2nd PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 4 Production and Cost

   

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Karnataka 2nd PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 4 Production and Cost

2nd PUC Economics Production and Cost One Mark Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following in a sentence each.

Question 1.
What do you mean by production?
Answer:
Production is the process in which transformation of inputs into output takes place. Here inputs are converted into output. For example, raw cotton is made into cloth.

Question 2.
Define Production function.
Answer:
According to Watson, Production function is “the relationship between physical inputs and physical output of a firm”.

Question 3.
What is Total Product?
Answer:
Total product refers to total volume of goods and services produced by a firm during a specified period of time.

Question 4:
What is Average Product?
Answer:
The Average product refers to per unit of output produced with the help of variable factor.

Question 5:
Define Marginal Product.
Answer:
The Marginal Product refers to additional unit of output produced with help of additional factor input.

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The Postive Factors of 70 are therefore all the numbers we used to divide (divisors) above to get an even number.

Question 6.
Define Iso-quant.
Answer:
An Iso-quant is a curve on which the various combinations of labour and capital show the same level of output. It also refers to the locus of all possible combinations of two inputs (Labour and Capital) which result in the same output level.

Question 7.
What do you mean by cost?
Answer:
Cost of production refers to the expenses incurred by the producer to produce various goods and services. It includes all those expenditures incurred by a firm or industry to manufacture their products.

Question 8:
What is Fixed cost?
Ans. These are the costs which are incurred on fixed factors of production. The amount of expenditure.spent on fixed factors is unaltered in the short run.

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Question 9.
What is Variable cost?
Answer:
Variable costs are the expenses incurred on the variable inputs like raw materials, ordinary labourers, electricity etc.

Question 10.
Define Total cost.
Answer:
It is the aggregate money expenditure incurred by the firm on all the factors to produce a given quantity of output.

Question 11.
What is Average variable cost?
Answer:
It is a variable cost for per unit of output. It can be calculated by dividing total variable cost by the total units of output.

Question 12:
What is average cost?
Answer:
It is the cost per unit of output produced. It is obtained by dividing total cost by the total output produced, i.e. AC = TC/output.

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Question 13:
Define Marginal cost.
Ans. It is an additional cost incurred to produce an additional output. In other words it is the net additions to the total cost when one more unit of output is produced. MC = TCn – TCn-1,

Question 14.
What is the shape of MC and AC curves?
Answer:
The shape of AC and MC is ‘U’ shaped and can be represented as follows:

2nd PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 4 Production and Cost 1

Question 15.
Who introduced the concept of Real cost?
Answer:
Prof. Alfred Marshall introduced the concept of Real cost.

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2nd PUC Economics Production and Cost Two Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write the production function in the form of an equation.
Answer:
The production function can be written as follows:
Q = f(R, L, K, O…..) where Q is quantity produced, f is function, R refers to Land, L to labour K to capital, O to organization.

Question 2:
If 4 units of labour produce 70 units of‘x’and 5 units of labour produce 75 units of ‘x’, calculate Marginal product and Average product.
Answer:
Calculation of Marginal product:
4 Labour – 70 Units of ‘x’
5 Labour- 75 Units of ‘x’
MP = TPn -TPn-1 , where TPn= 75,  TPn-1=70
= 75 – 70
= 5 units of product.
So, MP = 5

Calculation of Average Product (AP):
AP = TP/Input(Labour)
4 Labour – 70 Units of ‘x’
AP = 70/4 =17.5 with 4 labourers and capital
5 Labour- 75 Units of ‘x’
AP = 75/5 = 15 with 5 labourers and capital

Question 3.
Why are Average and Marginal Cost curves ‘U’ shaped.
Answer:
For an increase in the output, AC and MC fall initially then reach a minimum value and later rise with the rise in output. The change in MC is greater than that in AC.

In the beginning, AC falls due to the more influence of of AFC and later rises under the influence of AVC with an increase in output. This makes AC to become U shaped.

MC falls as output increases in the beginning. It starts rising after a certain level of output. This happens because of the influence of the law of variable proportions. The fact that Marginal Product rises first, reaches maximum and then declines ensures that the Marginal Cost curve of a firm declines first, reaches minimum and then rises and becomes U shaped.

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Question 4.
Mention the three laws of variable proportions. .
Answer:
The three laws of Variable Proportions are as follows:

  1. The law of Increasing Returns.
  2. The law of Diminishing Returns.
  3. The Law of Negative Returns.

Question 5.
Write the meaning of increasing returns.
Answer:
When the output increases in a greater proportion than the increase in inputs it is called as Increasing Returns. When a firm expands, increasing returns to scale are obtained in the beginning. Here the Total Product increases at increasing rate, For example, if there is 20% increase in inputs, the output increases by 30%.

Question 6.
Give the meaning of diminishing returns.
Answer:
Also known as decreasing returns to scale, operates when output increases in a smaller proportion for an increase in all inputs. Here, the Total Product increases in a decreasing rate. For example, if a producer increases all inputs by 20%, the total product may increase by 15% only.

Question 7.
Mention any four short run costs:
Answer:
The four major short run costs are as follows:

  1. Fixed Cost
  2. Variable Cost
  3. Total Cost
  4. Average Cost.

Question 8.
Mention the costs involved in the long run.
Answer:
In the long run, we have three types of costs viz.., Total cost, Long run average cost, and Long run marginal cost.

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Question 9.
Why does the SMC cut SAVC at its minimum point? .
Answer:
When the Short run Average Variable Cost (SAVC) is decreasing, the Short run Marginal Cost (SMC) also should decrease and when SAVC increases, the SMC should also increase but more than SAVC. Hence, the SMC curve has to cut SAVC from below at the minimum point.

Question 10.
What is Opportunity cost?
Answer:
It is the cost of the next best alternative product which is measured in terms of revenue earned by the factor when it is employed in other alternative jobs.

In other words it is the cost of displaced alternative. While calculating opportunity cost the profit earned from the best alternative employment sacrificed is taken into consideration.
The concept of opportunity cost was popularized by an American writer -Prof.Heberlour.

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2nd PUC Economics Production and Cost Five Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the concepts of Total Product, Average Product and Marginal Product with the help of a diagram:
Answer:
(i) Total Product (TP): It refers to the aggregate output produced with the help of factor inputs during a particular period of time. It is obtained by adding the Marginal product contributed by each input.

(ii) Average Product(AP): Average product is an unit of output which is produced per unit input. It is calculated by dividing the Total Product by the variable inputs.

AP = \(\frac{\mathrm{TP}}{\mathrm{L}}\)
where TP is Total product and L variable factor input (e.g. Labour)

(iii) Marginal Product (MP): Marginal product refers to additional unit of output produced with the help of additional unit of input of labour or Capital. We can calculate MP with the help of the following formula:
MP = TPn – TPn-1

Where, MP is marginal product, TPn is Total product of‘n’ units, and TPn-1 is Total product of the previous unit of output.
Diagrammatic representation of TP, AP and MP.

2nd PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 4 Production and Cost 3

The total product (TP) curve, in the beginning increases at increasing rate later at decreasing rate, reaches maximum and starts falling.

The average product (AP) curve rises in the beginning, reaches maximum with the increase in inputs and output. The marginal product (MP) rises, reaches maximum level before AP and falls. It becomes zero when TP is maximum. When TP starts falling the MP curve crosses ‘x’ axis to become negative.

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Question 2.
Explain the law of variable proportions. (LVP)
Answer:
The LVP refers to input-output relationship, when the output is increased by varying the quantity of one input. This law operates in short period when all the factors of production cannot be increased or decreased simultaneously. The producer can enhance the output by increasing only one variable input by keeping other factors fixed. So, there will be change in proportion between Variable and Fixed Inputs. This is called as the Law of Variable proportions.

Assumptions of LVP:

  • The LVP operates under certain assumptions: They are:
  • The technique of production remains same.
  • There will be existence of Fixed inputs.
  • The efficiency of variable inputs will be equal.
  • There is possibility to change the proportion of inputs.
  • The factor inputs are not close or perfect substitutes.

The law states that, an increase in variable inputs, in a given state of technology, cause output to increase, but after a point the extra output resulting from the same addition of extra inputs will become less and less.

The LVP can be illustrated with the help of a table:
2nd PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 4 Production and Cost 4
In the above table, the producer (farmer) has 5 hectares of land in which he has spent Rs.25,000 for Agricultural machineries. When he increases labour input the TP, AP and MP increase in the beginning and later diminish. When the producer applies 3 units of labour the MP is highest at 30. Till here, the TP is in increasing returns. From 4th unit of labour, the MP and AP start decreasing. At 7th unit of labour the MP becomes zero indicating that the TP has reached optimum. When the producer uses 8th labour the MP becomes negative and TP starts falling.

Stages of LVP:
There are three stages of production as per LVP (i) Increasing Returns (2) Diminishing Returns and (3) Negative Returns.

I Stage-Increasing Returns:
In this stage, TP increases at an increasing rate i.e., up to 3rd unit of labour, MP also rises and reaches maximum at this point and AP also goes on increasing.

Causes for Increasing Returns: The law of increasing returns operates because, in the beginning the quantity of fixed factors is abundant relative to the quantity of the variable factor. When the producer adds more units of variable input to the fixed factor of inputs, then the fixed factors are more intensively and effectively used. That means the efficiency of the fixed factors increase as additional units of the variable factors are added to it.

Another reason for increasing returns during first stage is that as more units of variable factors are employed, the efficiency of the variable factors itself increases. This is because with sufficient quantity of variable factor, introduction of division of labour and specialization becomes possible which leads to increase in output.

II Stage – Diminishing Returns: .
In this stage, the TP continues to increase at a diminishing rate till it reaches 95 tons. Here, both AP and MP fall but they are positive. At the end of this stage, the MP becomes zero. This stage is called diminishing returns as both AP and MP start decreasing with the increase in inputs.

Causes for diminishing returns: When the producer increases the variable inputs even after the point where the variable input is sufficient to ensure efficient utilisation of the fixed factor, then further increase in the Variable factor will cause MP and AP to decline. This is because the fixed factor becomes inadequate relative to the quantity of variable factor.

Another reason for diminishing returns is the imperfect substitutability of one factor for another. If there is perfect substitute of the scarce fixed factor is available, the second stage would have been made up by increasing the supply of its perfect substitute with the result that output could be expanded.

III Stage – Negative Returns:
During the 3rd stage, the TP and AP will be falling and MP is negative. It is called negative returns as MP is negative.

Causes for negative returns: When the producer increases labour input beyond 6 units, the TP declines and MP becomes negative. This is due to the fact that’the quantity of variable factor becomes too excessive in relation to the fixed factor so that they get in each other’s ways which result in decline in TP. In such situation, the producer has to reduce variable inputs to reduce the pressure on fixed factor.

Stage of operation-Production: Now the major question is which stage a rational producer , will seek to produce? A rational producer will never produce in 3rd stage where MP is negative. The producer will also do not produce in first stage where the MP is increasing which is beneficial. If the producer selects to produce at first stage, he will not be making best use of the fixed factor and he will not be utilizing fully the opportunities of increasing production by increasing quantity of the variable factor whose AP continues to rise throughout the first stage.

Thus, a rational producer will never produce in stages I and III. These stages are economic nonsense. Hence he selects the II stage to produce.

The LVP can be represented in the following diagram:

2nd PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 4 Production and Cost 5

In the above diagram, factor input labour is measured in OX axis and TP, AP and MP are measured on OY axis. In the first stage, the producer is producing RS of output with OS level of variable input. During this stage, TP, AP and MP are increasing,

When the producer increases input labour from OS to OU, the TP reaches maximum at TU in the second stage. Here TP curve is increasing but MP and AP curves are decreasing and MP reaches zero at point U. In the third stage, the TP, AP and MP are falling and MP becomes negative. Here, the TP falls from T and AP remains positive though it is falling.

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Question 3.
Explain the laws of returns to scale with the help of a diagram. .
Answer:
We know that, in the long run all factor inputs are variable. The returns to scale explain the relationship between input and output in the long period. They study about the changes in output as a consequence of changes in all the inputs. This can be represented as follows:
Q = f (X1,X2,……..)

Stages of Returns to Scale: Returns to scale may be (1) Increasing Returns to Scale, (2) Constant Returns to Scale (3) Diminishing Returns to Scale.
These returns to scale can be seen in Total Product which is the result of changes in all inputs.

1. Increasing Returns to Scale: Here, the output increases in a greater proportion than the increase in inputs. When a firm expands, increasing returns to scale are obtained in the beginning. For example, if there is 20% increase in inputs, the output increases by 30%. The increasing returns to scale also is a result of indivisibility of factors. Some factors are available in large and can be utilized with utmost efficiency at a large output.

2. Constant Returns to Scale: The constant returns to scale exists when the output increases in same proportion with the increase in inputs. For example, if a producer increase inputs by 25%, the Total product increases by 25%. Here the Total Product increases at constant rate. It has been found that an individual firm passes through a long phase of constant returns to scale in its lifetime.

3. Diminishing Returns to Scale: Also known as decreasing returns to scale operate when output increase in a smaller proportion with an increase in all inputs. For example, if a producer increases all inputs by 20%, the Total product increase in 15%. Diminishing returns to scale eventually occur because of increasing difficulties of management, coordination and control. When the firm has expanded to a very large size it is difficult to manage it with same efficiency as earlier. So, the dimininishing returns to scale exist.

The returns to scale can be illustrated with the help of the table given below:

Factor inputs (L+C) Total Product Marginal Product Returns to Scale
1+2

2+4

3+6

10

30

60

10

20

30

Increasing Returns    to Scale
4+8

5+2

6+12

100

140

180

40

40

40

Constant Returns     to Scale
7+14

8+16

9+18

210

230

240

30

20

10

Decreasing Returns to Scale

In the above table, we can notice that the Total product is increasing at increasing rate (MP is increasing by 10, 20, 30, 40) with the increase in both the inputs Labour and Capital (L+C). If the producer increases the inputs any further, TP increases at constant rate (MP is constant at 40). Later, the TP increases at diminishing rate causing decreasing returns to scale (MP starts falling from 40, 30, 20, 10).

The laws of returns to scale can be graphically explained with the help of the following diagram:

2nd PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 4 Production and Cost 6

In the above diagram, inputs are measured along ‘OX’ axis, Marginal product is measured along ‘OY’ axis. From point P to Q, it is increasing returns, from Q to R it is constant returns and from R to S it is decreasing returns to scale.

Question 4.
Discuss the various types of short run costs.
Answer:
1. Total Fixed Cost (TFC): It refers to the total money expenses incurred on all the fixed factors in the short run. TFC remains constant at all levels of output. Therefore the total fixed cost curve is a horizontal straight line parallel to ‘X’ axis above the origin which indicates that it is never zero. This can be represented as follows:

2nd PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 4 Production and Cost 7

TFC = TC-TVC

2. Total Variable Cost (TVC): It refers to the total money expenses incurred on the variable factor inputs in the short-run. Total variable cost is the direct cost of the output because it increases along with the output and remains zero when the output is zero. So, the TVC curves starts from the origin and rises sharply in the beginning, gradually in the middle and stretch again sharply in the end. The nature of this slope is in accordance with the law of variable proportion. This can be represented as follows: –

2nd PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 4 Production and Cost 8

The Total Variable Cost is obtained as follows:
TVC = TC – TFC

3. Total Cost (TC): It is the aggregate money expenditure incurred by the firm on all the factors to produce a given quantity of output. TC varies in the same proportion as total variable cost because the total fixed cost is constant. The TC curve slope upwards from left to right, above the origin, indicating that, it includes total fixed cost and total, variable cost. This can be represented as follows:

2nd PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 4 Production and Cost 9

4. Average Fixed Cost (AFC): It is the fixed cost per unit of output. In other words, it is average expenses incurred on a single unit of output produced. AFC and output are in inverse relation i.e., AFC will be higher when the output level is less and as the output goes on increasing AFC starts reducing. When represented in a diagram, AFC curve will have a negative slope which falls very stiffly in the beginning and later on becomes parallel to the X axis. This shows that it is never zero as TFC is never zero. This can be represented as follows:

2nd PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 4 Production and Cost 10

5. Average Variable Cost (AVC): It is a variable cost per unit of output. It can be calculated by dividing total variable cost by the total units of output. When this cost is graphically represented, we get a ‘U’ shaped AVC, which shows that the cost will be less as the number of units produced increases. This is because as the number of variable inputs are added in a fixed plant the efficiency will increase and vice versa. This can be represented as follows: .

2nd PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 4 Production and Cost 11

AVC = TVC/output or AVC = AC – AFC

6. Average Cost (AC): It is the cost per unit of output produced. It is obtained by dividing total cost by the total output produced i.e. AC = TC/Q or it is also obtained by adding AFC and AVC. If the AC is graphical represented we get U shaped curve because of the operation of law of variable proportions. The short run AC curve is also called as ‘Plant Curves’ because it indicates the optimum utilization of a given plant (Industry) capacity.

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7. Marginal Cost (MC): It is an additional cost incurred to produce an additional output. In other words it is the net additions to the total cost when one more unit of output is produced. MC = TCn – TCn-1

Where TCn = Total cost of ‘n’ selected units of output and TCn-1 is total cost of the previous output

2nd PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 4 Production and Cost 13

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Question 5.
Explain long run costs with the help of a diagram
Answer:
Long run is defined as a period of time where adjustment to changed conditions is possible. During this period, the size of the plant can be changed at both fixed and variable factors. As all the factors are variable, the total cost constituents completely become total variable cost.

Long Run Average Cost:
It is per unit cost of production of different levels of output. It Is derived by dividing long run total cost from the total level of output.

The long run cost mid output relation is explained by drawing the long run cost curve through short run cost curve. This is because the long period is made up of many short periods which are shown as follows:

2nd PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 4 Production and Cost 14

In the above diagram LAC curve is a drawn on the basis of 3 possible plant sizes and there are short run average cost curve such as SAC1, SAC2, and SAC3. They represent 3 different sales of output. For the output OQ the average cost will be LQ in the short run as well as long run.

Thus the diagram above shows that the cost incurred in the long run will be lesser than that of the short run. Therefore LAC curve is described as the planning curve which helps in producing optimum level of output at the minimum average cost. LAC is also called as Envelope curve because it includes a group of SAC curves which indicate different levels of output.

Long Run Marginal Cost: The concept of Marginal Cost in the long run is as that of LAC. The LMC curve is also derived from short run Marginal cost curves. The LAC and LMC are U shaped and more flatter than short run AC and MC. The LMC cuts LAC from below where LAC is at minimum. Both LAC and LMC are U shaped because of operation of law of returns to scale.

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Question 6.
Explain the various economies and dis economies of scale.
Answer:
(i) Internal Economies: The internal economies (advantages of large scale production) arise within the firm when it increases its scale production by increasing all inputs. The major internal economies are as follows:

  • Technical economies – benefits from capital equipment i.e., machines
  • Managerial economies – reduction in managerial expenses
  • Marketing economies – can manage bulk orders of supply
  • Financial economies – can easily raise finance/loan.
  • Risk bearing economies – can face ups and downs in business.
  • Transport and storage economies – development of transport and warehouse of its own.

(ii) External Economies: These are the benefits which a firm gets when the entire industry is expanded. They accrue to all the firms as a result of expansion in the output of whole industry and they are not dependent on the output level of individual firms. The firms get these economies from outside because of expansion of the industry. The major external economies are as follows:

  • Low cost of raw materials and capital equipments.
  • Technological economies-use of latest techniques of production.
  • Development of skilled labour – trained labour for higher productivity. .
  • Growth of ancillary industry – small scale industries to supply spare parts and use of by-products.
  • Development of Transportation, communication and marketing facilities.

(iii) Diseconomies and Decreasing Returns to scale:
The decreasing returns in the production process operate mainly because of diseconomies of large scale production. The firm faces lots of difficulties in managing these roadblocks. When the size of the firm is expanded, its management and supervision becomes, complicated. There are many disadvantages of large scale production which area also known as dis-economies of scale.

There are two types of diseconomies viz., Internal Diseconomies and External Diseconomies of scale.

(a) Internal Diseconomies: These are the disadvantages.which a firm faces due to expansion of its scale of production. They are:

  • Lack of proper coordination among different departments of production process.
  • Lack of control on inputs.
  • Deterioration in communication between various departments.
  • Lack of identification of errors committed.

(b) External Diseconomies: These are the disadvantages which the firms have to face due to expansion in the industry as whole. They are:

  • Increased pressure on transportation – increase in cost of transport.
  • Increase in pollution – rise in social cost.
  • Shortage of capital-banks hesitate to finance.
  • The factors of production becoming costly.
  • Increase in business risk and marketing problems.

2nd PUC Economics Production and Cost Ten Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the meaning of various short-run costs with the help of a table and diagram.
Answer:
The various short run costs are Total Cost, Total Fixed Cost, Total Variable Cost, Avenge Cost, Average Fixed Cost, Average Variable Cost, and Marginal Cost. The following table shows the various types of short run-costs:

Calcualtion of TFC, TVC, TC, AFC, AVC, AC and MC.

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1. Total Fixed Cost (TFC):
It refers to the total money expenses incurred on alt the fixed factors in the short fun. TFC remains constant at all levels of output. Therefore the total fixed cost curve is a horizontal straight line parallel to ‘X’ axis above the origin which indicates that it is never zero.

2nd PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 4 Production and Cost 17

2. Total Variable Cost (TVC):
It refers to the total money expenses incurred on the variable factor inputs in the short-run. Total variable cost is the direct cost of the output because it increases along with the output and remains zero when the output is zero. So, the TVC curves starts from the origin and rises sharply in the beginning, gradually in the middle and stretch again sharply in the end. The nature of this slope is in accordance with the law of variable proportion.

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The Total Variable Cost is obtained as follows: TVC = TC – TFC

3. Total Cost (TC):
It is the aggregate money expenditure incurred by the firm on all the factors to produce a given quantity of output. TC varies in the same proportion as total variable cost because the total fixed cost is constant. The TC curve slope upwards from left to right, above the origin, indicating that, it includes total fixed cost and total variable cost.

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4. Average Fixed Cost (AFC): ’
It is the fixed cost per unit of output. In other words, it is average expenses incurred on a single unit of output produced. AFC and output are in inverse relation i.e., AFC will be higher when the output level is less and as the output goes on increasing, AFC starts reducing. When represented in the diagram, AFC curve will have a negative slope which falls very stiffly in the beginning and later on becomes parallel to the X axis. This shows that it is never zero as TFC is never zero.

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The Average Fixed Cost is obtained by dividing Total Fixed Cost by output.
AFC = TFC/output. .

5. Average Variable Cost (AVC):
It is a variable cost per unit of output. It can be calculated by dividing total variable cost by the total unite of output. When this cost is graphically represented, we get a ‘U’ shaped AVC, which shows that the cost will be less as the number of units produced increase, this is because as the number of variable inputs are added in a fixed plant the efficiency will increase and vice versa.
AVC = TVC/output or AVC = AC – AFC

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6. Average Cost (AC):
It is the cost per unit of output produced. It is obtained by dividing total cost by the total output produced i.e, AC = TC/Q or it is also obtained by adding AFC and AVC. If the AC is graphical represented, we get a U shaped curve because of the operation of law of variable proportions. The short run AC curve is also called as ‘Plant Curves’ because it indicates the optimum utilization of a given plant (Industry) capacity.

2nd PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 4 Production and Cost 22

7. Marginal Cost (MC):
It is an additional cost incurred to produce an additional output. In other words it is the net additions to the total cost when one more unit of output is produced.
MC=TCn – TCn-1
(Where TCn = Total cost of ‘n’ selected units of output and TCn-1 is total cost of the previous output)

2nd PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 4 Production and Cost 23

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Question 2.
Explain the law of variable proportions with the help of a table and diagram.
Answer:
The Law of Variable Proportions (LVP) refers to input-output relationship, when the output is increased by varying the quantity of one input. This law operates in short period when all the factors of production cannot be increased or decreased simultaneously. The producer can enhance the output by increasing only one variable input by keeping other factors fixed. So, there will be change in proportion between Variable and Fixed Inputs. This is called as the Law of Variable proportions.

Assumptions of LVP:
The LVP operates under certain assumptions: They are:

  • The technique of production remains same.
  • There will be existence of Fixed inputs.
  • The efficiency of variable inputs will be equal.
  • There is possibility to change the proportion of inputs.
  • The factor inputs are not close or perfect substitutes.

The law states that, an increase in variable inputs, in a given state of technology, cause output to increase, but after a point the extra output resulting from the same addition of extra inputs will become less and less.
The LVP can be illustrated with the help of a table:

2nd PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 4 Production and Cost 24

In the above table, the producer (farmer) has 5 hectares of land in which he has spent Rs.25.000 for Agricultural machineries. When he increases labour input the TP, AP and MP increase in the beginning and later diminish. When the producer applies 3 units of labour the MP is highest at 30. Till here, the TP is in increasing returns. From 4th unit of labour, the MP and AP start decreasing. At 7th unit of labour the MP becomes zero indicating that the TP has reached optimum. When the producer uses 8th labour the MP becomes negative and TP starts falling.

Stages of LVP:
There are three stages of production as per LVP. (i) Increasing Returns (2) Diminishing Returns and (3) Negative Returns.

I Stage- Increasing Returns:
In this stage, TP increases at an increasing rate i.e., up to 3rd unit of labour, MP also rises and reaches maximum at this point and AP also goes on increasing.

Causes for Increasing Returns: The law of increasing returns operates because, in the beginning the quantity of fixed factors is abundant relative to the quantity of the variable factor. When the producer adds more units of variable input to the fixed factor of inputs, then the fixed factors are more intensively and effectively used. That means the efficiency of the fixed factors increase as additional units of the variable factors are added to it.

Another reason for increasing returns during first stage is that as more units of variable factors are employed, the efficiency of the variable factors itself increases. This is because with sufficient quantity of variabie factor, introduction of division of labour and specialization becomes possible which leads to increase in output.

II Stage – Diminishing Returns: .
In this stage, the TP continues to increase at a diminishing rate till it reaches 95 tons. Here, both AP and MP fall but they are positive. At the end of this stage, the MP becomes zero. This stage is called diminishing returns as both AP and MP start decreasing with the increase in inputs.

Causes for diminishing returns: When the producer increases the variable inputs even after the point where the variable input is sufficient to ensure efficient utilisation of the fixed factor, then further increase in the Variable factor will cause MP and AP to decline. This is because the fixed factor becomes inadequate relative to the quantity of variable factor.

Another reason for diminishing returns is the imperfect substitutability of one factor for another. If there is perfect substitute of the scarce fixed factor is available, the second stage would have been made up by increasing the supply of its perfect substitute with the result that output could be expanded.

III Stage-Negative Returns:
During the 3rd stage, the TP and AP will be falling and MP is negative. It is called negative returns as MP is negative.

Causes for negative returns: When the producer increases labour input beyond 6 units, the TP declines and MP becomes negative. This is due to the fact that the quantity of variable factor becomes too excessive in relation to the fixed factor so that they get in each other’s ways which result in decline in TP. In such situation, the producer has to reduce variable inputs to reduce the pressure on fixed factor.

Stage of operation-Production: Now the major question is which stage a rational producer will seek to produce? A rational producer will never produce in 3rd stage where MP is negative. The producer will also do not produce in first stage where the MP is increasing which is beneficial. If the producer selects to produce at first’stage, he will not be making best use of the fixed factor and he will not be utilizing fully the opportunities of increasing production by increasing quantity of the variable factor whose AP continues to rise throughout the first stage.

Thus, a rational producer will never produce in stage I and III. These stages are economic , non-sense. Hence it selects the II stage to produce.

The LVP can be represented in the following diagram:

2nd PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 4 Production and Cost 26

In the above diagram, factor input labour is measures in OX axis and TP, AP and MP are measures on OY axis. In the first stage, the producer is producing RS of output with OS level of variable input. During this stage, TP, AP and MP are increasing.

When the producer increases input labour from OS to OU, the TP reaches maximum at TU in the second stage. Here TP curve is increasing but MP and AP curves are decreasing and MP reaches zero at point U. In the third stage, the TP, AP and MP are filling and MP becomes negative. Here, the TP falls from T and AP remains positive though it is falling.

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Question 3.
Explain the meaning of laws of returns to scale with the help of arable and diagram.
Answer:
We know that, in the long run all factor inputs are variable. The returns to scale explain the relationship between input and output in the long period. They study about the changes in output as a consequence of changes in all the inputs. This can be represented as follows:
Q = f(X1, X2,…….)

Stages of Returns to Scale: Returns to scale may be (1) Increasing Returns to Scale, (2) Constant Returns to Scale (3) Diminishing Returns to Scale.

These returns to scale can be seen in Total Product which, is the result of changes in all inputs.
1. Increasing Returns to Scale: Here, the output increases in a greater proportion than the increase in inputs. When a firm expands, increasing returns to scale are obtained in the beginning. For example, if there is 20% increase in inputs, the output increases by 30%. The increasing returns to scale also is a result of indivisibility of factors. Some factors are available in large and can be utilized with utmost efficiency at a large output.

2. Constant Returns to Scale: The constant returns to scale exists when the output increases in same proportion with the increase in inputs. For example, if a producer increase inputs by 25%, the Total product increases by 25%. Here the Total Product increases at constant rate. It has been found that an individual firm passes through a long phase of constant returns to scale in its lifetime.

3. Diminishing Returns to Scale: Also known as decreasing returns to scale operate when output increase in a smaller proportion with an increase in all inputs. For example, if a producer increases all inputs by 20%, the Total product increase in 15%. Diminishing returns to scale eventually occur because of increasing difficulties of management, coordination and control. When the firm has expanded to a very large size it is difficult to manage it with same efficiency as earlier. So, the diminishing returns to scale exist.

The returns to scale can be illustrated with the help of the table given below:

Factor inputs
(L+C)

Total
Product
Marginal
Product
Returns to
Scale

1+2

2+4

3+6

10

30

60

10

20

30

Increasing Returns to Scale

4+8

5+10

6+12

100

140

180

40

40

40

Constant Returns
to Scale

7+4

8+16

9+8

210

230

240

30

20

10

Decreasing Returns to Scale

In the above table, we can-notice that the Total product is increasing at increasing rate (MP is increasing by 10, 20, 30, 40) with the increase in both the inputs Labour and Capital (L+C). If the producer increases the inputs any further, TP increases at constant rate (MP is constant at 40). Later, the TP increases at diminishing rate causing decreasing returns to scale (MP starts falling from 40, 30, 20, 10).

The laws of returns to scale can be graphically explained with the help of the following diagram:

2nd PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 4 Production and Cost 27

In the above diagram, inputs are measured along the ‘X’ axis, Marginal Product is measured along ‘ Y’ axis. From point P to Q, it is increasing returns, from Q to R, it is constant returns and from R to S it is decreasing returns to scale.

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2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios

   

You can Download Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios Questions and Answers, Notes, 2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios

2nd PUC Accountancy Accounting Ratios NCERT Textbook Questions and Answers

2nd PUC Accounting Ratios Short Answer Questions With Answers

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Question 1.
What do you mean by Ratio Analysis?
Answer:
Ratio Analysis is a technique of financial analysis. It describes the relationship between various items of Balance Sheet and Income Statements. It helps us in ascertaining profitability, operational efficiency, solvency, etc. of a firm. It may be expressed as a fraction, proportion, percentage and in times. It enables budgetary controls by assessing qualitative relationship among different financial variables.

Ratio Analysis provides vital information to various accounting users regarding the financial position and viability and performance of a firm. It also lays down the basic framework for decision making and policy designing by management.

Question 2.
What are the various types of ratios?
Answer:
Accounting ratios are classified in the following two ways.
1. Traditional Classification: This classification is based on the financial statements, i.e. profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet. The Traditional Classification further bifurcates accounting ratios as:
(a) Income Statement Ratios: These are those ratios whose all the elements belong only to the Trading and Profit and Loss Account, like Gross Profit Ratio, etc.
(b) Balance Sheet Ratios: These are those ratios whose all the elements belong only to the Balance Sheet, like Current Ratio, Debt Equity Ratio, etc,
(c) Composite Ratios: These are those ratios whose elements belong both to the Trading and Profit and Loss Account as well as to the Balance Sheet, like Debtors Turnover Ratio, etc.

2. Functional Classification: This classification reflects the functional need and the purpose of calculating ratio. The basic rationale to compute ratio is to ascertain liquidity, solvency, financial performance and profitability of a business. Consequently, the Functional Classification classifies various accounting ratios as:
(a) Liquidity Ratio: These ratios are calculated to determine short term solvency.
(b) Solvency Ratio: These ratios are calculated to determine long term solvency.
(c) Activity Ratio: These ratios are calculated for measuring the operational efficiency and efficacy of the operations. These ratios relate to sales or cost of goods sold.
(d) Profitability Ratio: These ratios are calculated to assess the financial performance and the financial viability of the business.

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Question 3.
What relationships will be established to study?
(a) Inventory Turnover
(b) color Turnover
(c) Payables Turnover
(d) king Capital Turnover
Answer:
(a) Inventory Turnover Ratio: This ratio is cc puted to determine the efficiency with which the stock is used. This ratio is b; scd on the relationship between cost of goods sold and average stock kept during the year
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 1
Cost of goods sold = Opening Stock + Purchases + Direct expenses – Closing Stock
Or cos to goods sold = Net sales – Gross Profit
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 2

(b) Debtors Turnover Ratio: This ratio is computed to determine the rate at which the amount is collected from the debtors. It establishes the relationship between net credit sales and average accounts receivables,
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 3
Net Credit Sales = Total Sales – Cash Sales
Average Account Receivables =
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 4

(c) Payable Turnover Ratio: This ratio is known as Creditors Turnover Ratio.’ It is computed to determine the rate at which the amount is paid to the creditors. It establishes the relationship between net credit purchases and average accounts payables.

2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 5
Net Credit purchases = Total Purchases – Cash Purchases
Average Account Payable
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 6

(d) Working Capital Turnover Ratio: This ratio is computed to determine how efficiently the working capital is utilised in making sales. It establishes the relationship between net sales and working capital.
Working Capital Turnover Ratio = 2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 7
Net Sales = total Sales – Sales Return
Working Capital = Current Assets – Current Liabilities.

Question 4.
Why would the inventory turnover ratio be more important when analysing a grocery store than an insurance company?
Answer:
Grocery store is a trading concern and involved in business of buying and selling of grocery. It keeps stock of various groceries to meet the requirement of the customers and it should calculate the inventory turnover ratio. Hence, this ratio is more important for a grocery store then it is for an insurance company as the latter does not need to maintain any stock of goods sold. The insurance company is engaged in delivering service that is intangible and, thus, cannot be stored.

Question 5.
The liquidity of a business firm is measured by its ability to satisfy its long- term obligations as they become due? Comment.
Answer:
The liquidity of a business firm is measured by its ability to pay its long term obligations, Die long term obligations include payments of principal amount on the due date and payments of interests on the regular basis. Long term solvency of any business can be calculated on the basis of the following ratios:

Debt-Equity Ratio: It depicts the relationship between the borrowed fund and owner’s funds. The lower the debt-equity ratio higher will be the degree of security to the lenders. A low debt-equity ratio implies that the company can easily meet its’long term obligations.
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 8

Total Assets to Debt Ratio: It shows the relationship between the total assets and the long term loans A high Total Assets to Debt Ratio implies that more assets are financed by the owner’s fund and the company can easily meet its long-term obligations.
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 9

Interest Coverage Ratio: This ratio depicts the relationship between amount of profit utilise for paying interest and amount of interest payable. A high Interest Coverage Ratio implies that the company can easily meet all its interest obligations out of its profit.
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 10

Proprietary Ratio: It shows the relationship between the Shareholders Fund and the Total Assets. This ratio reveals the financial position of a business. The higher the ratio the higher will be the degree of safety for.the creditors. It is calculated as:

2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 11

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Question 6.
The average age of inventory is viewed as the average length of time inventory, is held by the firm or as the average number of day’s sales in inventory. Explain.
Answer:
Inventory Turnover Ratio: This ratio is computed to determine the efficiency with which the-stock is used. This ratio is based on the relationship between cost of goods sold and rage stock kept during the year. It shows the rate with which the stock is turned into sales Lite number of times the stock in turned into sales during the year. In other words, this ratio reveals the average length of time for which the inventory is held by the firm.

2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 12
Cost of Goods Sold = Opening Stock + Purchases + Direct Expenses – Closing Stock
or, Cost of goods sold = Net Sales – Gross Profit
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 13

2nd PUC Accounting Ratios Long Answer Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Who are the users of financial ratio analysis? Explain the significance of ratio analysis to them?
Answer:
The users of financial ratio analysis are as follows:
1. Investors
2. Management
3. Short term Creditors
4. Long term Creditors.
The following points signify the importance of ratio analysis for these users.

1. Investors: The main concern for the investors is the security of the funds invested by them in the business and returns on their investments. The security of the funds is directly. related to the profitability and operational efficiency of the business. Consequently, they are interested in knowing Earnings per Share, Return on Investment and Return on Equity.

2. Management: They uses ratio analysis to determine how effectively the assets are being used. They are interested in future growth and prospects. They design various policy measures and draff future plAnswer: Consequently, they are interested in Activity Ratios and Profitability Ratios like, Net Profit Ratio, Debtors Tumover Ratio, Fixed Assets Tumover Ratios, etc.

3. Short-term Creditors: Short-term creditors are interested in timely payment of their debts in short run. Consequently, they are interested in Liquidity Ratios like, Current Ratio, Quick Ratios etc. These ratios reveal the current financial position of the business.

4. Long-term Creditors: Long-term creditors provide funds for more than one year, so they are interested in long term solvency of the firm and in assessing the ability of the firm to pay timely interests. Consequently, they are interested in calculating Solvency Ratios like,. Debt-Equity Ratio, Proprietary Ratio, Total Assets to Debt Ratio, Interest Coverage Ratio, etc.

Question 2.
What are liquidity ratios? Discuss the importance of current and liquid ratio.
Answer:
Liquidity ratios are calculated to determine the short-term solvency of a business, i.e. the ability of the business to pay back its current dues. Liquidity means easy conversion of assets into cash without any significant loss and delay. Short-term creditors are interested in ascertaining liquidity ratios for timely payment of their debts. Liquidity ratio includes:

Current Ratio: It explains the relationship between current assets and current liabilities. It is calculated as:
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 14

Liquid Ratio or Quick Ratio: It explains the relationship between liquid assets and current liabilities. It indicates whether a firm has sufficient funds to pay its current liabilities immediately. It is calculated as:
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 15
Liquids Assets = Current Assets – Stock – Prepaid Expenses

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Question 3.
How would you study the solvency position of the firm?
Answer:
Solvency position of a firm is studied with the help of the Solvency Ratios. Solvency ratios are the measures of the long-term financial position of the firm in terms of its ability to pay its long-term liabilities. In other words, the solvency of the firm is measured by its ability to pay. its long term obligation on the due date. Long term solvency of any business can be calculated on the basis of the following ratios:

Debt-Equity Ratio: It depicts the relationship between the borrowed fund and owner’s funds. The lower the debt-equity ratio higher will be the degree of security to the lenders. A low debt-equity ratio implies that the company can easily meet its long term obligations. Equity or the Shareholders Fund includes.
Preference Share Capital, Equity Share Capital, Capital Reserve, Securities
Premium, General Reserve less Accumulated Loss and Fictitious Assets

2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 16

Total Assets to Debt Ratio: It shows the relationship between the total assets and the long term loans A high Total Assets to Debt Ratio implies that more assets are financed by the owner’s fund and the company can easily meet its long-term obligations. Total Assets includes all fixed and current assets except fictitious assets like, Preliminary Expenses, Underwriting Commission, etc. Debt includes all long-term loans that are to be repaid after one year. It includes debentures, mortgage loans, bank loans, loans from other financial institutions, etc.

2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 17

Interest Coverage Ratio: This ratio depicts the relationship between amount of profit utilise for paying interest and amount of interest payable. A high Interest Coverage Ratio implies that the company can easily meet all its interest obligations out of it’s profit.
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 18

Proprietary Ratio: It shows the relationship between the Shareholders Fund and the Total Assets. This ratio reveals the financial position of a business. The higher the ratio the higher will be the degree of safety for the creditors, It is calculated as:
Proprietary Ratio

Question 4.
What are important profitability ratios? How are they worked out?
Answer:
Profitability ratios are calculated on the basis of profit earned by a business. This ratio gives a percentage measure to assess the financial viability, profitability and operational efficiency of the business. The various important Profitability Ratios are as follows:
Gross Profit Ratio: It shows the relationship between Gross Profit and Net Sales. It depicts the trading efficiency of a business. A higher Gross Profit Ratio implies a better position of a business, whereas a low Gross Profit Ratio implies an inefficient unfavourable sales policy.

2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 19
Gross Profit = Net Sales – Cost of Goods Sold
Net sales = Total Sales – Sales Return
Cost of Goods Sold = Opening Stock + Purchases + Direct Expenses — Closing Stock

Operating Ratio: It shows the relationship between Cost of Operation and Net Sales. This ratio depicts the operational efficiency of a business. A low Operating Ratio implies higher operational efficiency of the business. A low Operating Ratio is considered better for the business as it enables the business to be left with a greater amount after covering its operation costs to pay for interests and dividends.
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 20
Operating Cost = Cost of Goods Sold + Operating Expenses
Cost of Goods Sold = Sales – Gross Profit

Operating Profit Ratio: It shows the relationship between the Operating Profit and Net Sales. It helps in assessing the operational efficiency and the performance of the business.
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 21
Operating Profit Ratio = 100 – Operating Ratio
Operating Profit = Sales – Operation cost

Net Profit Ratio: It shows the relationship between net profit and sales. Higher ratio is better for firm. It depicts the overall efficiency of a business and acts as an important tool to the investors for analysing and measuring the viability and performance of the business.
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 22
Net Sales = Total Sales – Sales Return

Return on Investment or Capital Employed: It shows the relationship between the profit earned and the capital employed to earn that profit. It is calculated as:
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 23
Capital Employed = Fixed Assets + Current Assets- Current Liabilities
Or, Capital Employed = Share Capital + Reserve and Surplus + Long-term Funds-Fictitious Assets

Earning per Shares: It shows the relationship between the amount of profit available to distribute as dividend among the equity shareholders and number of equity shares

2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 24
Profit available for equity shareholers = Net Profit after tax

Dividend payout Ratio: It shows the relationship between the dividend per share and earnings per share. This ratio depicts the amount of earnings that is distributed in the form of dividend among the shareholders. A high Dividend Payout Ratio implies a better position and goodwill of the business for the shareholders.

2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 25
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 26

Price Earnings Ratio: It shows the relationship between the market price of a share and the earnings per share. This ratio is the most common tool that is used in the stock markets. This ratio depicts the degree of reliance and trust that the shareholders have on the business.
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 27

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Question 5.
Financial ratio analysis is conducted by four groups of analysts: managers, equity investors, long-term creditors, and short-term creditors. What is the primary emphasis of each of these groups in evaluating ratios?
Answer:
Financial ratio analysis is conducted by four groups of analysts: managers, equity investors, long term creditors and short term creditors. The primary emphasis of each of these groups in evaluating ratios is:
1. Management: They use ratio analysis to determine how effectively the assets are being used. They are interested in future growth and, prospects. They design various policy measures and draft future plans Consequently, they are interested in Activity Ratios and Profitability Ratios like Net Profit Ratio, Debtors Turnover Ratio, Fixed Assets Turnover Ratios, etc..

2. Equity Investors: The main concern for the investors is the security of the funds invested by them in the business and returns on their investments. The security of the funds is directly related to the profitability and operational efficiency of the business. Consequently, they are interested in knowing Earnings per Share, Return on Investment and Return on Equity.

3. Long-term Creditors: Long-term creditors provide funds for more than one year, so they are interested in long term solvency of the firm and in assessing the ability of the firm to pay timely interests. Consequently, they are interested in calculating Solvency Ratios like, Debt-Equity Ratio, Proprietary Ratio, Total Assets to Debt Ratio, Interest Coverage Ratio, etc.

4. Short-term Creditors: Short-term creditors are interested in timely payment of their debts in short run. Consequently, they are interested in Liquidity Ratios like, Current Ratio, Quick Ratios etc. These ratios reveal the current financial position of the business.

Question 6.
The current ratio provides a better measure of overall liquidity only when a firm’s inventory cannot easily be converted into cash. If inventory is liquid, the quick ratio is a preferred measure of overall liquidity. Explain.
Answer:
Current Ratio: It explains the relationship between current assets and current liabilities. It is calculated as:
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 28
Currents Assets are those assets that are easily converted into cash within a short period of time like cash in hand, cash at bank, marketable securities, debtors, stock, bills receivables, prepaid expenses, etc.

Current Liabilities are those liabilities that are to be repaid within a year like bank overdraft, bills payables, Short-term creditors, provision for tax, outstanding expenses etc:

Liquid Ratio: It explains the relationship between liquid assets and current liabilities. It indicates whether a firm has sufficient funds to pay its current liabilities immediately. It is calculated as:
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 29
Liquid Assets = Current Assets – Stock – Prepaid Expenses

Generally, Current Ratio is preferable for such type of business where the stock or the inventories cannot easily be converted into cash like heavy machinery manufacturing companies, locomotive companies, etc. This is because, the heavy stocks like machinery, Heavy tools etc. cannot be easily sold off. But on the other hand, the businesses where the stock can be easily realised or sold off regard Liquid Ratio to be more suitable measure to reveal their liquidity position. For example, the inventories of a service sector company are very liquid as there is no stock kept for sale, so they prefer Liquid Ratio as a measure of overall liquidity.

Moreover, sometimes companies prefer to resort to Liquid Ratio instead of Current Ratio, if the prices of the stock held are prone to fluctuate. This is because if the prices of the inventories fluctuate more, then this may affect their liquidity position of the business and may reduce (or overcast) the Current Ratio. Consequently, they prefer Liquid Ratio as it excludes inventories and stocks.

Thirdly, if the stock forms the major portion of a company’s current assets, then they would prefer Current Ratio and not Liquid Ratio. This is because their current assets mostly consist of stock. The Liquid Ratio of such company will be very low as liquid assets exclude stock. This will reduce their Liquid Ratio and may create a bad image’for the creditors. In such a case, Current Ratio provides better measure of overall-liquidity.

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2nd PUC Accounting Ratios Numerical Questions

Question 1.
Following is the Balance Sheet of Raj Oil Mins Limited as at March 31,2015. Calculate current ratio.
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 30
Answer:
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 31
Current assets = Stock + Debtors + Cash at bank
= 55,800 + 28,800 + 59,400 = 1,44,000
Current liabilities = Trade Payables
= 72,000
Current Ratio = \(\frac{1,44,000}{72,000}=\frac{2}{1}\) = 2:1

Question 2.
Following is the Balance Sheet of Title Machine Ltd. as at March 31,2015.
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 32
Answer:
Calculate Current Ratio and Liquid Ratio.
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 33
Current Assets = Inventories + Trade Receivables + Cash + Short term Loans and Advances
= 12,00,000+ 9,00,000+ 2,28,000+ 60,000 = ₹ 24,00,000
Current Liabilities = Trade Payables + Short-term Borrowing + Short-term Provisions
= 23,40,000 + 6,00,000 = 60,000 = ₹ 30,00,000

2. Quick Ratio
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - .34
Quick Assets = Trade Receivables + Cash + Short term Loans and Advances,
= 9,00,000 + 2,28,000 + 72,000 = ₹ 12,00,000

Question 3.
Current Ratio is 3.5 : 1. Working Capital is ₹ 90,000. Calculate the amount of Current Assets and Current Liabilities.
Answer:
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 35
or, Current Assets = 3.5 Current Liabilities (1)
Working Capital = Current Assets – Current
Liabilities Working Capital = 90,000
or, Current Assets – Current Liabi lities = 90,000
or, 3.5 = Current Liabilities – Current Liabilities = 90,000 (from I)
or, 2.5 Current Liabilities = \(\frac { 90,000 }{ 2.5 }\) = 36,000
or Current Assets = 3.5 Current Liabilities
= 3.5 × 36,000= 1,26,000

Question 4.
Shine Limited has current 1 and quick ratio 3 : 1; if the inventor is 36,000, calculate Current Liabilities, and Current Assets.
Answer:
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 36
Quick Assets = Current Assets – Stock
= Current Assets – 36,000
or, 4.5 Current Liabilities – 3 Current Liabilities = 36,000
or, 1.5 Current Liabilities = 36,000 or, Current Liabilities = 24,000
Current Assets = 4.5 current Liabilities
or, Current Assets = 4.5 × 24,000 = 1,08,000

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Question 5.
Current Liabilities of a company are ₹ 75,000. If current ratio is 4 : 1 and Liquid Ratio is 1: 1, calculate value of Current Assets, Liquid Assets and Inventory.
Answer:
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 37
or, 4 × 75,000 = Current Assets
or, Current Assets = 3,00,000
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 38
Current liabilities
Liquid Assets = 75,000
Stock = Current Assets -Liquid Assets = 3,00,000 – 75,000
= 2,25,000

Question 6.
Handa Ltd. has inventory of ₹ 20,000. Total liquid assets are ₹ 1,00,000 and quick ratio is 2: 1. Calculate current ratio.
Answer:
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 39
Or, Current liabilities = \(\frac{1,00,000}{2}\) = 50,000
Current Assets = Liquid Assets + inventory
= 1,00,000 + 20,000 = 1,20,000
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 40

Question 7.
Calculate debt-equity ratio from the following information:
Answer:
Total Assets ₹ 15,00,000
Current Liabilities ₹ 6,00,000
Total Debts ₹ 12,00,000
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 41
Equity = Total Assets – Total Debts
= 15,00,000 – 12,00,000 = 3,00,000

Long Term Debts = Total  Debts – Currrent Liabilities
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 42

Question 8.
Calculate Current Ratio if:
Inventory is ₹ 6,00,000; Liquid Assets ₹ 24,00,000; Quick Ratio 2 : 1.
Answer:
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 43
Current liabilities = \(\frac { 24,00,000 }{ 2 }\) = 12,00,000
Current Assets = Liquid Asset + Inventory = 24,00,000 + 6,00,000 = 30,00,000
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 44

Question 9.
Compute Inventory Turn over Ratio from the following information:
Net Revenue from Operations ₹ 2,00,000
Gross Profit ₹ 50,000 .
Inventory at the end ₹ 60,000
Excess of inventory at the end over
inventory in the beginning ₹ 20000
Answer:
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 45
Cost of Goods sold = Net Sales – Gross Profit
= 2,00,000 – 50,000= 1,50,000
Opening Stock = Closing Stock – 20,000
= 60,000 – 20,000 = 40,000
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 46
Average Inventory = \(\frac{40,000+60,000}{2}=\frac{1,00,000}{2}\) = 50,000
Stock turnover ratio = \(\frac{1,50,000}{50,000}=\frac{3}{1}\) = 3 times

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Question 10.
Calculate following ratios from the following information:
(i) Current ratio
(ii) Liquid ratio
(iii) Operating Ratio
(iv) Gross profit ratio
Current Assets . ₹ 7 35,000
Current Liabilities ₹ 17,500
Inventory ₹ 15,000
Operating Expenses ₹ 20,000
Revenue from Operations ₹ 60,000
Cost of Revenue from operation ₹ 30,000
Answer:
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 47
Liquid assets = current assets – stock
=35,000- 15,000 = 20,000
Acid test ratio = \(\frac{20,000}{17,500}=\frac{1.413}{1}\) = 1.143:1

Question 11.
From the following information calculate:
1. Gross Profit Ratio
2. inventory Turnover Ratio
3. Current Ratio
4. Liquid Ratio
5. Net Profit Ratio
6. Working Capital Ratio:
Revenue from Operations ₹15,20,000
Net Profit ₹ 3,60,000
Cost of Revenue from Operations ₹ 19,20,000
Long-term Debts ₹ 9,00,000
Trade Payables ₹ 1,00,000
Average 7 aventory ₹ 8,00,000
Current Assets ₹ 7,60,000
Fixed Assets ₹ 14,40,000
Current Liabilities ₹ 6,00,000
Net Profit before Interest and Tax ₹ 8,00,000
Answer:
1.
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 48
Gross Profit = Revenue from operation – Cost of Sales
= 25,20,000- 19,20,000 = 6,00,000
Gross Profit ratio = \(\frac{6,00,000}{25,20,000} \times 100\) = 23.81

2.
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 49
\(=\frac{19,20,000}{8,00,000}=\frac{2.4}{1}=2.4: 1\)

3.
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 50
Current Asset = Liquid Assets + Inventory
= 7,60, 000 + 8,00,000 = 15,60,000
Current ratio = \(\frac{15,60,000}{6,00,000}=\frac{2.6}{1}=2.6: 1\)

4.
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 51

5.
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 52

6.
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 53
Working capital = Current Assets – Current Liabilities
= 15,60,000 – 6,00,000 = 9,60,000
Working Capital Ratio \(=\frac{25,20,000}{9,60,000}\) = 2.625 times .

Question 12.
Compute Gross Profit Ratio, Working Capital Turnover Ratio, Debt Equity Ratio and Proprietary Ratio from the following information:
Paid-up Share Capital ₹ 5,00,000
Current Assets ₹ 4,00,000
Revenue from Operations ₹ 10,00,000
13% Debentures ₹ 2,00,000
Current Liabilities ₹ 2,80,000
Cost of Revenue from Operations ₹ 6,00,000
Answer:
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 54
Gross Profit = Net revenue from operations – Cost of Goods Sold
= 10,00,000 – 6,00,000 =4,00,000
Gross profit ratio = \(\frac{4,00,000}{10,00,000} \times 100\) = 40%
Working Capital = Current Assets – Current Liabilities
= 4,00,000 – 2,80,000 = 1,20,000
Working Capital Ratio = \(\frac { 10,00,000 }{ 1,20,000 }\) = 8.33 times
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 55
Total Assets = Paid up Capital + Debentures + Current Liabilities
(∵ Total Liabilities = Total Assets)
= 5,00,000 + 2,00,000 + 2,80,000 =9,80,000
Proprietary ratio = \(\frac { 5,00,000 }{ 9,80,000 }\) = 25:49 = 0.51:1

Question 13.
Calculate Inventory Turnover Ratio if:
Inventory in the beginning is ₹ 76,250, Inventory at the end is 98,500, Gross Revenue from Operations is ₹ 5,20,000, Sales Return is ₹ 20,000 Purchases is ₹ 3,22,250.
Ans:
Gross Profit Ratio = \(\frac { 4,00,000 }{ 10,00,000 }\) × 100 = 40%
Cost of Goods Sold = Opening Inventory + Purchases – Closing Inventory
= 76,250 + 3,22,250 – 98,500 = 3,00,000
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 56
Stock Turunover Ratio = \(\frac { 3,00,000 }{ 87,375 }\) = 3,43 times

KSEEB Solutions

Question 14.
Calculate inventory Turnover Ratio from the data given below:
Inventory in the beginning of the year ₹ 10,000
Stock at the end of the year ₹ 5,000
Carriage ₹ 2,500
Revenue from Operations ₹ 50,0130
Purchases ₹ 25,000
Answer:
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 57
Cost of Goods Sold = Opening Stock + Purchases + Carriage – Closing Stock
= 10,000 + 25,000 + 2,500-5,000 = 32,500
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 58
Stock turnover ratio = \(\frac{32,500}{7,500}\) = 4.33 times

Question 15.
A trading firm’s average inventory is ₹ 20,000 (cost). If the inventory turnover ratio is 8 times and the firm sells goods at a profit f 20% on sales, ascertain the profit of the firm.
Answer:
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 59
or, Cost of Goods Sold = 20,000 × 8
or, Cost of Goods Sold = 1,60,000
Let Sale Price be ₹ 100
Then Profit is ₹ 20
Hence, the Cost of Revenue from Operations = ₹ 100
₹ 20 = ₹ 80 If the Cost of Revenue from Operations is ₹ 80, then Revenue from operations = 100
If the Cost of Revenue from Operations is ₹ 1, then Revenue from operations = \(\frac { 100 }{ 80 }\)
If the Cost ofGoods Sold is 1,60,000 then Sales = \(\frac { 100 }{ 80 }\) × 1,60,000 = 2,00,000
Profit = Revenue from Operations
=2,00,000 – 1,60,000 = ₹ 40,000

Question 16.
You are able to collect the following information about a company for two years:

2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 60
Calculate Inventory Turnover Ratio and Trade Receivables Turnover Ratio
Answer:
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 61
or, Cost of Revenue from Operations = Revenue from operations – Gross Profit
or, Gross Profit = 25% of Sales
= 25% of 24,00,000 =6,00,000
or, Cost of Goods sold = 24,00,000 – 6,00,000 = 18,00,000

2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 62
Debtors Turnover Ratio = \(\frac { 24,00,000 }{ 5,30,000 }\) = 4,53 times
Note: It has been assumed that all Revenue from operations are credit Revenue from operations

Question 17.
From the following Balance Sheet and other information, calculate following ratios:
1. Debt-Equity Ratio
2. Working Capital Turnover Ratio
3. Trade Receivables Turnover Ratio
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 63
Additional Information: Revenue from Operations ₹ 18,00,000 (Debt-Equity Ratio 0.63 : 1; Working Capital Turnover Ratio 1.39 times; Trade Receivables Turnover Ratio 2 times)
Answer:
1. Debt – Equity Ratio
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 64
Debt = Long Term Borrowings = ₹ 12,00,0000
Equity = share Capital + Reserve and Surplus
= 10,00,000 + 9,00,000 = ₹ 19,00,000

2. Working Capital Turnover Ratio
Working Capital Turnover Ratio
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 65
Revenue from Operations = ₹ 18,00,000
Working capital = Current Assets – Current Liabilities
= 18,00,000 – 5,00,000 = ₹ 13,00,000

3. Trade Receivables Turnover Ratio
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 66
Net credit sales = ₹ 18,00,000
Avereagre Trade Receivables = ₹ 9,00,000
Notes:
1. Revenue from Operations are assumed to be revenue generated from credit sales.
2. The amount of trade receivables given in the Balance Sheet is assumed to be Average Trade Receivables.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 18.
From the following information, calculate the following ratios:
1. Liquid Ratio
2. Inventory turnover ratios
3. Return on investment
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 67
Answer:
1.
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 68
Quick Assets = Cash + Debtors
= 40,000+ 1,00,000 = 1,40,000
Current Liabilities = Creditors + Outstanding Expenses
= 1,90,000 + 70,000 = 2,60,000
Quick Ratio = \(\frac{1,40,000}{2,60,000}\) =7:13 = 0.54:1

2.
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 70
Cost of Revenue from Operations = Revenue from Operations – Gross profit
= 4,00,000- 1,94,000 = 2,06,000

\(=\frac{50,000+60,000}{2}=55,000\)
Inventory Turnover Ratio = \(\frac{2,06,000}{55,000}\) = 3.74 times
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 71
Capital Employed = Equity share capital + Profit and Loss
= 2,00,000 + 1,40,000 = 3,40,000
Return on Investment = \(\frac{1,40,000}{3,40,000}\) × 100 – 41.17%

Question 19.
From the following, calculate
(a) Debt-Equity Ratio
(b) Total Assets to Debt Ratio
(c) Proprietary Ratio.
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 72
Answer:
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 73
Equity / Share holders Funds = Equity Share Capital + Preference Share Capital + General Reserve +Accumulated Profit – Preliminary Expenses Written off
= 75,000 + 25,000 + 50,000 + 30,000 – 5,000=1,75,000

Question 20.
Cost of Revenue from Operations is ₹ 1,50,000. Operating expenses are ₹ 60,000. Revenue front Operations is ₹ 2,50,000. Calculate Operating Ratio.
Answer:
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 74

KSEEB Solutions

Question 21.
Calculate the following ratio on the basis of following information:
1. Gross Profit Ratio
2. Current Ratio
3. Acid Test Ratio
4. Inventory Turnover Ratio
5. Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 75
Answer:
1.
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 76

2.
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 77
Current Assets = Inventory + Trade Receivables + Cash and Cash Equivalents
= 15,000 + 27,500 + 17,500 = 60,000
Currebt Ratio = \(\frac{60,000}{40,000}=1.5: 1\)

3.
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 79
Liquid Assets = Current Assets – Inventory
= 60,000 – 15,000 = 45,000
Acid test ratio = \(\frac{45,000}{40,000}=1.125: 1\)

Question 22.
From the following information calculate Gross Profit Ratio, Inventory Ratio and Trade Receivable Turnover Ratio.
Revenue from Operations ₹ 2,00,000
Cost Of Revenue from Operations ₹ 2,40,000
Inventory at the end ₹ 62,000
Gross Profit ₹ 60,000
Inventory in the beginning ₹ 58,000
Trade Receivables ₹ 32,000
Answer:
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 80
Gross Profit = Net Revenue from Operation – Cost of Goods Sold
= 3,00,000 – 2,40,000 = 60,000
Gross Profit Ratio \(=\frac{60,000}{3,00,000}\) × 100 = 20%

2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 81
\(=\frac{58,000+62,000}{2}=\frac{1,20,000}{2}=60,000\)
Stock. Turnover Ratio = \(\frac{2,40,000}{60,000}\) = 4 times
2nd PUC Accountancy Question Bank Chapter 5 Accounting Ratios - 82
Note: In the solution, the Trade receivables are assumed as the average Trade receivables

KSEEB Solutions

2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics

   

You can Download Chapter 1 Vital Statistics Questions and Answers, Notes, 2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics

2nd PUC Statistics Vital Statistics One and Two Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define vital statistics.
Answer:
Vital statistics is the science, which deals with the analysis and interpretation of numerical facts regarding vital events occurring in a human population

Question 2.
What are vital events?
Answer:
Vital events are the events, which are occurring, in human life such as births, deaths, sickness, marriages, divorce, migration etc.

Question 3.
Mention any two uses of Vital Statistics.
Answer:
Vital Statistics is used,

  1. to study the Demographic structure & trend in the population
  2. use in public administration. OR
  3. use to operating agencies
  4. to researchers

Question 4.
What are the sources of vital statistics?
Answer:
Registration method and Census method

Question 5.
Define C.B.R, G.F.R, A.S.F.R, C.D.R, A.S.D.R, S.D.R, M.M.R, I.M.R, N.M.R, G.R.R, and N.R.R.
Answer:
CBR is defined as the average number of live births occurring in a population of 1000 in a year.

  • GFR is defined as the average number of live births occurring to 1000 women of childbearingage in a year;
  • ASFR is defined as the average number of live births occurring to 1000 women of specified age in a year.
  • CDR is the average number of deaths occurring in the year per 1000 population.
  • ASDR is the average number of deaths occurring in the year in the specified age group.
  • SDR is defined as the weighted average of ASDR’s with respect to standard population
    ie SDR = \(\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{PA}}{\Sigma \mathrm{P}}\)
  • IMR is defined as the average number of deaths of Infants in a year per 1000 infant population.
  • MMR is defined as the ‘the number of deaths of mothers due child birth occurring in a region’ in the year per 100,000 live births.
  • NMR: Neo-natal mortality rate is defined as ‘the average number of neo-natal deaths 1000 live births in a year’.
  • The gross reproduction rate (GRR) is the average number of daughters that would be born to a woman (or a group of women) if she survived at least to the age of 45 and conformed to the age-specific fertility rate of a given year.
  • Neo-natal mortality rate is defined as ‘the average number of neo-natal deaths 1000 live births in a year’.
    OR Write the formula of all the above.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 6.
What is Death Rate/Mortality Rate?
Answer:
It is the number of deaths occurring in the population OR It is the rate of decrease of population due deaths occurring in the population per 1000 population in the year.

Question 7.
What is a Life table?
Answer:
Life table is a tabular presentation of numerical data describing the mortality experience of a cohort.

Question 8.
What is cohort?
Answer:
Cohort is a group of individuals who born at the same and experiences the same mortality conditions

Question 9.
What is Radix?
Answer:
Radix is the size of the cohort, and usually is 100,000 individuals

Question 10.
What is the Life expectancy/Expectation of life?
Answer:
It is the expected number of years of life that a person of age ‘x’ can live there after.

Calculate the age of a person, place or anything else. This age calculator calculates age for a date of birth on any given date in years, months and days.

Question 11.
Mention any one use of Life table.
Answer:
They are used in computation of actuarial of premium, bonus etc, of policies by Insurance Agencies. OR

  • Life Tables are used in research activities in Biology, Medicine, Pharmacology, Demography, Psychology, Sociology etc.
  • They are used to study population growth and forecast the size and sex distribution of the
    Population. OR
  • Life Tables give Mortality and Survival ratios at different ages.
  • Life tables give the life expectancy at different age. OR
  • These are useful in public administration, heath care, planning and population control

KSEEB Solutions

Question 12.
Define Total fertility rate.
Answer:
If ASFR is calculated for the age group of 5 years, then,
TFR = 5 ΣQuinqennial ASFR

Question 13.
What are Quinquennial A.S.F.R’s?
Answer:
If the A.S.F.R’s calculated with a width of 5 years are called Quinquennial ASFR’s.

Question 14.
Given E Quinqennial ASFR = 400, find TFR.
Answer:
TFR = 5 ΣQuinqennial ASFR = 5 x 400 = 2000 . .

Question 15.
Explain briefly Registration method.
Answer:
Registration method is the method of continuous, permanent and compulsory recording of vital events due to the legal importance occurring in the population as and when they happen. Vital statistics are obtained from the records of Zilla panchayath offices, Taluk panchayath offices, Hospitals etc, when births are registered the information regarding sex of a baby, age and religion of a mother, father are recorded.

Question 16.
Explain briefly the census method.
Answer:
Census method is the method of complete enumeration of each and every unit of the population of the particular area under study, in India Decennial census [once in every ten years]are conducted, at the census, including all the vital events, an exhaustive information regarding economic and social status of the population are also collected.

Age Difference Calculator is a free online tool that displays the difference in age between two dates.

Question 17.
State any two differences between
(a) C.D.R & S.D.R.
(b) C.B.R. & G.F.R (Give any two comparisons between CDR AND STDR)
Answer:
(a) CDR is a approximate measure of mortality-SDR is used for comparison of mortality
CDR does not consider the age composition of the population- SDR consider the age composition of the Population.
Differences between CDR and SDR:

SL.No CDR SDR
1. It does not require age composition It require age composition
2. It cannot be used for comparison of mortality of different localities It be used for comparison of mortality of different localities
3. It needs no. of deaths and It needs deaths, population and population standard population

(b) CBR indicates the growth of population of due to births-GFR does not indicate the growth of population due to births, because it is based on only a part of the population CBR considers the population as a whole-GFR considers only women population of childbearing age.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 18.
Define Maternal Mortality Rate
Answer:
MMR is defined as the ‘the number of deaths of mothers due child birth occurring in a region’ for every 100,000 births occurring in the year.

Question 19.
Which measure is used for comparing the ‘health conditions’ of two towns?
Answer:
SDR’s

Question 20.
In a year, the CDR for a population of 3 lakhs is 8. Find the number of deaths.
Number of deaths occurring in the year
Ans
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 1

Question 21.
What is Birth Rate/Fertility Rate?
Answer:
It is the number of live births occurring to women of child bearing age OR It is rate of increase of population due births occurring to women of child bearing age per 1000 population in the year

Question 22.
What is Longevity in Life table?
Answer:
Longevity is the expected number of years that a newborn baby would live. OR “Life expectancy, of a new born baby is called Longevity”

Question 23.
Write down the components of a Life table
Answer:
Components of Life table is:-
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 2

Question 24.
In a community, in a specific year, 3250 live births occurred. In the case of 35 of the above, the mother died due to childbirth. Compute M.M.R.[per 1000]
Answer:
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 3

KSEEB Solutions

Question 25.
In a community, in a specific year, 4000 live births occurred. In the case of 50 of the above, the mother died due to child birth. Compute M.M.R.[per 1000].
Answer:
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 4

Question 26.
The Quinquennial ASFRs for women of childbearing age of a community are 26 63, 65, 46, 24, 13, and 7. Compute TFR.
Answer:
T.F.R = ΣQuinquennial ASFRs = 5 [26 + 63 + 65 + 46 + 24 + 13 + 7] = 1220

Question 27.
Calculate Maternal Mortality Rate [per 1000] from the following data.
Answer:
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 5
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 6

Question 28.
In a year, the average population of town was 1, 50,000. The number of live births occurred in that year in the town was 6,000.Find Crude Birth Rate
Answer:
Write CBR formula; CBR = \(\frac{6000}{150000}\) x 1000 = 40

Question 29.
Find Pt given Po = 1,26,305; Births = 24,500; Deaths = 4,050; Immigrants = 8,065 and Emigrants=6000.
Answer:
Pt = P0 + (B – D) + (I – E); = 1,48,820.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 30.
In a year, in a community there were 6500 live births. The number of infants died in the year was 350, of the infants deaths in 18 cases the new born babies died within one month. Find IMR and NMR.
Answer:
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 7

Question 31.
The quinquennial age specific fertility rates for women of child bearing age group of a community are 25, 60, 70, 40, 20, 12 and 5. Compute TFR.
Answer:
TFR = 5 ΣQuinquennial ASFRs = 5 x [25 + 60 + 70 + 40 + 20 + 12 + 5]
= 5 x 232 = 1160.

Question 32.
What is death rate?
Answer:
It is the number of deaths occuring in the population in the given region of 1000 population.

Question 33.
Mention any two measures of Mortality.
Answer:
Crude Death rate, Age specific death rate.

Question 34.
Mention any two measure sof Fertility.
Answer:
Crude Birth rate, General Fertility, etc.

Question 35.
What is Motality ratio?
Answer:
It is the ratio that a randomly selected person aged ‘x’ years does not survive till the age of (x + 1) years denoted by \(\mathrm{q}_{\mathrm{x}}=\frac{\mathrm{d}_{\mathrm{x}}}{l_{\mathrm{x}}}\)

Question 36.
What is survival ratio?
Answer:
It is the ratio that a randomly selected person aged ‘x’ can survive till that age (x + 1) year denoted by Px = 1= qx.

Question 37.
What do you mean by Quinquennial ASFR’s?
Answer:
If ASFR’s calculated for the age group of 5 years. It is called Quinquennial ASFR’s.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 38.
Write any two differences of CBR and ASFR.
Answer:

  • CBR is the average number of live birth occuring in the year per 1000 population.
  • ASFR is the average number of live births occuring in the specified age group in the year per 1000 women in the specific age group.
  • CBR, does not include the age and sex composition of the population.
  • ASFR it includes the age and sex composition of the population.

Question 39.
Mention any two differences of CDR and ASDR.
Answer:

  • CDR is the number of deaths occuring in the year per 1000 population.
  • ASDR in the number of deaths occuring in the specific age group in the year per 1000 population of the specific age group.
  • CDR does not consider the age composition of the population.
  • ASDR takes into consideration of the age composition of the population.

Question 40.
Explain briefly Registration method.
Answer:
Registration method is the method of continous, permanent and compulsory recording of vital events due to the legal importance.

Question 41.
Explain briefly census method?
Answer:
Census method is the complete enumeration of each and every unit of the population of the particular area under study.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 42.
What is total fertility rate?
Answer:
It is the sum of annual ASFR’s for all age groups (15 – 49) years,
i.e., TFR = Σ annual ASFR’s.
If it is calculated for the age groups of 5 years called quinquennial ASFR’s.
Then, TFR = 5 Σ Quinquennial ASFR’s.

Question 43.
Give the formula for calculating Infant mortality rate.
Answer:
Infant mortality rate (I.M.R)
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 8

Question 44.
Give the formula for calculating matenal mortality rate.
Answer:
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 9

Question 45.
What is standardised death rate?
Answer:
Standardised death rate is the weighted Arithmatic mean of deaths in the different age groups and the standard population in the age group
i.e; SDR = \(\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{PA}}{\Sigma \mathrm{P}}\)
where P – Standard Population ; A – ASDR’s

Question 46.
Give the formula obtaining the population in between two census.
Answer:
Pt = Po (B – D) + (I – E) ; where Pt = Population after time ‘t’ after census year.
P0 = Population in the census year.
B, D, I and E – Births, deaths, immigrations and emigrants in the time period.

Question 47.
Calculate ASFR’s for the age groups (10 – 20) and (20 – 40) years.
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 10
Answer:
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 11
ASFR = (10 – 20) = \(\frac{410}{15000}\) x 1000 = 27.3
ASFR = (20 – 40) = \(\frac{650}{22000}\) x 1000 =29.55

Question 48.
Compute general fertility rate from the data given below:
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 12
Answer:
General Fertility rate;
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 13

Question 49.
Calculate ASDR’s for the age groups (0-5) and (40-60) years from the following data.
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 14
Answer:
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 15
ASFR = (0 – 5) years = \(\frac{410}{22000}\) x 1000 = 18.63
ASFR = (40 – 60) = \(\frac{150}{8000}\) x 1000 = 18.75

Question 60.
If TFR of a certain locality is 2750 then find the average number of children born to Women.
Answer:
Average number of children bom to Women = \(\frac{TFR}{1000}\) = \(\frac{2750}{1000}\) 2.75 = 3 (Approx)

KSEEB Solutions

Question 61.
The certain town, in a year 25000 births have occured. The number of infant deaths in the year was 1350. Among the live births in 150 cases, mother died due to child birth problems. Calculate infant motality rate and maternal mortality rate.
Answer:
The imfant mortality rate:
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 16

Question 62.
In a town, in a year 2200 live births occurred and of these 430 died in the same year. Find IMR.
Answer:
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 17

Question 63.
Calculate Infant mortality rate from the following data.
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 18
Answer:
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 19

Question 64.
Calculate maternal mortality rate from the following data.
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 20
Answer:
The maternal mortality rate is
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 21

Question 65.
In a town, 231440 births occured in an year and 7860 infants died in the same year. Find I.M.R.
Answer:
Infant Mortality Rate is:
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 22

Question 66.
In an year, in a community there were 12750 live births occurred. 103 of these babies lost their mothers at the time of delivery. Find MMR.
Answer:
The maternal mortality rate is:
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 23

KSEEB Solutions

Question 67.
In a given year, the CDR for a population of 1,50,000 is 12. Find the number of deaths.
Answer:
CDR = 12 ; Population = 1,50,000
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 24

Question 68.
Calculate metarnal mortality rate (per 1000) from the following data.
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 25
Answer:
Maternal Mortality Rate (M.M.R) is
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 26

Question 69.
In a year the C.D.R. for a population of 3 lakhs is 8. Find the number of deaths.
Answer:
Crude Death Rate (C.D.R.)
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 27

Question 70.
In a community, in a specific year, 3250 live births occurred. In the case of 35 of the above, the mother died due to childbirth. Compute M.M.R. (per 1000).
Answer:
Maternal Mortality Rate –
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 28
M.M.R = 10.769.

Question 71.
In a particular city out of 1800 live births in a year, 90 newborn babies died within 28 days. Calculate neonatal mortality rate.
Answer:
Neo-natal mortality rate:
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 29

KSEEB Solutions

Question 72.
In a town, in a year 3120 live births occurred and of these 160 infants died in the same year. Of all the newborn babies in 15 cases died within one month. Compute I.M.R and N.M.R.
Answer:
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 30
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 31

2nd PUC Statistics Vital Statistics Five Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain Registration method and Census method of collecting Vital Statistics.
Answer:
Registration method is the method of continuous, permanent and compulsory recording of vital events due to the Legal importance. When ever Vital events Occur in the population, are registered at the Registers of municipal offices, panchayat offices, Hospitals etc. When births are registered information of age of mother, caste, sex of a baby etc., are registered. Similarly when death occurred, information regarding sex , religion, marital status, age of death, cause of death etc., are registered.

Census method is the complete enumeration of each and every unit of the population of a particular area under study, at regular intervals. In India, once in every 10 years census is conducted. In this method information regarding birth, death, marriage, literacy etc., are collected.

Question 2.
In a year in a population of 1,00,000, there were 18S0 live births and 1680 deaths. Assuming the population is closed for migration. Calculate CBR and CDR.
Answer:
P0 = 1,00,000, B= 1850, D= 1680
Pt = Population at the end of the year = P0 + (B – D)
= 1,00,000+ (1850 – 1680) = 1,00,170
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 32

KSEEB Solutions

Question 3.
The following data gives the age distribution and number of deaths in a population. Find ASDR’s.

2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 33
Answer:
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 34
ASDR. (Below 10 years) = \(\frac{215}{21000}\) x 1000 = 10.24
ASDR (10-20) years = \(\frac{150}{16000}\) x 1000 = 9.375
ASDR (20-30) = \(\frac{75}{15000}\) x 1000 = 5
ASDR (30-40) = \(\frac{15}{12500}\) x 1000 = 1.2
ASDR(40-50) = \(\frac{22}{4000}\) x 1000 =5.5
ASDR (50 and above) =\(\frac{38}{1300}\) x 1000 = 29.23

Question 4.
Calculate crude death rate and standardised death rate from the following data:
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 35
Answer:
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 36
P – standard population; A ASDR’s
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 37
CDR = \(\frac{1470}{110000}\) x 1000 = 13.36
SDR = \(\frac{1368960}{100000}\) = 13.68

Question 5.
The following table gives the age and sex composition of population along with the number of live births in an year. Calculate total fertility rate.
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 38
Answer:
TFR = 5 Σ Quinquennial ASFR’s
ASFR
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 39
ASFR(15 – 19) = \(\frac{150}{4120}\) x 1000 = 36.40
TFR= 5 x 542.575 = 2712.875 births per 1000 women.

Question 6.
Calculate total fertility rate :
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 40
Answer:
Total Fertility Rate = EQuinquennial as ASFR
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 41
ASFR(15 – 19) = \(\frac{100}{1500}\) x 1000 = 66.66
TFR= 5 x 764.63 = 3823.15 births per 1000 women.

Question 7.
Write down the components of the life table.
Answer:
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 42
Note: For explanation of components of life table Refer, P. No. 13.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 8.
Calculate “Total Fertility Rate” for the following data.
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 43
Answer:
The total fertility rate is:
T.F.R. = 5 x Σ Quinquennial ASFR’s
ASFR
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 44
T.F.R. = 5 x 474.93 = 2374.65 Births per 1000 women.

Question 9.
Calculate standarlised death rates from the following data.
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 45
Answer:
Here Death rates means : Age specific death rates of Town A (A) and Town B (B) are given.
So, SDR(A) = \(\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{PA}}{\Sigma \mathrm{P}}\)
SDR(B) \(\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{PB}}{\Sigma \mathrm{P}}\)
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 46
SDR(A) = \(\frac{1357000}}{107000}}\) = 12.68
SDR(B) = \(\frac{1329000}}{107000}}\) = 12.42

KSEEB Solutions

Question 10.
From the following data compute
(i) GF.R.
(ii) A.S.F.R for the age groups (20-29)
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 47
Answer:
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 48
\(\frac{1878}{36320}\) x 1000
GF.R. =51.7
Here women of child bearing age is (15-49) years only.
A.S.F.R for the age group (20-29) in the year
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 49

Question 11.
From the following data. Calculate the Standardized Death Rates for Locality A and Locality B.
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 50
Answer:
Since Locality A population is considered as standard so, compute CDR for LocalityA and for Locality B,SDR.
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 51
SDR (B) = \(\frac{489780.00}{36000}\) = 13.605
SDR (B)  = \(\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{PB}}{\Sigma \mathrm{P}}\); P = Standard popn. (of B), B = ASDR’S
No.of deaths occurring in the year
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 52
CDR(A) = \(\frac{420}{36000}\) x 1000=11.67
For Locality B
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 53
SDR (B) = \(\frac{489780.00}{36000}\) = 13.605

Question 12.
Compute Crude Death Rate and Standardised Death Rate for the following data:
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 54
Answer:
Crude death rate (C.D.R)
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 55
S.D.R = \(\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{PA}}{\Sigma \mathrm{P}}\); Where P – standard population, A – age specific death rate
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 56
CDR(A) = \(\frac{3640}{120,000}\) x 1000 = 30.33
SDR (B) = \(\frac{2,92,000}{95,000}\) = 30.82

KSEEB Solutions

Question 13.
Calculate gross reproduction rate from the following data and comment on population status.
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 57
Answer:
Gross reproduction rate:
G.R.R = (i) \(\sum_{i=15}^{49} \)W.S.F.R
Where i – Age width
W.S.F.R = \(\frac{\text { Female births }}{\text { Female population }} \) x 1000
W.S.F.R( 15-19) = \( =\frac{80}{8600}\) x 1000 = 9.38
Similarly calculate for other age groups.
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 58
ΣY W.S.F.R = 180.43; i = Age width = 5
∴ G.R.R = 5 x 180.43 = 902.15 Female births per 1000 women of child bearing age.
No. of Female children born per women = \(\frac{\mathrm{G} \cdot \mathrm{R} \cdot \mathrm{R}}{1000}\)
= \(\frac{902.15}{1000}\) = 0.902
Sience this rate. / value is below one, the papulation decreases.

Question 14.
Calculate net reproduction rate from the data given below and comment on population status.
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 59
Answer:
Nety Production:
N.R.R = (i) \(\sum_{i=15}^{49} \) W.S.F.R x S
Where i – age width, S-Survival Rates.
W.S.F.R = \(\frac{\text { Femalebirths }}{\text { Female population }}\) x 1000
W.S.F.R X S(15 – 19) = 25 x 0.96 = 24
Similarly calculate for other age groups
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 60
Σ W.S.F.R x S = 596.62
∴ M.R.R = 5 x 596.62 = 2983.09 Female births occur per 1000 women of (15 = 49) years.
N.R.R. per women = \(\frac{\mathrm{N} \cdot \mathrm{R} \cdot \mathrm{R}}{1000}=\frac{2983.09}{1000}= 2.983 \) Female Children bom per women.
Here the N.R.R. per women is more than one.
Therefore, the population increases. [Because the mother will be replaced by daughters so that fertility will be continued].

2nd PUC Statistics Vital Statistics Ten Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
From the following data, calculate Total Fertility Rates and compare the fertility of the two cities:
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 61
Answer:
Total Fertility Rate = 5ΣQuinquennial ASFR’s
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 62
ASFR(15-19) = \(\frac{1204}{14000}\) x 1000 = 86.
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 63
T.F.R (A) = 5 x 626 = 3130
T.F.R.(B) = 5 x 559 = 2795
Here TFR (A) > TFR (B)
∴ City A is more fertile than City B

Question 2.
Compute Standardised death rates for the two towns and give your comments.
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 64
Answer:
SDR (A) =\(\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{PA}}{\Sigma \mathrm{P}}\) ; SDR(B) =\(\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{PB}}{\Sigma \mathrm{P}}\)
A = ASDR’s of Town A, B = ASDR’s of Town B, P = Std Population.
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 65
SDR (A) = \(\frac{1150000}{40000}\) = 28. 75 ;
SDR (B) = \(\frac{1175000}{40000}\) = 29.375
Death rate of Town B is more than Town A. Town A is more healthier than town B.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 3.
From the following data, Calculate the standardised death rate for the two populations A and B
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 66
Answer:
Here Death rates are given, i.e., ASDR’s of Population A and B. Let A and B be ASDR’s (Death rates) of Population A and B.
SDR (A) = \(\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{PA}}{\Sigma \mathrm{P}}\) ; SDR(B) = \(\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{PB}}{\Sigma \mathrm{P}}\) Where P = Std. Population.
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 67
SDR (A) = \(\frac{1556200}{122000}\) = 28. 75 ;= 12.756;
SDR (B) = 13.269.

Question 4.
Compute the standardised death rates for the following two populations A and B by taking the population A as the standard.
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 68
Answer:
Since Population A is considered as standard Population. So, compute CDR for population A and SDR for Population B.
SDR (A) = CDR(A) = \(\frac{\text { No. of deaths occuring in the year }}{\text { Average Population in the year }}\) x 1000
SDR (B) = \(\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{PB}}{\Sigma \mathrm{P}}\) , B ASDR’s of Population B, P = Standard Population of A.
For Population A :
CDR(A) = \(\frac{585}{54000}\) = 10.83
For Population B
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 69
SDR (A) = \(\frac{569550}{54000}\) = 10.547

KSEEB Solutions

Question 5.
From the following data. Calculate standardised death rate for locality A and Locality
B. Which locality is more healthy?
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 70
Answer:
Since Population B is considered as standard Population computing CDR is same as the SDR for Population B. .
SDR (B) = CDR(B) = \(\frac{\text { No. of deaths occuring in the year }}{\text { Average Population in the year }}\) x 1000
SDR (A) = \(\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{PB}}{\Sigma \mathrm{P}}\) , B ASDR’s of Population B, P = Standard Population of A.
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 71
SDR (A) = \(\frac{38545}{31100}\) = 3939
CDR (B) = \(\frac{410}{31100}\) x 1000 = 13.18
Since SDR of A is less in Locality A, it is more healthy.

Question 6.
Calculate standardized death rates from the following data.
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 72
Answer:
Death Rates i.e, ASDR’s for city A and B are given:
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 73
SDR (A) = \(\frac{1164000}{97000}\) = 12
SDR (B) = \(\frac{1213000}{97000}\) = 12.505

Question 7.
For the following data calculate standardized death rates. Hence find which locality is more healthier.
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 74
Answer:
Let A and B be the ASDR of locality A and Locality B P – the standard population
Then, SDR(A) = \(\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{PA}}{\Sigma \mathrm{P}}\)
SDR (B) = \(\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{PB}}{\Sigma \mathrm{P}}\)
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 75
SDR (A) = \(\frac{1945000}{105000}\) = 18.5238
SDR (B) = \(\frac{1900000}{1050000}\) = 18.095
Here, SDR(B) < SDR (A)
Locality B is healthier.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 8.
From the following table calculate standardised death rates and hence tell which town is healthier (take town B as standard)
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 76
Answer:
Here, Deaths per 1000 population, ie., Age specific death rates of Town A (A) and Town B (B) are given.
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 77
∴ Standardised death rate of Town A is –
SDR (A) = \(\frac{83700}{5310}\) = 15.76
Standardised death rate of Town B is –
SDR (B) = \(\frac{89550}{5310}\) = 16.86
Here SDR(A) < SDR(B).
.’. Town A is more healthier than Town B.

Question 9.
The Population of a city at the end of 2004 was 4,43,850. There were 10,452 births and 6,845 deaths in 2005. The number of emigrants was 12,435. Estimate the population at the end of 2005. Find crude birth rate and crude death rate.
Answer:
Given P0= Population at the end of 2004 = 4,43,850.
B= 10,452, D = 6,845, 1 = 44,680, E= 12,435
The estimate of the population at the end of 2005 is – .
Pt= P0+ (B – D) + (I – E)
= 4,43,850 + (10,452 – 6,845) + (44,680 – 12,435)
= 4,79,702
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 78
The crude birth rate is –
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 79
The crude death rate is –
2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 1 Vital Statistics - 80

KSEEB Solutions

2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2

   

Students can Download Basic Maths Exercise 5.2 Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, 2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2

Free Online Partial Fraction Decomposition Calculator. Partial Fraction Calculator.

Part – A

2nd PUC Basic Maths Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 Five Marks Questions and Answers

I. Resolve the following into partial fractions; (3 and 5 marks)

Question 1.
\(\frac{x}{(x+1)(x-4)}\)
Answer:
2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 - 1
Put
x = 4, 4 = A(0) +B (4 + 1) ⇒ 4 = 5B ⇒ B = \(\frac{4}{5}\)
Put x = -1, -1 = A(-1-4) +B(0) ⇒ -1 = -5A = A=\(\frac{1}{5}\)
Substituting both A & B in equation (1) we get
2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 - 2

Question 2.
\(\frac{x+1}{(x+2)(x-3)}\)
Answer:
\(\frac{x+1}{(x+2)(x-3)} =\frac{A}{x+2}+\frac{B}{x-3}\)………………….. (1)
x = 3, 3 + 1 = A(0) +B(3 + 2)
4 = 5B = B = \(\frac{4}{5}\)
Put
x = -2, -2 + 1 = A(-2 – 3) + B(0)
-1 = A(-5)
A = 1/5;
3 = -A ⇒ A = -3
2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 - 3

KSEEB Solutions

Question 3.
\(\frac{7 x-1}{(1-2 x)(1-3 x)}\)
Answer:
Let
\(\frac{7 x-1}{(1-2 x)(1-3 x)}=\frac{A}{1-2 x}+\frac{B}{1-3 x}\)
⇒ (7x – 1) = A(1 – 3x) + B(1 – 2x)
Put x = 0, -1 = A + B …………..1
Put x=1 6 = -2A-B …………………….2
Solving 1 & 2 (adding) -A = 5 ⇒ A = -5
B = -1-A = -1 + 5 = 4.
2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 - 4

Question 4.
\(\frac{3-7 x^{2}}{(1-3 x)(1+2 x)(1+x)}\)
Answer:
Let
\(\frac{3-7 x^{2}}{(1-3 x)(1+2 x)(1+x)}=\frac{A}{(1-3 x)}+\frac{B}{1+2 x}+\frac{C}{1+x}\) …………… (1)
∴ 3 – 7x2 = A(1 + 2x) (1+x) +B(1 – 3x) (1 + x) +C (1 – 3x) (1 + 2x)
Put x = -1, 3 – 7 = A(0) + B(0) +C(1 +3) (1-2)
-4 = -4C ⇒ C = 1
Put x = 0, 3 = A + B + C = A + B = 2
Put x = 1, 3 – 7 = A(1 + 2) (1 + 1) + B(1 – 3) (1 + 1) +C(1 – 3) (1 + 2)
-4 = 6A – 4B – 6C ∵ C= 1
-4 + 6 = 6A – 4B = 2
3A – 2B = 1 2A + 2B = 4
⇒ A + B=2
2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 - 5
2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 - 6

Question 5.
\(\frac{x^{2}}{(x+1)(x+2)(x+3)}\)
Answer:
Let \(\frac{x^{2}}{(x+1)(x+2)(x+3)}=\frac{A}{x+1}+\frac{B}{x+2}+\frac{C}{x+3}\)
x2 = A(x +2) (x + 3) +B(x + 1) (x + 3) + C(x + 1) (x + 2)
Put x=-1, (-1)2 = A(-1 +2) (-1 + 3) + 0 + 0
1 = 2A ⇒ A =\(\frac{1}{2}\)
Put x = -2, (-2)2 = A(0) + B(-2 + 1) (-2 + 3) + C(0)
4 = -B ⇒ b = -4
Put x = -3, (-3)2 = A(0) + B(0) +C(-3 + 1) (-3 + 2)
9 = -2C:(-1) ⇒ 9 = 2c ⇒ c = \(\frac{9}{2}\)
Equation 1 be becomes

Question 6.
Answer:
\(\frac{2 x^{2}+10 x-3}{(x+1)(x-3)(x+3)}\)
Let
2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 - 7

2x2 +10x – 3 = A[x – 3) (x + 3) + B(x + 1) (x + 3) + C(x +1) (x – 3)
Put x=-1, 2 – 10 – 3 = A(-4) (2) + B(0) + C(0)
-11 = -8A = A = \(\frac{11}{8}\)
Put x = 3, 18 + 30 – 3 = A(0) + B(4)(6) + C(0)
+45 = 24B ⇒ B = \(\frac{45}{24}=\frac{15}{8}\)
Put x = -3, 18 – 30 – 3 = C(-3 + 1) (-3 -3) = C(-2) (-6)-15 = + 12C
C = \(\frac{-15}{12}=\frac{-5}{4}\)
2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 - 8

KSEEB Solutions

Question 7.
\(\frac{3 x+1}{x^{2}-6 x+8}\)
Answer:
2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 - 9

Question 8.
\(\frac{x^{2}-10 x+13}{(x+1)\left(x^{2}-5 x+6\right)}\)
Answer:
Let
2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 - 10
x2 – 10x + 13 = A(x-2)(x – 3) + B(x +1) (x – 3) + C(x + 1) (x – 2)
Put x=-1, 1 + 10 + 13 = A (-3) (-4) + 0 + 0
24 = 12A ⇒ A = \(\frac{24}{12}\)=2
Put x = 2, 4 – 20 + 13 A(0) + B(3) (-1) + C(0)
-3 = -3B ⇒ B = 1
Put x = 3, 9 – 30 + 13 = A(0) + B(0) + C(4) (1)
-8 = 47 ⇒ C= -2
2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 - 11

Question 9.
\(\frac{3 x+20}{x^{2}+4 x}\)
Answer:
Let \(\frac{3 x+20}{x^{2}+4 x}=\frac{3 x+20}{x(x+4)}=\frac{A}{x}+\frac{B}{x+4}\) ……..(1)
3x + 20 = A(x + 4) + B(x)
Put x=0, 20 = 4A ⇒ A = 5
Put x = -4, -12 + 20 = A(0) + B(-4)
8 = -4B ⇒ B = -2
\(\frac{3 x+20}{x^{2}+4 x}=\frac{5}{x}-\frac{2}{x+4}\)

Question 10.
\(\frac{x+3}{(x-1)\left(x^{2}-4\right)}\)
Answer:
Let \(\frac{x+3}{(x-1)\left(x^{2}-4\right)}=\frac{x+3}{(x-1)(x-2)(x+2)}=\frac{A}{x-1}+\frac{B}{x-2}+\frac{C}{x+2}\) ……(1)
(x + 3) = A[x -2) (x + 2) +B(x – 1) (x + 2) + C(x – 1) (x – 2)
Put x= 1, 4 = A(-1)(3) ⇒ A=\(\frac{-4}{3}\)
Put x = 2, 5 = A(0) + B(1) (4) + C(O)
Put 5 = 4B ⇒ B = \(\frac{-4}{3}\)
Put x = -2, -2 + 3 = A(0) + B(0) +C(-3) (-4)
1 = 12C ⇒ C = \(\frac{1}{12}\)
2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 - 12

Question 11.
\(\frac{x+3}{x^{3}-x}\)
Answer:
Let \(\frac{x+3}{x^{3}-x}=\frac{x+3}{x(x-1)(x+1)}=\frac{A}{x}+\frac{B}{x-1}+\frac{C}{x+1}\) ….. (1)
x + 3 = A(x-1) (x + 1) + B(x) (x + 1) + C(x) (x – 1)
Put x = 0 3 = -A + 0 + 0 ⇒ A=-3
Put x = 1, 4 = A(0) + B(1) (2) + 0 = 4 = 2B ⇒ B = 2
Put x = -1, 2 = A(0) + B(0) + C(-1) (-2); 2 = 2c ⇒ c = 1
∴ \(\frac{x-3}{x^{3}-x}=\frac{-3}{x}+\frac{2}{x-1}+\frac{1}{x+1}\)

Question 12.
\(\frac{1+3 x+2 x^{2}}{(1-2 x)\left(1-x^{2}\right)}\)
Answer:
Let
2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 - 13
2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 - 14
1 + 3x + 2x2 = A(1 – x)(1 + x) +B(1 – 2x)(1 + x) + C(1 – 2x) (1 – x)
Put x = 1, 6 = A(0) + B(-1)(2) +C(0);
6 = -2B ⇒ B = -3
Put x=-1, 0) = A(0) + B(0) +C(1 + 2)(2)
6C = 0 ⇒ C = 0
Put x = 0, 1 = A + B + C = A – 3 = 1 ⇒ A = 1 + 3 = 4

KSEEB Solutions

Part – B

1. Resolve the following into partial fractions; (5 Marks)

Question 1.
\(\frac{4}{(x-3)(x+1)^{2}}\)
Answer:
Let \(\frac{4}{(x-3)(x+1)^{2}}=\frac{A}{x-3}+\frac{B}{x+1}+\frac{C}{(x+1)^{2}}\)
∴4 = A(x + 1)2 + B(x + 1)(x – 3) + C(x – 3)
Put x = 3, 4 = A(4)2 + B(0) + C(0)
4 = 16A ⇒ A = \(\frac{1}{4}\)
Put x =-1, 4 = A(0) + B(0) + C(-1-3); Put 4 = -4C ⇒ C = -1
Put x = 0 4 = A- 3B – 3C
3B = A – 3C – 4
2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 - 15

Question 2.
\(\frac{9}{(x+1)(x+2)^{2}}\)
Answer:
Let \(\frac{9}{(x+1)(x+2)^{2}}=\frac{A}{x+1}+\frac{B}{x+2}+\frac{C}{(x+2)^{2}}\)
9 = A(x + 2)2 + B(x + 1)(x + 2) +C(x + 1)
Put x = -1, 9 = A(-1 + 2)2 + 0 + 0
A = 9
Put x= -2, 9 = A(0) + B(0) + CC – 10 = -9
Put x = 0, 9 = 4A + 2B + C
9 = 36 + 2B -9
9 = 27 + 2B \(\frac{-18}{2}\) = B B = -9
∴ \(\frac{9}{x-1}-\frac{9}{x+2}-\frac{9}{(x+1)^{2}}\)

Question 3.
\(\frac{3 x+4}{(x+1)^{2}(x-1)}\)
Answer:
Let \(\frac{3 x+4}{(x+1)^{2}(x-1)}=\frac{A}{x+1}+\frac{B}{(x+1)^{2}}+\frac{C}{x-1}\)
3x+4 = A(x + 1)(x – 1) + B(x – 1) + C (x + 1)2
Put x = -1, ⇒ 3 + 4 = A(0) + B(-2) + C(0)
1 = -2B ⇒ B = \(-\frac{1}{2}\)
Put x = 1, = 3 + 4 = A(0) +B(0) + C(2)2
7 = 4C ⇒ C = 5
Comparing the coefficients of x2 on both sides
0 = A +C ⇒ A = -C = \(-\frac{7}{4}\)
2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 - 16

Question 4.
\(\frac{3 x+2}{(x-2)(x+3)^{2}}\)
Answer:
Let \(\frac{3 x+2}{(x-2)(x+3)^{2}}=\frac{A}{x-2}+\frac{B}{x+3}+\frac{C}{(x+3)^{2}}\)
(3x + 2) = A(x + 3)2 + B(x – 2) (x + 3) + C(x – 2)
Put x = 2, 6 + 2 = A(2 + 3)2 + B(0)+C (0)
8 = 25A ⇒ A = \(\frac{8}{25}\)
Put X=-3, -9 + 2 = A(0) + B(0) +C(-5)
-7 = -5C ⇒ C = \(\frac{7}{5}\)
Comparing the co-efficients of x2 on both sides
0 = A + B ⇒ B = -A = \(\frac{8}{25}\)
2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 - 17

KSEEB Solutions

Question 5.
\(\frac{2 x^{2}-4 x+1}{(x+2)(x-3)^{2}}\)
Answer:
2x2 – 4x + 1 = A[x – 3)2 + B(x – 2) (x-3) + C (x – 2)
Put x = 2, 8-8 + 1 = A(-1)2 = A = 1
Put x = 3, 18 – 12 + 1 = A(0) + B(0) + C(3 – 2) = 7 = C
Comparing coefficient of x2 = 2 = A + B = B = 2-A = 2 -1 =1
∴ \(\frac{2 x^{2}-4 x+1}{(x-2)(x-3)^{2}}=\frac{1}{x-2}+\frac{1}{x-3}+\frac{7}{(x-3)^{2}}\)

Question 6.
\(\frac{x^{2}}{(x+1)^{2}(x-5)}\)
Answer:
Let \(\frac{x^{2}}{(x+1)^{2}(x-5)}=\frac{A}{x+1}+\frac{B}{(x+1)^{2}}+\frac{C}{x-5}\)
x2 = A (x + 1)(x – 5) + B(x – 5) + C(x + 1)2
Put x = -1, 1 = A(0) + B(-1-5) + C(0)
1 = -6B ⇒ B = \(-\frac{1}{6}\)
Put x = 5, 25 = A(0) + B(0) + C(6)2
C = \(\frac{25}{36}\)
Compare the coefficients of x2 on both sides we get
2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 - 18

Question 7.
\(\frac{4-7 x}{(2+3 x)(1+x)^{2}}\)
Answer:
Let \(\frac{4-7 x}{(2+3 x)(1+x)^{2}}=\frac{A}{2+3 x}+\frac{B}{1+x}+\frac{C}{(1+x)^{2}}\)
⇒ 4 – 7x = A(1 + x)2 +B(1 + x) (2 + 3x) + C(2 + 3x)
Put x=-1, 11 = A(0) + B(0) + C(-1)
C = -11
Put x = 0 4 = A + 2B + 2C ⇒ 26 = A + 2B …..(1)
Compare the coefficients off of x2 on both sides
0 = A + 3B …….(2)
Equations 1 – 2 gives 26 =-B = 0 ⇒B = -26& A = 78
∴ \(\frac{4-7 x}{(2+3 x)(1+x)^{2}}=\frac{78}{2+3 x}-\frac{26}{1+x}-\frac{11}{(1+x)^{2}}\)

Question 8.
\(\frac{1+2 x}{(x+2)^{2}(x-1)}\)
Answer:
Let \(\frac{1+2 x}{(x+2)^{2}(x-1)}=\frac{A}{x+2}+\frac{B}{(x+2)^{2}}+\frac{C}{x-1}\)
1 + 2x = A (x + 2) (x – 1) + B(x – 1) +C(x + 2)2
3 = A(0) + B(0) + C(9) ⇒ C = \(\frac{1}{3}\)
Put x = -2, 1 – 4 = B(-3) ⇒ B = 1
Comparing the coefficient of x2 on both sides we get
2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 - 19

Question 9.
\(\frac{9 x-27}{(2+1)(x-2)^{2}}\)
Answer:
Let \(\frac{9 x-27}{(2+1)(x-2)^{2}}=\frac{A}{x+1}+\frac{B}{x-2}+\frac{C}{(x-2)^{2}}\)
9x – 27 = A(x – 2)2 + B(x + 1)(x – 2) + C(x + 1)
Put x = -1, -36 = A(-3)2 + B(0) + C(0)
-36 = 9A ⇒ A=-4
Put x = 2, 18 – 27 = A(0) + B(0) +C(2+1)
-9 = 3C ⇒ C =-3
Comparing the coefficients of x? on both sides
0 = A + B = B = -A ⇒ B =-(-4) = 4
2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 - 20

Question 10.
\(\frac{2 x+5}{(x+2)(x-1)^{2}}\)
Answer:
Let \(\frac{2 x+5}{(x+2)(x-1)^{2}}=\frac{A}{x+2}+\frac{B}{x-1}+\frac{C}{(x-1)^{2}}\)
2x + 5 = A(x – 1)2 + B(x – 1)(x + 2) +C(x + 2)
Put x = -2, -4 + 5 = A(-3)2 + 0 + 0
1 = 9A ⇒ A =\(\frac{1}{9}\)
Put x= 1, 2 + 5 = A(0) + B(0) + C(1 + 2)
7 = 3C ⇒ C = \(\frac{7}{3}\)
Comparing the coeff of x2 on both sides
0 = A+B ⇒ B = A = \(-\frac{1}{9}\)
2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 - 21

Question 11.
\(\frac{x}{(1+2 x)^{2}(1-3 x)}\)
Answer:
Let \(\frac{x}{(1+2 x)^{2}(1-3 x)}=\frac{A}{1+2 x}+\frac{B}{(1+2 x)^{2}}+\frac{C}{1-3 x}\)
X = A(1 + 2x) (1 – 3x) + B(1 – 3x) + C(1 + 2x)2
Put x = 0 we get A + B + C = 0
Comparing co efficient of x2 both sides
0 = -6A + 40 ⇒ 6A = 4C ⇒3A = 20
We have A+B+C = 0
⇒ 3A + 3B + 3C = 0
2C + 3B + 3C = 0
5C = -3B
: 3A = 2C
Comparing the coefficient of x both sides

2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 - 22

KSEEB Solutions

Part – C

III. Resolve into partial fractions: (5 Marks)

Question 1.
\(\frac{2 x^{2}-7 x+1}{x^{2}-3 x-4}\)
Answer:
\(\frac{2 x^{2}-7 x+1}{x^{2}-3 x-4}\)
This is an improper fraction
∴ Convert into proper fraction by actual division.
2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 - 23
9- x = A(x + 1) + B(x – 4)
Put x = 4, 9-4 = A(4 + 1) + B(0)
5 = 5A ⇒ A = 1
Put x=-1, 9-(-1) = A(0) +B(-1-4)
10 = -5B ⇒ B = -2
2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 - 24

Question 2.
\(\frac{4 x^{2}-3 x+5}{(2-x)(1+x)}\)
Answer:
2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 - 25
x + 13 = A(1 + x) + B(2 – x)
Put x = 2, 15 = A[1 + 2) + B(0)
15 = 3A ⇒ A = \(\frac{15}{3}\) = 5
Put x=-1, -1 + 13 = A(0) +B(2-(-1))
12 = 3B ⇒ B = 4
2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 - 26
Question 3.
\(\frac{x^{3}+7 x^{2}+17 x+11}{x^{2}+5 x+6}\)
Answer:
2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 - 27
(x – 1) = A(x + 3) + B(x + 2)
Put x = -2, -3 = A(-2 + 3) + B(0)
-3 = A ⇒ A=-3
Put X=-3, -4 = A(0) + B(-3 + 2)
-4 = -B ⇒ B = 4
2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 - 28

Question 4.
\(\frac{2 x^{2}+3 x+2}{x^{2}-x-2}\)
Answer:
2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 - 29
∴ 5x + 6 = A (x + 1) +B(x – 2)
Put x = 2, 16 = A(3) ⇒ A = \(\frac{16}{3}\)
Put x = -1, 1 = A(0) + B(-3)=B = \(\frac{1}{-3}\)
1 2x+3x+2-21 16 1 x – x – 2 =2+3(x-2) 3(x+1)
2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 - 30

KSEEB Solutions

Question 5.
\(\frac{2 x^{3}+x^{2}-x-3}{x(x-1)(2 x+3)}\)
Answer:
2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 - 31
∴ 2x – 3 = A[x -1) (2x + 3) +B(x) (2x + 3) + C(x) (x – 1)
Put x = 0 -3 = A(-1) (3) + B(0) + C(0)
-3 = -3A ⇒ A = 1
Put x = 1, -1 = A(0) + B(1) (2 + 3) + C(0)
-1 = 5B ⇒ B = \(-\frac{1}{5}\)
Compare the co-efficient of x2 both sides
2nd PUC Basic Maths Question Bank Chapter 5 Partial Fractions Ex 5.2 - 32

2nd PUC Business Studies Previous Year Question Paper June 2019

   

Students can Download 2nd PUC Business Studies Previous Year Question Paper June 2019, Karnataka 2nd PUC Business Studies Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Business Studies Previous Year Question Paper March 2019

Time: 3.15 Hours
Max Marks: 70

Instructions :

1. Write the serial number of questions properly as given in the question paper while answering.
2. Answer for a question should be continuous.

Part – A

I. Answer any ten questions in a sentence or a word. 1 x 10 = 10

Question 1.
What is efficiency?
Answer:
Efficiency means doing the task correctly and with minimum cost.

Question 2.
Who strongly advocated piece wage system?
Answer:
F.W Taylor strongly advocated Piece Wage S\stem.

Question 3.
Mention the external force of business environment.
Answer:
Economic and political environment.

Question 4.
State the first step in planning process.
Answer:
Setting objectives is the first step in planning process.

2nd PUC Business Studies Previous Year Question Paper June 2019

Question 5.
Which of the following is not an element of delegation?
(a) Accountability
(b) Authority
(c) Responsibility
(d) Informal Organisation
Answer:
(d) Informal Organisation

Question 6.
T Name any one internal source of recruitment.
Answer:
Internal transfers.

Question 7.
The software company promoted by Narayana Murthy.is
(a) Wipro
(b) Infosys
(c) Satyam
(d) HCL
Answer:
(b) Infosys

Question 8.
Expand CPM.
Answer:
CPM = Critical Path Method.

Question 9.
The decision of acquiring a new machine is an example for
(a) Financing decision
(b) Working capital decision
(c) Investment decision
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Investment decision is related to careful selection of assets in which funds will be invested by firms. Thus, the above case comes under the investment decision.

Question 10.
The settlement cycle in NSE is
(a) T + 5
(b) T + 3
(c) T + 2
(d) T + 1
Answer:
(c) The settlement cycle in NSE is T + 2.

Question 11.
A brand is a name, sign, symbol, design used to identify the product/service. |statc True/False|.
Answer:
True.

2nd PUC Business Studies Previous Year Question Paper June 2019

Question 12.
In which year the Consumer Production Act was enacted?
Answer:
In the year 1986.

Part – B

II. Answer any ten questions in two or three sentences. 10 x 2 = 20

Question 13.
Define management.
Answer:
According to Harold Koontz and Heinz Weihrich, “Management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in a group, efficiently ’ accomplish selected aims.

Question 14.
What is Scalar Chain?
Answer:
Formal line of authority from highest to the lowest ranks are known as scalar chain principle. It should be followed by all managers as well as subordinates.

Question 15.
Give the meaning of mental revolution according to F.W. Taylor.
Answer:
Mental revolution involves a change in the attitude of workers and management towards one another from competition to co-operation. Both should realise that they require one another.

Question 16.
State any two features of Planning.
Answer:

  • Planning focuses on achieving objectives.
  • Planning is a primary function of management.

Question 17.
Write any two difference between Authority and Accountability.
Answer:

Authority Accountability
Authority means right to give order Accountability means being answerable for the job performed
It can be delegated It cannot be delegated at all
Authority is power Accountability is answerability

Question 18.
What is recruitment?
Answer:
According to Weather and Davis “Recruitment is the process of finding and attracting capable applicants for employment. The process begins when new recruits are sought and ends when their applications are submitted.”

Question 19.
Name any two styles of Leadership.
Answer:

  • Autocratic leadership
  • Democratic leadership
  • Laissez faire leadership
  • Bureaucratic leadership

Question 20.
State any two traditional technique of managerial control.
Answer:

  • Personal observation
  • Statistical reports.

2nd PUC Business Studies Previous Year Question Paper June 2019

Question 21.
Give the meaning of Dividend decision.
Answer:
Dividend decisions are concerned with the apportionment of the firm’s profit. Dividends are the portions of the profit which will be distributed to the share holders. The portion of profit which is undistributed to the share holders are called as retained earnings which will be utilized for expansion and development of the business.

Question 22.
Name the two depositories operating in India.
Answer:
NSDL (National Securities Depository Account), CDSL (Central Depository Service Limited).

Question 23.
State any two examples for the things that can be marketed other than product.
Answer:

  • Service
  • Ideas.

Question 24.
Name any two parties who can file a complaint before the appropriate consumer forum.
Answer:

  • Any consumer
  • Any registered consumer’s association
  • The central government or any state government.

Part – C

III. Answer any seven questions in fifteen to twenty sentences. 7 x 4 = 21

Question 25.
What are the four aspects of work study developed by F.W. Taylor? Explain.
Answer:
Standardisation and simplification of work : Standardisation refers to the process of setting standards for every business activity. These standards are the benchmarks, which must he adhered to during production. This can be done by following scientific methods of production and through work — study techniques which include time study, motion study etc. Standardisation relates to process, raw — material, time, product, machinery, methods or working conditions.

  • Method study : The objective of method study is to find out one best way of
    doing the job.
  • Work — study: It refers to the study of movements like lifting, putting objects, sitting and changing positions etc, which are undertaken while doing any job.
  • Time — study: It determines the standard time taken to perform
    a well—defined job.
  • Fatigue study: It determines the amount and frequency of rest intervals in completing a task

Question 26.
Explain any four features of Business Environment.
Answer:
Business environment has the following features:

a. Totality of external forces: Business environments the sum total of all things external to business firms and, as such, is aggregative in nature.

b. Specific and general forces: Business environment includes both specific and general forces. Specific forces such as Investors, customers, etc, affect individual enterprises directly and immediately in their day-to-day working. General forces such as social, political conditions have impact on all business enterprises and thus may affect an individual firm only indirectly.

c. Inter-relatedness: Different elements of business environment are closely interrelated., One element of the environment affects the other. For example, new health aware products such as diet coke, fat-free cooking oil etc changed people’s life styles.

d. Dynamic nature: Business environment Is dynamic. It keeps on changing whether in terms of technological improvement, shifts in consumer preferences etc.

e. Uncertainty: Business environment is largely uncertain because it is difficult to predict future happenings.

f. Complexity: Since business environment consists of numerous interrelated and dynamic forces which arise from different sources, it is relatively easier to understand in parts hut difficult to grasp in its totality.

g. Relativity: Business environment is a relative concept. It differs from country to country and even from region to region.

2nd PUC Business Studies Previous Year Question Paper June 2019

Question 27.
Explain any four limitations of Planning.
Answer:
Types of plans

1. Single-use plans: A single-use plan is developed for a one-time event or project. The examples are

  • Budgets
  • Programmes
  • Projects

2. Standing Plans: A standing plan is used for activities that occur regularly over a period of time. The examples are

  • Policies
  • Procedures
  • Methods
  • Rules

a. Policy: Policies are general statements that guide thinking.
Policies provide a basis for interpreting strategy.
Policy is a guide to managerial action and decision in the implementation of strategy.
Strategies are formulated by the top management.

Formulation of strategy involves the following aspects:

  • Determination of the long term objectives
  • Adopting a course of action to achieve the objectives and
  • Allocating resources necessary to achieve the objectives.

b. Procedure: Procedures are routine steps on how to carry out activities. They detail the exact manner in which any work is to be performed. Procedures are the guidelines to action and they are usually intended to the works which are repetitive in nature. Examples of procedure include procedure for execution of the customer’s order for supply of goods and procedure for recruitment of employees in an organisation.

Question 28.
How does training and development of employees benefit the Organization?
Answer:
Benefits of training and development to the organisation:

  • Training is a systematic learning, always better than hit and trial methods which lead to wastage of efforts and money.
  • It enhances employee productivity both in terms of quantity and quality, leading to higher profits.
  • Training equips the future manager who can take over in case of emergency.
  • Training increases employee morale and reduces absenteeism and employee turnover.
  • It helps in obtaining effective response to fast changing environment technological and economic.

Question 29.
Briefly explain first four steps involved in controlling process.
Answer:
Controlling is a systematic process involving the following steps:

i. Setting performance standards: The first step in the controlling process is setting up of performance standards. Standards are the criteria against which actual performance would be measured. Standards can be set in both quantitative as well as qualitative terms.

ii. Measurement of Actual Performance: Once performance standards are set, the next step is measurement of actual performance. It is generally believed that measurement should be done after the task is completed.

iii. Comparing actual performance with standards: This step involves comparison of actual performance with the standard. Such comparison will reveal the deviation between actual and desired results. Comparison becomes easier when standards are set
in quantitative terms.

iv. Analysing deviations: Some deviation in performance can be expected in all activities. After identifying the deviations that demand managerial attention, these deviations need to be analysed for their causes. These causes may be unrealistic standards, defective process, inadequacy of resources, structural drawbacks etc. It is necessary to identify the exact cause of deviation, failing which an appropriate corrective action might not be possible.

v. Taking corrective action: The final step in the controlling process is taking corrective action. No corrective action is required when the deviations are within acceptable limits. When the deviations go beyond the acceptable range, it demands immediate managerial attention. Corrective action might involve training of employees if the production target could not be met.

2nd PUC Business Studies Previous Year Question Paper June 2019

Question 30.
Explain any four factors affecting the working capital requirement of an organization.
Answer:
The factors affecting the working capital requirement of a business are as follows:

a. Nature of Business: The basic nature of business influences the amount of working capital required. A trading organization usually needs a smaller amount of working capital compared to a manufacturing organization. Similarly, service industries which
usually do not have to maintain inventory require less working capital.

b. Scale of Operations: for organizations which operate on a higher scale of operation, the quantum of inventory and debtors required is generally high. Such organizations, therefore, require large amount of working capital as compared to the organizations which operate on a lower scale.

c. Business Cycle: Different phases of business cycles affect the requirement of working capital by a firm. In case of a boom, the sales and production are likely to be larger and therefore larger amount of working capital is required. Working capital requirement will be less during the period of depression as the sales and production will be small.

d. Seasonal Factors: Most business have some seasonality in their operations. In peak season, because of higher level of activity, larger amount of working capital, is required. When the level of activity is less, working capital requirement will be less.

Question 31.
Explain any four factors affecting financing decisions.
Answer:
Financing Decision: This decision is about the quantum of finance to be raised from various long-term sources. It involves identification of various available sources. It has to make a judicious combination of these sources namely debt, equity preference share capital and retained earnings.
The financing decisions are affected by various factors which are as follows:

  • Cost: The cost of raising funds through different sources Is different. A good financial manager would normally opt for a source which is the cheapest.
  • Risk: The risk associated with each of the sources is different.
  • Flotation Costs: Higher the flotation cost, less attractive is the source.
  • Cash Flow position of the company: A stronger cash flow position may make debt financing more viable than funding through equity.

Question 32.
Explain the elements of Marketing mix.
Answer:
(a) Product mix: Product means goods or services or ’anything of value’, which is offered to the market for sale. In other words, product means anything that satisfies needs of the consumers.

(b) Price mix: Price is the exchange value of goods and service represented in terms of money. Pricing is the process of fixing or determining reasonable price to the product or service.

(c) Place mix: Place or distribution mix refers to providing the product at a place which is
convenient for consumers to access. It includes two aspects viz:

  • Physical distribution
  • Channels of distribution.

(d) Promotion mix: Promotion is a process of communication with the potential buyers involving information persuasion and influence.

2nd PUC Business Studies Previous Year Question Paper June 2019

Question 33.
State any four features of Speciality Products.
Answer:

  • The demand for speciality products is limited as relatively small number of people buy these products.
  • These products are generally costly and their unit price is very high.
  • After sales services are very important for many of the speciality products.
  • These products are available for sale at few places as the number of customers is small.

Question 34.
Explain any four Rights of Consumers.
Answer:

  • Right to safety: The consumer has a right to be protected against goods and services which are hazardous to life and health. Example: Defective electronic appliances, gas cylinder, etc.
  • Right to be informed: The consumer has a right to have complete information about the product he intends to buy including its ingredients, date of manufacture, expiry date, price, quantity, quality, directions for use, etc.
  • Right to choose: The consumer has the freedom to choose from a variety of products at competitive prices. This implies that the marketers should offer a wide variety of products in terms of quality, brand, prices, size, etc.
  • Right to be heard: The consumer has a right to file a complaint and to be heard in case of dissatisfaction with a good or a service.

Part – D

IV. Answer any four questions in twenty to thirty sentences. 4 x 8 = 32

Question 35.
Explain the characteristics of Management.
Answer:
Features of Management:

(a) Management is a goat oriented process: Every organisation has a set of basic goals to achieve. Management unites the efforts of different individuals in the organisation towards achieving these goals:

(b) Management is all pervasive: Management activities are universally applicable to all organisations, social, economic and political. Hence, management is all pervasive and a universal phenomenon.

(c) Management is multi – dimensional: Management is a complex activity and involves three dimensions namely.

  • Management of work
  • Management of people (and)
  • Management of operations

(d) Management is a continuous process: Management consists of a series of functions like planning, organising, staffing and controlling which are continuous and composite in nature. These functions are simultaneously performed by all managers all the time. Hence, management is considered a continuous process.

(e) Management is a group activity: An organisation is a collection of number of individuals with different needs. Every member of the group has different purpose to join the organisation. But, as members of the organisation, they work towards fulfilling the common organisation goal. This requires team work and coordination. Hence, management is a group activity.

(f) Management is a dynamic function: Every organisation works in an environment which keeps on changing. The external environment which consists of various social, economic and political factors keep changing. In order to be successful, an organisation must change itself and its goals according to the needs of the environment. Hence, management is a dynamic environment.

(g) Management is an intangible force: Management cannot be seen but its presence can he felt in the operations of the organisation. The effect of management is noticeable in an organisation where targets are met according to plans, when employees are happy and satisfied, So management is an unseen force but reflects in the collective efforts.

2nd PUC Business Studies Previous Year Question Paper June 2019

Question 36.
Explain the importance of Organizing.
Answer:
Organising is the process of identifying and grouping the work to be performed. defining and delegating authority and responsibility and establishing relationships for the purpose of enabling people to work most selectively together in accomplishing objectives.

The following points highlight the importance of organizing:

a. Benefits of specialization: Organizing leads to a systematic allocation of obs amongst the work force. This reduces the workload as well as enhances productivity. Right man is placed for the right job. Repetitive performance of a specific job on regular basis helps worker to gain experience and leads to specialization.

b. Clarity in working relationships: The establishment of working relationships and clarifies lines of communication and specifies who is to report to whom. This further helps in fixation of responsibility and also specifies the dimensions of authority which an
individual can exercise.

c. Optimum utilization of resources: Organising leads to the proper usage of all material, financial and human resources. The proper assignment of jobs avoids overlapping of work and also makes possible the best use of resources. Avoiding duplication of work prevents confusion and minimizing the wastage of resources.

d. Adaptation to change: The process of organizing allows a business enterprise to accommodate changes in the business environment. It allows the organization structure to be suitably modified. It provides stability to the organization.

e. Effective administration: Organising provides clear description of jobs and related duties. This helps to avoid conftision and duplication. Clarity in work relationship enables proper execution of work. Thus, it provides effective administration in the enterprise.

f. Development of personnel: organizing stimulates creativity amongst the managers. Effective delegation allows the managers to reduce their workload by assigning routine jobs to their subordinates. This reduction in the work load allows the manager to develop new methods and ways of performing tasks for the growth of an organization. It also develops ability among the subordinates to deal effectively with the challenges.

g. Expansion and growth: Organising helps in the growth and diversification of an enterprise by enabling it to deviate from existing norms and taking up new challenges.

Conclusion: Thus, organizing is a process by which the manager brings order out of confusion, removes conflict among people over work or responsibility sharing and creates an environment suitable for team work.

2nd PUC Business Studies Previous Year Question Paper June 2019

Question 37.
Describe the steps involved in selection process.
Answer:
Employee selection is the process of putting right men on right job. It is a procedure of matching organizational recruitments with the skills and qualifications of people. The following steps are generally followed by all business organizations during selection process:
Steps in selection process:
a. Preliminary Screening
b. Selection Tests

  • Intelligence tests
  • Aptitude tests
  • Trade or proficiency tests
  • Personality tests
  • Interest tests

Interview

  • Direct Interview
  • Indirect Interview
  • Patterned or structural Interview
  • Stress interview
  • Board or Panel Interview
  • Group Interview
  • Reference and background checks
  • Selection Decision
  • Medical Examination
  • Job offer (Issue of Appointment Letter)
  • Contract of Employment (Acceptance of job offer)

1. Preliminary Screening: After receiving the applications from the candidates through recruitment process, the same must be examined to decide, which ones deserve to be considered and followed up. The main purpose of screening is to prepare a list of eligible candidates who are to be evaluated further. Screening exercise involves checking the contents of the application, so as to find out whether or not the minimum eligibility conditions are fulfilled by the applicants.

2. Selection Tests: Selection tests are given to discover and measure, the skill and abilities of the candidates in terms of the requirements of the job. The following tests are usually conducted to measure the intelligence, aptitude, proficiency, personality etc.

  • Intelligence tests: These tests are used to judge the mental capacity of the applicant. Intelligence tests evaluate the ability of an individual to understand instructions and make decisions.
  • Aptitude tests: Aptitude means the potential which an individual has for learning new skills. Aptitude test indicate the person’s capacity and his potential for development.
  • Trade or proficiency tests: These tests are designed to measure the skills already acquired by the individuals. They measure the level of knowledge and proficiency in the area of profession or technical training.
  • Personality tests: These tests probe for the overall qualities of a person as a while. They provide clues to a person’s emotional reactions, maturity level, value system etc.
  • Interest tests: These tests identify the areas in which a candidate has special concern, fascination; involvement etc. These tests suggest the nature of job liked by a candidate which may bring him job satisfaction.

3. Interview: Interview is a face to face conversation and observation. Interview helps the employer to evaluate the candidate regarding the personality, smartness, intelligence, attitude etc. There are different kinds of interviews conducted by the employers. Some of them are as follows:

a. Direct Interview: Under this method, direct questions are asked to the applicant, to identify his skills, character, area of interest, attitudes etc,. The in-depth knowledge of applicant is not observed under this type of interview.

b. Indirect Interview: Under this method, the applicant is asked to express his opinion on any topic he likes. Here the interviewer listens to the views of the applicant without any intervention. This interview helps the interviewer to assess the personality of the applicant.

c. Patterned or Structural Interview: In this type of interview, the interviewer is looking for information in a particular area of interest of the organization. A number of standard questions are framed in advance which is to be answered by the applicant. These questions focus on the experience, skills and personality of the ideal candidate would possess.

d. Stress Interview: In this interview, the interviewer will intentionally try to upset the applicant, to see his reactions under pressure. Uncomfortable or irritating questions may be asked to the applicant to test his patience. This type of interview may be more commonly used in high stress jobs.

e. Board or Panel Interview: En this interview a group of persons called interviewers ask the applicant, questions in different subjects or area of interest of the candidate. Immediately after the interview, they meet, discuss and evaluate the performance of the applicant on the basis of answers given by him. This type of interview is common in case of professional jobs.

f. Group Interview: A group interview occurs when several candidates for a position are interviewed simultaneously. A common topic presented before the candidates for discussion. Group interview offers candidates to express their leadership potential and style.

4. Reference and Background checks: In addition to the required educational qualifications, skill and experience, the candidates must also possess other qualities liked honesty, loyalty etc. These qualities can be judged by the information obtained from the heads of educational institutions where the candidates have studies or from the persons whose names are given by the candidates as reference or from their previous employers.

5. Selection Decision: After a candidate has cleared all the hurdles in the selection procedure, the employer may take a decision of selection after consulting the concerned manager who is responsible for the performance of the new employee.

6. Medical examination: Candidates finally selected for the job are asked to undergo medical examination to see whether they are physically fit for the job. The physical fitness of employees reduces labour turnover, absenteeism, accidents etc., and ensure
higher standard of health of employees in the organization.

2nd PUC Business Studies Previous Year Question Paper June 2019

Question 38.
Suggest any eight suitable measures to improve effectiveness of communication.
Answer:
Perfect and complete communication does not take place many a times due to certain obstacles which are known as barriers to communication. Following are the barriers to effective communication:

1. Physical barriers: Internal structure of the organization and layout of office machines and equipment creates physical barriers in communication. Physical barriers include:

  • Distance
  • Noise
  • Physical arrangement

2. Semantic barriers: The use of difficult and multiple uses of languages, words, figures, and symbols create semantic barriers. Some semantic barriers are:

  • Language
  • Jargons.

3. Organisational barriers: These arise from the organizational goals, regulations, structure and culture. Organisational barriers include:

  • Poor planning
  • Structure complexities
  • Status differences
  • Organisational distance
  • Information overload
  • Timing

4. Psychological barriers: These are the barriers to effective communication created due to lack of interest in the people for whom the communication is meant. People do not pay attention to the communication in which they are not interested.
Examples for psychological barriers are:

  • Perception
  • Filtering
  • Distrust
  • Emotions
  • Viewpoint

Following are the ways to overcome barriers to effective communication:

1. Clarity of ideas: The problem to be communicated to subordinates should be clear in all aspects. The entire problem should be studied in depth, analysed and stated in such a manner that is clearly conveyed to subordinates.

2. Communicate according to the needs of receiver: The level of understanding of receiver should be crystal clear to the communicator. Manager should adjust his communication according to the education and understanding levels of subordinates.

3. Consult others before communicating: Before actually communicating the message. it is better to involve others in developing a plan for communication. Participation and involvement of subordinates may help to gain ready acceptance and willing cooperation of subordinates.

4. Be aware of languages, tone and content of message: The contents of the message, tone, and language used, manner in which the message is to be communicated are the important aspects of effective communication. The language used should be
understandable to the receiver and should not offend the sentiments of listeners.

5. Convey things of help and value to listeners: While conveying message to others, it is better to know the interests and needs of the people with whom you are communicating. Is the message relates directly or indirectly to such interests and needs it certainly evokes response from communicate.

6. Ensure proper feedback: The communicator may ensure the success of communication by asking questions regarding the message conveyed. The receiver of communication may also be encouraged to respond to communication. The communication process may be improved by the feedback received to make it more responsive.

7. Communicate for present as well as future: Generally, communication is needed to meet the existing commitments to maintain consistency; the communication should aim at future goals of the enterprise also.

8. Follow up communications: There should he regular follow up and review on the instructions given to subordinates. Such follow up measures help in removing hurdles if any in implementing the instructions.

9. Be a good listener: Manager should be a good listener. Patient and attentive listening solves half of the problems. Managers should also give indications of their interest in listening to their subordinates.

2nd PUC Business Studies Previous Year Question Paper June 2019

Question 39.
Explain any four Money Market Instruments.
Answer:
(a) Treasury bill: A treasury bill is a promissory notes or financial bills issued by the Government of India which has short term maturity, i.e. less than one year. The maturity period of these securities varies from 14 days to 364 days. Treasury bills are negotiable instruments and are freely transferable.

(b) Call money: It is mainly used by the banks to meet their temporary requirement of cash. They borrow and lend money from each other normally on a daily basis. It is repayable on demand and its maturity period is very short, i.e. 1 day to 15 days. The rate of interest paid on call money loan is known as call fate.

(c) Commercial paper: Commercial paper instrument was introduced in 1990 as a money market instrument. The commercial paper is an unsecured instrument issued in the form of promissory note. It can be issued for period ranging from 15 days to 1 year. Commercial papers are transferable by endorsement and delivery.

(d) Certificate of deposit: It is short-term instruments issued by Commercial Banks and Special Financial Institutions (SFIs). The maturity period of Certificate of Deposit ranges from 91 days to 1 year. These can be issued to individuals, cooperatives and companies.

Question 40.
State any eight difference between Advertising and Personal Selling.
Answer:

Advertising Personal Selling
Advertising is an impersonal form of communication. Personal selling is a personal form of communication.
Advertising involves transmission of standardised messages. In personal selling, the sales talk is adjusted keeping in view customer’s background and needs.
Advertising is inflexible as the message cannot be adjusted to the needs of the buyer. Personal selling is highly flexible as the message can be adjusted.
It reaches masses, i.e. a large number of people can be approached. Only a limited number of people can be contacted because of time and cost considerations.
In advertising the cost per person reached is very low. The cost per person is quite high in the case of personal selling.
Advertising can cover the market in a short time. Personal selling efforts take a lot of time to cover the entire market.
Advertising makes use of mass media such as television, radio, newspaper and magazines, Personal selling makes use of sales staff, which has limited reach.
Advertising lacks direct feedback. Marketing research efforts are needed to judge customers’ reactions to advertising. Personal selling provides direct and immediate feedback. Sales persons come to know about the customers’ reactions immediately.
Advertising is more useful in creating and building interest of the consumers in the firms products. Personal selling plays important role at the awareness stage of decision making.
Advertising is more useful in marketing to the ultimate consumer’s who are large in numbers. Personal selling is more helpful in selling products to the industrial buyers or to intermediaries such as dealers and retailers who are relatively few in numbers.

2nd PUC Business Studies Previous Year Question Paper June 2019

Part – E
Particular Oriented Question

V. Answer any two Questions 2 x 5 = 10

Question 41.
Show the different elements of Business Environment that influence the Success of Business Enterprises with a neat diagram.
Answer:
Elements of Business Environment
2nd PUC Business Studies Previous Year Question Paper June 2019.1

Question 42.
Draw the triangular diagram of Maslow’s need Hierarchy theory.
Answer:

2nd PUC Business Studies Previous Year Question Paper June 2019.2

Question 43.
As a Marketing manager, suggest any five sales promotion activities to boost up sales.
Answer:

  • Discounts
  • Buy 1 get 1
  • Rebate
  • Sweep game
  • Concession
  • Samples
  • Quantity gift
  • Lucky draw
  • Usable benefit
  • Refund

 

2nd PUC Hindi Workbook Answers व्याकरण उपसर्ग

   

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आ) निम्नलिखित शब्दों से उपसर्ग और मूल शब्द अलग – अलग कर लिखिए :
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अतिरिक्त प्रश्न :
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2nd PUC Kannada Textbook Answers Sahitya Sampada Chapter 7 Belagu Java

   

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2nd PUC Hindi Workbook Answers व्याकरण प्रत्यय

   

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आ) निम्नलिखित शब्दों से मूल शब्द और प्रत्यय अलग अलग कर लिखिए :
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2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 3 Inclusive Strategies

   

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2nd PUC Sociology Inclusive Strategies One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which Article of the Indian Constitution abolishes untouchability?
Answer:
Article 17.

Question 2.
In which year the untouchability (Offences) Act was enacted?
Answer:
1955.

Question 3.
In which year the Programe Stree Shakhti was launched?
Answer:
2000-2001.

Question 4.
Who introduced the concept of Micro Finance in Bangladesh?
Answer:
Muhammad Yunus.

Question 5.
Where is the Headquarters of Lijjat located?
Answer:
Mumbai.

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Question 6.
Which non-governmental organization is working for Soligas?
Answer:
Vivekananda, Girijana Kendra.

Question 7.
Who started Harijana and young India Newspapers?
Answer:
Mahathama Gandhi.

Question 8.
Who started Mookanayak News Papers?
Answer:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

Question 9.
Who founded Sulabh International?
Answer:
Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak.

Question 10.
What is gender discrimination?
Answer:
Discrimination against people based on their Gender.

Question 11.
In which year towards equality report was Submitted?
Answer:
1974.

Question 12.
Which year Government of India declared as year of women empowerment?
Answer:
2001.

Question 13.
Who coined affirmative Action?
Answer:
John. F. Kennedy.

Question 14.
Who started Harijana Sevaka Sangha?
Answer:
Mahathama Gandhi.

Question 15.
Who started Bahishkritha Hitha Karinisabha?
Answer:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

Question 16.
Expand LAMPS.
Answer:
Large Area Multi Purpose Societies.

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Question 17.
Expand TRIFED.
Answer:
Tribal Co-Operative Market Development Federation of India.

Question 18.
In which year protection of civil Rights Act was passed?
Answer:
1976. .

Question 19.
Expand NCW.
Answer:
National Commission for Women.

Question 20.
Expand SGH.
Answer:
Self – Help Groups.

Question 21.
Expand SEWA.
Answer:
SelfEmployed Women Association.

Question 22.
Expand SKDRDP.
Answer:
Shri Kshethra Dharmasthala Rural Development Project.

Question 23.
Expand SCP.
Answer:
Special Component Plan.

Question 24.
Expand SCA.
Answer:
Special Central Assistance.

Question 25.
Expand SCDC.
Answer:
Scheduled Caste Development Corporation.

Question 26.
Expand CIIL.
Answer:
Central Institute of Indian languages.

Question 27.
What is the provision of Article 335 of the constitution?
Answer:
Reservations to SCs and STs.

Question 28.
In which year national commission for women was established.
Answer:
1992.

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Question 29.
Expand NABARD.
Answer:
National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development.

2nd PUC Sociology Inclusive Strategies Two Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Give the meaning of Affirmative action.
Answer:
Affirmative action refers to policies that take factors including “caste, creed, religion, or sex, into consideration, in order to benefit an underrepresented group in areas of employment, education, and business”.

Question 2.
Explain the concept of Women Empowerment.
Answer:
The dictionary meaning of the terms “empowerment” is to give power or authority. Hence empowerment is the act of giving power. Thus women’s empowerment is the act of empowering women i .e. to give them the power or authority. The term Empowerment has different meanings to women of different classes.

Question 3.
What is a self help group?
Answer:
“A Self-Help Group comprises a group of micro enterpreneurs having homogenous social and economic backgrounds, all voluntarily coming together to save regular small sums of money, mutually agreeing to contribute to a common fund and to meet their emergency needs on the basis of mutual help”.

Question 4.
What is micro finance?
Answer:
Micro Finance is defined as, financial services such as Saving A/c, Insurance Fund & credit provided to poor & low income clients so as to help them to rise their income & there by improve their standard of I living.

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Question 5.
What is Stree Shakthi?
Answer:
The programme was launched during 2000-01 and it is being implemented throughout the state to empower rural women and make them self reliant is called as Stree Shakthi.

Question 6.
Mention any two objectives of stree shakhti.
Answer:

  1. To strengthen the process of economic development of rural women and create a conducive environment for social change.
  2. To form self help group based on thrift and credit principles which builds self reliance and enable women to have greater access and control over resources.

Question 7.
Mention the advantages of Internal lending in self help groups.
Answer:
Managing their own common fund, financing needs of each other develops their skills of financial management.

2nd PUC Sociology Inclusive Strategies Five Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What were the provisions of the Untouchability Act 1955?
Answer:
The Untouchability (Offences) Act -1955. It provides penalties for the following offences.

  1. Preventing a person on grounds of untouchability, from entering a place of public worship, offering prayer therein or taking water from a tank, well or spring.
  2. Enforcing all kinds of social disabilities such as denying access to any shop, public
    restaurant, public hospital or educational institutions, hotel or any other place of public entertainment, the use of any road, river, well, tank, water tap, cremation ground, sanitary convenience and Dharmashalas.’
  3. Enforcing occupational, professional or trade disabilities in the matter or enjoyment of any benefit under the charitable trust in the construction or occupation of any residential premises in any locality or the observance of any social or religious usages or ceremony.
  4. Refusing to sell goods or render services to an untouchable.

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Question 2.
Briefly explain the role of NGOs for upliftment of SCs/STs.
Answer:
Non-Governmental. Organizations have played a vital role in welfare of Scheduled Castes. The important ones are (1) Harijan Sevak Sangh, (2) Indian Depressed Classes League, (3) Hindi Sweepers Sevak Sangh, (4) Servants India Society, (5) Ishwar Saran Ashram, (6) All India Backward Classes Federation, (7) Bharatiya Adimajati Sevak Sangh, Vanarasikalayana Sabha, Sri Ramakrishna Mission etc., have also made efforts to eradicate untouchability.

Question 3.
List out the strategies for women empowerment.
Answer:
The strategies for empowerment of women can be classified as legal, social and economic.
(1) Legal Strategies: After the independence several laws were drafted with the aim to treat women on par with men. Some of the legislation are as follows :

  • Hindu Marriage Act of 1955
  • Hindu Succession Act of 1956.
  • Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act of 1956.
  • Dowry Prohibition (Amendment) Act 1984
  • Domestic Violence Act 2005 etc.

(2) Social Strategies: Social strategies are as follow:

  • Establishment of Women Welfare Services.
  • Legal literacy of women through mass media.
  • Help of neighbours to be sought in the cases of abused women.
  • Conducting public education and awareness programmes in order to help women.
  • Males are also to be educated to realize their new roles in the changed times and the necessity of their own contribution to family life.

(3) Economic Strategies: Economic strategies are as follow;

  • Educational and vocational training for women which enable them to seek jobs and become economically dependent.
  • Technological aids that will be labour saving devices and will lighten women’s burden of heavy daily tasks.
  • Train women in both formal and non-formal education.
  • Credit facilities to start small-scale industr.evself-employment.
  • Programmes of placing women in important positions at various levels.

Question 4.
Explain the main features of micro finance.
Answer:
Micro Finance is defined as, financial services such as Savings Accounts, Insurance Fund & credit provided to poor & low income clients so as to help them to rise their income & there by improve their standard of living. Microfinance is a source of financial services for entrepreneurs and small businesses lacking access to banking and related services.
Major Features of Microfinance:

  1. Loan without security
  2. Loans to people who live BPL (Below Poverty Line)
  3. Even members of SHG may get benefit from Micro Finance
  4. Maximum limit of loan under microfinance is relatively small amount.
  5. The terms and conditions given to poor people are decided by SHG.

For some, microfinance is a movement whose object is a world in which as many poor to have permanent access to an appropriate range of high quality financial services, including not just credit but also savings, insurance, and fund transfers. Many of those who promote microfinance generally believe that such access will help poor people out of poverty. For others, microfinance is a way to promote economic development, employment and growth through the support of micro-entrepreneurs and small businesses.

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Question 5.
Explain the objectives of towards equality report.
Answer:
A National Commission was formed to examine the status and problems of Indian women. Report of this Commission is called as “Towards Equality Report 1974”.
Objectives of the Towards Equality Report

  1. To examine the Constitutional, legal, and administrative provisions that have a bearing on the social status of women, their education and employment.
  2. To assess the impact of these provisions during the last two decades on the status of women in the country, particularly in the rural sector and to suggest more effective programmes.
  3. To consider the development of educations among women and determine the factors responsible for the slow progress in some areas and suggest remedial measures.
  4. To survey the problems of the working women including discrimination in employment and remuneration.
  5. To examine the status of women as housewives and mothers in the changing social pattern and their problems in the sphere of further education and employment.
  6. To undertake survey of case studies on the implications of the population policies and family planning programmes on the status of women.
  7. To suggest any other measures which would enable women to play their roles to the fullest in building up the nation.

2nd PUC Sociology Inclusive Strategies Ten Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the importance of towards equality report 1974.
Answer:
The study collected extensive data related to the various aspects of women. Trends observed by the study were surprising. Excepting the fields of education and employment where women belonging to the middle class achieved moderate success, almost all fields showed a very low percentage of participation by women. Many worked longer hours for meagre wages. Almost all women actively participated in economic activities without any financial benefit. In addition, they were also responsible for taking care of their family members especially children and the elderly.

It was believed that, due to the equality principle adopted by the constitution acted in favour of women who were denied equal rights earlier. It was felt that, Indian women enjoy equal status on par with men and also enjoy the support of men in their endeavours. In reality, only the middle class women were able to achieve some amount of progress in the fields of education and employment. But, a majority of Indian women still were victims of violence, dowry, gender discrimination etc., thus, the report of the Commission exposed hard realities.

The Commission expressed concerns about issues related to women like, lower rates of life expectancy, declining sex ratio, high death rates, low participation in economic activities etc. Such trends were against the accepted goals of our Constitution. Another point to be noted here is that, during the 19th century, women were seen as the victims of certain social evils and in the post-independence period they were seen as beneficiaries of development projects but not as active participants of development projects. Their role in the national movement, labour movements and peasant movement is ignored.

As observed by the scholars political parties accepted the role of women in building a new society in a rather reluctant way. Report of the Commission influenced the policies of the government while formulating developmental projects. It identified certain wrong notions about the role and status of women. It was a starting point for many future studies of women with a fresh perspective.

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Question 2.
Mention any ten Constitutional provisions relating to upliftment of SCs and STs.
Answer:
Constitutional provisions relating to the above said groups are as follow:

  1. Article 15: The state shall not discriminate against any citizen on the grounds of Religion, Race, caste sex, place of birth or any of them. The removal of any disability, restriction or condition with regard to access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and place of public entertainment or the use of wells, tanks, roads, and place of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of state funds or dedicated to the use of general public.
  2. Article 16: There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matter relating to employment or appointment to any office under the state.
  3. Article 17: Untouchability is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of untouchability shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law.
  4. Article 23: Illegalizes traffic in human beings and forced labour.
  5. Article 25 B: Hindu religious institution of public characters is open to all classes and sections of Hindu.
  6. Article 29: Cultural and linguistic minority has right to conserve its language or culture. The article provides protection to scheduled tribe communities to preserve their languages, dialects and cultures. The state would not by law enforce upon it any other culture or language.
  7. Article 46: The state shall promote with special care the educational and economic interest of the weaker sections of the people and in particular of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation.
  8. Article 164: provides for a separate ministry in charge of welfare of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and backward classes.
  9. Article 325 of part XV: It guarantees to all citizens of India the right to vote.
  10. Article 330, 332 and 334: Provides seats shall be reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the house of people and state legislature.
  11. Article 335: It mentions the claim of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts.
  12. Article 338: Empowers the central government to appoint a commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
  13. Article 339: Empowers the president to appoint a commission to report on the administration of the scheduled areas and the welfare of scheduled tribes in the states.
  14. Article 341: Empowers the president to specify the castes, races or tribes deemed as Scheduled Castes in a particular state or union territory.
  15. Article 342: Empowers the president to specify the tribes deemed to be Scheduled Tribes in a particular state or union territory.

KSEEB Solutions
Question 3.
Explain the developmental programs for the upliftment of Scheduled Castes.
Answer:
1. Appointment of a National Commission for the Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Tribes: A National Commission for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes has been set up by the Central Government to safeguard the interests of the SCs and STs. It functions as an advisory body on issues and policies related to the development of the SCs and STs.

2. Educational Opportunities: Due attention is paid to extend the educational opportunities of SCs and STs and hence special provisions have been made in this regard. Free education, free distribution of books, stationery, uniform etc. giving scholarships, educational loan facilities, providing mid-day meal, arranging for free boarding and lodging facilities, reserving seats for SCs and STs in all the government and government aided institutions, etc.

3. Expansion of Economic Opportunities: Government has taken up economic programmes also for the benefit of SCs and STs. Examples: Landless SC labourers are allotted land. Land reforms have been undertaken to bring benefits of land ownership for them. Poor SC farmers are supplied with seeds, agriculture implements, fertilizers, pesticides, interest-free loans, pair of bullocks for ploughing, subsidy for developing dairy farming, poultry farming, piggery, animal husbandry, handicrafts, spinning and weaving.

4 Expansions of Employment Opportunities and Reservation: In order to enhance the economic position of the SCs and STs the Constitution has provided for the reservation in services. Reservation exists in all these for the SCs and STs to the extent of 15% and 7.5% respectively.

5. Upliftment of Scheduled Castes through Five Year Plans: The welfare of the Scheduled Castes has been given special attention in the Five Year Plan. The Central Government sponsored a comprehensive three strategies for the development of the SCs during the 6th Five Year Plan [1980-85]. This consisted of three schemes:

  1. Special Component Plan [SCPs]
  2. Special Central Assistance [SCA]
  3. Scheduled Development Corporation (SCDCs).

1. Special Component Plan [SCP]: The main objective of this plan is to assist the SC families to improve their income substantially. This plan envisages identification of schemes of development which would benefit SCs, quantification of funds from all programmes of specific targets as to the number of families to be benefited from these programmes.

2. Special Central Assistance [SCA]: The main purpose of this scheme is to provide additional assistance to the States from the Centre to help the economic advancement of the maximum possible number of Schedule Caste families living below the poverty line.

3. Scheduled Caste Development Corporation (SCDC): These SCDCs provide money and loan assistance to SC families and help them to increase the flow of funds from financial institutions to SC families. These Corporations established in the States are expected to act as interface between the SC families and financial institutions including banks. Both the Central and the State Governments contribute grants to these SCDCs.

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Question 4.
Explain the Tribal welfare programs in India.
Answer:
The following welfare programmes are implemented for the upliftment of tribals.

I. Economic Programmes: The amount allocated for the tribal welfare schemes in different plans go to prove, that tribal development is one of the priorities. The amount allocated in fifth plan was Rs. 1100 crore and it was Rs. 5535 crore and Rs. 10.500 crore in the sixth plan (1980-85) and seventh plan (1985-90) respectively.

(a) The 20-point Programme: The 20-Point Programme too focused attention on the development of Scheduled Tribes. Economic assistance was lent to tribal families to move above the poverty line.

(b) Establishment of LAMPS and TRIFED: To relieve the tribals of the bonded labour system. The bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act. 1976 was passed. That apart, to loosen the grip of the moneylenders and the middlemen on the tribals, the government organized “Large Area Multi-Purpose Societies” (Lamps). These were intended to provide adequate credit facilities for- productive purposes.

These were the Co-operative societies helping tribals in selling their agricultural and minor forest produce and providing them with improved varieties of seeds, manure, -insecticides, agricultural implements, etc. For marketing the tribal produce, the “Tribal Co-operative Marketing Development Federation of India” (TRIFED) has been set up. It works to eliminate exploitation of tribals and realization of better prices.

(c) Assistance to Agriculture: Tribals cultivation is uneconomic and also unscientific. They are being persuaded to take up scientific agriculture. Agricultural implements, manure, seeds and loan facilities are being provided and tribals are also given land rights.

II. Educational Programmes: They are also provided with free hostels, faculties such as free tuition, stipends, scholarships, mid-day meals, text-books, etc. “Ashrama Schools” with lands attached to them and “Technical Schools” have come up in tribal areas. They are also given training free of cost in poultry, forestry, animal husbandry, Apiculture, etc. Tribal-students taking competitive examinations are given pre-examination training free of cost.

There are pre-examination training centers and coaching- cum-guidance centers exclusively meant for students of Scheduled Tribes. National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and Central Institue of Indian languages Mysore have already prepared teaching module for more than 60 tribal dialects to popularize education among the tribals.

III. Research Programmes: For the study of tribal in scientific way Tribal Research centres have been set up. There are at present 11 such centres in India. To co-ordinate their activates, a 30 member “Central Research Advisory Council” has also been set up. The council provides guidance on policy formulation.

IV. Health, Housing and Other Schemes: Under various schemes, houses and sites have been given to the tribals. There are a number of voluntary organizations working for the welfare of tribals. For instance, Dr. H. Sudarshan’s Vivekananda Girijana Kendra and Karuna Trust has done a commendable work in the upliftment of Soliga, a tribal community inhabiting Biligiri Ranga Hills in Chamarajnagar district of Karnataka. They are helping in Education, Health and Empowerment of Soligas.

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Question 5.
Briefly explain the Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat and SEWA.
Answer:
Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad, popularly known as Lijjat, is an Indian women’s cooperative involved in manufacturing of various fast moving consumer goods. The organisation’s main objective is empowerment of women by providing them employment opportunities. Started in the year 1959 with a seed capital of Rs. 80, Lijjat has an annual turnover of around Rs. 6.50 billion in 2010, with Rs. 290 million in exports. It provides employment to around 42,000 women. Lijjat is headquartered in Mumbai and has 67 branches all over India.

Lijjat is primarily a cottage industry, urban by its origin, that has spread to the rural areas. It is considered as one of the most remarkable entrepreneurial initiatives by women that are identified with female empowerment in India. Self-Employed Women Association – SEWA: Self-Employed Women Association has made significant contribution to the empowerment of women. It has strived to integrate self-employed poor women with the mainstream economy through the twin strategies of struggle and development.

Women are the worst victims of poverty. Poor women generally experience a The self-employed women of Ahmadabad organized and formed the Self-Employed Women Association – (SEWA) in 1972. The motivation and guidance was furnished by the leadership Ela Bhatt. SEWA has strived to create conditions of full employment and self-reliance for all its members.

The central concern of SEWA has been to secure the existence of its members by furnishing financial support in the form of micro-credit to self-employed women. In order to provide finance facility at the earliest The Shri Mahila SEWA Sahakari Bank Ltd. Was registered in 1974. In the beginning SEWA Bank started functioning in urban areas; later on it extended its operations to rural areas. SEWA began its activities in rural areas in 1975.

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Question 6.
Explain the role of Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B. R. Ambedkar in eradicating untouchability?
Answer:
Freedom struggle and eradication of untouchability were both very important for Gandhij i. He preached against untouchability and has set a model by his deeds and words. He himself lived with the Harijans and shared their sorrows and sufferings. He made them participate in worships, prayers, keerthanas. He wrote extensively in ‘Harijan’ and ‘Young India’ about the condition of Harijans and propagated in favour of various legal provisions against several kinds of injustice meted out to the untouchables.

He cleaned the streets and toilets of Scheduled Castes. By his selfless, sincere self effort he created awareness among the Harijans regarding cleanliness, sanitation and health. After 1931, Indian National Congress set up a council to consider the problem of untouchability.

It was due to ceaseless effort of this council that ‘Harijan Sevak Sangh’ came into existence. The sangh also provides the Harijan students with financial assistance and scholarships. Kasturaba Balika Ashram in Delhi, Harijan Balika Vidyalaya at Sabarmati are just two examples . of schools started by the Sangh for the cause of female education. The Sangh has branches all over the country and it is maintaining 120 boarding houses. Gandhiji called untouchables as UED Harijana and popularised the word Harijana.

The word Harijana was first coined by Gujarathi saint Narasimha Mehatha. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, popularly known as Baba Saheb stood for the emancipation of untouchables. Being the chief architect of the constitution, he has legalised the upliftment of the untouchables through the inclusion of many articles. The constitution of India guarantees, protects, and safeguards the rights and interests of all in general and of untouchables in particular.

Ambedkar wanted to instil in the hearts of untouchables, the ideas of self-dignity, self-confidence and self-respect. For the very same purpose he had started the ‘Bahishikrita Hitakarini Sabha’. The movement he had started was known as ‘self-respect movement’. In order to attain a respectable position in society, he asked untouchables to follow five principles, i.e., Pancha Sutras’. They are; Self Improvement, Self-Dependence Self-Respect Self-Confidence Self Progress.

In order to create awareness among the untouchables Ambedkar started a paper called Mooka Nayaka. He brought them under one banner; organized ‘All-India Depressed Classed Conference’ in 1942 at Nagpur. In his Dalit movement, Ambedkar suggested three principles: Education, Agitation and Organization.

Question 7.
Explain the role of sulabha souchalaya in Empowering scavengers?
Answer:
Sulabh International is an Indian based social service organization which works to promote Rehabilitation of manual Scavengers human rights, environmental sanitation, non-conventional sources of energy, waste management and social reforms through education. Sulabh was founded by Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak in 1970.

Innovations include a scavenging- free two-pit flush toilet (Sulabh Shauchalaya); safe and hygienic on-site human waste disposal technology; a new concept of maintenance and construction of pay-&-use public toilets, popularly known as Sulabh Complexes with bath, laundry and urinal facilities being used by about ten million people every day and generates bio-gas and bio-fertilizer produced from excreta-based plants, low maintenance wastewater treatment plants of medium capacity for institutions and industries.

Other work includes setting up public school in New Delhi and also a network of centres all over the country to train boys and girls from poor families, specially scavengers, so that they can compete in open job market. The United Nations Centre for Human Settlements has praised Sulabh’s sanitation system as a “Global Urban Best Practice” at the Habitat-II conference held at Istanbul (Turkey), in June, 1996.

The Economic and Social Council of the United Nations granted Special Consultative Status to Sulabh in recognition of its work. Sulabh claims their plan on human waste disposal and social reforms has provided jobs directly to 35,000 people, and made 240 towns scavenging free.

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Question 8.
Explain the strategies of Women Empowerment.
Answer:
The strategies for empowerment of women can be classified as legal, social and economic.
(1) Legal Strategies: After the independence several laws were drafted with the aim to treat women on par with men. Some of the legislation are as follows :

  1. Hindu Marriage Act of 1955
  2. Hindu Succession Act of 1956.
  3. Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act of 1956.
  4. Dowry Prohibition (Amendment) Act 1984
  5. Domestic Violence Act 2005 etc.

(2) Social Strategies: Social strategies are as follow:

  1. Establishment of Women Welfare Services.
  2. Legal literacy of women through mass media.
  3. Help of neighbours to be sought in the cases of abused women.
  4. Conducting public education and awareness programmes in order to help women.
  5. Males are also to be educated to realize their new roles in the changed times and the necessity of their own contribution to family life.

(3) Economic Strategies: Economic strategies are as follow:

  1. Educational and vocational training for women which enable them to seek jobs and become economically dependent.
  2. Technological aids that will be labour saving devices and will lighten women’s burden of heavy daily tasks.
  3. Train women in both formal and non-formal education.
  4. Credit facilities to start small-scale industries/self-employment.
  5. Programmes of placing women in important positions at various levels.

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2nd PUC Hindi Workbook Answers व्याकरण अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द

   

You can Download 2nd PUC Hindi Workbook Answers व्याकरण अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द, 2nd PUC Hindi Textbook Answers, Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Hindi Workbook Answers व्याकरण अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द

अ) अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द लिखिए :

1) जिसे जीता न जा सके – अजेय
2) हित चाहने वाला – हितैषी
3) जो साथ पढ़ता हो – सहपाठी
4) सदा सत्य बोलने वाला – सत्यवादी
5) अच्छे चरित्र वाला – चरित्रवान
6) मांस खाने वाला – मांसाहारी
7) जिसमें दया न हो – निर्दयी
8) जो धर्म का काम करे – धार्मिक
9) बच्चों के लिए उपयोगी – बालोपयोगी
10) जिसका रूप अच्छा न हो – कुरूप
11) जो छिपाने योग्य हो – गोपनीय
12) जो परिचित न हो – अपरिचित
13) जो दिखाई न दे – अदृश्य
14) आलोचना करने वाला – आलोचक
15) जिसकी तुलना न की जा सके – अतुलनीय
16) रास्ता दिखाने वाला – मार्गदर्शक
17) आकाश में विचरने वाला – नभचर
19) जिसका विश्वास न किया जा सके – अविश्वसनीय
20) कम जानने वाला – अल्पज्ञ

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21) जिसका आदि न हो – अनादि
22) बिना सोचे समझे किया गया विश्वास – अंधविश्वास
23) ईश्वर में विश्वास रखने वाला – आस्तिक
24) उपकार को मानने वाला – कृतज्ञ
25) रोगी का इलाज करने वाला – चिकित्सक/वैद्य
26) नीति जानने वाला – नीतिज्ञ
27) आँखों के सामने होने वाला – प्रत्यक्ष
28) नीचे लिखा हुआ – निम्नलिखित
29) जल में रहने वाला – जलचर
30) जानने की इच्छा रखने वाला – जिज्ञासु
31) प्रतिदिन होने वाला – दैनिक
32) जो जन्म से अंधा हो – जन्मान्ध
33) जिसका कोई आधार न हो – निराधार
34) जो पुत्र गोद लिया हो – दत्तक
35) जिसमें दया हो – दयालु
36) जो दान करता हो – दानी
37) छात्रों के रहने का स्थान – छात्रावास
38) घूमने फिरने वाला – घुमक्कड़ (घुमंतु).
39) बड़ा भाई – अग्रज
40) कम खानेवाला – अल्पाहारी

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41) जो दूसरों से ईर्ष्या रखता हो – ईर्ष्यालु
42) सदा रहनेवाला – सदैव
43) दूसरों का भला करने वाला – परोपकारी
44) जो शरण में आया हो – शरणार्थी
45) छोटा भाई – अनुज
46) हाथ से लिखा हुआ – हस्तलिखित
47) हिंसा करने वाला – हिंसक
48) जहाँ पहुँचना कठिन हो – दुर्गम
49) जो क्षमा करने योग्य हो – क्षम्य
50) प्रशंसा करने योग्य – प्रशंसनीय
51) बुरे चरित्र वाला – दुष्चरित्र
52) अवसर के अनुसार बदल जाने वाला – अवसरवादी
53) जो सबसे आगे रहता हो – अग्रगामी/अग्रगण्य/अग्रणी
54) जिसकी कोई उपमा न हो – अनुपम
55) आज्ञा पालन करने वाला – आज्ञापालक/आज्ञाकारी
56) जो देखने योग्य हो – दर्शनीय
57) संध्या और रात्रि के बीच का समय – गोधूलि
58) जहाँ कोई न रहता हो – निर्जन
59) जो अभी – अभी पैदा हुआ हो – नवजात
60) दूसरे के सहारे पर रहने वाला – परावलंबी/परजीवी

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अतिरिक्त प्रश्न :

आ) अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द लिखिए :
61) जिसके पास कोई नाथ न हो – अनाथ
62) जिसको कोई शत्रु न हो – अजातशत्रु
63) जो कुछ न करता हो – अकर्मण्य
64) जिसके समान कोई दूसरा न हो – अनुपम
65) जिसका कोई अंत न हो – अनंत
66) जिसकी कल्पना न की जा सके – अकल्पनीय
67) रात में चलने वाला – निशाचर
68) जिसे करना आवश्यक है – अनिवार्य
69) दूसरे देश से मंगाया जाना – आयात
70) साथ चलने वाले/वाली – सहयात्री
71) जिसकी आँखे मछली जैसी हो – मीनाक्षी
72) जो सेना में काम करता हो – सैनिक
73) जिसके पास विशेष ज्ञान हो – विशेषज्ञ
74) जिसके पास बल न हो – बलहीन
75) जो प्रिय बोलनेवाली स्त्री हो – प्रियंवदा
76) आँखों के आगे होनेवाला – प्रत्यक्ष
77) जो बात कही न जा सके – अकथनीय
78) जिसका वर्णन न किया जा सके – अवर्णनीय
79) जो अनुकरण करने योग्य हो – अनुकरणीय
80) जिसका जन्म न हो सके – अजन्मा

KSEEB Solutions

81) जो कानून के विरुद्ध हो – गैरकानूनी
82) चारों वेदों को जानने वाला – चतुर्वेदी
83) जो जाना पहचाना हो – परिचित
84) जो न करने योग्य हो – अकरणीय
85) काम से जी चुराने वाला – कामचोर
86) उपजाऊ भूमि – उर्वर
87) जो किसी का पक्ष न ले – तटस्थ
88) जिसका कोई अर्थ न हो – निरर्थक
89) जिसे पढ़ा जा सके – पठनीय
90) सौतेली माँ – विमाता
91) जिसमें शक्ति न हो – अशक्त
92) कम खाने वाला – अल्पभोजी/मिताहारी
93) जिसका मन अन्यत्र हो – अन्यमनस्क
94) जो कम बोलता हो – मितभाषी
95) माँस खाने वाला – मांसाहारी
96) आकाश को छूने वाला – आकाशचुंबी
97) जो कुछ न करता हो – अकर्मण्य
98) जिसके पास कोई ज्ञान न हो – अज्ञानी
99) जो किसी से डरता न हो। – निडर
100) जो कभी न मरता हो – अमर

KSEEB Solutions

101) जो ईश्वर पर विश्वास न करता हो – नास्तिक
102) दूर की चीजों को देखने वाला – दूरदर्शी
103) जो कम खर्च करता हो – मितव्ययी
104) जहाँ पहुँचा न जा सके – अगम्य
105) जिसका भाग्य अच्छा न हो – दुर्भाग्यशाली
106) अचानक होने वाली घटना – अकस्मात
107) जिसकी बहुत अधिक चर्चा हो – बहुचर्चित
108) दर्शनशास्त्र को जानने वाला – दार्शनिक
109) निरीक्षण करने वाला – निरीक्षक
110) फल खाकर ही रहने वाला – फलाहारी
111) राजा से विद्रोह करने वाला – राजद्रोही
112) सहन करने की शक्ति वाला – सहनशील
113) साफ़ – साफ़ कहने वाला – स्पष्टवक्ता
114) जो लोगों में प्रिय हो – लोकप्रिय
115) दूसरे के काम में हाथ डालना – हस्तक्षेप
116) संकट से ग्रस्त – संकटग्रस्त
117) जो सरलता से प्राप्त हो – सुलभ
118) जो क्षमा के योग्य न हो – अक्षम्य

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