners and record the necessary journal entries for doing adjustments in respect of capitals according to the agreement between thee partners?
Answer:
1. Calculation of new profit sharing Ratio = Old Ratio – Sacrificing Ratio

New profit sharing ratio between Pinky, Qumar, Roopa and Seema
\(\frac{9}{24}: \frac{13}{48}: \frac{5}{48}: \frac{1}{4}=\frac{18}{48}: \frac{13}{48}: \frac{5}{48}: \frac{12}{48}=18: 13: 5: 12\)

2. Required capital of all partners in the newfirm
18
Pinky’s Capital = 2,40,000 × \(\frac { 18 }{ 48 }\) = 90,000
Qmar‘s Capital = 2,40,000 × \(\frac { 13 }{ 48 }\) = 65,000
Roopa’s Capital = 2,40,000 × \(\frac { 5 }{ 48 }\)= 25,000
Seema’s Capital = 2,40,000 × \(\frac { 12 }{ 48 }\) = 60,000

3. Amount to be brought by each partner
Pinky = 90,000 – 80,000 – 10,000
Qumar= 65,000 – 30,000 = 35,000
Roopa = 25,000 – 20,000 = 5,000
Seema = 2,40,000 × \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\) = 60,000

Question 32.
The following was the Balance Sheet of Arun, Bablu and Chetan sharing profits and losses in the ratio of \(\frac{6}{14}: \frac{5}{14}: \frac{3}{15}\) respectively:

They agreed to take Deepak into partnership and give him a share of 1/8 on the following terms:
(a) that Deepak should bring in ₹ 4,200 as goodwill and ₹ 7,000 as his Capital;
(b) that furniture be depreciated by 12%;
(c) that stock be depreciated by 10%;
(d) that a Reserve of 5% be created for doubtful debts;
(e) that the value of land and buildings having appreciated be brought upto? 31,000 (1) that after making the adjustments the capita! accounts of the old partners (who continue to share in the same proportion as before) be adjusted on the basis of the proportion of Deepak’s Capital to his share in the business, i.e., actual cash to be paid off to, or brought in by the old partners as the case may be.

Books of Arun, Bablu, Chetan and Deepak
Prepare Cash Account, Profit and Loss Adjustment Account (Revaluation Account) and the Opening Balance Sheet of the new firm.
Answer


Working Note : 1

Question 33.
Azad and Babli are partners in a firm sharing profits and losses in the ratio of 2:1. Chintan is admitted into the firm with 1/4 share in profits. Chintan will bring in ₹ 30,000 as his capital and the capitals of Azad and Babli are to be adjusted in the profit sharing ratio. The Balance Sheet of Azad and Babli as on December 31, 2006 (before Chinan’admission) was as follows:

It was agreed that;

1. Chintan will bring in ₹ 12,000 as his share of goodwill premium.
2. Buildings were valued at ₹ 45,000 and Machinery at ₹ 23,000.
3. A provision for doubtful debts is to be created’® 6% on debtors.
4. The capital accounts of Azad and Babli are to he adjusted by opening current accounts. Record necessary journal entries, show necessary ledger accounts and prepare the Balance Sheet after admission.

Answer:

Question 34.
Ashish and Dutta were partners in a firm sharing profits in 3:2 ratio. On Jan. 01, 2007 the admitted Vimal for 1/5 share in the profits. The Balance Sheet of Ashish and Dutta as on Jan. 01, 2017 was as follows:

It was agreed that:

1. The value of Land and Building be increased by ₹ 15,000.
2. The value of .plant be increased by 10,000.
3. Goodwill of the firm be valued at ₹ 20,000.
4. Vimal to bring in capital to the extent l/5th of the total capital of the new firm. Record the necessary journal entries and prepare the Balance Sheet of the firm after Vimal’s admission.

Answer:

Karnataka 2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 8 Social Change in India

You can Download Chapter 8 Social Change in India Questions and Answers, Notes, 2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

2nd PUC Sociology Social Change in India One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who introduced the concept of Sanskritization?
Answer:
M.N Srinivas.

Question 2.
Who is the author of the book “Religion and Society among the Coorgs of South India”?
Answer:
M.N Srinivas.

Question 3.
What is Sanskritization?
Answer:
“The tendency among the low castes to move higher in the caste hierarchy in a generation or two by adopting vegetarianism and teetotalism and by sanskritizing its rituals.

Question 4.
Who wrote Modernization of Indian Tradition?
Answer:
Yogendra Sing.

Question 5.
Who wrote the book “Social Change in Modern India”?
Answer:
M.N Srinivas.

Question 6.
Who introduced the concept of Westernization?
Answer:
M.N Srinivas.

Question 7.
Who introduced the term ‘Modernization’?
Answer:
Daniel Lemer.

Question 8.
Mention any one factor facilitating globalisation.
Answer:
Information and commination Technology.

Question 9.
Who introduced the term Globalization?
Answer:
Theodore Levitt.

Question 10.
Mention any one political factors led to globalization.
Answer:
The collapse of soviet-style communism.

Question 11.
Expand IGOS.
Answer:
International Governmental Organization..

Question 12.
Expand INGOS.
Answer:
International Non-Governmental Organization.

Question 13.
Mention any one IGOS.
Answer:
World Health Organization (WHO)

Question 14.
Mention any one INGOS.
Answer:
Gren Peace.

Question 15.
Who is Truly a Global citizen?
Answer:
Barbie Doll.

Question 16.
Write the work of Anthony Geddins.
Answer:
Sociology.

Question 17.
Mention any two multinational companies.
Answer:
Pepsi and Coca Cola.

Question 18.
Who coined the concept Glocalization?
Answer:
Ronald Rohertson.

2nd PUC Sociology Social Change in India Two Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define Modernization.
Answer:
The term is associated with positive and desirable values. According to Daniel Learner Modernization is the process of social change whereby less developed societies acquire the characteristics of common to developed societies.

Question 2.
Define Globalization.
Answer:
Globalization refers to the fact that we all increasingly live in one world so that individuals, groups and nations become interdependent.

Question 3.
Mention any two areas of Westernization.
Answer:

• Technology
• New Institution
• Ideology and Value

Question 4.
Mention any two characteristics of Modernization.
Answer:
Education and communication.

Question 5.
List out the endogenous and exogenous changes.
Answer:
Endogenous changes in the cultural tradition were mainly confined to Sanskritization,
Westernization. Modernization and Globalization are exogenous sources of change.

Question 6.
Mention any two factors contributing to globalization.
Answer:

• The rise of information and communications technology
• Information flows

Question 7.
Mention any two INGOS.
Answer:
Green Peace – Medicines san Frontiers.

Question 8.
Mention any two works of MN. Srinivas.
Answer:

1. The Religion and society among the Coorgs of South India.
2. Social change in modem India.

Question 9.
State the two dimensions of globalization.
Answer:

1. A Global community
2. Transnational Identity.

Question 10.
What is the electronic economy?
Answer:
The ‘electronic economy’ is another factor ‘that underpins economic globalization. Banks, corporations, fund managers and individual investors are able to shift funds internationally with the click of a mouse.

Question 11.
What is transnational Identity?
Answer:
People are forging their identities through communication network, across boundaries, many scholars have pointed out this as transnational identity.

Question 12.
What is a multi-National company?
Answer:
Transnational corporations are companies that produce goods or market services in more than one country. For example Coca-Cola., Pepsi, Johnson and Johnson, Ford, General Motors, Colgate Palmolive, and many others.

Question 13.
What is Westernization?
Answer:
“The changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule, and the term subsumes changes occurring at different levels; technology, institutions, ideology, values”.

2nd PUC Sociology Social Change in India Five Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain in brief the causes of Modernization.
Answer:
According to Myron Weiner, the causes for modernization are:

(1) Education: It includes a sense of national loyalty and creates skills and attitudes essential for technological innovation.

(2) Communication: The development of mass communications (including telephone, TV, radio, movies, etc.) is an important means of spreading modem ideas at a faster rate.

(3) Ideology Based on Nationalism: The nationalistic ideologies serve as unifying influence in bridging social cleavages within plural societies. They also help the political elite in changing the behavior of masses of people.

(4) Charismatic Leadership: A charismatic leader is in a better position to persuade people to adopt modem beliefs, practices and behavior patterns because of the respect and loyalty he commands.

(5) Coercive Government Authority: If the government authority is weak, it may not ‘succeed in implementing the policies aimed at the modernization process, but if the government in strong, it may even adopt coercive measures to compel people to accept attitudes and behavior patterns which aim at development.

Question 2.
Explain the process of Modernization in India.
Answer:
modernization in India is undergoing the following processes:

(1) At the economic level, there is a persistent and growing tendency to adopt the rational, mechanized industrial economy in place of older communal – familistic tool economy. This is even responsible for the breakdown of traditional systems like jajmani system.

(2) At the political level, the change in the power structure is being introduced through the abolition of semi-feudal group-oriented power structure of the past and by replacing it by a rational parliamentary democratic structure of power.

(3) At the cultural level, the change in the realm of values is from sacred value system to secular value system.

(4) At the social level, there is a decline in the traditional principle of ascribed status and role to achieve status and role. Yogendra Singh in his work “Modernization of Indian Tradition” is of the opinion that a unique feature of modernization in India is that it is being carried forward through adaptive changes in the traditional structures rather than structural dissociation or breakdown

Question 3.
Explain the factors of Sanskritization.
Answer:
(i) Ritual: In spite of the Theoretical existence of certain restrictions, the low castes or other groups did manage to imitate the customs and rites of “Twice-born” (DWIJAS) castes. This is the best Wav of claiming higher position in the caste hierarchy.

(ii) Marriage: According to a strict rule of Brahminism, a Brahmin should give his daughter in marriage before she attains puberty. Pre-puberty marriages were commonly practiced. It was foremost duty of a Brahmin father to give his daughter in marriage before she attains puberty, otherwise, he would be committing a great sin. And marriage among the Brahmin was Indissoluble.

On the other hand, among the low Hindu castes post-puberty marriages were very common and the dissolution of marriage was possible. Now in order to rise up in the caste Hierarchy the low Hindu castes started practicing prepuberty marriages and marriage also become Indissoluble.

(iii) Treatment of Widows: A Brahmin widow for instance was not allowed to re-marry, and receives miserable treatment. She required to shave her head and should not allow wearing any ornaments. She was regarded inauspicious, and not allowed to attend any important functions. On the other hand, among the low castes marriage is dissoluble and widow re-marriages are practiced. Widows are not required to shave their heads. The codes which regulate sexual behavior are not as strict as those among the higher castes. In the imitation process these groups, they banned widow-remarriage, and started treating the widow in the same way on that of the ‘High’ Hindu castes.

(iv) Treatment of Women: Comparatively, women among the high Hindu castes receive bad treatment and hold the secondary position. Virginity in brides and chastity in wives is preferred. A wife is expected to treat her husband as the God. Women perform a number of “Vratas” or Religious vows with the aim of succeeding long life for the Husband. Hence they are not allowed to attend important functions. Whereas women among the lower castes generally receive good treatment and occupy good position. In order to imitate the higher castes, they started treating women in a bad manner and gave them the secondary position.

(v) Kinship: According to M.N. Srinivas, “In the sphere of kinship, Sanskritization stresses the importance in the patrilineal lineage, Sanskritization results in increasing the importance of sons. The members of higher castes prefer sons to daughters, whereas among the lower castes both boys and girls are preferred. For instance, among Non-Brahmin though son is preferred, a daughter is also demanded. The treatment that receives is not as harsh as that of Brahmins. Nowadays lower castes prefer sons to daughters.

(vi) Ideology: Sanskritization also resulting in the use of New Ideas and values which have been frequently expressed in Sanskrit literature. The ideas and values such as Karma, Dharma, Papa, Punya, Maya, Samskara, Moksha etc. The Twice-born castes use these ideas in their conversation. Through the process of Sanskritization lower caste groups were exposed to these ideas and values which are frequent in their conversation.

(vii) Food Habits: Brahmins in India are by and large strict vegetarian except Kashmiri, Sarhwath and Bengali Brahmin. The lower castes usually are Non-vegetarian. Sanskritization results in the change of food habits in the direction of high, frequently twice-born caste. Some of the lower castes become strict vegetarian and practice teetotalism in order to raise the caste hierarchy.

(viii) Dress Habits: It has already pointed out that Dwijas, as they are entitled to wear the sacred thread “JANIVAR” at the vedic rite of upanayana while Shudras do not. Some low castes wear the sacred thread and also imitated their dress style such as wearing dhoti, shalya, turban, kachche, panche, and so on.

(ix) Nomenclature: Many of the low castes started giving names to New bom members of the Higher castes. For example in the place of traditional and typical names such as Kariya, Kempa, Kempi, Kala, Honni, Thimmi, etc., they started giving names such Rama, Krishna, Shankara, Madhava, Gowri, Parvathi, Lakshmi, Shobha, Radha and so on.

2nd PUC Sociology Social Change in India Ten Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define Globalization and explain its contributing factors.
Answer:
Globalization refers to the growing interdependence of societies across the world, with the spread of the same culture and economic interests across the globe. For example media and consumer products are often produced for a world market, by the same firms running business all over the world.

Factors Contributing to Globalization: Anthony Giddens has explained the following factors contributing to Globalization

(1) The Rise of Information and Communications Technology: The explosion in global and the world’s telecommunications infrastructure. The spread of communications satellites has also been significant in expanding international communications. Today a network of more than 200 satellites are in space to facilitate the transfer of information around the globe.

The use of satellites, Internet, Telephones, Computer Networking, known as information and communication technologies – ITC – have revolutionized the way the world communicates. You could be chatting online, through the internet, with your friend or family, who is thousands of miles away, and feel that you share your everyday travails much more than a person who is closer home like your neighbour. You could be working in India for company that is located in the United States of America through telecommunication technologies.

(2) Information Flows: It has also facilitated the flow of information about people and events in distant places. Every day, the global media bring news, images and information into homes, linking them directly and continuously to the outside world. Some of the most gripping events of the past two decades – such as the fall of the Berlin Wall, the violent crackdown on democratic protesters in China’s Tiananmen Square and the Terrorist attacks on Bombay in 11 September 2001, Spring movement in Arabian countries, have unfolded through the media before, global audience.

Such events, along with thousands of information, have resulted in a reorientation in people’s thinking from the level of the nation-state to the global stage. In the case of natural disasters, such interventions take the form of humanitarian relief and technical assistance. In recent years, earthquakes in Armenia and Turkey, floods in Mozambique and Bangladesh, famine in Africa and hurricanes in Central America have been rallying points for global assistance.

(3) Knowledge Society: The emergence of the knowledge society has been linked to the development of a broad base of consumers who are technologically literate and eagerly integrate new advances in computing, entertainment and Telecommunications into their everyday lives. The very operation of the global economy reflects the changes that have occurred in the information age. Many aspects of the economy now work through networks that cross national boundaries, rather than stopping at them.

(4) Transnational Corporations: In globalization the role of transnational corporations is particularly important. Transnational corporations are companies that produce goods or market services in more than one country. For example Coca-Cola., Pepsi, Johnson and Johnson, Ford, General Motors, Colgate-Palmolive, and many others. Indian corporations like Reliance, TATAs, Birla Groups, Infosys, Mahindras, TVS group, Wipro and etc. Even when trans-national corporations have a clear national base, they are oriented towards global markets and global profits. Transnational corporations are at the heart of economic globalization.

(5) The Electronic Economy: Globalization is also being driven forward by the integration of the world economy. In contrast to previous eras, the global economy is no longer primarily agricultural or industrial in its basis. Rather, it is increasingly dominated by activity that is weightless and intangible. This weightless economy is one in which products have their base in information, as is the case with computer software, media and i entertainment products and Internet-based services.

The ‘electronic economy’ is another factor ‘that underpins economic. globalization, Banks, corporations, fund managers and individual investors are able to shift funds internationally with the click of a mouse. As the global economy becomes increasingly integrated, a financial collapse in one part of the world can have an enormous effect on distant economies.

(6) Political Changes: Another driving force behind contemporary globalization is related to political change. These are:

(1) The collapse of Soviet-style communism in 1991. The collapse of communism has hastened processes of globalization but should also be seen as a result of globalization. itself.

(2) The important political factor leading to intensifying globalization is the Growth of International and Regional Mechanisms of Government namely The United Nations ’ and the European Union, SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation), BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) are the two most prominent examples of international organizations that bring together nation-states into a common political forum. Finally, globalization is being driven by International Governmental Organizations (IGOs) and International Nongovernmental.

Organizations (INGOs). An IGO is a body that is established by Participating governments and given responsibility for regulating or overseeing a particular domain of activity that is transnational in scope. The first such body, The International Telegraph ’ Union, was founded in 1865. Since that time, a great number of similar bodies have been created. In 1909, there were only 37 IGOs in existence to regulate transnational affairs; by 1996, there were 260.

Some of the best-known INGOs – such as Greenpeace, Medicines Sans Frontiers (Doctors Without Borders), the Red Cross and Amnesty International-are involved in environmental protection and humanitarian efforts. But the activities of thousands of lesser-known groups, also link together countries and communities.

Question 2.
Explain Westernization and its major aspects.
Answer:
M. N. Srinivas, in his book “Social Change in Modern India” explains Westernization in these, words, “The changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule, and the term subsumes changes occurring at different levels; technology, institutions, ideology, values”. The process of westernization brought about a number of socio-cultural changes in the Indian Society among which the following may be noted in three main areas:

Technology, Institutions, Ideology and values.

(i) Technology: The New and large scale industries introduced by the British exposed Indian to the influence of Western Technology. Widespread use of the western technology led to the process of industrialization. The process of industrialization is normally associated with the growth of towns and cities which started attracting people from the rural areas.

The cities provided a favorable atmosphere for the spread of western influence. Technology led to the development in the fields of Communication, Post and Telegraph, Telephone and Radio, Railways, Roadways and etc., Radical progress in the field of Transport and Communication added greater to the spread of western way of life.

(ii) New Institution: Westernization brought about changes in institutional system also. For example (a) In the place of Traditional Educational Institution the western type of formal; educational Institutions such as Schools, Colleges, Technical Institutes, Research Centres, Universities etc., got established. English became the medium of language in these institutions and gained prominence.

It also served to spread English culture, (b) In the place of Traditional caste panchayats the modem law, legislation, court, police and other legal system came to stay, (c) The modem capitalist mode of Economy gave a fatal blow to the Existing Jajmani System. New commercial Establishments, banks, and New accounting system came to be established, (d) New institutional arrangements such as social welfare schemes, life insurance schemes, social security schemes etc., in order to provide protection and security to people where ever required.

(iii) Ideology and Value: Westernization implies certain value preferences also. Humanitarianism, Rationalism, Egalitarianism and Secularism are associated with westernization. These ideologies and values had a great impact on Indians They changed the traditional attitudes and outlook of the people. Western ideologies and values provided inspiration for social reform movement, such as Brahma Samaja, Arya Samja, Ramakrishna Mission and so on.

Question 3.
Consider Barbie doll as a Global Citizen.
Answer:
One Illustration of the global commodity chain can be found in the manufacture of the Barbie Doll. The most profitable Toy in history. Barbie is a fashion doll manufactured by the American toy-company Mattel corporation and launched in March 1959. The doll sells at the rate of two per second, bringing the metal corporation based in Los Angeles, U.S.A., well over a billion dollars in annual revenues. American businesswoman Ruth Handler. Barbie has been an important part of the toy fashion doll market for over fifty years, often involving parody of the doll and her lifestyle.

Although Barbie sells mainly in the United States, Europe and Japan, Barbie can also be found in 140 countries around the world. She is a truly Global citizen. Barbie was never made in the United States. The first doll was made in Japan in 1959, when that country was still recovering from Second World War and wages were low. As wages rose in Japan, Barbie moved to other low-wage countries in Asia.

Barbie’s multiple origins today tell us a great deal about the operation of global commodity chains. Barbie is designed in the United States, where her marketing and advertising strategies are devised and where most of the profits are made. But the only physical aspect of Barbie that is made in the USA is her cardboard packaging, along with some of the paints and oils that are used to decorate the doll. Barbie’s body and wardrobe span the globe in their origins,

Barbie begins her life in Saudi Arabia, where oil is extracted and then refined into the ethylene that is used to create her plastic body. Taiwan’s state owned oil importer, the Chinese Petroleum Corporation buys the Ethylene and sells it to Taiwan’s Formosa Plastic Corporation, the world’s largest producer of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC). The pellets are then shipped to southern China, Indonesia and Malaysia. The plastic molded body of Barbie are made in the U.S.A. Once Barbie’s body is molded she gets her Nylon hair from Japan, her Cotton dresses are made in China and shipped into Hong Kong.

According to Anthony Giddens “What Barbie production and consumption shows is the effectiveness of globalization processes in connecting together the world’s economics; However it also demonstrates the unevenness of globalization’s impact, which enables some countries to benefit at the expances of others. This means that we cannot assume that global commodity chains will inevitably promote development right accross the chains of societies involved”.

Question 4.
Explain two dimension of global outlook.
Answer:
According to Anthony Giddens global outlook has two dimensions:

1. A global community: People increasingly perceive that social responsibility does not stop at national borders”. One can see this global participation, in the case of recent disasters such as the Tsunami which hit India, Sri Lanka and Indonesia or similar such disasters. People express their responsibility and concern through voluntary work, donations, relief work etc. This can also be seen in people’s participation, though campaigns which concern larger human issues it is human rights or ecology and environmental concerns or political issues.

2. Transnational Identity: People are forging their identities through communication network, across boundaries, many scholars have pointed out this as transnational identity.

Homogenisation and Hybridisation of Culture: Avery significant feature of globalisation is the flow of several things; technology, money, people and culture, which is highly mediated by global technology and media. So we have Bollywood influencing fashion in England, as much as MTV and other American programs influencing not only the Indians but world at large.

This confluence has raised questions such as; whether the world is getting homogenised by Western influences, especially America. However, the emergence of a single ‘world culture’ is highly unlikely. ‘Instead, globalization and the associated cultural interpenetration are more likely to lead to new permutations and combinations, new options, and new cultures’. With increasing pace of globalization, the idea of global citizenship’ would gain support.

But it would not pose a threat to the existing loyalties and identities – local, national, regional. It would neither supersede existing loyalties nor represent the creation of a global culture. But ‘It would be a step towards recognition of the fact that globalisation affects everyone and we should all have a voice in determining how the effects are managed’.

Yogendra Singh recognizes that globalisation was bound to put pressure on the Indian culture. He envisages some degree of acceleration towards homogenising of cultural forms and activities (lifestyle, dress, food etc) in the country. However, he asserts that ‘the social structure and cultural system in India are intrinsically based on pluralism and diversity’. The Indian society is segmented in communities which enjoy ‘enormous cultural autonomy’.

This provides enormous cultural resilience to communities in India to filter the effects of globalisation through refractory and prismatic adaptations’. Moreover, there is observed an enhanced sense of self-consciousness and awareness of identity. Those elements of globalisation are resented they encroach upon or does not promote the core cultural values of society. So, globalization has both facets – Homogenisation and (cultural) Identity enhancement.

In case of the Indian diaspora (Non – Resident Indians), he finds the trends of cultural fusion. Also in India, at the level of the popular culture of music, dance, dramatic, cinema etc., the new trend is one of fusion of traditional Indian styles and westem/global styles. This emergent popular (fusion) culture, as posing ‘a threat to the indigenous local, regional or ethnic identity of cultural traditions.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 2 Social Inequality, Exclusion and Inclusion

You can Download Chapter 2 Social Inequality, Exclusion and Inclusion Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, 2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

2nd PUC Sociology Social Inequality, Exclusion and Inclusion One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who Popularized the term Harijan?
Answer:
MahathamaGandhiji.

Question 2.
Who Advocated the policy of Isolation?
Answer:
Verrier Elwing.

Question 3.
Who Advocated the Policy of Tribal Panchasheela?
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru.

Question 4.
Name anyone Backward Classes Commission appointed by the Government of India.
Answer:
Mandal Commission.

Question 5.
Who Introduced the concept of Dominant Caste?
Answer:
M.N Srinivas.

Question 6.
Mention any one category of backward classes in India.
Answer:
Scheduled castes.

Question 7.
Who wrote “Caste and race in India”?
Answer:
G.S. Ghurye.

Question 8.
Who wrote “People of India”?
Answer:
Herbert Risley.

Question 9.
Who wrote caste in India?
Answer:
J.H. Hutton.

Question 10.
Who wrote “History of caste in India”?
Answer:
S.V. Kethkar.

Question 11.
Who called tribals as Backward Hindus?
Answer:
G.S. Ghurye.

Question 12.
Who was the chairman of First Backward class commission in India?
Answer:
Kalalker.

Question 13.
Who was the chairman of Second Backward class commission in India?
Answer:
B.P. Mandal.

Question 14.
In Karnataka which was the First Backward class commission?
Answer:
Naganna Gowda Commission.

Question 15.
Who is the present chairman of permanent Backward class commission of Karnataka?
Answer:
H. Kantharaj.

Question 16.
Which state has large number of scheduled Tribes? ‘
Answer:
Madhya Pradesh (23.27).

Question 17.
Which state has highest percentage of Scheduled Tribes?
Answer:
Mizoram (94.75).

2nd PUC Sociology Social Inequality, Exclusion and Inclusion Two Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is social capital?
Answer:
Social capital in the form of networks of contacts and social associations. Someone with influential relatives and friends (social capital) may – through access to good advice, recommendations or information – manage to get a well-paid job.

Question 2.
Name any two tribes of the southern zone.
Answer:
Kadu kuruba, Hakki-Pikki.

Question 3.
Define Tribe.
Answer:
Tribe in the dictionary of Anthropology is defined as “a social group Usually with a definite area, dialect, cultural homogeneity and unifying social organization. It may include several sub-groups such as sibs or villages”.

Question 4.
How is the word caste derived?
Answer:
The word caste is derived from the Spanish/Portuguese word “CASTA”, which means breed, Race, strain or a complex of hereditary qualities. The Portuguese applied the term to the classes of people in India known by name of Jati. The English word caste is a modification of the original term system CASTA.

Question 5.
Who coined the term Scheduled Caste?
Answer:
The term scheduled caste was coined by the Simon commission in 1928 which came to be used for the people described as untouchables and was used by the then Government of Indian Act 1935. According to Ambedkar, in early India, they were known as Broken men or outcastes. The British described them as “depressed classes”.

Question 6.
Define Prejudices.
Answer:
Prejudices refer to pre-conceived opinions or attitudes held by members of one group towards another. The word literally means ‘pre-judgement’, that is, an opinion formed in advance of any familiarity with the subject, before considering any available evidence.

Question 7.
Give the meaning of social inequality.
Answer:
Patterns of unequal access to social resources are commonly called social inequality.

Question 8.
Mention one definition of caste.
Answer:
M.N. SRINIVAS defines caste as a “Hereditary, endogamous, usually localized group, having a traditional association with an occupation and a particular position in the local hierarchy of castes. Relation between castes is governed, by the concept of pollution and purity, and generally maximum commensality occurs within the caste.

Question 9.
Mention two dominant castes of Karnataka.
Answer:
Vokkaligas and Lingayath.

Question 10.
Name any two Tribals mentioned in Vedic literature.
Answer:
Bharathas and Kinnaras.

Question 11.
Mention any two changes in Caste system.
Answer:
Occupational and food restriction are relaxed

Question 12.
Mention any two social reform movements.
Answer:
Brahma Samaja, Arya Samaja.

Question 13.
What is social exclusion?
Answer:
Social exclusion refers to ways in which individuals may become cut off from full involvement in the wider society.

Question 14.
Mention any two causes for changes in the caste system.
Answer:
Education and Industrialization.

Question 15.
Mention any two determinants of dominant caste.
Answer:
Preponderates Numerically over other castes and high

1. Ritual status in local.
2. hierarchy

Question 16.
Write any two problems of Scheduled Caste.
Answer:
Restriction to access public facilities and Restriction to Read Holy Scriptures.

Question 17.
Mention the three zones of tribals.
Answer:
The North and the Northeastern Tribal zone.

1. The Central Tribal Zone
2. The Southern Tribal Zone

Question 18.
Mention any two problems of Scheduled tribes.
Answer:
Geographical Isolation and Exploitation ofTribalbyNon-Tribal.

Question 19.
Mention the three views on the tribal welfare.
Answer:
The policy of Isolation, The policy of Assimilation and policy of Integration.

Question 20.
Give any two criteria of backwardness.
Answer:
Educational Criteria

1. Children between 5 and 15 years never attending school 25% above the state average.
2. Student drop-out rate 25% above the state average.

Question 21.
State any two reform movements affects the caste system.
Answer:
Brahma Samaja, Sathya Shodaka Samaja.

Question 22.
Define the concept of dominant caste.
Answer:
According to M.N. Srinivas “A caste is dominant when it preponderates numerically over the other castes, when it also wields preponderant economic and political power, and when it enjoys a high ritual status in local caste hierarchy”.

Question 23.
Define the Backward class or caste.
Answer:
The term backward class refers to those social groups or classes or castes, which are characterized by low literacy or lack of education, poverty, exploitation, non representation in services and untouchability. It may be also called as a social category which consists of all the socially, educationally, economically and politically backward groups, castes and tribes.

Question 24.
State any two scheduled castes of Karnataka.
Answer:
Holayas and Bhories.

Question 25.
State any two scheduled Tribes of Karnataka.
Answer:
Kadu Kuruba and Siddis.

Question 26.
Write any two definition of tribes.
Answer:
Tribe in the dictionary of Anthropology is defined as “a social group usually with a definite area, dialect, cultural homogeneity and unifying social organization. It may include several sub-groups such as sibs or villages”.

Question 27.
State the two Backward class commissions of India.
Answer:
Kalalker commission and Mandal Commission.

Question 28.
Mention any two Backward class commissions of Karnataka.
Answer:
L.G. Havannor Commission, Venkataswamy Commission.

Question 29.
Define other Backward classes or castes?
Answer:
Other Backward Classes (Castes) comprise the non-untouchables, lower and intermediary castes, who were traditionally engaged in agriculture, animal husbandry, and handicrafts, services, and other castes. The OBCs do not constitute a homogeneous category. There are many divisions within the overall category. The other backward classes are not classes at all, but group of communities. The OBCs constitute 51% of the total population of the country.

Question 30.
What do you mean by creamy layer?
Answer:
Creamy layer is used to refer to the relatively wealthier and better educated members of the Other Backward Classes (OBC’s) who are not eligible for Government sponsored Educational and professional benefits. The term was first introduced by the Sattanathan Commission in 1971 which directed that the ‘creamy layer’ should be excluded from the reservation (quotas) of civil posts and services granted to the OBCs.

Question 31.
How many caster and Tribes are enlisted in Karnataka as SCS & STS?
Answer:
101 SCs and 50 STs.

2nd PUC Sociology Social Inequality, Exclusion and Inclusion Five Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain social inequality and social exclusion.
Answer:
Patterns of unequal access to social resources are commonly called social inequality. Social inequality is not the outcome of innate or ‘natural’ differences between people, but is produced by the society in which they live. People often face discrimination and exclusion because of their gender, religion, ethnicity, language, caste and disability. People often harbour prejudices about other social groups.

Often these ideas reflect prejudices. Prejudices refer to pre-conceived opinions or attitudes held by members of one group towards another. The word literally means ‘pre-judgement’, that is, an opinion formed in advance of any familiarity with the subject, before considering any available evidence. Social exclusion refers to ways in which individuals may become cut off from full involvement in the wider society.

It focuses attention on a broad range of factors that prevent individuals or groups from having opportunities open to the majority of the population. Social exclusion can be defined as a situation in which multiple deprivations prevent individuals from participating in important activities. Thus socially excluded might be unable to find work, or actively participate in a society. Social exclusion is not accidental but systematic – it is the result of evolved structural features of society.

Question 2.
Briefly explain changes in caste system during British rule.
Answer:
The impact of British rule on caste system in India may be studied under the following heads.

1. Introduction of Universalistic Legal system
2. Impact of English Education
3. Impact of Social Reform Movement
4. Influence of New Social Formation
5. Impact of Freedom Struggle
6. Impact of Industrialization and Urbanization

1. Introduction of Universalistic Legal System: The establishment of British courts removed authority from the purview of caste panchayats. They introduced a new principle of justice, according to which all are equal before the law, and the caste panchayat in proportion lost their former importance. Some of the legislation which brought changes in the caste system can be made as the, following.

1. The Caste Disabilities Removal Act of 1850 This act served to remove some of the disabilities associated with castes including the practice of untouchability.
2. The Hindu Widow Remarriage Act 1856, This act made legal provision for the Hindu widows to remarry.
3. The Special Marriage Act of 1872 which considered marriage as a civil contract and legalized inter-caste or inter-religious marriage.
4. Other Legislative and Administrative Measures. In 185 8 British government announced that all schools maintained by the government shall be open to all the classes of its subjects without any discrimination. In 1923, the government issued a resolution that no grants would be paid to any aided educational institutions, which refused admission to the children of the depressed classes.

In 1925, a bill was passed by the Madras legislative council, throwing open all public office, well, tank, or place of public resort, to all classes of people including the depressed. Montogue-Chelmshford reforms made constitutional provisions for the special representation of depressed classes in the local as well as in the legislative bodies.

2. Impact of English Education: British education was based on scientific, secular and universal principles. It made an accessible to everyone, irrespective of caste or community, who could pay for it. It remained liberal in content. It propagated principles such as the liberty equality and fraternity.

As education spread to the lower strata, it kindled libertarian impulses among them. Western education provided an indispensable passport to the new economic opportunities. Members from the lower castes became different professionals and took new commercial opportunities offered by the western education.

3. Impact of Social Reform Movements: Social reforms movements brought changes in ‘the caste system in British period. They were set out to eradicate caste and to establish a casteless and, classless society. They were against the fictitious difference between caste. They attacked the tendencies of separatism and Inequality in the caste system. Some important social reform movements are:

1. The Brahma Samaj founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy
2. Prarthana Samaja’s Athma Rama Pandurang Justice M. Ranade
3. The Arya Samaja founded by Swamy Dayananda Saraswathi
4. The Ramakrishna Mission represents the synthesis of the ancient and the modern thoughts. Swamy Vivekananda started Ramakrishna Mission.
5. Other Reform Movements such as Annie Beasant’s Theosophical society, Maharshi Arabindo Ghosh’s Divine life Society and etc. Thus all these organizations aimed at the destruction of caste system and social re-construction of Indian society.

4. Impact of New Social Formations: The new economic system brought about a new grouping of the population in the economic sphere. The Indians could be differentiated into such categories as capitalists, workers, peasants, propritiators, merchants, tenants, land lords, doctors, lawyers, teachers and technicians Each category being composed of individuals belonging to various castes, but having identical material and political interests. This division weakened the vertical caste lines.

Thus there came into existence such organization as Mill Owners Associations, All India Trade Union Congress, All India Kishan Sabha and etc., these groups struggled for their own interests. In the process of this struggle they developed a new consciousness and outlook and a new solidarity, which slowly weakened the caste consciousness.

5. Impact of Freedom Struggle: The growth of the nationalist movement played a great role in weakening caste consciousness. In India, the presence of foreign rule was a permanent stimulus to the Indians to unite on a national basis. Thus the growth of the national movement undermined the caste consciousness.”

6. Impact of Industrialization and Urbanization: The growth of Industries destroyed the old craft and provided new ways to earn a livelihood. Occupational mobility and movement from compact ancestral village started breaking down in the caste norms. New transport facilities, specially crowed trains and buses, which threw together millions of people of all castes and left little room for the necessities of ceremonial purity.

Taboos on food and water gradually weakening when industrial workers belonging to various castes started working under one roof. The demarcation observed by the members of different castes regarding eating food, physical contact with those of other castes, steadily crumbled in cities.

Question 3.
Explain the determinants of dominant caste.
Answer:
M.N. Srinivas introduces the concept of “Dominant Castes” which is of great help in understanding inter-caste relations and conflicts in Indian society. According to M.N. Srinivas “A caste is dominant when it preponderates numerically over the other castes, when it also wields preponderant economic and political power, and when it enjoys a high ritual status in local caste hierarchy”. Nature of Dominant Castes

(a) Determinants of Dominance: A dominant caste should own a sizeable amount of the land and it should enjoy greater economic and political power. In addition to this, a number of educated persons found in the caste and the nature of high occupation people pursue in the caste add to the dominant caste. When a caste enjoys all the elements of dominance, i.e. numerical strength, economic and political power, high ritual status, it is said to be dominant in a decisive way.

(b) Distribution of Dominance: Different elements of dominance are distributed differently among different castes in a village. For example, a caste, which is numerically high, maybe poor and lacking in political power, while a ritually high status caste may be rich economically and lacking strength in numbers. It can also be said that when a caste enjoys one form of dominance, it is frequently able to acquire other form of dominance.

(c) Dominance is Not Purely a Local Phenomenon: As M.N. Srinivas says in Rural India dominance is purely a local matter. A caste group, which has only a family or two in a particular village but enjoys decisive dominance in the wider region. Because the caste members of these families maintain a network of ties with the dominant relatives found in the wider region.

(d) New Factors Affecting Dominance of Caste: According to M.N. Srinivas, western education, jobs in the administration and urban sources of income are also significant in contributing to the prestige and power of particular caste groups in the village.

(e) Dominant Caste at the State Levels: Dominant castes, such as Lingayats and Vokkaligas in Karnataka, Reddys and Kammas in Andhra Pradesh, Nairs and Ezhavas in Kerala, Gounder, Padayachi and Mudaliars in Tamil Nadu, Marathas, Brahmins and Mahars in Maharashtra, Rajputs, Jats, Takurs, Gujars, Baniyas, Bhoomihars etc., in the North Indian states.

Question 4.
Discuss the changing concept of tribe.
Answer:
(a) Tribe as Homogeneous, Self-contained Unit: The Tribals are believed to be the original inhabitants of Indian Peninsula. They are generally called ‘adivasis’ which means original inhabitants. Vedic literature mentions various Tribes like the Bharathas, the Bhils, the Kolias, the Kirathas, the Kinnaras, the Matsyas, and the Nishadas. A Tribe was a homogeneous a self-contained unit without any hierarchical discrimination.

Each Tribe was organized under a chief. Most capable was elected as the chief and his continuation as military leader depended much upon his skill in war and defence. This process heralded the emergence of little republics and monarchies. Each Tribe had its own system of administration. Tribal chief exercised considerable influence over social, economic and religious affairs of the Tribe. Tribal councils were vested with legislative, judicial and executive powers.

(b) Tribe as a Political Division: The concept Tribe derives its origin from the Latin term ‘Tribuz’ means three division. For Romans, the Tribe was a political division. The Tribe was the highest political unit comprising several districts which in turn were composed of class It was a territorial organization exercising control over its people. The territory under the domain of a particular Tribe was generally named after it.

Thus, it is presumed that the name Bharath is derived from the mighty Bharatha Tribe. Similarly, the matsya kingdom of 6th B. C. The Minas of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh are believed to be the descendants of the matsya Tribe. Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura are named after the Mizo, the Naga and the Tripuri Tribes. Similarly, Santhal Paraganas, Gondawana, Lahaul and Kinnaur derive their names from the Santhalas, the Gondas, the Lahaulas and the kinnaras.

(c) Tribe as a Race: Race is used to designate a category of persons whose similar characteristics could be attributed to common descent. The Tribes in India broadly belong to three stocks namely, the Negritos, the Mongoloids and the MediterraneAnswer: The negritos are believed to be the earliest inhabitants of the Indian Peninsula. The traces of this race are found among the onges, Andamanese, jarwas of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and also among Kadars, Irulas and Paniyans of South-India.

Tribal people of the Sub-Himalayan region belong to the Mongoloid race. They are sub-divided into Palaeo-Mongoloid represented by Tribes living in Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Manipur and the Tibeto-Mangoloid represented by the Tribals living the Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and Ladak (Jammu & Kashmir). A major portion of the Tribal population in India belongs to the Mediterranean stock.

They are generally known as the ‘Dravidians’, Tribes belonging to the Dravidian race are found both in southern parts and central parts of India. Dravidians are known as the original inhabitants of India. They speak Kannada, Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam or corrupt form of these languages.

(d) Tribe and Scheduled Tribe: With a view to have classified information about the Tribals, the Britishers conducted census operations in the tribal areas. A sub-heading called ‘Forest Tribes’ was formed under the category of ‘Agricultural and Pastoral Castes’ in the census report of 1891 by the Commissioner of Census J. A. Bains. Since then, in the subsequent census reports of 1901, 1911, 1921, 1931 and 1941 Tribals have been classified as ‘Animists’, ‘Tribal Animists’, ‘Hill and Forest Tribes’, ‘Primitive Tribes’ and ‘Tribes’ respectively.

As per Article 366 (25) of the Constitution of India, Scheduled Tribes means such Tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within such Tribes. Article 342 empowers the President of India to specify the Scheduled Tribes by a public notification. The Parliament may, by law, include or exclude from the list of Scheduled Tribes any tribal community or part thereof in any state or union territory.

The foregone analysis makes it clear that the concept of Tribe has undergone a change from that of a political unit of older days to a group of people identified with poverty and backwardness. Though grouping together of tribal communities under the constitution has helped them in consolidating their position as a distinct ethnic, linguistic and cultural unity.

Question 5.
Explain the Geographical distribution of Indian tribes.
Answer:
(i) The North and the North-Eastern Tribal Zone This zone comprises the Sub-Himalayan Region and the Mountain Ranges of the North-Eastern Frontier of India, the Tista valley and the Jamuna-padma, portion of the Brahmaputra. It includes Himachal Pradesh, Northern UP, Sikkim and the seven states of the Northeast consisting of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Manipur and Tripura. They belong to the Mongoloid race and their language resembles the languages of Austric family.

This zone is inhabited by the Tribes such as Gurung, Limbu, Lepcha, Aka, Mishmi, Mikir, Rabha, Kachari, Garo, Khasi, Chakmas, Naga, Angami, Serna, Pham, Chang and so on. Spinning, weaving and agriculture are the predominant occupations of this zone. Nagas are having patriarchal family: Khasi and Gharos are having matriarchal family. Some tribes of this zone practice polyandry. However, monogamy is the usual practice in this zone. Nagas are the occasional head-hunters.

(2) The Central Tribal Zone: The central zone comprises plateau and mountains belt between the Indo-Gangetic plains to the North and the Krishna River in the South. It includes West Bengal, Orissa, Bihar, Southern UP, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. The important Tribes among these are the Gonds of Madhya Pradesh, Bhils of Rajasthan, Santhalas of Chotanagpur, Ho of Singhbhumi, Manbhumi, Khond and Kharia of Orissa, Sawara of Ganjam and the Mundas. Madhya Pradesh has the largest concentration of tribal population (23.27%). Santhalas of this zone are more advanced Tribe. Some of the Tribes are engaged in small-scale cottage industries and settled form of cultivation. Some of them live in very dense forests and difficult terrains.

(3) The Southern Tribal Zone These are the Tribes of South India (Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Kerala and two Union territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep). The Tribes of this zone are the original inhabitants of India and these people speak Dravidian languages. This zone consists of the Tribes like Chenchu, Kota, Kurumba, Badaga, Toda, Kadar, Malaya, Muthuran, Koya, Soliga, Kannikar, Paniya, Yeravas, Irula, Kadu Kuruba, Jenu Kuruba, Akki Pikki, etc.

Todas of Nilagiri practice fraternal polyandry and in some Tribes there is matriarchal type – of social organization. In the Andaman and Nicobar islands, there are six Tribes namely the great Andamanees, the Onges, the Sentinelese, the Jarwas represent the Negritos race and the Nicobaresand Shompens belong to the Mongoloids race. The Nicobares numbering about 22000 are comparatively an advanced Tribe and are settled in the Nicobar Islands. The remaining five Tribes are numerically very small and have been declared as the primitive Tribes.

Question 6.
Discuss three views, on tribal welfare.
Answer:
The Tribal problems have been approached from three points. They are as follows:

1. The Policy of Isolation
2. The Policy of Assimilation
3. The Policy of Integration.

(1) The Policy of Isolation: This policy favoured Isolation of Tribals from the mainstream society. J.H. Hutton, who was a commissioner for census of 1931, gave, a solution to the tribal problems of uncontrolled acculturation. He suggested the creation of self-governing tribal areas with free power of self-determination. Verrier Elwin suggested the creation of “National Parks” where the tribal people could safely live without being victims of Over-Hasty and Unregulated Process of Belief, and Civilization.

Both Hutton and Elwin were severely criticized for recommending this policy of Isolation, which was looked upon as proposal to create a museum or a zoo, instead of helping the tribal people to utilize the resources of knowledge and improve the conditions of their life.

(2) The Policy of Assimilation: The social reformers like Takkar Bapa, G.S. Ghurye some voluntary organizations and Christian missionaries advocated this policy. They have recommended for the assimilation of these tribal groups either into Christianity or into Hinduism. According to Takkar Bapa tribal problem could be solved only through contact with more advanced people. Separatism and Isolation seem to be dangerous theories and they strike at the root of National Solidarity.

(3) The Policy of Integration: The only approach that would make available to the Tribes the benefit of modem advanced society and yet retain their separate identity is Integration. This policy aims at developing a creative adjustment between Tribes and non-Tribes of India leading to responsible partnership. Pandit Nehru, M.N. Srinivas, D.N. Mujumdhar and others here had supported this view.

Question 7.
Explain tribal Panchasheela.
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru laid down the policy of Integration to five principles (1957) in his foreword note to Verrier Elwin’s book, called “The Philosophy of NEFA” (NEFA- North East Frontier of Assam). The tribal panchasheela as enunciated by him as follows:

1. People should ‘develop along the lines of their own genius ‘ and we should avoid imposing anything on them. We should try to encourage in every way their own traditional – arts and culture.
2. Tribal rights in land and forests should be respected.
3. We should try to train and build up a team of their own people to work, administration and development. Some technical personnel from outside will, no doubt be needed especially in the beginning. But we should avoid introducing too many outsiders into tribal territory.
4. We should not over-administer these areas or overwhelm them with a multiplicity of schemes. We should rather work through and not in rivalry to their own social and cultural institutions.
5. We should judge the results not by statistics or the amount of money spent but by the quality of human character that is evolved.

Question 8.
Explain the criteria of Backwardness according to Mandal Commission.
Answer:
The Second Backward Classes Commission came into existence in 1979, under the chairmanship of B. P. Mandal. The Mandal Commission in its report has listed 3743 castes and communities in the central list. The commission has recommended 27% reservation for other backward castes. One of the primary objectives of the Mandal Commission was to find out the criteria to be used to determine the socially, economically and educationally backward people. The commission found out 11 criteria for determining the social, economic and educational backwardness of the communities. These criteria fall into three categories as mentioned below.

A. Social Criteria:

1. Social backwardness as considered by others.
2. Dependence mainly on manual labor for livelihood.
3. Marriage of 25% girls and 10% boys in rural areas, and of 10% girls and 5% boys in urban area below 17 years.
4. Female work participation 25% above the state average.

B. Educational Criteria:

1. Children between 5 and 15 years never attending school 25% above the state average.
2. Student drop-out rate 25% above the state average.
3. Matriculation rate 25% below the state average.

C. Economic Criteria:

1. Average value of family assets 25% below the state average.
2. Families living in kachcha houses 25% above the state average.
3. Sources of drinking water beyond500 meters for more than 50% of the families.
4. Consumption of loan by households25% above the state average.

These criteria were differently weighted; three points each for social indicators, two points each for educational indicators, and one point each for economic indicators, adding up to 22 points. Any caste getting more than 11 points was counted as backward. The criteria of backwardness recommended by the Mandal Commission are widely applied today to determine the relative backwardness of a community.

Question 9.
Explain the problem of other Backward classes or castes.
Answer:
Other Backward castes/classes have been suffering from number of problem since a long time. The problems, which are common to all OBC’s are as follows :

(1) Other Backward Castes (Classes) constitute an Indefinite, Abstract and Unorganized Category: First Backward class commission known as Kalalker Commission was appointed to prepare a list of communities. Kalalker’s report had listed 2399 castes as backward castes and then Government had rejected this list. The mandal commission (Second Backward Class Commission) listed 3743 castes and communities as Backward classes.

Most of the OBC communities are strangers to one another. They do not have common awareness regarding their own problems. Conflicts do arises among themselves regarding the issue of “Backwardness”. No single All-India level organization has been established. These groups are scattered all over India and exhibit lot of diversities and difficult to unite them.

(2) Economic Backwardness: Most of OBCs are economically backward like SC and ST. A large number of poor, unemployed, Under-employed are found in this category. Only a few people are self employed, but majority of them are working for poor wages. Sizable numbers are economically exploited.

(3) Educational and Social Backwardness: Illiterates are found in a large number in this category. Higher education among OBCs at low level. Even though OBCs are not directly the victims of untouchability, but lot of social distance prevails between these and so called forward castes.

(4) Politically Unorganized: OBCs are comparatively unorganized because OBCs do not comprise a single caste. Most of these castes spreaded across the nation. No single backward caste numerically dominant in any one province. Hence they are not able to work as powerful “Pressure Groups” at the all India level.

Question 10.
Write a note on creamy layer.
Answer:
Creamy layer is used to refer to the relatively wealthier and better educated members of the Other Backward Classes (OBC’s) who are not eligible for Government sponsored Educational and professional benefits. The term was first introduced by the Sattanathan Commission in 1971 which directed that the ‘creamy layer’ should be excluded from the reservation (quotas) of civil posts and services granted to the OBCs.

The Government’s decision to implement the mandal commission report on reservation for the backward castes/class was referred to the Supreme Court, which gave its judgement on November 15, 1992. The Court accepted the policy of 27 percent reservation for the backward castes/ classes, though it gave certain direction for change in this policy.

(IThe creamy layer of backward castes/ classes should be excluded, (2) Armed forces and sensitive higher civilian posts (like Scientists, University Professors, Pilots., etc) should be kept outside the purview of caste reservation, (3) The Supreme Court recognised only 1238 castes/classes as OBC and reservation only in first appointments, (4) The court directed that the reservation quota should not go beyond 50% (SC + ST + OBC: 15.50% + 7.50% + 27% = 50).

Creamy layer was kept out of the quota as directed by the Supreme Court and high posts in the creamy layer (like President, Vice President, Supreme Court, High Court Judges, Class I Officers, Members of PSUs, CEC, CAG and wards of officers working in the World Bank or International organisation etc) were also identified.

The officers working in public sector undertakings professionals, like doctors, lawyers, chartered accountants, income tax consultants, architects and computer specialists, whose annual income was more than Rs one lakh were also included in the creamy laver. However, political posts (like PM, Union Ministers, CMs, Ministers, Governors and MPs, MLAs and MLCs were not included in the creamy layer category.

Backward class movement in Karnataka – The backward class movement in Karnataka is a desire of the under-privileged people to develop their own potentialities and contribute to the economic development of the nation. In every society some groups of people are higher and some are lower due to the opportunities they have in general. By such opportunities well-off people equip themselves and pursue careers which give them prestige and profit. By contrast, the lower or other backward classes have no opportunities to equip themselves.

A new awareness arose among the non-Brahmins in the princely state of Mysore. Vokkaligas, Lingayats and Muslims of Mysore had realized their position of relative deprivation as against the Brahmins. By 1917, these groups form an alliance called PrajamitraMandali in 1918, this mandali pleaded Maharaja of Mysore for the representation in legislature, reservation in posts of public services and educational institutions.

In 1918, a committee of six non-official members presided over by Sir Leslie Miller. Miller committee recommended the acceptance of all the demands. Since then Backward Classes in princely Mysore state have availed benefits in the field of education, employment and political arena.

(A) Naganna Gowda Commission: The Karnataka Government appointed a backward class commission in 1960 under the Chairmanship of Dr. Naganna Gowda. It is the First Backward Class Commission in Karnataka. The commission has submitted its report on 1961, which recommends 15% for SCs, 3% for STs and 50% OBCs, providing total 68% of reservation. The government attempted to implement the report was stayed by the Supreme Court. However in 1963 the government issued an order guaranteeing 15% of reservation to SCs, 3% STs and 30% to OBCs.

(B) L. G Havanoor Commission: In 1972 the government has appointed the second backward class commission headed by Sri L. G. Havanoor. This commission in its report submitted in 1975 stated that though more than 75% of the people in the state belonged to backward classes and deserved reservation facilities. There was no constitutional provision for giving it. Hence, it made provision for up to 50% reservation. Government made provision for 58% reservation. However it was challenged in Supreme Court and govt, gave a submission to court stating to initiate a new commission.

(C) Venkataswamy Commission: In 1983, the government has appointed the Venkataswamy commission, which gave its report in 1986. The report created wide spread dissatisfaction. The government decided not to implement the report but to establish a new commission to find an amicable settlement to this problem.’

(D) Chinnappa Reddy Commission: The government instituted the Chinnappa Reddy commission in 1990, which has been comparatively more widely welcomed. The commission seems to have tried its best to uphold social justice. In Karnataka, the SCs and STs together enjoyed 18% while the OBCs quota is 32%.’ Based on the Mandal commission’s report, the supreme court of India gave directions to establish a permanent Backward Classes Commission in the centre as well as in states and union territories.

Accordingly, a permanent backward classes commission was set up in Karnataka Sri K. Narayana Rai (1994-1997), Prof, Ravi Verma Kumar (1997-2000), Sri Muniraju(2001-2003), Sri Siddalingaih(2003-2006), Dr. C. S. Dwarakanath (2007-2010)N. Shankarappa (2011 -13) headed the Backward Classes Commission in Karnataka. At present H. Kantharaj is the chairman of Karnataka state Back word class commission. The commission recommends for inclusion or exclusion of a caste in the backward class list. In Karnataka 101 and 51 Triber are enlisted as scheduled caster and scheduled Tribes Respectively.

2nd PUC Sociology Social Inequality, Exclusion and Inclusion Ten Marks Questions and Answers

Question 11.
Define caste system and Explain the characteristics of caste system.
Answer:
Life of every member of the Indian society is to a large extent influenced by three systems viz., joint family, caste system and village community. They influence one’s occupation, food dress, habits, philosophy and marriage etc. The study of caste system is important because caste in India is an all pervasive and deep rooted social institution. Definitions of Caste

1. Herbert Risley has defined caste as “A collection of families of or a group of families bearing a common name, claiming a common descent from a mythical ancestor, human or divine, professing to follow the same hereditary calling and regarding by those who are competent to give an opinion as forming a single homogeneous community”.

2. S. V. Kethkar in his work “History of Caste in India”, “A caste is a group having two characteristics 1) Membership is confined to those who are born of members. 2) The members are forbidden by an inexorable social law to marry outside the group (Endogamy)”. G. S. Ghurye explains the features of caste system in his book “Caste and Race in India”, which are as follow;

1. Caste as a Segmental Division of Society: The society is divided into various castes with a well developed life of their own. The membership in caste is determined by birth. Caste has hereditary status, which is determined by birth. Each caste has a council of its own known as caste panchayat. Caste panchayts imposed certain restriction on social intercourse marriage commensal, occupational. These restrictions each caste had its own way of life. Violation of caste norms attached punishment from the caste panchayath depending on violation of caste norms.

2. Hierarchy: The whole society is divided into distinct castes with a concept of high and low, or superior and inferior is associated with this gradation or ranking. The Brahmins were placed at the top of the hierarchy and regarded as pure. The degraded castes or untouchables have occupied the other end of the hierarchy. They were subjected to manifold disabilities.

3. Restrictions on Feeding and Social Intercourse: There are minute rules as to what sort of food or drink can be accepted by a person and from what castes, who should accept food or drink at the hands of whom is defined by caste.

4. Civil and Religious Disabilities and Privileges of the Different Sections: Segregation of individual castes or groups of castes in a village is the most obvious mark of civil privileges and disabilities and it has prevailed in a more or less definite form all over India. Generally, untouchables were made to live on the outskirts. Certain parts of the town or village are inaccessible to certain castes. Restriction on using of public, roads, water facilities and Hotels etc.

5. Restrictions on Occupations: According to G.S. Ghurye every caste was associated with a traditional occupation. The technical skill of the occupation was made hereditary. Since a distinction was made between occupation being clean and unclean. The hereditary occupations reflected a caste status.

6. Restrictions on Marriage (Endogamy): Finally every caste also maintained its rank and status upon marriage relation. Inter caste marriages were prohibited. Hence they practiced endogamy. Caste is an endogamous group. “Endogamy is the essence of the caste system. Every caste was segmented into sub-castes, and these sub castes were the units of endogamy.

Question 12.
Explain the problems of Scheduled Castes.
Answer:
I. Social Disabilities:

• Denial or restriction of access to public facilities, such as wells, schools and roads.
• Restrictions on movement were also imposed. Untouchables were not allowed to walk on roads and streets within prescribed distance of the houses or persons of higher castes.

II. Economic Disabilities:

• Exclusion from any honorable and most profitable employment and fixity to dirty or
  menial occupations. –
• Restrictions on style of life, especially in the use of goods indicating comfort or luxury. Riding on horseback, use of bicycles, the wearing of gold and silver ornaments, all of these were forbidden in many areas.
• Liability to unremunerated labour for the higher castes and to the performance of menial services for them.

III. Religious Disabilities:

In Indian untouchables were subjected to various religious disabilities. They were prevented from entering temples, Monasteries and cremation grounds and could not make use of them because it was believed that these places would become impure by their touch and presence. The untouchable could hot worship in the temples. Their presence was considered sufficient to defile the God. They were not allowed to read and listen to the Holy Scriptures.

D. N. Majumdar summarized the position of the untouchable castes by maintaining that these castes are not depressed in all states, the same caste may be depressed in one area but may not suffer from any social and political disability in another. The disabilities are rigid where the depressed castes are numerically small, and fewer or on the decline where they numerically strong.

Where the higher castes are not numerous and the depressed castes form the bulk of Population, the degree of ceremonial pollution observed is very small and often we find few disabilities attached to the inferior castes. A caste may be depressed but individual, members of the caste who have succeeded in life and who are wealthy and own property have been admitted to a higher social status.

Question 13.
Explain the problems of scheduled tribes in detail.
Answer:
The problems of Tribals are as follows:

1. Geographical Isolation: Tribals are the people who have been living in remote areas . and hill tracks, without any access to socio-economic inputs. For centuries Tribals were isolated from the rest of the community, which has also given them wide cultural variations. Their geographical isolation from the mainstream deprived them the chances of progress.

2. Cultural Problems: Contact with outsider, the tribal culture is undergoing a change. It has led to the degeneration of Tribal life and Tribal arts such as dance, music and different types of crafts. In several tribal areas, influence of other religions have affected their culture. This also responsible for alienating the Tribals from their culture.Then tribal groups have been divided into several sects on the basis of religion. This has shattered their collective life.

3. Social Problems: Due to the influence of outsiders the Tribals are facing the problem of dowry, child marriage, infanticide and untouchability. The contact with outsiders created several social and health related problems.

4. Economic Problems: Tribal people are economically backward. The major economic problems of tribals are as follows:

1. Alienation of Tribal Land to the Non-Tribals
2. Problem of Indebtedness
3. Exploitation in Forestry Operations
4. Primitive Methods of Cultivation

5. Educational Problems: According to 2011 census, the literacy among the scheduled Tribes was 29.6 percent. Main causes of slow progress in literacy among the scheduled. Tribes are poverty of the parents, content of education, inadequate educational institutions and supporting services, absenteeism, medium of instruction and educational policy, etc.

6. Exploitation of Tribal by the Moneylenders: The Tribals continue to be the victims of exploitation by the moneylenders. Indebtedness among the Tribals may be attributed to the following reasons: Poverty Loopholes in the existing money lending laws, lack of awareness about sources of institutional finances and existing legal protection, Inability to follow complicated procedure to obtain loan and consumer credit from institutional sources. Indifferent attitude of government and bank officials, Private money lenders willingness to advance money to the Tribals without any security.

Absence of alternative credit facility has compelled the Tribals to compromise their fate with moneylenders Accept indebtedness as almost an inescapable aspect of their existence Lack of employment opportunities.
6. Health Problems: The main cause of their sickness is the lack of clean drinking water, nutritive food and prevalence of communicable diseases are major health problems.

Question 14.
Explain the major reasons for the changes in caste system.
Answer:
The impact of British rule on caste system in India may be studied under the following heads.

1. Introduction of Universalistic Legal system
2. Impact of English Education
3. Impact of Social Reform Movement
4. Influence of New Social Formation
5. Impact of Freedom Struggle
6. Impact of Industrialization and Urbanization

1. Introduction of Universalistic Legal System: The establishment of British courts removed authority from the purview of caste panchayats. They introduced a new principle of justice, according to which all are equal before the law, and the caste panchayat in proportion lost their former importance. Some of the legislation which brought changes in the caste system can be made as the, following.

• The Caste Disabilities Removal Act of 1850 This act served to remove some of the disabilities associated with castes including the practice of untouchability.
• The Hindu Widow Remarriage Act 1856, This act made legal provision for the Hindu widows to remarry.
• The Special Marriage Act of 1872 which considered marriage as a civil contract and legalized inter-caste or inter-religious marriage.
• Other Legislative and Administrative Measures.

In 185 8 British government announced that all schools maintained by the government shall be open to all the classes of its subjects without any discrimination. In 1923, the government issued a resolution that no grants would be paid to any aided educational institutions, which refused admission to the children of the depressed classes. In 1925, a bill was passed by the Madras legislative council, throwing open all public office, well, tank, or place of public resort, to all classes of people including the depressed. Montogue-Chelmshford reforms made constitutional provisions for the special representation of depressed classes in the local as well as in the legislative bodies.

2. Impact of English Education: British education was based on scientific, secular and universal principles. It made an accessible to everyone, irrespective of caste or community, who could pay for it. It remained liberal in content. It propagated principles such as the liberty equality and fraternity. As education spread to the lower strata, it kindled libertarian impulses among them. Western education provided an indispensable passport to the new economic opportunities. Members from the lower castes became different professionals and took new commercial opportunities offered by the western education.

3. Impact of Social Reform Movements: Social reforms movements brought changes in ‘the caste system in British period. They were set out to eradicate caste and to establish a casteless and, classless society. They were against the fictitious difference between caste. They attacked the tendencies of separatism and Inequality in the caste system. Some important social reform movements are:

• The Brahma Samaj founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy
• Prarthana Samaja’s Athma Rama Pandurang Justice M. Ranade
• The Arya Samaja founded by Swamy Dayananda Saraswathi
• The Ramakrishna Mission represents the synthesis of the ancient and the modern thoughts. Swamy Vivekananda started Ramakrishna Mission.
• Other Reform Movements such as Annie Beasant’s Theosophical society, Maharshi Arabindo Ghosh’s Divine life Society and etc. Thus all these organizations aimed at the destruction of caste system and social re-construction of Indian society.

4. Impact of New Social Formations: The new economic system brought about a new grouping of the population in the economic sphere. The Indians could be differentiated into such categories as capitalists, workers, peasants, propritiators, merchants, tenants, land lords, doctors, lawyers, teachers and techniciAnswer: Each category being composed of individuals belonging to various castes, but having identical material and political interests. This division weakened the vertical caste lines.

Thus there came into existence such organization as Mill Owners Associations, All India Trade Union Congress, All India Kishan Sabha and etc., these groups struggled for their own interests. In the process of this struggle they developed a new consciousness and outlook and a new solidarity, which slowly weakened the caste consciousness.

5. Impact of Freedom Struggle: The growth of the nationalist movement played a great role in weakening caste consciousness. In India, the presence of foreign rule was a permanent stimulus to the Indians to unite on a national basis. Thus the growth of the national movement undermined the caste consciousness.

6. Impact of Industrialization and Urbanization: The growth of Industries destroyed the old craft and provided new ways to earn a livelihood. Occupational mobility and movement from compact ancestral village started breaking down in the caste norms. New transport facilities, specially crowed trains and buses, which threw together millions.

Question 15.
Explain the functional changes and changer in the role of caste system in post – Independent India.
Answer:
Changes in caste system in post independent period can be discussed under two headings, viz., Functional Changes in Caste System and Changes in the Role of Caste System.

(A) Functional Changes in the Caste System: The caste system has neither disintegrated of people of all castes and left little room for the necessities of ceremonial purity. Taboos on food and water gradually weakening when industrial workers belonging to various castes started working under one roof. The demarcation observed by the members of different castes regarding eating food, physical contact with those of other castes, steadily crumbled in cities. 66. Explain the functional changes and changer in the role of caste system in post – Independent India.

nor did it disappear in present India despite many modifications. During the last six decades caste structures has considerably changed. Though, these two important features of hereditary membership and hierarchy have not changed at all. But we do find some changes in the following:

1. Occupational choice is relaxed
2. Decline and Disappearance of the caste panchayaths
3. Commensall restrictions are relaxed
4. The religious basis of caste has ramped. Caste is no more believed to be divinely
5. Caste is no longer restricts newly valued individual freedom and the occupational career of an individual, though his social status continue to be dependent on his caste membership.

(B) The Changes in the Role of Caste System: The major changes in the role of Caste system are following:

(1) Elections Based On Caste System Caste in modem India is very important, and every political party is aware of its vote catching power though the political leaders condemn caste verbally. But in practice caste consideration are potent.

(2) Increase of Caste Consciousness and Organizations: Caste consciousness and organization have increased in modem India. Caste based Educational Institutions, Banks, Hostels, Cooperative Societies, Charities, Marriage halls and journals, which are the indicators of caste consciousness. The journals, published by the caste organization, are the units of the media of communicative integration. The community aspect of caste has been made more comprehensive and permanent. According to G. S. Ghurye “Thus a vicious circle has been created. The feeling of caste solidarity is now so strong that it is truly described as caste patriotism”.

(3) Impact of Modern Means of Transport and Communication: According to M.N Srinivas “The building of Roads all over India, and the introduction ofRailway, Postal service, cheap paper and printing especially in regional languages enabled castes to organize as they had never done before. A post card carried news of a caste meeting and the railways enabled members sheltered in far-flung villages to come together when necessary, with the availability of cheap news print facilitated, the founding of caste journals, whose aim was to promote the interests of their respective castes.

(4) Impact of Modern Education: Education has been liberalized in post independence era. No doubt, modem educated youths being inspired by the ideals of equality, liberty, fraternity, scientific outlook, secularism, etc. have changed their attitudes towards caste system. It did not necessarily mean that caste has disappeared. The educated leaders started caste journals and held conferences. Funds were collected to organize the caste meetings and to help the poorer members. In general, it may be said that the last hundred years have seen a great increase in caste solidarity and the concomitant decrease of a sense of interdependence between different castes.

Question 16.
Define scheduled castes and explain the problem of scheduled castes.
Answer:
The description of scheduled castes as a marginalized group with a series of disabilities that are imposed on them. It is instead a catalogue typically associated with untouchability. These are as follows:

I. Social Disabilities.

• Denial or restriction of access to public facilities, such as wells, schools and roads.
• Restrictions on movement were also imposed. Untouchables might not be allowed to walk on roads and streets within prescribed distance of the houses or persons of higher castes.

II. Economic Disabilities.

• Exclusion from any honourable and most profitable employment and fixity to dirty or menial occupations.
• Restrictions on style of life, especially in the use of goods indicating comfort or luxury. Riding on horseback, use of bicycles, the wearing of gold and silver ornaments, all of these were forbidden in many areas.
• Liability to unremunerated labour for the higher castes and to the performance of menial services for them.

III. Religious Disabilities.

In Indian untouchables were subjected to various religious disabilities. They were prevented from entering temples, Monasteries and cremation grounds and could not make use of them because it was believed that these places would become impure by their touch and presence. The untouchable could not worship in the temples. Their presence was considered sufficient to defile the God. They were not allowed to read and listen to the Holy Scriptures.

D.N. Majumdar summarized the position of the untouchable castes by maintaining that these castes are not depressed in all states, the same caste may be depressed in one area but may not suffer from any social and political disability in another. The disabilities are rigid where the depressed castes are numerically small, and fewer or on the decline where they numerically strong.

Where the higher castes are not numerous and the depressed castes form the bulk of Population, the degree of ceremonial pollution observed is very small and often we find few disabilities attached to the inferior castes. A caste may be depressed but individual, members of the caste who have succeeded in life and who are wealthy and own property have been admitted to a higher social status.

Question 17.
Define Tribe and explain the changing concept of Tribe.
Answer:
(a) Tribe as Homogeneous, Self-contained Unit: The Tribals are believed to be the original inhabitants of Indian Peninsula. They are generally called ‘adivasis’ which means original inhabitants. Vedic literature mentions various Tribes like the Bharathas, the Bhils, the Kolias, the Kirathas, the Kinnaras, the Matsyas, and the Nishadas. A Tribe was a homogeneous a self-contained unit without any hierarchical discrimination.

Each Tribe was organized under a chief. Most capable was elected as the chief and his continuation as military leader depended much upon his skill in war and defence. This process heralded the emergence of little republics and monarchies. Each Tribe had its own system of administration. Tribal chief exercised considerable influence over social, economic and religious affairs of the Tribe. Tribal councils were vested with legislative, judicial and executive powers.

(b) Tribe as a Political Division: The concept Tribe derives its origin from the Latin term ‘Tribuz’ means three division. For Romans, the Tribe was a political division. The Tribe was the highest political unit comprising several districts which in turn were composed of clAnswer: It was a territorial organization exercising, control over its people. The territoiy under the domain of a particular Tribe was generally named after it. Thus, it is presumed that the name Bharath is derived from the mighty Bharatha Tribe.

Similarly, the matsya kingdom of 6th B. C. The Minas of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh are believed to be the descendants of the matsya Tribe. Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura are named after the Mizo, the Naga and the Tripuri Tribes. Similarly, Santhal Paraganas, Gondawana, Lahaul and Kinnaur derive their names from the Santhalas, the Gondas, the Lahaulas and the kinnaras.

(c) Tribe as a Race: Race is used to designate a category of persons whose similar characteristics could be attributed to common descent. The Tribes in India broadly belong to three stocks namely, the Negritos, the Mongoloids and the MediterraneAnswer: The negritos are believed to be the earliest inhabitants of the Indian Peninsula. The traces of this race are found among the onges, Andamanese, jarwas of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and also among Kadars, Irulas and Paniyans of South-India.

Tribal people of the Sub-Himalayan region belong to the Mongoloid race. They are sub-divided into Palaeo-Mongoloid represented by Tribes living in Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Manipur and the Tibeto-Mangoloid represented by the Tribals living the Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and Ladak (Jammu & Kashmir). A major portion of the Tribal population in India belongs to the Mediterranean stock. They are generally known as the ‘Dravidians’. Tribes belonging to the Dravidian race are found both in southern parts and central parts of India. Dravidians are known as the original inhabitants of India. They speak Kannada, Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam or corrupt form of these languages.

(d) Tribe and Scheduled Tribe: With a view to have classified information about the Tribals, the Britishers conducted census operations in the tribal areas. A sub-heading called ‘Forest Tribes’ was formed under the category of ‘Agricultural and Pastoral Castes’ in the census report of 1891 by the Commissioner of Census J. A. Bains. Since then, in the subsequent census reports of 1901, 1911, 1921, 1931 and 1941 Tribals have been classified as ‘Animists’, ‘Tribal Animists’, ‘Hill and Forest Tribes’, ‘Primitive Tribes’ and ‘Tribes’ respectively.

Mahatma Gandhiji called Tribals as Girijana and G.S. Ghurye consider tribals as Backward Hindus. The concept of a Tribe has undergone further changes particularly after India’s independence. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar preferred the concept “Scheduled Tribe” to ‘Adivasis’. Under the Constitution of India certain Tribes have been specified as Scheduled Tribes. The constitution neither defined nor lays down any criteria for specifying the scheduled Tribes. Here Scheduled simply means ‘grouped together’. Tribes so grouped are given special treatment of facilities envisaged under the Constitution.

As per Article 366 (25) of the Constitution of India, Scheduled Tribes means such Tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within such Tribes. Article 342 empowers the President of India to specify the Scheduled Tribes by a public notification. The Parliament may, by law, include or exclude from the list of Scheduled Tribes any tribal community or part thereof in any state or union territory.

The foregone analysis makes it clear that the concept of Tribe has undergone a change from that of a political unit of older days to a group of people identified with poverty and backwardness. Though grouping together of tribal communities under the constitution has helped them in consolidating their position as a distinct ethnic, linguistic and cultural unity.

Question 18.
Give a Brief overview of – Backward class commissions of Karnataka.
Answer:
The backward class movement in Karnataka is a desire of the under-privileged people to develop their own potentialities and contribute to the economic development of the nation. In every society some groups of people are higher and some are lower due to the opportunities they have in general. By such opportunities well-off people equip themselves and pursue careers which give them prestige and profit. By contrast, the lower or other backward classes have no opportunities to equip themselves.

Anew awareness arose among the non-Brahmins in the princely state of Mysore. Vokkaligas, Lingayats and Muslims of Mysore had realized their position of relative deprivation as against the Brahmins. By 1917, these groups form an alliance called Prajamitra Mandali in 1918, this mandali pleaded Maharaja of Mysore for the representation in legislature, reservation in posts of public services and educational institutions. In 1918, a committee of six non-official members presided over by Sir Leslie Miller. Miller committee recommended the acceptance of all the demands. Since then Backward Classes in princely Mysore state have availed benefits in the field of education, employment and political arena.

(A) Naganna Gowda Commission: The Karnataka Government appointed a backward class commission in 1960 under the Chairmanship of Dr. Naganna Gowda. It is the First Backward Class Commission in Karnataka. The commission has submitted its report on 1961, which recommends 15% for SCs, 3% for STs and 50% OBCs, providing total 68% of reservation. The government attempted to implement the report was stayed by the Supreme Court. However, in 1963 the government issued an order guaranteeing 15% of reservation to SCs, 3% STs and 30% to OBCs.

(B) L. G Havanoor Commission: In 1972 the government has appointed the second backward class commission headed by Sri L. G. Havanoor. This commission in its report submitted in 1975 stated that though more than 75% of the people in the state belonged to backward classes and deserved reservation facilities. There was no constitutional provision for giving it. Hence, it made provision for up to 50% reservation. The government made provision for 58% reservation. However it was challenged in Supreme Court and govt, gave a submission to court stating to initiate a new commission.

(C) Venkataswamy Commission: In 1983, the government has appointed the Venkataswamy Commission, which gave its report in 1986. The report created wide spread dissatisfaction. The government decided not to implement the report but to establish a new commission to find an amicable settlement to this problem.

(D) Chinnappa Reddy Commission: The government instituted the Chinnappa Reddy commission in 1990, which has been comparatively more widely welcomed. The commission seems to have tried its best to uphold social justice. In Karnataka, the SCs and STs together enjoyed 18% while the OBCs quota is 32%.

Based on the Mandal commission’s report, the supreme court of India gave directions to establish a permanent Backward Classes Commission in the centre as well as in states and union territories. Accordingly, a permanent backward classes commission was set up in Karnataka Sri K. Narayana Rai (1994-1997), Prof, Ravi Verma Kumar (1997-2000), Sri Muniraju (2001-2003), Sri Siddalingaih (2003-2006), Dr. C. S. Dwarakanath (2007-2010)N.

Shankarappa(2011 -13) headed the Backward Classes Commission in Karnataka. At present H. Kantharaj is the chairman of Karnataka state Back word class commission. The commission recommends for inclusion or exclusion of a caste in the backward class list. In Karnataka 101 and 51 Triber are enlisted as scheduled caster and scheduled Tribes Respectively.