2nd PUC

Students can Download 2nd PUC Geography Previous Year Question Paper March 2015, Karnataka 2nd PUC Geography Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Geography Previous Year Question Paper March 2015

Time: 3 Hrs 15 Min
Max. Marks: 100

I. Answer the following questions in one sentence each: (10 × 1 = 10)

Question 1.
Who is the founder of population Geography?
Answer:
G.T. Trewartha is the founder of population Geography.

Question 2.
What is meant by Animal Rearing?
Answer:
Domestication of animals for a specific purpose such as milk, meat, bones, skins, hair and wool is known as Animal Rearing.

Question 3.
Expand ISRO.
Answer:
“Indian Space Research Organisation”.

Question 4.
What is a city?
Answer:
It is a Urban center with 1 lakh and more population and larger than the town is called a city.

Question 5.
Which State has the highest sex ratio?
Answer:
Kerala has highest sex ratio.

Question 6.
Across which river is Bhakra-Nangal dam constructed?
Answer:
Sutlej river.

Question 7.
Which State is popular for the production of Basumati rice in India?
Answer:
Punjab state is popular for the production of Basmati Rice.

Question 8.
Which mineral is called “Black Diamond”?
Answer:
Coal is called “Black Diamond”.

Question 9.
What is industrial region?
Answer:
The region which has large concentration of different types of industries is known as industrial region.

Question 10.
What do you mean by communication?
Answer:
Communication refers to exchange of ideas, messages, information from one person to another person.

II. Answer any ten questions in 2 to 3 sentences each:

Question 11.
Mention the different techniques of mining.
Answer:

• Open cast mining.
• Underground mining.

Question 12.
Bring out the importance of secondary occupation.
Answer:

• They provide employment to the people.
• They help to modernize the agricultural sector by providing tractors, fertilizers, manures and scientific technology.

Question 13.
Give two examples of educational towns.
Answer:

• Mysore
• Dharwad

Question 14.
What is population density?
Answer:
The total number of population per square kilometer area is known as density of population.

Question 15.
Name the varieties of wheat in India.
Answer:

• Bread wheat
• Macaroni wheat
• Emmer wheat
• Indian dwarf wheat

Question 16.
Mention the types of Iron ore.
Answer:

• Magnetite
• Haematite
• Limonite
• Siderite

Question 17.
What are the purposes of solar energy?
Answer:

• Thermal solar power
• Solar photovoltaic
• Photosynthesis

Question 18.
Name the places where software technology parks are located in Karnataka.
Answer:

• Bangalore
• Mysore
• Mangalore
• Udupi
• Hubli

Question 19.
Mention the 3 important railway gauges.
Answer:

• Broad-gauge
• Metre-gauge
• Narrow-gauge

Question 20.
Mention the advantages of radio.
Answer:

• Radio reaches both to the literate and illiterate as well as to people of all ages.
• It creates .awareness among the people about the world.
• It provides educative value.
• The production costs are lower.

Question 21.
What are the causes of water pollution?
Answer:

• Sewage disposal.
• Urban run-off
• Toxic effluents from industries.
• Run-off over cultivated lands and nuclear power plants.

Question 22.
Mention two sources of solid wastes.
Answer:

• Household or Domestic Establishment.
• Industrial or Commercial Establishment.

III. Answer any eight of the following questions in 25 to 30 sentences each: (5 × 8 = 40)

Question 23.
Describe the branches of human geography.
Answer:

1. Economic Geography: It deals with the study of influence of Geographical factors on the economic activities man like agriculture, industries, transport etc.

2. Political Geography: It deals with the influences of geographical environment on political aspects such as states nations & boundaries etc.

3. Urban Geography: the study of urban location, development, morphology interaction and movement of urban population.

4. Cultural and Social Geography: It helps us to study the cultural evolution, distribution, age, structure and social life of the world.

5. Population Geography: It deals with geographical environment on population growth, density, distribution & migration etc.

6. Settlement Geography: The study of location of settlements, distribution, density, form, function & morphologes.

Question 24.
Discuss the measurement of human development.
Answer:
Meaning of Human development:
Human development is “development that enlarges people’s choice and improves their lives”. Standard of living & where people can live meaningful lives. Such as healthy, able to develop their talent, Participate in the activities of society etc.

Measurements of Human Development:
Human development is measured with
1. The Human development Index.
2. The Human poverty Index.

1. The Human development index: It is measured in three dimensions.

• Health: Good health results of higher life expectancy means the people have a greater chance of living longer and health.
• Education: Based on the literacy rate development and status of a persons decides.
• Decent standard of living: It is measured in terms of purchasing power (in US dollars).

2. The Human poverty index: It measures the short fall in human development in following indices.

• The probability of not surviving till the age of 40.
• The adult illiteracy rate.
• The number of people who are not able drink pure water.
• The number of small children who are under weight.

Question 25.
Explain the effects of over population.
Answer:
Effects of over population:

• Increased levels of air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination and noise pollution.
• Deforestation and loss of ecosystem.
• Increasing temperature in the atmosphere which results of Global Warming.
• Starvation, Malnutrition.
• Unhygienic living condition for many due to water scarcity, discharge of sewage water & solid waste disposal.
• Depletion of natural resources.
• Political instability.
• Increasing of unemployment.
• Lack of civic amentities (Food, Clothing & Shelter).

Measurements to Control the population:

• Adoption and Propoganda of Family planning methods.
• Practice of celibacy.
• Self control.
• Remaining unmarried.
• Improving women’s status and health.
• Provide education.
• Increasing the food production

Question 26.
Explain the significance of transportation.
Answer:

• Transport is a service to facilitate the movements of goods and persons from one place to other by humans, animals and different, kinds of vehicles.
• Transport network is essential for economic development and commerce it helps agriculture, industry, forestry, mining, fishing, animal husbandary etc.
• To carry the raw materials from their source to the industries and the finished goods from industry’ to market.
• It also helps in the promotion of trade. Economic development of a nation.
• Requires the quick and efficient transportation.
• It is also required to establish tourism, conservation of culture and tradition as well as integration of a country.
• Thus The Agriculture and Industry are the body and bones of the nation, transport and communication are the nervous system. Transport also help in unifying the scattered people of the globe.

Question 27.
Discuss the composition of population in India.
Answer:
The Composition of population includes the study of Sex ratio, Literacy, age structure rural and urban population etc.
1. Sex ratio – The number of females per 1000 males is known as ‘sex ratio’.

• As per 2011 census,the averages sex ratio of the country was 940 females for every 1000 males.
• There are 1084 females for every 1000 male in Kerala. In Contrast, Haryana has 877 females for every 1000 males

2. Literacy – In recent years, literacy rate has increased in the country. The average literacy in 1951 was only 18.33%. It has increased to (74.4%) in 2011. Kerala with 93.91%isthehighestliteracystateinlndia. In Contrast, Biharwith 63.82% is the lowest literacy state.

3. Age structure – On the basis of the age the entire population is divided into three major categories namely infants (0-14 year). Adults (15-59 years) and aged group (above 60 years).

• According to 2011 census, about 31.10% of the total population of the country is infants, 5.3% are old age and adults are only 63.60%.
• Infants and aged people have become unproductive.
• Thus, the number of working population is also increasing. It is highly favourable for the development of the country.

4. Rural & Urban population: According to 2011 census, in India 76.4% of the people
lives in rural areas and 23.6 lives in Urban areas.

• Maharashtra has highest urban population.
• In Contrast, Sikkim has lowest urban population. Thus, Uttar Pradesh has more rural population and Mizoram has low rural population in the country.

Question 28.
Explain the types of Migration.
Answer:

1. Internal Migration :
Movement of people from one region to another within the same country’ is called internal migration. In India there are four streams of internal migration. They are
(a) Rural to Rural
(b) Rural to urban
(c) Urban to Urban
(d) Urban to Rural.

(a) Rural to Rural: This is estimated that about 65.2% of total migration is of this category’.

• Female migrants dominated in this stream. Thus it is an important example for matrimonal migration and it is called women migration.

(b) Rural to Urban: Rural to Urban migration (17.6%) is second important type of migration. Rural-Urban migration is caused by both push of the rural areas as well as pull of the urban areas.

(c) Urban to Urban: Generally, people like to move from small town with less facility to large cities with more facilities.

(d) Urban to Rural: Urban areas are usually affected by the pollution.

• The retired and aged people prefer to spend their old age life in nearby villages. Thus people move from Urban to Rural.

2. International Migration: Movement of people from one country to another across international borders is called International migration.

Question 29.
Explain the main objectives and importance of Bhakra-Nangal project.
Answer:
1. The Bhakra – Nangal Project is a joint venture of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. It has been named after the two dams constructed at Bhakra and Nangal on the Sutlej river in Himachal Pradesh.

2. Flood control, irrigation facilities, hydel power generation, promote afforestation.

3. The main objectives of the project are :
1. Flood control
2. Irrigation facilities
3. Hydel power generation
4. Promote afforestation
5. Soil Conservation etc.

• The Bhakra dam is constructed across the Sutlej river at Bhakra in Himachal Pradesh.
• It is 518 meters long & 226 meters high.
• The Reservoir created by the Bhakra-dam covers an area of 173.8 Kms and has a gross storage capacity of 9,867 million cubic meters. This reservoir is called the ‘Govindsagar’.
• The canals have a total length of about 1104 kms, & their length of their distributaries is 3,360 kms.
• They provide irrigation to 27.4 Lakh hectares of land-in Haryana, Rajasthan and some parts of Punjab.
• The Nangal dam is constructed across the Sutlej river at Nangal, 13kms below the Bhakra dam.
• It is 305 meters long and 29 meters high.
• The Nangal canal irrigates 26.4 lakh hectares of land in Haryana and 50.2 lakh hectares of land in Punjab.
• This project plays an important role on Agriculture in the North Western part of India by providing irrigation where rainfall is scanty.

Question 30.
Discuss about the Rainwater harvesting.
Answer:
1. Controlling the runoff of rain water and make it to perculate to increase ground water table for future purpose.

2. It involves collection and storage of rainwater at surface or in sub-surface aquifier, before it is lost as surface runoff. It not only increases water availability but also checks the declining water table.

Objectives: The following are the main objectives of rain water harvesting.

• It checks runoff water & avoid flooding.
• It replenishes the ground water table and enables the wells.
• It helps to overcome the adequancy of surface water to meet demand of water.
• If the ground water is blackish, it will reduce the salinity.
• It also reduces ground water contamination and improve water quality.
• It helps to increase agricultural product and improves ecology of an area.

Methods of Rain Water Harvesting :
1. In-situ method The method of percolating the rain at the point of its fall itself is called In-situ rainwater harvesting.
For example –

• Infilteration pits: The rain water can be collected and stored in pits, dug in farm lands and used for irrigation.
• Contour bunds and trenches: The Construction of bunds, trenches or check dams.
• Roof top water harvesting: The Rain water that falls on the roofs of buildings or in courtyards is collected and stored in underground. Sumps, or wells or in drums and used for domestic purpose such as cleaning, washing etc.

2. Ex-situ method: This method of rainwater harvesting involves storing of running water. It is collected in check dams, huge percolation tanks etc. It is an expensive method.

Question 31.
Given an account on floriculture in India.
Answer:

• Cultivation of different types of flowers for commercial purpose is known as ‘Floriculture’.
• Floriculture has blossomed into a profitable business only in recent years.
• India’s agro climatic conditions are very suitable for the cultivation of high quality flowers.
• Floriculture has plays a significant role in India for following reasons :
  • It has a capacity to elevate income of the farmers.
  • It engages even the women in this farming and eradicates unemployement to rural people.
  • It supports to the export of the country.
• Considering the potentiality of this sector produces an income & employment opportunities, floriculture has been taken up by the Government of India.
• India has been known for growing traditional flowers such as Jasmine, Mari gold, Chrysanthemum, Tuberose, Crossandra & Aster. Commercial cultivation of cut flowers like roses, orchids, gladious, carnation, gerbera, lilum & anthyrium has become popular in recent years.
• In India the state of Andhra Pradesh has the maximum area under floriculture & followed by TamilNadu, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Haryana & West Bengal.

 

Question 32.
Give an account of the production and distribution of rice in India.
Answer:
Rice Cultivation is widely distributed in India. Its cultivation is concentrated in River valleys, deltas, flood plains, low lying coastal areas of North-Eastern & Southern India etc are important rice growing areas.

1. West Bengal: West Bengal is the largest producer of rice in India.

• About three fourth of the Total state’s cropped area is under the rice cultivation.
• Rice is growing in three seasons. They are called in different names.
  • Aus
  • Aman and
  • Boro, Medinipur, Bardhaman 24 parganas, Bankura & Cochbehar are important rice producing districts in the state West Bengal producer 14.2% under total production of Rice in India.

2. Uttar Pradesh : This is second largest producer of rice in India.

• The rice cultivated area is concentrated in Gorakhpur, Basti, Varanasi, Allahabad, Shaharanpur, Azamgarh & Shajahanpur etc are important districts & major rice growing areas.
• Uttar Pradesh produces 13.44% of Rice under total production of Rice in India.

3: Andhra Pradesh : It is the third largest producer of rice in India.

• The delta of Godavari-Krishna & coastal plains are suitable for rice cultivation in the state.
• It contributes 12.3 5 % of Rice under total production of rice in India.

4. Punjab : Punjab is the fourth largest producer of rice in India.

• Amritsar, Patiala, Ropar, Firozepur districts are the major produces of rice in Punjab. Its share 10.11% under total production of Rice in India.

5. Bihar : Bihar is fifth leading producer of rice in India.

• Gaya, Rohtas, Bhajpur, Darbhanga, Champaran, Purenea, Bhagalpur & Patna districts.
• It produces 6.90% under total output of rice in India.

6. TamilNadu: It is the sixth largest producer of rice in India.

• Tirunelveli, Tiruchirapalli, Salem, Madhurai, Coimbatore.
• Its production is 6.61 % under total production of total Rice in India.

7. Chattisgarh : It is the important producer of rice in country.

• Bastar, Bilaspur, Duig, Saiguja, Raipur, Raigarh& Janjgir are the main rice producing districts;
• Its production is 5.78% under total production of Rice in India.

8. Karnataka : Karnataka has rapid progress in rice cultivation during last few years. The important rice producing districts are Raichur, Davangere, Mysore, Bellary, Shimoga, Mandhya & Koppal.

• Its production is 3.87% under total production of Rice.

Production of rice : India is the second largest producer of rice in the world next to the China. It produceses 104.3 million tonnes of rice during 2011-12, it accounts for 22% of the worlds production. Now India is self sufficient in rice production.

Question 33.
Explain any two major ports of west coast in India.
Answer:
The major ports located in the west coast of India are (a) Kandla (b) Mumbai.

(a) Kandla : It is a tidal port located at Eastern end of Gulf of Kachchh (Gujarat).

• It has a natural harbour and has a vast hinterland, rich in agriculture and animal husbandary.
• Its main exports consists of leather, petroleum products, chemicals, salt, cement, cotton and silk textiles and edible oils.
• The imports include crude oil, potash, fertilizers, machines and synthetic rubber.

(b) Mumbai: Mumbai is the biggest, most spacious, natural, well shelter, and capital of the Maharashtra state.

• The port is situated towards the eastern side of Mumbai island which runs in a north-east to south-east direction.
• The length of this port is 20kms and width is 6-10 kms.
• There are 54 berths in its wet dock. This port has become India’s largest oil terminal.
• It has rich hinterland.
• Important items of imports are foodgrains, crude oil, machinery, chemicals, fertilizers and transport equipment
• The main items of exports are cotton textiles oilseeds, hides and skin, iron and manganese ore.

Question 34.
Mention the processes that induce land degradation in India.
Answer:

• The land serves as storage of water and materials for plants and other living micro macro organisms.
• Pressure on agricultural land increases not only due to the limited availability but also by deterioration of quality of agriculture land due to soil erosion, water logging, salinisation and alkalisation which is called degradation.
• The land degradation ultimately affect on agricultural productivity.
• In addition to degradation by natural process such as gullied or ravenous land deserted or coastal sands, barren rocky area land degradation is caused by man.
• These have caused water logged and marshy areas, land affected by salinity and alkalinity.
• Degraded shifting cultivation area and under plantation crops, degraded forests, degraded pastures and mining and industrial waste lands.

IV. Answer any one of the following: (1 × 10 = 10)

Question 35.
Describe the non-conventional energy resources in India.
Answer:
The Power resources other than the traditional fossil and Mineral sources are known as ‘Non Conventional Power Resources’. They include Solar energy, Wind energy, Bio-gas, Sea waves, Biomass and geo-thermal etc. These reasources are inexhaustible and renewable in nature.
Importance :

• These Power resources are found in abudance, pollution free, eco-friendly and not harm to the eco-system.
• They can be very conveniently supplied to urban as well as rural areas.
• In India conventional power resources are inadequate. Recently the rate of energy consumption has been increased.
• Hence there is urgent need to harness other alternative power resources.
• Top priority has been given for the development of non-conventional power resources.
• They are capable of solving the requirements. Such as supply of energy in decentralized manner and have sustainable environment.
• Thus the development of the these power resources is very essential.

Question 36.
Give an account of Iron and Steel Industry in India.
Answer:
Importance:

• The Iron and Steel industry is described as a basic Industry.
• Iron and Steel supplied by this industry such as machineries, irrigation projects, ship build¬ing, power projects, construction of bridges, buildings, transport equipment, machine tools and so on.
• The Production and Consumption of Iron and Steel is an index level of the economic develpoment of a country.

Distribution:
There are nine major Iron and Steel industries in India.
1. Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO), Jamshedpur :- It was established in 1907. It was the first largest steel plant of the country.

2. Vishveswariah Iron and Steel Co. Ltd (VISL) Bhadravathi 11 was first estab¬lished in 1923 by the princely state of Mysore located at Bhadravathi in Shimoga district of Karnataka.

3. India Iron and Steel Company Ltd (IISCO) Bunpur:- It was established in 1919 at Bumpur in West Bengal. It was the second largest integrated steel plant after Tata Iron and Steel Ltd.

4. Hindustan Steel Company Ltd, Rourkela :- It was completed with the German collaboration. The steel plant was commissioned in 1955.

5. Bhilai Steel Plant:- It has the largest steel production plant of the public sector. It is located at Bilai near Raipur in Chhatisgarh.

6. Durgapur Steel Plant:- The steel plant in Durgapur in West Bengal was established with British collaboration and was commissioned in 1956.

7. Salem Steel Plant:- It is located at Salem in TamilNadu and the production was started from 1982.

8. Vishakapatnam Steel Plant:- Established by National Ispat Nigam Ltd in Andhra Pradesh.

9. New Steel Plants Some private sectors plants are.

• Jindal Vijaynagar Steel Ltd (JVSL) This steel plant is located at Tomagal, Bellary district in Karnataka.
• Essar Steel Ltd (ESL) It is situated at Hazira in Gujarat.
• Ispat Insutries Ltd (IIL) It is situated at Dovi, Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra.
• Neelachal Ispat Nigam Ltd (NINL)It is a new steel plant located at Dubai, Odisha.
• Mini Steel Plants Presently, 199 licensed electric ore furnace units with an installed capacity of 7.8 million tonnes have been commissioned and hence started commercial production.

V. Answer any two of the following: (2 × 10 = 20)

Question 37.
Construct a Pie-Diagram by using data given in the table.
India: Source of Irrigation – 2011

Sources	% of Irrigation
Canal Well/Tube Well Tank Others	29.2 60.9 4.6 5.3
Total	100

Answer:

Question 38.
Construct a Line-graph by using in following data
Karnataka: Selected District-Wise population (in Lakh ) – 2011

District	Population (in Lakh)
Belagum	47.8
Bagalkot	18.9
Bijapur	21.8
Bidar	17.0
Raichur	19.3
Dharwad	18.5

Answer:

Question 39.
Construct a single Bar-Graph by using the following data:
Karnataka: Decade-wise sex ratio (per 1000 Male)

Year	Female
1951	966
1961	959
1971	957
1981	963
1991	960
2001	965
2011	968

Answer:

Blind students only

Question 40.
Answer any two of the following questions: (2 × 10 = 20)
(a) Explain the sources of Data.
(b) Explain the functions of G1S.
(c) Explain the functions of GPS.
Answer:
(a) Meaning – The data which are collected for the first time by a researcher or groups of researchers, institution or organizations are called Primary sources of data.
Types of Primary data collection:-
1. Through Personal interview: Personal interviews are the most commonly used method of collecting data, because the interviewer has the opportunity of explaing the study and answering any question, here the researcher gets direct information from the respondents.

2. By Personal observations: It refers to the collection of data or information by individual or group of individuals, through direct observations in the field.

3. By Questionnaire : The most common method used in surverys is the Questionnaire. In this method, simple questions and their possible answers are written on a plain paper, and the respondents have to tick mark the possible answers from given choices.

4. Others methods :

1. Telephone interview : In this method, the researcher/interviewer can collect the information over the telephone.
2. Measuring properties : In this method, the data about properties of soil, and water collected directly from the field by measuring their characteristics using soil and water quality kit.

Meaning – The data those have been collected and analyzed already by some departments, organizations, NGO’s etc… are called Secondary data.
Types of Secondary sources of data
1. Published sources – There are 5 types

• International publications: In this publications-year books, monographs and reports are published by different agencies of the united nations.
• Government publication: These publications comprise the census of India published by office of the register general of India.
• Smi Government publication : In this category the publications and reports of corporations, boards, urban development authorities etc …
• Private publication : The research reports, surveys, year-books and monographs are published.
• Newspapers and Periodicals : The daily news papers and periodicals or magazines are easily accessible.

2. Unpublished sources – There are 3 types.

• Government Documents : The reports, papers, findings, monographs and documents are prepared a$d maintained as unpublished records at different levels of Government.
• Government Records : The corporations, boards, district councils and civil departments prepare and maintain the periodical reports and the development plAnswer:
• Private Documents : The companies, trade unions, different political and non-political organizations and resident welfare associations are having unpublished reports and records.

(b) 1. Capture data: Geographical data can be collected/captured from various sources like hard copy, map through tophosheet, digital data, through GPS, Secondary data through published tables.

2. Storing data: Geographical data once captured, it needs to transform from Analogy into digital format and to be stored in computer for further analysis.

3. Query: Once you have a functional GIS containing your geographical information, you can begin to ask a simple questions.

4. Analysis : There are 3 types

1. Proximity Analysis : Proximity queries find features with in a certain distance of other features.
2. Overlay Analysis : It is simplest, this could be a visual operation, but analytical operations require One or more data layers to be joined physically.
3. Network Analysis : Anetwork is a set of edges and junctions that are Topologically connected to each other.

5. Display: Once analysis is done maps, diagrams, graphs and tables are to be designed and same has to be displayed over computer moniter.

6. Output: This is final, stage of GIS function where in the maps, data tables etc…. can be printed to have hard copy as output.

(c) There are three segments of GPS:-
1. The space segments: The satellites of GPS are launched and positioned at an altitude of approximately 20200 km which is almost more than three times of the earth’s radius. The space segment consists of a constellation of 24 functioning GPs satellites located in 6 orbital plane with 4 satellites in each orbital plane. The time for the satellite to complete one revolution around the earth is 11 hrs and 58 minutes.

2. The control segment: The control segment consists of facilities necessary for satellites especially healthy monitoring, telemetry, tracking command and control clock error ‘ computation .of satellites. There are 5 GPS stations spread over the earths surface they arc

• Hawaii
• Colorado spring
• Ascension Island
• Diego Garcia
• Kwajalein.

3. The user segment: It is a total user and supplier community, both civilian and military. The user segment consists of all earth – based GPS receivers. Receivers very greatly in size and complexity, through the basic design in rather simple. The space and control segments are largely transparent to the operations of navigation functions.

1. Navigation: In navigation, by using GPS can save countless hours in the field. Any feature, even if it is under water, can be located upto one hundred meters simply by scaling coordinates from a map, entering way points & going directly to site.

2. Remote sensing and GIS : GPS positioning can be intergrated into remote – sensing methods such, as Photogrammetry and aerial scanning, magnetometry, and video technology using DGPs techniques.

3. Surveying/Mapping: The high precision of GPS’ carries phase measurements, together with appropriate adjustment algorithum, provides an adequate tool for a variety of tasks for surveying and mapping.

4. Geodesey: Geodetic mapping and other control surveys can be carried out effectively using high grade GPs equipment.

5. Military: The GPs was Primarily developed for real time military positioning. Military applications include airbone, marine and land navigation.

Students can Download 2nd PUC Geography Model Question Paper 4 with Answers, Karnataka 2nd PUC Geography Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Geography Model Question Paper 4 with Answers

Time: 3 Hrs
Max. Marks: 100

Section – A

I. Answer the following in one sentence each: ( 1 × 10 = 10 )

Question 1.
Write the three components of HDI
Answer:

1. Health
2. Education
3. Decent standard of living.

Question 2.
What is Lumbering?
Answer:
Lumbering is art of gathering forest products for livelihood by man.

Question 3.
What is pipelines transport?
Answer:
Pipeline is the means of carrying the liquid, slary and garses through the pipes from one place to another.

Question 4.
Which is the first million city of the world?
Answer:
London by around 1810.

Question 5.
In which year family planning programme was introduced in India?
Answer:
In 1952.

Question 6.
Who is called as ‘water man’ and why?
Answer:
Myagassessay award winner Sri Rajendra Singh is called water man because he was nicely used. The rain water harvesting by check dams method.

Question 7.
Who is the father of ‘Green Revolution’?
Answer:
‘Norman Ernest Borlaug’.

Question 8.
What are the source of energy?
Answer:
The two source of energy are

• Conventional source of energy.
• Non-conventional source of energy.

Question 9.
What are the forest based Industry?
Answer:
The group of industries which are depending on forest products for the raw material purpose are called as forest based industry.

Question 10.
What is trade?
Answer:
The process of buying of selling of goods and commadities is called as trade.

Section – B

II. Answer any TEN of the following in 2-3 sentences each ( 2 × 10 = 20 )

Question 11.
What are the different types of fishing?
Answer:
The different types of fishing are :

1. Fresh water fishing
2. Coastal fishing and
3. Open sea fishing.

Question 12.
Name any four important hunting region of the world.
Answer:

1. The Indians of Amazon basin
2. The pigmies of the congo basin (zaire)
3. The semangs of Malaysia and
4. The Bushman of Kalahari desert.

Question 13.
What are ’dry point’ settlements’.
Answer:
The houses are built on stilts to protect from floods as well as from the wild animals those are called ‘dry point settlements’.

Question 14.
Give any four causes for high birth rate in India.
Answer:

1. Early marriage
2. Universal marrige
3. Religious and social supertitions
4. Illiteracy etc.

Question 15.
Black soil is quiet suitable for cotton cultivation, why?
Answer:

• It keeps the moisture for the long time.
• This soil is capable of retaining moisture to the crops. Therefore it is quiet suitable for Cultivation.

Question 16.
What is the need for non-conventional sousces of energy in India.
Answer:
They are capable of solving the requirements such as supply of energy in a decentralized manner and have sustainable invironment. Thus the development of these power resources is very essential! ‘

Question 17.
Mention the types of coal.
Answer:

1. Anthraite
2. lignite
3. Bituminous
4. Peat.

Question 18.
What are the raw materials used in cement industry?
Answer:
Linestone, sea shalls, slag, silica, alumina, clay and gypsum are the raw materials used in the cement industry.

Question 19.
Mention the four important types of roads in India?
Answer:

1. National highways
2. State highways
3. District roads and
4. Village roads.

Question 20.
State the significance of air transport in India.
Answer:

• It is very efficient means for speedy transport of people, mail and goods.
• It is very essential in times of peace as well as emergencies.

Question 21.
What are the causes of water pollution?
Answer:

1. Sewage disposal
2. Urban run-off
3. Toxic effluents from industries
4. Run-off over cultivated lands and nculear power plants.

Question 22.
Name any four most polluted cities in the world.
Answer:
(a) Ahwaz – Iran
(b) Quetta – Pakistan
(c) Ludhiana – India and
(d) Yasouj – Iran

Section – C

III. Answer any Eight of the following in 25-30 sentences each:  ( 5 × 8 = 40 )

Question 23.
Explain the different definition of human geography in Detail.
Answer:
For understanding the nature of human geography we can look into a few well known definitions.

• According to Friedrich Ratzel (1844 – 1904): It is the synthetic study of relationship between human societies and earth’s surface.
• Ellen C. Semple (1863 – 1932): It is the study of the changing relationship between the unresting man and unstable earth.
• Paul Vidal-dc-la-Blache (1845 – 1918): The study of knowledge of physical laws on the earth surface in relation between the liking beings which inhabit it.
• Ellesworth Huntington (1876 – 1947): It is the study of nature and distribution of the relationship between geographical environment & human activities & qualities.

Question 24.
Explain the distribution of population in the world.
Answer:
The population of the world is unevenly distributed. The distribution of population is expressed in terms of density. The density is the ratio between the numbers of people in to the size of land.

Distribution of population of the world has been divided into three regions.

I. Area of high density: The three principal high density zones are:

• Eastern, Southern and South – Eastern part of Asia.
• North – Western part of Europe.
• North – Eastern part of USA and South Eastern part of Canada.

II. Area of high density: The population moderately dense in tropical regions of the world and moist temperature cold desertes and high rain fall zones near the equator have very low density of population.

• Asia is the most populous continent. It accounts about ‘61 percent’ of the world population.
• Africa is second most populated continent with 13 percent.
• Europe has 12 percent.
• South America 8.5 percent.
• Northern America 5 percent.
• Oceania is the least – populated region which has 0.5 percent.
• Antarctica is uninhabited permanently.

Question 25.
Describe effects of rapid growth of population and measures to control.
Answer:
Effects of over population:

• Increased levels of air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination and noise pollution.
• Deforestation and loss of ecosystem.
• Increasing temperature in the atmosphere which results of Global Warming.
• Starvation, Malnutrition.
• Unhygienic living condition for many due to water scarcity, discharge of sewage water & solid waste disposal.
• Depletion of natural resources.
• Political instability.
• Increasing of unemployment.
• Lack of civic amentities (Food, Clothing & Shelter).

Measurements to Control the population:

• Adoption and Propoganda of Family planning methods.
• Practice of celibacy.
• Self control.
• Remaining unmarried.
• Improving women’s status and health.
• Provide education.
• Increasing the food production.

Question 26.
Explain the importance of Mass communication
Answer:

• Communication plays a significant role in the Modem World. They create awareness about the policies, programme of developments, learning.
• Adopt new technological innovations in agriculture and industry as well as transportation.
• People can acquire information of day’s affairs of the world.
• It brings out the unity, integrity and stability of the country.
• It helps in the development of cultural, political and social aspects as well as trade and commerce.
• They have laid a base for modem business. Thus, communication plays a vital role in the development of a nation.
• Speed with messages could be sent across the world with in a second.
• The Telephone or Radio are linked the people Worldwide and they can speak each other directly.
• Even today newspaper touch everypart of the country as it coves international, national and local news as well as entertainments with other information.
• The radio has its own name by broadcasting news and information which will reach all comers of country and abroad.
• Television allows the audio and video facilities to gain information for public.
• It has a profound role to play in the forecasting of weather, the direction of aircraft, shipping and warning of usual events such as Hirricanes, snow fall and rainfalls as well as floods.
• Rapid communication have great political implication for leaders can speak to people all over the country.

Question 27.
Describe the effects of migration.
Answer:
The Effects of Migration can be classified into two namely:-

1. Positive effects.
2. Negative effects.

1. Positive effects of Migration :

• Migration controls the high density of population.
• It helps the people to get employment.
• It reduces the problem of scarcity of Labour.
• Migration leads to the change in the demographic structure of a region.
• It helps to reduce the inequality of the society.

2. Negative effects of Migration :

• It affects on density and distribution of population.
• Large-scale migration from rural to urban centres results in creation of slums.
• It also leads to many social problems such as debauchery and immoral activities.
• Their will be pressure on civic amenties, like electricity etc.
• Migration causes ethnics, religious and language problems.
• It will effects on the job opportunities of local people.

Question 28.
Explain the effects of rapid growth of population in India.
Answer:
The Rapid growth of population has led to a number of problems as follows:- ‘

• Unemployment and Underemployment : It has been increasing from year to year. It has badly affected on young educated people both in rural and urban areas.
• Shortage of food & -Malnutrition : A large number of people are poorly fed. Malnutrition is prevailing throughout the country. It is fatal for the development of the country.
• Burden on Civic & Social Amenities : Education, health and medical, housing, drinking water, electricity and problems increases.
• Low per capita income : The increase in per capita income is only 15% annually. Low per capita income has a direct impact on the economic condition of the people.
• Increase of Unproductive population : Below 15 years (Infants) and above 60 years (old age) are unproductive. They are dependent on earning persons. Thus rapid growth has increased dependents rather than producers. ‘
• Others : Slow in economic development, mass poverty, low standard of living, political unrest and the social problems like theft robbery, immortality, corruption and the growth of slums, environment pollution are also directly related to the popualtion explosion.

Question 29.
Discuss the importance of land capability.
Answer:

• Land capability is the ability of a piece of land to provide sustainable support for a specific land use.
• Land capability is based on the understanding that every components of land has its own particular capacity to provide ecosystem services.
• Land capability assessment enables the reconciliation of production and protection.
• Land capability does not include social or economic components. It focuses entirely on requirements for sustainability of the ecosystem. There is the requirement to overlay this with the social and economic constraints. Thus we have land suitability assessment.
• Land capability is the inherent physical capacity of the land to sustain a range of land uses and management practices in long term without degradation to soil, air and water resources. .
• If land is used beyond its capacity, degradation is the consequence, which leads to a decline in natural ecosystem values, agricultural productivity and infrastructure functionality.

Question 30.
What is the meaning of irrigation and explain the need of irrigation in India.
Answer:
It is an artificial means of watering the crops or an art of supplying water to the crops.
Need for Irrigation : Distribution of water resources are highly varied. While some areas are dry some are wet and humid in such circumstances, we have to arrange water for crops through artificial means for fulfilling their needs. Thus, irrigation becomes necessary on account of following reasons.

• Nature of rainfall Due to irregular, uncertain and limited rainfall scarcity of water is caused so, need for irrigation arises.
• Nature of soil There is greater need of irrigation in sandy soil.
• Probability of DroughtAt places of droughts irrigation is essential.
• Need of Irrigation in dry areas In dry areas, where rainfall is less than 40 to 50 cm per year, the need arises for irrigation.
• More need of w;ater for special crops like rice, jute, sugar cane etc.
• More need of water to improve new and high yielding varieties of seeds for higher productivity.
• Water is essential to develop pastures for cattle and dairy development.
• Population of India is Multiplying fast, and it needs additional food production. This can be possible only through irrigation.

Question 31.
Explain the chief advantages of plant tissue culture.
Answer:
The chief advantages of plant tissue culture arc as follows:

• Rapid multiplication, means thousands of plants can be produced within a year starting
  from a single explant.
• Freedom from pests and pathogens. It refers to the production of disease free plants & production of disease & pest-resistant plants.
• Economy of space & resources, that thousands of plants can be raised in a few square meters of laboratory space.
• Round the year multiplication as per demand.
• Easy transport due to miniaturization.
• Selective multiplication of desired plants.

Question 32.
Give an account of the distribution and production of sugarcane in India.
Answer:
Distribution of sugarcane in India : The distribution of sugarcane cultivation in India is uneven. Sugarcane is grown in almost in all the stats of the country. But it is mainly concentrated in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, TamilNadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Bihar, Haryana & Uttaranchal.

1. Uttar Pradesh : Uttar Pradesh occupies first place both in terms of production & area under sugarcane in the country.

• The largest concentration is upper Ganga-Yamuna doab & Rohilkhand areas which together produce about 70% of the sugarcane produced in the state.
• Its share is about 36.02% under total production.

2. Maharashtra : Maharashtra is in second place both in area & production of sugarcane in the country.

• The production of sugarcane comes from Kolhapur, Pune, Ahmednagar, Nasik.
• Its share is about 22.89% under total production.

3. TamilNadu : TamilNadu is the third largest producer of sugarcane in India.

• It has highest yield per hectare in India.
• Arcot, Periyar, Salem, Tiruchirapalli & Coimbatore are the important sugarcane growing districts.
• Its share is about 10.98% under total production.

4. Karnataka: Karnataka is fourth largest sugarcane producing state in India.

• Most of the Sugarcane is grown with the help of irrigation.
• Belgaum, Mysore, Mandhva, Bijapur, Shimoga & Chitradurga arc the important sugarcane producing districts.
• Its share is about 10.85% under total production

5. Andhra Pradesh : Andhra Pradesh is in fifth place of sugarcane production in India.

• West & East Godavari. Vishakapatnam & Nellore are the important sugarcane producing districts.
• Its share is about 4.68% of total production.

6. Others : Gujarat, Bihar, Haryana, etc

Production:

• India is second largest produces of Sugarcane next to Brazil. –
• The total cultivated area under sugarcane was reported as 5.09 million hectares in 2011-12.
• Theproductionis357.67milliontonnesin2011-12.

Question 33.
Explain the development of railways in India?
Answer:

• The first railway line in India was from Bombay (V.T) to Thane, a distance of 34 km, opened on 16th April, 1853.
• It was followed by a railway line in 1856, from Madras to Arkonam (70 km).
• A Railway line in 1874 from Kolkata to Raniganj (180 km).
• Then gradually railway lines were constructed to link different parts of the country.
• At the time of Independence, the length of the railway line was 54,96 km.
• During post-Independence period, because of the Five year plans, the Indian railway has recorded spectacular progress.
• There were 43 steam, 4,963 diesel and 3585 electric locomotives 55,065 coaches 2,11,763 wagons.
• The trains moved everyday through more than 7,030 stations.
• On an average they carried 17 million passengers and 2.8 million lakh tones of freight every day.
• At present all the rail operations in India are managed by Ministry of Indian railways.
• The country’s railways is about 64,460 km of length which is fourth largest railway network in the world and first in Asia.
• It has transported 7651 million passengers and 921 million tonnes of frieght annually.
• The Network operates 28 states and 3 union territories.

Question 34.
What do you mean by the term ‘Planning’? which are the two approaches to planning? Explain each of them.
Answer:
Planning is the process by which an individual or organization decides in advance on some future course of action.
It involves the proces of thinking, formulation of a scheme or programme and implementation of a set of actions to achieve some goal.
There are two approaches to planning, sectorial planning and regional planning.

• The sectoral planning means formulation and implementation of the sets of schemes or programmes aimed at Development of various sectors of the economy such as agriculture, irrigation, manufacturing power, construction, transport, communication, social infrastructure and services.
• Some areas are more developed and some lag behind.
• This uneven pattern of developed over space necessitates that the Planners should have spatial perspective and draws the plans to reduce regional imbalance in development

This type of Planning is termed as regional planning.

Section – D

IV. Answer any One of the following: ( 10 × 1 = 10 )

Question 35.
Give reason why sugar industry of India is moving Southwards?
Answer:
In the recent years, there is remarkable change in the development of sugar industry. The sugar industry has developed more in the southern states, namely Maharashtra, TamilNadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. It is described as the geographical redistribution of sugar
The geographical shift is due to :

• The Southern states located in the tropical region are highly suitable for sugarcane cultivation.
• The yeild of sugarcane in these states is much higher than the Northern states.
• Extension of irrigation in the southern states has brought large tracts under sugarcane cultivation. It has favoured the establishment of many sugar industries.
• Being located in the tropical region, sugarcane ripening period and crushing period.
• Supply of hydro-electricity, transport and market facilities.

Question 36.
Give an account of thermal and nuclear energy of India.
Answer:
Nuclear Energy :

• The energy generated from the fission of the atomic minerals such as Uranium, Thorium, Plutonium is called ‘Nuclear Energy’. It has played an important role in the power development of India.
• The demand for energy has been increased with the increase of population in the country.
• The country has power crises as the production is insufficient to meet the requirement.
• To meet energy needs of the country nuclear power programme was formulated.
• The first nuclear power plant was started in 1969 at Tarapur near Mumbai with U.S.A assistance. Now there are 7 nuclear power stations in India.

Thermal Energy :

• The Energy generated by using fossil fuels like Coal, Petroleum and Natural gas ia called thermal energy. It can be produced even from Nuclear fission and wood.
• It has certain advantages as against hydro-electricity. The initial capital involved in the construction of thermal plant is low and time requirement is short.
• The disavantages of thermal electricity are low efficiency in terms of heating value and higher operation cost.

Section – E

V. Answer any TWO of the following.  ( 2 × 10 = 20 )

Question 37.
Construct a pie diagram using the following data.
India : Area under selected kharif crops [in lakh heetare]

Crops	Area
Cereals	35.5
Pulses	16.4
Oil seeds	12.0
Commercial crops	11.0
Others	5.1

Answer:

Question 38.
(a) Construct a double line graph by using following data Karnataka: district wise decade growth rate of population [in percentage]

Answer:

(b) Construct a double bar graph by using the following Karnataka: Selected district wise density of population data [per sq km]

Answer:

Answer any two of the following: ( 10 x 2 = 20 )

Question 39.
(a) Explain the secondary sources of data.
Answer:
Meaning – The data those have been collected and analyzed already by some departments, organizations, NGO’s etc … are called Secondary data.

Types of Secondary sources of data

1. Published sources – There are 5 types

1. International publications: In this publications-year books, monographs and reports are published by different agencies of the united nations.
2. Government publication: These publications comprise the census of India published by office of the register general of India.
3. Semi Government publication : In this category the publications and reports of corporations, boards, urban development authorities etc …
4. Private publication : The research reports, surveys, year-books and monographs are published.
5. Newspapers and Periodicals : The daily news papers and periodicals or magazines are easily accessible.

2. Unpublished sources – There are 3 types.

1. Government Documents : The reportš, papers, findings, monographs and documents are prepared and maintained as unpublished records at different levels of Government.
2. Government Records : The corporations, boards, district councils and civil departments prepare and maintain the periodical reports and the development plans.
3. Private Documents : The companies, trade unions, different political and non-political organizations and resident welfare associations arc having unpublished reports and records.

(b) Explain the functions of GIS.
Answer:

• Capture data : Geographical data can be collected/captured from various sources like hard copy, map through tophosheet, digital data, through GPS, Secondary data through published tables.
• Storing data : Geographical data once captured, it needs to transform from Analogy into digital format and to be stored in computer for further analysis.
• Query : Once you have a functional GIS containing your geographical information, you can begin to ask a simple questions.
• Analysis : There are 3 types
  1. Proximity Analysis : Proximity queries find features with in a certain distance of other features.
  2. Overlay Analysis : It is simplest, this could be a visual operation, but analytical operations require One or more data layers to be joined physically.
  3. Network Analysis : Anetwork is a set of edges and junctions that are Topologically connected to each other.
• Display : Once analysis is done maps, diagrams, graphs and tables are to be designed and same has to be displayed over computer moniter.
• Output: This is final, stage of GIS function where in the maps, data tables etc…. can be printed to have hard copy as output.

(c) Explain the elements of remote sensing.
Answer:

• Energy source of Illumination (A) – The first requirement for remote sensing is to have an energy source which illuminates or provides electromagnetic energy to acquire information of the earth’s surface.
• Radiation and the Atmosphere (B) – As the energy travels from its source to the target, it will come in contact with and interact with the atmosphere it passes through. 3.,Interaction with the Target (C) – Once the energy makes its way to the target through the atmosphere.
• Recording of energy by the sensor (D) – After the energy has been scattered by, or emitted from the target we require a sensor to collect and record the electromangnetic radation.
• Transmission, Reception and Processing (E) – The energy recorded by the sensor has to be transmitted, often in electronic form, to a receiving and processing station where the data are processed into an image.
• Interpretation and Analysis (F) – The processed image is interpreted, visually/or digitally or electronically, to extract information about the target which was illuminated.
• Application (G) – The final elements of the remote sensing process is acheived when we apply the information to better understand it and solve a particular problem.

Students can Download 2nd PUC Economics Model Question Paper 3 with Answers, Karnataka 2nd PUC Economics Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Economics Model Question Paper 3 with Answers

Time: 3 hrs 15 minutes
Max. Marks: 100

PART-A

I. Choose the correct answer (1 × 5 = 5)

Question 1.
Which of the following is an example of microeconomic study?
(a) National income
(b) Consumer behaviour
(c) Unemployment
(d) Foreign trade
Answer:
(b) Consumer behaviour

Question 2.
The formula of production function is
(a) q=f(L,K)
(b) q=d(p)
(c) Y=f(x)
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) q = f(L,K)

Question 3.
Profit =
(a) PxQ
(b) TR-TC
(c) TFC + TVC
(d) TR/Q
Answer:
(b) TR-TC

Question 4.
Measuring the sum total of all factor payments will be called
(a) Product method
(b) Expenditure method
(c) Income method
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Income method.

Question 5.
The banks which are a part of the money cheating system of the economy are
(a) Bankers
(b) Commercial banks
(c) RBI
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) Commercial banks

II. Fill in the blanks. (1 × 5 = 5)

Question 6.
In a centrally planned economy, all important decisions are made by_____
Answer:
Government.

Question 7.
In monopoly market, the goods which are sold have no______
Answer:
Substitutes.

Question 8.
_____will be called as firms.
Answer:
Production units.

Question 9.
_____is the only institution which can issue currency in India.
Answer:
RBI.

Question 10.
_____is defined as addition to the stock of physical capital.
Answer:
Investment

III. Match the following. (1 × 5 = 5)

Question 11.

Answer:
1-c; 2-d; 3-a; 4-e; 5-b.

IV. Answer the following questions in a sentence or a word each. (1 × 5 = 5)

Question 12.
What is normal profit?
Answer:
The minimum level of profit that is needed to keep a firm in the existing business is called as normal profit.

Question 13.
What is price floor?
Answer:
The government imposed lower limit on the price that may be charged for a particular good or service is called price floor. Example, agricultural price support programmes and minimum wage legislation.

Question 14.
What is duopoly?
Answer:
It is a special case of oligopoly where there are exactly two sellers or firms.

Question 15.
Who are economic agents?
Answer:
Economic agents are those individuals or institutions which take economic decisions. They can be consumers, producers, government, corporation, banks, etc.

Question 16.
Give the meaning of intermediate goods.
Answer:
These are the goods used by other producers as material inputs. These are used as raw material for production of other commodities. These are not final goods.

PART-B

V. Answer any NINE of the following in 4 sentences each. (2 × 9 = 18)

Question 17.
What is monotonic preference?
Answer:
A consumer’s preferences are said to monotonic if and only if between any two bundles, the consumer prefers the bundle which has more of at least one of the goods and no less of the other good as compared to the other bundle.

For instance, the consumer between any bundles say (x₁, x₂) and (y₁, y₂), if (x₁, x₂) has more of at least one of the goods and no less of the other good compared to (y₁, y₂) then the consumer prefers (x₁, x₂) to (y₁, y₂). This is called monotonic preferences.

Here, the consumer will not remain indifferent between two combinations of commodities when he has an opportunity to have more quantity in one combination than the other.

Question 18.
What do you mean by price elasticity of demand?
Answer:
Price elasticity of demand is a measure of the responsiveness of the demand for a good to change in its price. In the words of Prof. Stonier & Hague, “Price elasticity of demand is a technical term used by economists to describe the degree of responsiveness of the demand for a good to a change in its price. It is measured by using the following formula.
\(\mathrm{PED}=\frac{\text { Percentage chánge in demand for the good }}{\text { Percentage change in price of the good }}\)

Question 19.
Mention the types of returns to scale.
Answer:
The types of returns to scale are:

1. Constant returns to scale.
2. Increasing returns to scale.
3. Decreasing returns to scale.

Question 20.
Write the meaning of opportunity cost with an example.
Answer:
Opportunity cost of some activity is the gain foregone from the second-best alternative activity. For example, you have Rs. 10000 which you decide to invest in your family business. What is the opportunity cost of your action? If you do not invest this money, you can either keep it in the house safe which will give you zero return or you can deposit it in either bank A or bank B in which case you get an rest at the rate of 20% or 10%, respectively.

So the maximum benefit that you may get from other alternative activities is the interest from the bank A. But this Opportunity will no longer be there once you invest the money in your family business. The opportunity cost of investing the money in your family business is, therefore, the amount of forgone interest from the bank A.

Question 21.
How wage is determined in the labour market?
Answer:
The wage rate is determined at the point where the labour demand and supply curves intersect. This is shown in the following diagram:

In the above diagram, hours of labour is measured in X-axis and Wage is measured in Y-axis. S_L is labour supply curve and D_L is labour demand curve. With an upward-sloping supply curve and downward sloping demand curve, the equilibrium wage rate is determined at the point where these two curves intersect (point E). That means the wage rate is determined at that point where the labour which the households wish to supply is equal to the labour that the firms wish to hire.

Question 22.
Mention the requirements of a monopoly market structure.
Answer:
The requirements of a monopoly market structure are as follows:

1. Existence of a single producer of a particular commodity.
2. No other commodity works as a substitute for this commodity.
3. The monopoly situation has to persist over a time.
4. Restrictions to prevent other firms entering the market and selling the commodity.

Question 23.
What is the difference between consumer goods and capital goods?
Answer:

Consumer Goods	Capital Goods
• These are the goods which are purchased for consumption by ultimate consumers. • Examples are food, clothes and service like recreation.	• These are the durable goods which are used in the production process. • Examples are machinery, tools, implements, etc.

Question 24.
Mention three methods of measuring GDP (national income).
Answer:
The three methods of measuring GDP are:

1. Product or value added method.
2. Expenditure method.
3. Income method.

Question 25.
Give the meaning of paradox of thrift.
Answer:
As people become more thrifty, they end up saving less or same as before in aggregate, known as paradox of thrift. In other words, if all the people of the economy increase the proportion of income they save, total value of savings in the economy will not increase it will either decrease or remain unchanged. This result is known as the paradox of thrift.

Question 26.
What are the factors which cause change in aggregate demand?
Answer:
The factors which cause change in aggregate demand are as follows:

• Change in consumption.
• Change in investment.

Question 27.
Mention the non-tax revenues of the central government.
Answer:
The non-tax revenues of the central government mainly consists of the following:

1. Interest receipts on account of loans by the central government.
2. Dividends and profits on investments made by the government.
3. Fees and other receipts for services rendered by the government.
4. Grants-in-aid from foreign countries and international organizations.

Question 28.
Why the proportional income tax acts as automatic stabilizer?
Answer:
The proportional income tax acts as an automatic stabilizer because it makes disposable income and consumer spending less sensitive to fluctuations in GDP. When GDP rises, disposable income also i rises but by less than the rise in GDP because a part of it is siphoned off as taxes. This helps to limit the upward fluctuation in consumption spending.

During a recession when GDP falls, disposable income falls less sharply and consumption does not drop as much as it otherwise would have fallen, had the tax liability been fixed. This reduces the fall in aggregate demand and stabilizes the economy.

Question 29.
Why do people demand foreign exchange?
Answer:
People demand foreign exchange rate because of the following reasons:

1. To purchase goods and services from other countries.
2. To send gifts abroad.
3. To purchase financial assets abroad.

Question 30.
Differentiate between depreciation and devaluation.
Answer:
The difference between depreciation and devaluation is as follows:

Depreciation	Devaluation
• Here, the price of foreign currency in terms of domestic currency increases.	• Here, the government deliberately makes the domestic currency cheaper by increasing exchange rate.
• It happens because of market forces, i.e. demand for foreign exchange and supply of foreign exchange.	• It is a deliberate action of government.

PART-C

VI. Answer any SEVEN of the following questions in 12 sentences each. (4 × 7 = 28)

Question 31.
Briefly explain the central problems of an economy.
Answer:
An economic system or economy is a mechanism where the scarce resources are channelized on priority to produce goods and services. These goods and services produced by all the sectors of the economy determine the national income.

Generally, human wants are unlimited and resources to satisfy them are limited. If there was a perfect match between human wants and availability of resources there would have been no scarcity, no problem of choice and no economic problems at all. So, one has to select the most essential want to be satisfied with limited resources. In economics, this problem is called ‘problem of choice’.

The problem of choice arising out of limited resourced and unlimited wants is called economic problem. Every economy whether developed or underdeveloped, capitalistic or socialistic or mixed economy, there will be three basic economic problems, viz. what to produce? how to produce? and for whom to produce? Let us discuss in detail.

a. What to produce, i.e. what is to be produced and in what quantities?
Every country has to decide, which goods are to be produced and in what quantities. Whether more guns should be produced or more food grains should be grown or whether more capital goods like machines, tools, etc. should be produced or more consumer goods (electrical goods, daily usable products, etc.) will be produced.

What goods to be produced and in what quantity depends on the economic system of the country. In socialistic economy, the government decides and in capitalistic economy market forces decides and in mixed economy both the government and market forces provide solutions to this problem.

b. How to produce, i.e. how are goods produced?
There are various alternative techniques of producing a product. For example, cotton cloth can be produced with either handloom or power looms. Production of cloth with handloom requires more labour and production with power loom use of more machines and capital. It involves selection of technology to produce goods and services.

There are two types of techniques of production, viz. labour-intensive technology and capital intensive technology. The society has to decide whether production be based on labour-intensive or capital intensive techniques. Obviously, the choice of technology would depend on the availability of different factors of production (land, labour, capital) and their relative prices (rent, wages, interest).

c. For whom to produce, i.e. for whom are the goods to be produced?
Another important decision which an economy has to take is for whom to produce. The economy cannot satisfy all wants of all the people. Therefore, it has to decide who should get how much of the total output of goods and services. The society has to decide about the shares of different groups of people poor, middle class and the rich, in the national output.

Thus, every economy faces the problem of allocating the scarce resources to the production of different possible goods and services and of distributing the produced goods and services among the individuals within the economy. The allocation of scarce resources and the distribution of the final goods and services are the central problems of any economy.

Question 32.
Write the differences between total utility and marginal utility.
Answer:

Total Utility	Marginal Utility
• It is the aggregate utility derived by the consumer by consuming all the units.	• It is the additional utility derived by the consumer by consuming additional unit.
• It represents utility of all the units consumed.	• It represents the utility of single unit.
• It may be symbolically written as. TUn=U1+U2+U3+U4………….. Un.	• It may be written as MUn = TUn – TUn-1
• It increases in the beginning and later decreases as the consumer consumes more and more units.	• It decreases from the beginning and becomes negative later.

Question 33.
Write the differences between substitutes and complements.
Answer:

Substitute Goods	Complementary Goods
• These are alternative goods available to satisfy our wants.	• These are the goods which are consumed together.
• If the price of a product increases, the demand for its substitute also increases.	• If the price of a product increases, the demand for its complementary good decreases.
• Examples for substitute goods are tea and. coffee, Colgate and Pepsodant, etc.	• Examples for complementary goods are pen and ink, shoes and socks, etc.
• Here the demand curve shifts to the right in case of price rise.	• Here the demand curve shifts to left in case of price rise.
• Price and demand move in same direction.	• Price and demand move in opposite directions.

Question 34.
Explain the differences between normal and inferior goods with examples
Answer:

Normal Goods	Inferior Goods
• These are the goods for which the demand increases with the increase in the income of consumer.	• These are the goods for which the de­mand decreases with the increase in the income of consumer.
• Examples for normal goods are food, cloths, electronic goods, luxury goods, etc.	• Examples for inferior goods are low qual­ity of goods like unbranded products.
• There is positive relationship between in­come and demand.	• There is inverse relationship between income and demand.
• Here the demand curve shifts towards right, if the income of consumer increases.	• Here the demand curve shifts towards left, if the income of consumer increases.

Question 35.
Explain TP, MP and AP with the example.
Answer:
The TP is total product, MP is marginal product and AP is average product.
1.Total product:
Total product is the relationship between a variable input and output when all other inputs are held constant. Suppose we vary a single input and keep all other inputs constant. Then for different levels of that input, we get different levels of output. This relationship between the variable input and output, keeping all other inputs constant, is often referred to as total product of the variable input.

2. Average product:
Average product is defined as the output per unit of variable input. We calculate it as AP_L=TP_L/L, where AP_L is the average product of labour, TP_L is the total product of labour and L is the amount of labour input used.

3. Marginal product:
Marginal product of an input is defined as the change in output per unit of change in the input when all other inputs are held constant. It is the additional unit of output per additional unit of variable input. It is calculated by dividing the change in output by change in input labour.
MP_L = ∆TP_L/∆L
The concepts of TP, AP and MP can be explained with the help of following table:

The above table shows the total product of labour, marginal product of labour and average product of labour. The total product is also sometimes called as total return to or total physical product of the variable input labour. The third column gives us a numerical example of marginal product of labour.

The values in this column are obtained by dividing change in TP by change in labour. The last column gives us a numerical example of average product of labour. The values in their column are obtained by dividing TP by labour.

Question 36.
Explain the long-run costs.
Answer:
In the long run, all inputs are variable. There are no fixed costs, The total cost and the total variable cost coincide in the long run. There are two types of long-run costs. They are as follows:

a. Long-run average cost (LRAC):
The long-run average cost is the cost per unit of output produced. It is obtained by dividing the total cost by the output produced. It can be calculated as follows:
LRAC = TC/q
Where, TC is total cost and ‘q’ is quantity of output produced.

b. Long-run marginal cost:
The long-run marginal cost is the change in total cost per unit of change in output. When output changes in discrete units, then, if we increase production from q₁ – 1 to q₁ units of output, the marginal cost of producing q₁^th unit will be measured as follows:
LRMC = (TC at q 1 units) – (TC at q₁ -1 units) or LRMC = TC_n – TC_n-1.

Question 37.
Explain the average revenue or price line of a firm under perfect competition with the help of a diagram.
Answer:
1. Average revenue:
It refers to the revenue per unit of output sold. It is obtained by dividing the total revenue by the number of units of output sold. The average revenue is defined as total revenue per unit of output.
So, \(\mathrm{AR}=\mathrm{TR} / \mathrm{Q}=\frac{\mathrm{p} \times \mathrm{q}}{\mathrm{q}}=\mathrm{p}\)

Where, AR is average revenue, TR is total revenue y and Q is quantities sold. That means, for a price-taking firm, average revenue equals the market price price.

Under perfect competition, the AR will be equal to the market price. This is because, in perfect competitive market, the seller sells his product at the same price which is prevailing in the market. If the seller sells at low price, he incurs losses or if he increases the price, he loses customers. This can be represented in diagram:

In the above diagram, the average revenue for different values of firm’s output is shown in Y and X-axis respectively. Since the market price is fixed at P, we obtain a horizontal straight line that cuts the Y-axis at a height equal to P. This horizontal straight line is called the price line.

It is also firm’s AR curve under perfect competition. The AR curve of a firm is also the demand curve of the customers because the price paid by the consumer for each unit is the average revenue from the seller’s point of view.

Question 38.
Explain the working of the economy of a capitalist country.
Answer:
Capitalist economy can be defined as an economy in which most of the economic activities have the following characteristics:

1. There is private ownership of means of production.
2. Production takes place for selling the output.
3. There is sale and purchase of labour service at a price called wage rate.

In a capitalist country, production activities are mainly carried out by capitalist enterprises. A typical capitalist enterprise has one or several entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs are those who exercise control over major decisions and bear a large part of the risk associated with the firm. They may themselves supply the capital needed to run the enterprise or they may borrow the capital.

To carry out the production they also need natural resources. They need the most important element of human labour to carry out production. This is called as labour. After producing output with the help of land, labour and capital, the entrepreneur sells the product in the market to earn money called revenue. Part of the revenue is paid out as rent for land, interest for capital and wage for labour and keeps the rest of the revenue as profit.

Profits are often used by the producers in the next period to buy new machinery or to build new factories, so that production can be expanded. These expenses which raise productive capacity are examples of investment expenditure.

Question 39.
Write a short note on the concept of final good.
Answer:
The final goods are those goods which are meant for final use and will not pass through any more stages of production or transformations. They are called final goods because once they have been sold they pass out of the active economic flow. However, they may undergo transformation by the action of the ultimate purchaser.

In fact, many final goods are transformed during their consumption. For instance, tea leaves purchased by the consumer are not consumed in that form – they are used to make drinkable tea, which is consumed. Similarly most of the items that enter our kitchen are transformed through the process of cooking.

But cooking at home is not an economic activity, even though the product involved undergoes transformation. Home-cooked food is not sold to the market. However, if the same cooking or tea was done in hotel where the cooked product would be sold to customers, then the same items are not considered as final goods and would be counted as inputs to which economic value addition can take place.

Thus, it is not in the nature of the good but in the economic nature of its usage that a good becomes a final good.

Question 40.
Explain the circular flow of income of an economy.
Answer:
The circular flow of income of an economy can be explained with the help of following assumptions:

1. Existence of two sectors, viz. household sector and producers.
2. Households are the owners of the factors of production.
3. Households receive income by selling the factor services.
4. There are no savings.
5. The firms produce goods to the households.
6. The economy is a closed economic system (where no government or external trade or savings).

The circular flow of income in a simple economy can be illustrated with the help, of following chart.

In the above chart, the uppermost arrow, going from the households to the firms, represents the spending by the households to buy goods and services produced by the firms. The second arrow going from the firms to the households is the counterpart of the arrow above. It stands for the goods and services, which are flowing from the firms to the households.

Thus, the two arrows on the top represent the goods and services market the arrow above represents the flow of payments for the goods and services, the arrow below represents the flow of goods and services. The two arrows at the bottom of the diagram similarly represent the factors of the production market.

The lowermost arrow going from the households to the firms symbolizes the services that the households re-rendering to the firms. Using these services, the firms are producing the output. The arrow above this, going from the firms to the households, represents the payments made by the firms to the households for the services provided by the households.

Thus, when the income is spent on the goods and services produced by the firms, it takes the form of aggregate expenditure received by the firms. Since the value of expenditure must be equal to the value of goods and services, we can measure the aggregate income by calculating the aggregate value of goods and services produced by the firms. This is clearly shown above in the form of circular flow of income.

Question 41.
Briefly explain the functions of money.
Answer:
The functions of money are as follows:

1. Medium of exchange:
Money plays an important role as a medium of exchange. It facilitates exchange of goods for money. It has solved the problems of barter system. Money has widened the scope of market transactions. Money has become a circulating material between buyers and sellers.

2. Measure of value/unit of account:
The money acts as a common measure of value. The values of all goods and services can be expressed in terms of money.

3. Stork of value:
People can save part of their present income and hold the same for future. Money can be stored for precautionary motives needed to overcome financial stringencies. Money solves one of the deficiencies of barter system, i.e. difficulty to carry forward one’s wealth under the barter system.

4. Transfer of value:
Money acts as a transfer of value from person to person and from place to place. As a transfer of value, money helps us to buy goods, properties or anything from any part of the country or the world. Further, money earned in different places can be brought or transferred to anywhere in the world.

PART-D

VII. Answer any Six of the following questions in 20 sentences each. (6 × 4=24)

Question 42.
Explain the consumption and investment function with the help of graphs.
Answer:
In a two-sector model, there are two sources of final demand. The first is consumption and the second is investment. The investment function was shown as I = I.
Graphically, this is shown as a horizontal line at a height equal to I above the horizontal axis.

In this model, I is autonomous which means, it is the same no matter whatever is the level of income. The consumers demand can be expressed by the equation C = \(\hat{\mathrm{C}}\) + cY, where \(\hat{\mathrm{C}}\) is autonomous expenditure and c is the marginal propensity to consume.
The consumption function can be graphically expressed as follows:

In the above diagram \(\hat{\mathrm{C}}\) is the intercept of the consumption, ‘c’ is slope of consumption function equals α.

Question 43.
Write the chart of components of current account.
Answer:
The chart which consists of different components of current account can be drawn as follows:

Question 44.
Briefly explain the effect of an increase in demand for imports in the foreign exchange market with the help of a diagram.
Answer:
Foreign exchange market is the market in which national currencies are traded for one another. The major participants in the foreign exchange market are commercial banks, foreign exchange brokers and other authorized dealers and monetary authorities.

Foreign exchange rate is the price of one currency in terms of another currency. Different countries have different methods of determining their currency’s exchange rate. It can be determined through flexible exchange rate, fixed exchange rate or managed floating exchange rate.

The flexible exchange rate is determined by the market forces of demand and supply. Here, the exchange rate is determined at that point where the demand curve intersects with the supply curve.

If the demand for foreign goods and services increases; the demand curve shifts upward and right to the original demand curve. This can be graphically represented as follows:

The increase in demand for imports results in a change in the exchange rate. The initial exchange rate is E₁ = 60, which means that we need to exchange Rs.60 for one dollar. At the new equilibrium, the exchange rate becomes E₂ = 70, which means that we need to pay more rupees for a dollar.

The increase in the price of dollars due to rise in demand for imports indicates that the value of rupees in terms of dollars has fallen and the value of dollar in terms of rupees has increased.

Question 45.
Explain the features of indifference curves with the help of diagrams.
Answer:
The main features of indifference curves are as follows:

1. Indifference curve slopes downwards from left to right:
An indifference curve slopes towards from left to right because, the consumer in order to have more of one product, he has to forego some units of other product. This can be explained with the help of diagram.

Thus, according to above diagram, as long as the consumer is on the same indifference curve, an increase in bananas must be compensated by a fall in quantity of mangoes. That means an increase in the amount of bananas along the indifference curve is associated with a decrease in the amount of mangoes.

2. Higher indifference curve gives greater level of utility:
As long as marginal utility of a commodity is positive, a consumer always prefers more of that commodity to increase his level of satisfaction. This can be explained with the help of table and a diagram:

Combination	Banana	Mango
A	1	10
B	2	10
C	3	10

Let us consider the different combinations of two goods bananas and mangoes A, B and C in the above table and diagram. All the three combinations consist of same quantity of mangoes but different quantities of bananas. As combination B has more bananas than A, B will provide the consumer higher level of satisfaction than A.

Therefore, B will lie on higher indifference curve. Similarly, C has more bananas than B and therefore C will provide higher level of satisfaction than B and also lie on higher indifference curve than B. Thus, higher indifference curves give greater level of utility.

3. Two indifference curves never intersect each other:
If the two indifference curves intersect H each other, they will give conflicting results. This can be explained with the help of diagram.

In the above diagram, the two indifference curves have intersected with each other. As points A and B lie on IC2, utilities derived ManS° from A and B are same. Similarly, as points A and C lie on the same indifference curve IC1, the utilities are same. From this, it follows that utility from point B and C are same.

But this is clearly an absurd result as on B, the consumer gets a greater number of mangoes with the same quantity of bananas. So the consumer is ‘ better off at point B than at point C. Thus, it is clear that intersecting indifference curves will lead to conflicting results. Thus, two indifference curves cannot intersect each other.

Question 46.
Explain the simultaneous shifts of demand and supply curve in perfect competition with the help of diagrams.
Answer:
The simultaneous shifts can happen in four possible ways:

1. Both supply and demand curves shift rightwards.
2. Both supply and demand curves shift leftwards.
3. Supply curve shifts leftward and demand curve shifts rightward.
4. Supply curve shifts rightward and demand curve shifts leftward.

The simultaneous shifts of demand and supply curve in perfect competition can be represented in the following table:

In the above table, each row of the table describes the direction in which the equilibrium price and quantity will change for each possible combination of the simultaneous shifts in demand and supply curves. For instance, from the second row of the table, we can notice that due to a rightward shift in both demand and supply curves, the equilibrium quantity increases invariably but the equilibrium price may increase or decrease, or remain constant.
The following diagrams depict the second and third cases of the above table:

In the above diagram (a) initially, the equilibrium is at E where the demand curve DD₀ and supply curve SS₀ intersect. Here, both supply and demand curves shift rightward where the price remains constant at P but the equilibrium quantity moves from q to q₁.

Similarly, in diagram (b), the supply curve shifts rightward and demand curve shifts leftward where the equilibrium quantity remains same but the equilibrium price decreases from P to P₁.

Therefore, the rightward shifts in both demand and supply curves leads to increase in the equilibrium quantity and equilibrium price remaining constant. The equilibrium quantity remains same and the price decreases if there is leftward shift in demand curve and a rightward shift in supply curve.

Question 47.
Explain how the firms behave in oligopoly.
Answer:
If the market of a particular commodity consists of a few number of sellers, the market structure is termed oligopoly. Given there are a few firms, each firm is relatively large when compared to the size of the market. As a result each firm is in a position to affect the total supply in the market and thus influence the market price.

For example, if a firm decides to double its output, the total supply in the market will increase, causing the price to fall. This fall in price affects the profits of all firms in the industry. Other firms will respond to such a move in order to protect their own profits, by taking fresh decisions regarding how much to produce. Therefore the level of output in the industry, the level of prices and the profits are outcomes of how firms are interacting with each other.

Case-1:
Firms could decide to collude with each other to maximize profits. Here the firms form a Cartel (an association) that acts as a monopoly. The quantity supplied collectively by the industry and the price charged are the same as a single monopoly firm.

Case-2:
The firms could decide to compete with each other. For example, a firm may lower its price a little below the other firms, in order to attract away their customers. Certainly, the other firms would retaliate by doing the same. So the market price keeps falling.

In reality, cooperation of the kind that is needed to ensure a monopoly outcome is often difficult to achieve in the real world. The firms may realize that competing fiercely by continuous price cuts is harmful to their own profits.

Question 48.
Write down some of the limitations of using GDP as an index of welfare of a country.
Answer:
Gross domestic product (GDP) is the sum total of value of goods and services created within the geographical boundary of a country in a particular year. It gets distributed among the people as incomes except retained earnings.

So, we consider that higher level of GDP of a country is an index of greater well being of the people of that country. Welfare of a country means well being of entire population of the country. But there are certain limitations of using GDP as an index of welfare of a country. They are as follows:

1. Distribution of gross domestic product (GDP):
Generally, the rise in GDP will not represent increase in the welfare of the country. If the GDP of the country is rising, the welfare may not rise as a consequence. This is because the rise in gross domestic product may be concentrated in the hands of very few individuals or firms. For the remaining, the income may, in fact, might have decreased. In such a situation, the welfare of the entire country cannot be said to have improved.

2. Non-monetary exchanges:
Some of the activities in a country are not evaluated in terms of money. For instance, the domestic services of housewife are not paid for. The exchanges which take place in the informal sector without the help of money are called barter exchanges. In barter exchanges, goods are directly exchanged against each other.

As money is not used here, these exchanges are not registered as part of economic activity. In India, because of many remote areas, these kinds of exchanges still take place and they are generally not counted in the GDP. Therefore, gross domestic product calculated in the standard manner may not give us a clear indication of welfare of a country.

3. Externalities:
An externality is a cost or benefit conferred upon second or third parties as a result of acts of individual production and consumption. In other words, externalities refer to the benefits or harms, a firm or an individual causes to another for which they are not paid or penalized. These do not have any market in which they can be bought and sold.

But the cost or benefit of an externality cannot be measured in money terms because it is not included in market activities. For example, the pleasure one gets from his neighbour’s garden is an external benefit and external cost is environmental pollution caused by industries. Both are excluded from national income estimates.

4. Leisure and work:
One of the important things that affect the welfare of a society is leisure. But is not included in GDP. For example, longer working hours may make people unhappy because their leisure is reduced. On the contrary, shorter working hours per week may increase leisure and make people happy.

5. Manner of production:
The economic welfare also depends on the manner of production of goods and services. If goods are produced by child labour or by exploitation of workers, then the economic welfare cannot increase.

PART-E

VIII. Answer any two of the following project oriented questions. (5 × 2=10)

Question 49.
Compute the total revenue, marginal revenue and average revenue schedules from the following table when market price of each unit of goods is Rs.10.

Answer:
Hint: For TR multiply price and quantity (P × Q);
MR = TR_n – TR_n-1 and AR = TR/Q

Question 50.
Write a note on demonetisation.
Answer:
Demonetisation was a new step taken by the Government of India on 8^th November 2016. It was introduced to tackle the problem of corruption, black money, terrorism and circulation of fake currency in the economy. Old currency notes of Rs.500 and Rs. 1000 were no longer legal tender.

New currency notes in denomination of Rs.500 and Rs.2000 were introduced. The public were advised to deposit old currency notes in their bank account till 31^st of March 2017 without any declaration and after 31^st March 2017 with the RBI with declaration.

In order to avoid a complete Breakdown and scarcity of Cash, government allowed exchange of Rs.4000 old currency notes with new currency restricting to a person per day. Further, till 12^th December 2016, old currency notes were acceptable as legal tender at petrol pumps, government hospitals and for payment of government dues like taxes, power bills, etc.

This initiative had both appreciation and criticism. There were long queues outside banks and ATM centres. There was acute shortage of currency notes and had adverse effect on economic activities. But now, normalcy has returned.

The demonetization also has positive effects. It improved tax compliance as a large number of people were bought in the tax ambit. The savings of individual were channelized into the formal financial system. As a result, banks have more resources at their disposal which can be used to provide more loans at low rate of interest.

Demonetisation helps in curbing black money, reducing tax evasion and corruption will decrease. It also helps in tax administration in another way, by shifting transaction out of the cash economy into the formal payment system. Nowadays, households and “firms have started to shift from cash payment to electronic payments.

Question 51.
Prepare a budget on monthly income and expenditure of your family.
Answer:
The budget is a financial statement which includes anticipated income and anticipated expenditure. An imaginary monthly income and expenditure of a family is given below:
Budget for the month of January-2019

This family has a surplus budget as its income is more than expenditure.

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Karnataka 2nd PUC Geography Previous Year Question Paper March 2017

Time: 3 Hrs 15 Min
Max. Marks: 100

Section – A

I. Answer the following questions in one sentence each:  ( 10 × 1 = 10 )

Question 1.
Who is called the Father of Human Geography?
Answer:
Friedrich Ratzel.

Question 2.
Expand H.D.I.
Answer:
Human development index

Question 3.
What is mining?
Answer:
Mining refers to the Extraction of the minerals from the Earth such as Iron ore, Manganese, Gold, Coal, Diamond and Petroleum.

Question 4.
What is transportation?
Answer:
Transport is the means of carrying Goods Passengers from one place to other by Human. Animals and different kinds of vehicles.

Question 5.
What is settlement?
Answer:
Settlement means the places inhabited by people permanently in village, a town or a city is called Settlement.

Question 6.
Name the state recorded highest literacy rate of India.
Answer:
The state recorded as highest literacy rate of India is Kerala with 93.9 1%.

Question 7.
What is the name Bhakra reservoir?
Answer:
Govind Sagar

Question 8.
Mention one important beverage crops of India.
Answer:
Tea and Coffee are important Beverage crops of India.

Question 9.
Which mineral is called “Black Diamond”?
Answer:
Coal

Question 10.
Expand GP.S.
Answer:
missing

Section – B

II. Answer any 10 of the following questions in 2 to 3 sentences each: ( 10 × 2 = 20 )

Question 11.
Mention any two different techniques of mining?
Answer:
The diflìrent technique of Mining are:

1. Open Cast mining
2. Underground mining
3. Shaft mining.

Question 12.
What are the different types of fishing?
Answer:
The different types of Fishing are:

1. Fresh water fishing
2. Coastal fishing and
3. Open sea fishing.

Question 13.
Give two examples of educational towns.
Answer:

1. Mysore
2. Dharwad.

Question 14.
What are the two types of migration?
Answer:

1. Internal migration
2. International migration

Question 15.
Name the varieties of wheat in India.
Answer:

1. Bread wheat
2. Macaroni wheat
3. Emmer wheat
4. Indian dwarf wheat.

Question 16.
Mention the types of coal.
Answer:
The types of coal arc;

1. Anthracite
2. lignite
3. Bituminous
4. Peat.

Question 17.
Name the two important gold producing regions of India.
Answer:

1. Hutti gold field in Raichur districts and Bellary gold field in Tumkur in Karnataka.
2. Ramagiri in Ananthpur district and Jonnagiri in Kurnool in Andhra Pradesh.

Question 18.
Name the places where software technology parks are located in Karnataka.
Answer:

1. Bangalore
2. Mysore
3. Udupi
4. Hubli

Question 19.
Mention the three important railway gauges.
Answer:

1. Broad – Gauge
2. Metre – Gauge
3. Narrow – Gauge.

Question 20.
State the two types of water ways.
Answer:

1. Inland water transport
2. Ocean transport.

Question 21.
What are the types of pollution?
Answer:
The types of Pollutions are :-

1. Air pollution
2. Water pollution.
3. Land pollution
4. Noise pollution.

Question 22.
What are the causes of air pollution?
Answer:

• Increased use of varieties of fuels such as coal, petrol and diesal.
• Increase in emission of Toxic Gases from Industrial activities into the Atomosphere.
• Mining activities release dust in the air.
• Important Pollutants are oxides of sulpher and nitrogen, hydro carbons, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide lead and asbestos.

Section – C

III. Answer any eight of the following questions in 25 to 30 sentences each: ( 5 × 8 = 40 )

Question 23.
Explain the importance of human geography.
Answer:
Importance of Human Geography:

• It clarifies the societies and cultures in different locations.
• The great diversity reflects through the fashion life.
• Which realizes carrying capacity of the Earth.
• It helps us to understand circumstances affecting people and nation.
• It is helpful to the planners, administrations, Industrialists and others.

Question 24.
What is human development? Discuss the measurement of human development.
Answer:
Meaning of Human development :
Human development is “development that enlarges people’s choice and improves their lives”. Standard of living & where people can live meaningful lives. Such as healthy, able to develop their talent. Participate in the activities of society etc.

Measurements of Human Development:
Human development is measured with –

1. The Human development Index.
2. The Human poverty Index,

1. The Human development index: It is measured in three dimensions.

• Health: Good health results of higher life expectancy means the people have a greater chance of living longer and health.
• Education: Based on the literacy rate development and status of a persons decides.
• Decent standard of living: It is measured in terms of purchasing power (in US dollars).

2. The Human poverty index: It measures the short fall in human development in following indices.

• The probability of not surviving till the age of 40.
• The adult illiteracy rate.
• The number of people who are not able drink pure water.
• The number of small children who are under weight.

Question 25.
What is demographic cycle? Explain the stages of demographic cycle.
Answer:
Demographic cycle is the process of population transformation from the countries of high birth rate and high death rates to low birth rate & low death rate countries.

Stages of Demographic cycle:

•  First stage: High birth rate and high death is found when the country is economically most backward, so the population remains stationary. India was in the stage till 1920.
• Second stage (Early expanding): It begins with the declining of death rate while the birth rate ramins unchanged. These changes due to the advancement of science & technology, basic health care and education etc. At present many developing countries of Asia & Africa are in this stage.
• Third stage (Late expanding): Death rate declines and birth rate begins to fall due to access of contraceptives, urbanization, an increase in the status and women education etc India appears to be this stage.
• Fourth stage (Low stationary): It is characterized with low birth rate and low death rate. Growth is stationary due to changing life style, high obesity and many diseases are caused in this stage. Japan. Sweden, Belgium Denmark & Switzerland are in this stage.
• Fifth stage( Declining): Population begins to decline or birth rate is lower than death rate. East European countries like Germany and Hungary and North European countries like Sweden. Norway are now in this stage.

Question 26.
Describe the importance of the pipelines.
Answer:

• It is most convenient, efficient and cheap mode of transporting products like crude oil and refined products, gas, water and milk.
• At present solid materials are also transported through pipeline after converting them into slurry.

Advantages of Pipelines :

• Pipelines can be laid through difficult terrain and also through water.
• The initial cost of laying the pipelines is high but the subsequent cost of maintenance and operation is low.
• Pipelines ensure a steady supply and minimize trans-shipment losses and delays.
• Pipelines operation involves very low consumption of energy and keeps the environment free from pollution.
• Pipeline regions unites industrial regions.

Disadvantages:

• The capacity of pipelines cannot be increased once they are laid.
• The security of pipelines in certain areas and the detection of leakage arc difficult.
• The construction of pipelines are expensive.

Question 27.
Explain the trend of population growth in India.
Answer:
The Population growth in India between 1 90 I and 2u 11 can be divided into four stages as follows

• 1901 – 1921 Stagnant population growth.
• 1921 – 1951 Steady growth.
• 1951 – 1961 Rapid high growth.
• 1981 – 2011 High growth with definite signs of slowing down.

1. In the first stage : In this decade, population growth was naturally curbed with the outbreak of Plague. Cholera. Malaria, influenza and other epidemics. Thus the decade considered as the great divide in the history of Indian Census.

2. In the second stage : The population can be considered as moderate The population growing from about 251 million (1921) to 361 million (1951), an increase of about 110 million. The main reason was decline in death rate due to control if epidemics like Plague. Cholera etc.

3. The third stage : is very important, because of the growth rate of population very high. The Population grew from 361 million (1951) to 686 (198!). an increase of about 325 million. The growth has been very rapid after independence. The government of India was implemented man Socio-Economical Programs in all sectors.

4. The fourth stage : It completely differs from other three stages, Here the trend of growth rate of population is gradually slowing down. We can easily justify that the period from 1981 to 2011 is referred to as a high growth with definite signs of slowing down.

Question 28.
Discuss the factors affected on human development index in India.
Answer:
Factors influencing on HDI of India are discussed below:

1. Birth and Death Rate : Declining of birth rate has been much slower than that of the death rate. This results in rapid increase of population. It affects on slow economic growth of the country. It is the main cause for declining of human development index.

2. Life Expectancy : Life Expectancy has gone up 65.77 years for males 67.95 years females respectively in 2011-12. This is due to the consequence of the expansion of food security and medical facilities. It helps to raise the HDI in the country.

3. Food and Nutrition : According to the 2011 Global Hunger Index (GHI) report, India has 15th rank among the leading countries with hunger situation.

• The World Bank estimates that India is one of the highest-ranking countries in the Vor1d for the number of children suffering from malnutrition.
• It is adversely affecting the Human development.

4. Literacy : Education is the key for socio-economic progress. The Indian literacy rate grew to 74.04% in 2011 from 12% at the end of the British rule in 1947. The large proportion of illiterate females is another reason for the low literacy rate in India. Due to this there is decline in the Human development Index of the country.

Question 29.
Discuss the important features and aims of Damodar Valley Project.
Answer:
The main aims of the project are flood control, Promotion of irrigation, Generating Hydro Electricity, Navigation, Afforestation, Prevents Soil erosion, Inland fishing and recreation facilities.
Its features are as follows :

Damodar and its tributaries –
It comprises four Dams, three Hydel Power stations one barrage and three thermal power stations.

1. Tilaiya Dam :
This dam has been constructed on Barakar river a tributary of Damodar.

• Its gross storage capacity is 395 million cubic metres.
• Two power stations of 200KW each have been set up here. The dam provides irrigation facilities to 40,000 hectares.

2. Konar Dani :

• It has been constructed on Konar river.
• Its gross storage capacity is 337 million cubic metres, Its provides irrigation facilities to 1.4 Lakh hectares.

3. Maothon Dam :
It has been constructed on Barakar river.

Question 30.
Give an account of the production and distribution of rice in India.
Answer:
Rice Cultivation is widely distributed in India. Its cultivation is concentrated in River valleys, deltas, flood plains, low lying coastal areas of North-Eastern & Southern India etc are important rice growing areas.

1. West Bengal :West Bengal is the largest producer of rice in India

• About three fourth of the Total state’s cropped area is under the rice cultivations
• Rice is growing in three seasons. They are called in different names.
  (i) Aus (ii) Aman and (iii) Boro, Mediñipur, Bardhaman 24 Parganas, Bankura & Cochbehar are important rice-producing districts in the state West Bengal producer 14.2% under total production of Rice in India.

2. Uttar Pradesh : This is second largest producer of rice in India.

• The rice cultivated area is concentrated in Gorakhpur, Basti, Varanasi, Allahabad, Shaharanpur, Azamgarh & Shajahanpur etc are important districts & major rice growing areas.
• Uttar Pradesh produces 13.44% f Rice under total production of Rice in India.

3. Andhra Pradesh : It is the third largest producer of rice iñ India.

• The delta of Godavari -Krishna & coastal plains are suitable for rice cultivation in the state.
• It contributes 12.35 % of Rice under total production of rice in India.

4. Punjab : Punjab is the fourth largest producer of rice in India.

• Amritsar, Patiala, Ropar, Firozepur districts are the major produces of rice in Punjab.
• Its share 10.11 % under total production of Rice in India.

5. Bihar: Bthar is fifth leading producer of rice in India. ,

• Gaya, Rohtas, Bhajpur, Darbhanga, Champaran, Purenea, Bhagalpur & Patna districts.
• It produces 6.90% under total output of rice in india.

6. TamilNadu: It is the sixth largest producer of rice in India.

• Tirunelveli, Tiruchirapalli, Salem, Madhural, Coimbatore.
• Its production is 6.61% under total production of total Rice in India.

7. Chattisgarh: It is the important producer of rice in country.

• Bastar, Bilaspur, Durg, Sarguja, Raipur, Raigarh & Janjgir are the main rice producing districts.
• Its production is 5.78% under total production of Rice in India.

8. Karnataka : Karnataka has rapid progress in rice cultivation during last few years. The important rice producing districts are Raichur, Davangere, Mysore, Bellary, Shimoga, Mandhya & Koppal.
Its production is 3.87% under total production of Rice.

Production of rice : India is the second largest producer of rice in the world next to the China. It produceses 104.3 million tonnes of rice during 2011-12, it accounts for 22% of the worlds production. Now India is self sufficient in rice production.

Question 31.
Explain the distribution and production of iron ore in India.
Answer:
India is endowed with fairly abundant reserves of iron ore. The estimated iron ore reserves were about 25 billion tonnes in the year 2012-2013.

Odisha :

• It is a largest producer and accounts for about 47 percent of the total iron ore in India. Most of the deposits of iron ore in the state occur in Sundargarh, Mayurbhanj, Cuttack, Sambalapur, Keonjhar and Koraput districts.
• Chattisgarh : It produce over 21 percent of the total production of iron ore in india.
• Chattisgarh is thé second largest producer of iron bre in the country. Iron ore producing areas are Bailadila in Bastar, Dhalli Rajhara in Durga and Jabalpur districts.
• Jharkhand: This state ranks third in the production of iron ore in India. It contributes nearly 13 percent of the total production areasar Budhäburu, Kotamatiburu and Rajoriburu in Singhbhum districts.
• Karnataka: Karnataka produces only 4 percent of the iron ore production in India. But it has vast deposits of Harmatite as well as magnetite iron ore in Bababudan hills in Chickmangalur district, Sandur and Hospet area of Bellary district.
• Others : In Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, \Vest Bengal etc produce small quantity of iron ore.

Production :

• India ¡s the fourth largest produces of iron ore in the world.
• The total production of iron ore is 167 million tonnes in 2011-12 and 143 million tonnes in 2012-2013.
• It is decreased by 19 percent as compared to previous year.

Question 32.
Mention the importance of cement industry development in India.
Answer:
Importance : The ‘Cement’ is the name given to the mixture of limestone, clay, silica and gypsum. This is essential for all types of construction activities.

• Cement is essential for the development of all types of infrastructure facilities such as roads, bridge, dams, buldings canals etc.
• The production and consumption of cement is an indicator of the progress of a nation.
• It is the fundamental requirement for the development of major economic sectors such as agriculture, industry, transportation, trade etc.
• India is not olny one of the major cement producing countries of the world, at the same time, it is one of the largest cement consumer as well as exporter.

Development : The first cement plant was established by South Indian Industries at Ranipet near Chennai in 1904.

• During 1914-16 two more cement plants were established at Katni in Madhya Pradesh & Lakheri of Rajasthan.
• In 1934, 10 out of 11 existing companies merged together & established Associated
  Cernent Company Ltd., (ACC) by 1947.
• At present (2010) there are 153 large cement plants with a total production of 219.51 million tonnes. Besides the country have more than 99 mini cement plants with an installed capacity of 11.10 mmt. it the last three decades the country has emerged as the second largest cement producing country of the world.

Question 33.
Explain any two major ports of west coast of India.
Answer:
The major ports located in the vcst coast of India are

1. Kandla
2. Mumbai.

1. Kandla: It is a tidal port located at Eastern end of Gulf of Kachclih (Gujarat).

• It has a natural harbour and has a vast hinterland, rich in agriculture and animal husbandry.
• Its main exports consists of leather, petroleum products, chemicals, salt, cement, cotton and silk textiles and edible oils.
• The imports include crude oil, potash, fertilizers, machines and synthetic rubber.

2. Mumbal: Mumbai is the biggest, most spacious, natural, well shelter, and capital of the Maharashtra state.

• The port is situated towards the eastern side of Mumbai island which runs in a north-east to south-east direction.
• The length of this port is 2Okms and width is 6-10 kms.
• There are 54 berths in its wet dock. This port has become India’s largest oil terminal.
• It has rich hinterland.
• Important items of imports are food grains, crude oil, machinery, chemicals, fertilizers sand transport equipment.
• The main items of exports are cotton textiles oilseeds, hides and skins,iron and manganese ore.

Question 34.
Discuss any six problems of people living in slums.
Answer:

• Slums arc in environmentally unsuited and degraded area. Houses in slums are decaying, poor hygienic conditions, poor ventilation.
• Lack of basic amentities like drinking water, light and toilet facilities.
• They are overcrowded having narrow street pattern prone to serious hazards from fire.
• People living in slums are poor. Thorefore problems are common.
• They are the undernourished, prone to different types of diseases and illness.
• They can not afford to give proper education to their children.
• The Poverty makes them valnerable to drug abuse alcoholism, crime, vandalism and ultimately they face social exclusion.

Section – D

IV. Answer any one of the following questions : ( 1 × 10 = 10 )

Question 35.
Describe the occurrence, production and distribution of crude oil in India.
Answer:

• In India petroleum was discovered in 1860.
• Another important achievement was the discover of oil in the Digboi area in 1889.
• The government of India contituted a separate Directorate of Oil and Natural Gas
  Commission (ONGC) on August 1956, Oil India Ltd., (OIL) on Febraur 1959.

1. Bombay High : This is the largest oil producing area contributing 42.7 percent of the total
crude oil output of the country.

• It is found in coat of Maharashtra about 176 km of the North-West Mumbai.
• It is known as “Sagar Samrat”.

2. Assam :

• In india the petroleum was first dicovered at Makum (Assam) in 1867. The first oil well was drilled at Digboi.
• It contributes about 13.2% of the oil production in the country.
• Major oil fields of Assam state are the Digboi, Naharkatiya, Rudrasagar, Sibsagar and Hugrini.

3. Gujarat: It contributes 15.2% of Petroleum production in India.
Ankaleshwar and Cambay are the main oil fields, Kolob, Nangaon etc.

4. The Eastern Coast Oil field : The basin and deltas of the Godavari, the Krishna of Andhra Pradesh and the Cauvery river of Tamil Nádu holds great potential of oil and natural gas production.

5. Others : Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan etc
Production :

• The total production of Petroleum in India was 380.9 lakh tonnes in 2011-12.
• India is not a significant producer of Petroleum in the world.
• Recently the domestic crude oil production has increased. This is because of the constant efforts made by ONGC and Oil India Ltd.

Question 36.
Discuss the factors which influence on the location of the industries.
Answer:
Some Important factors are:

• Raw materials :- Industries are set up close to or in the regions where raw materials is available.
• Power Resources :- Power is essential for running the machinery of industries and influences much on the industrial location.
• Water supply :- Large quantities of water essential for the processing of raw materials or for cooling purposes. Therefore industries are usually localizednear rivers or lakes.
• Climate :- Industries are influenced by climate. For example Cotton textile industry requires humid climate.
• Labour :- Cheap and efficient labour is required to work in the industries.
• Market :- Nearness to market is essential for quick marketing of manufactured goods.
• Transportation :- It is necessary to carry raw materials to the factories and to carry finished products to the markets as well.
• Capital :-. Development of Indust es requires large capital investment.
• Government :- GoverRment must have favourable policies such as tax exemptions electricity and sites at concessional rates, subsidies, rail-link, improved roads etc.

Section – E

V. Answer any two of the following. ( 2 × 10 = 20 )

Question 37.
Construct a Pie-Diagram by using.data given in the table. India : Sources of Irrigation – 2011
Answer:

Sources	% of irrigation
Canal	29.2
Well/Tube well	60.9
Tank	4.6
Others	5.3
Total	100

Question 38.
Construct a line graph by using in following data.
Growth of Population in India – 1961 –

Year	Population in million
1961	439
1971	548
1981	683
1991	843
2001	1026
2011	1210

Answer:

Question 39.
Construct a simple bar diagram to represent the data given in the table. India : Decade-Wise Total Irrigated Area (in Million hectares)

Year	Irrigated Area
1951	20.85
1961	24.66
1971	3 1.10
1981	38.72
1991	47.80
2001	54.65
2011	57.00

Answer:

For Blind Students Only

Answer any two of the following questions:  ( 2× 10 = 20 )

Question 40.
(a) What are the effects of globalization?
Answer:
There are Positive effects and Negative effects:

1. Positive effects: Industry has brought in huge amount of foreign investments into the industry & they has boosted the economy quite significantly.

• This has helped to provide employment to many people in the country.
• This has helped to make the Indian Industry more technologically advanced.
• It helps to reduce poverty in the country.

2. Negative effects :
The Negative effects of globalization on Indian industry are that it is increased computation
in the Indian market between the foreign companies and domestic companies.

• The foreign goods being better than the India goods, the consumer preffered to by the foreign goods. This reduced the amount of profit of the Indian industry companies. Its effects are more on pharmaceutical, manufacturing, chemical & the steel industries.
• The coming up technology in number of labour required decreased and this resulted in many people being removed from their jobs.

(b) What is satellite communication?
Answer:
Importance of satellites: Satellites are important to us in many ways.

• They provide us with radio and cable television.
• They allow us to make cellular phone calls from long distances.
• They provide us with a global positioning system (GPS).
• They circle the earth and relay weather conditions and forecasts.
• The government uses them to spy on other countries in order to protect us
• They are used for space research, which includes sotto satellites that observe the sun and provide us with early warnings of upcoming solar flakes. These solar flakes have been known to knock out various satellite communication links, which allow us to use our credit cards and to use beepers.
• Satellite monitor crops.

(c) Explain the sources of data.
Answer:
Meaning – The data which are collected for the first time by a researcher or groups of researchers, institution or organizations are called Primary sources of data.

Types of Primary data collection:

1. Through Personal interview : Personal interviews are the most commonly used method of collecting data, because the interviewer has the opportunity of explaing the study and answering any question, here the researcher gets direct information from the respondents.

2. By Personal observations: It refers to the collection of data or information by individual or group of individuals,  through direct observations in the field.

3. By Questionnaire : The most common method used in surverys is the Questionnaire. In this method, simple questions and their possible answers are written on a plain paper, and the respondents have to tick mark the possible answers from given choices.

4. Others methods :

• Telephone interview : In this method, the researcher/interviewer can collect the information over the telephone.
• Measuring properties : In this method, the data about properties of soil and water collected directly from the field by measuring their characteristics using soil and water quality kit.

Types of Secondary sources of data :-

1. Publishçd sources – There are 5 types

• International publications : In this publications year books, monographs and reports are published by different agencies of the united nations.
• Government publication : These publications comprise the census of India published by officë of the register general of India.
• Semi Government publication : In this category thc publications and reports of corporations, boards, urban development authórities etc …
• Private publication : The research reports, surveys, year-books and monographs are published.
• Newspapers and Periodicals : The daily news papers and periodicals or magazines are easily accessible.

2. Unpublished sources – There are 3 types.

• Government Documents : The reportš, papers, findings, monographs and documents are prepared and maintained as unpublished records at different levels of Government.
• Government Records : The corporations, boards, district councils and civil departmènts prepare and maintain the periodical reports and the develópnient plans.
• Private Documents : The companies, trade unions, different political and non-political organizations and resident welfare associations arc having unpublished reports and records.

Students can Download 2nd PUC Geography Model Question Paper 3 with Answers, Karnataka 2nd PUC Geography Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Geography Model Question Paper 3 with Answers

Time: 3 Hrs
Max. Marks: 100

Section – A

I. Answer the following in one sentence each: ( 1 × 10 = 10 )

Question 1.
Name the four concepts of Human development.
Answer:

1. Equity
2. Sustainability
3. Productivity
4. Empowerment.

Question 2.
What is Agriculture?
Answer:
Agriculture is an art of tilling the soil for the purpose of raising the crops to provide food for the man and fodder for the animals.

Question 3.
Which is the largest news Agency in the world?
Answer:
The laigest news Agency in the world is reuter. It is the first news paper in die world.

Question 4.
What are Hamlets?
Answer:
They are smaller than village and lacking of public utilities.

Question 5.
What are the Rank of Human development index of India according to 2011?
Answer:
The rank of Human development index of India according to 2011 is 134th rank.

Question 6.
What are the drawbacks of well irrigation?
Answer:
They can dry up in the summer season.

Question 7.
What is the scientific name of the wheat?
Answer:
‘Triticum’ is the scientific name of the wheat

Question 8.
What is the meaning of term petroleum?
Answer:
The term ‘Petroleum’ has been derived from two Latin words, petro means ‘Rock’ and ‘Oleum’ means ‘Oil’ through the word petroleum literally means rock oil known as mineral oil.

Question 9.
In which year was STPI established in India?
Answer:
Software technology park of India (STPI) was established in 1995.

Question 10.
Expand NRSA.
Answer:
National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA).

Section – B

II. Answer any TEN of the following questions in 2-3 sentence each. ( 2 x 10 = 20 )

Question 11.
Write a short note in food Gathering.
Answer:
Gathering of products from nature to fulfill their basic needs like food, clothing and shelter. In some parts of the world, the people lead a simple life depending upon the nature for their livelihood like collect the wild fruits, roots, nuts, leaves for the food, bark of tree, leaves and grass for clothing branches of tree, bamboo, leaves for making their homes for examples few nomadic tribes in the world.

Question 12.
What are the uses of animal rearing.
Answer:

• Source of employment for the formers.
• Source of income for the former and revenue to the government.
• For animal product like milk, meat, bones, skins, hair and wool etc.
• Source of natural manure for the agriculture.

Question 13.
What is occupational structure?
Answer:
The economic activities is an important criteria for designing urban settlements interns of population size and their occupation secondary and tertiary occupations are pre-dominant in the urban areas.

Question 14.
What is the difference between intrastate and inter state migration.
Answer:
Movement of people from one state to another is called inter state migration for example people can migrate from Karnataka to Goa.
In contrast movement of people within the state is called ‘Intra-state migration’ for example: People can migrate from for Mysore to Bengaluru.

Question 15.
What are Aus, Aman and Boro?
Answer:
They are the veraities of rice grown in following seasons.

• Aus : Seeds are sown in May-June and harvested in September – October [Autumn season],
• Aman : Seeds are sown in June-July and harvested in November – December [Rainy season],
• Boro : Seeds are sown in November to December and harested in March – April [Summer season],

Question 16.
What are the types of thermal power projects.
Answer:

1. Coal based thermal power projects.
2. Oil based thermal power projects.
3. Gas based thermal power projects.

Question 17.
Which are the regions identified for the establishment of tidal power stations in India.
Answer:

1. the gulf of kambhat on wrest coast in Gujarat:
2. sundarbans in the West Bengal on the East coast.
3. lakshadweep and Andaman nicobar islands.

Question 18.
Mention the four important advantages of Hoogly Kolkata region?
Answer:

1. A rich hinter land of the Ganga and Brahmaputra plains.
2. Availability of raw materials like jute, cotton, tea, minerals etc.
3. Cheap labour from Bihar and Odisha.
4. Availability of vast market in and around Kolkata.

Question 19.
State the two types of water ways.
Answer:

1. Inland water transport.
2. Ocean water transport.

Question 20.
Mention the advantages of Newspaper?
Answer:

• They are available for low cost.
• They provide all types of information regarding science and technology, news, articles etc.
• Large number of people can read them.
• They provide a accurate information from different sources.

Question 21.
Name different types of degraded lands in India.
Answer:

1. Barren and uncultivable waste land.
2. Natural degraded cultivable waste land
3. Natural and man made degraded CWL
4. Man made degraded . CWL [Cultivable waste land]

Question 22.
Mention the drought prone areas in India.
Answer:

• Semi-arid and arid tract of Rajasthan, Gujarath.
• Western Madhya Pradesh.
• Maratha wada region of Maharastra.
• Rayalaseema and telegana pleatus of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka pleatus.

Section – C

III. Answer any Eight of the following in 25-30 sentences each: ( 5 x 8 = 40 )

Question 23.
Describe the development of human geography.
Answer:

1. Human Geography is a recent sprout from the main, trunk of geography. During 18th & 19th century a new systematic approach of studying man & nature relationship was introduced into the field of Georaphy.
2. Friedrich Ratzel, a German geography was greatly influenced by Darwin’s theory (1859). He wrote a book ‘Anthropo Geography” in 1882.
3. Anthropo means ‘Human’ so he coined the term “Human Geography”. Hence, Ratzel is known as the Father of ‘Human Geography’, he developed man & his relationship with environment as described in two schools –
   • The German school or the Deterministic school – Describes . The control of environment
     on man and his activities.
   • French school or possibilistic school – It advocates that environment provides possibilities for man to persue variuos activities.
   •  Later Griffith Taylor an Australian Geography introduced ‘Neo-determinism’ or ‘Stop and Go determinism’ which balances between environment determinism and possibilism approach. . .
4. Many Geographers & new approaches, methods tools were introduced to develop Human Geography into systematic science.

Question 24.
Write a note on sex ratio and age structure of the world.
Answer:
Sex Ratio:

• The ratio between male and female population is called sex ratio. It is usual measured as “the number of females per thousand nales.
• On an average, a sex ratio of the world was 986 females per 1000 males during 2010 it was reduced 984 in 2011.
• The highest sex ratio in the world has been recorded in ‘Latria and Estonia’ it was 1174 & 1170 per thousand.
• The lowest sex ratio was found in UAE which is only 468 females per thousand males.
• As per the united nations list in 139 countries females are more than the males. Where as 72 countries males are more than females.

Age structure:
Age structure represents the number of people in different age groups. It includes both male & female population.

• About 65.8% of population belongs to the age group of 15-65 years who are ‘adults’.
• Above 65 years of age group is only 8%. They are called ‘aged’.
• Remaining about 26.2% is below the age group of 15 year called ‘infants’.
• Dependency ratio – The population ratio between the ages of 15 & 64 (Aults) and below 15,(infants) & above 64 (aged).

Question 25.
Explain the Growth of population in the world.
Answer:
The growth of population refers to the increases in the number of inhabitants of a country during specific period.

• It is estimated that the world population reached one billion for the first time in 1804.
• Due to the impact of the industrial revolution & improvement in living standards, the rate of population growth increased two billion in 1927.
• At present estimate of 2013 the globe is inhabited by 7121 million population.
• During the begining of 20th century the world population was only 2 billion and centum ended with 6 billion.
• It continues to grow even in the 21st century.

Stages of Population growth:
I Three billion – July 1959
II Four billion-April 1974
III Five billion-July 1987
IV Six billion – October 1999
V Seven billion – 12th March 2012.

Question 26.
Explain internet, remote sensing, E-mail and satellite communication.
Answer:

• Internet : An Interconnected system of networks that connects computers around the world.
• E-Mail : A system for sending and receiving messages electronically over a computer network, in between personal computers.
• Remote Sensing : Remote sensing is the scanning of the earth by Satellite or aircraft to obtain information about it. It is also the gathering and recording of information through
  aerial Photographs and Satellite images.
• Satellite Communication : An artificial body placed in orbit round the earth or another planet in order to collect information for communication with other purposes.

Question 27.
What are the problems caused with rapid growth of population?
Answer:
Effects of over population:

• Increased levels of air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination and noise pollution.
• Deforestation and loss of ecosystem.
• Increasing temperature in the atmosphere which results of Global Warming.
• Starvation, Malnutrition.
• Unhygienic living condition for many due to water scarcity, discharge of sewage water & solid waste disposal.
• Depletion of natural resources.
• Political instability.
• Increasing of unemployment.
• Lack of civic amentities (Food, Clothing & Shelter).

Measurements to Control the population:

• Adoption and Propoganda of Family planning methods.
• Practice of celibacy.
• Self control.
• Remaining unmarried.
• Improving women’s status and health.
• Provide education.
• Increasing the food production.

Question 28.
Explain the measures to check the growth of population in India.
Answer:
The government of India has taken several steps to control the growth of population in the country are as :

• Family Planning Programme : India was the first country in the world to adopt the family planning programme in the year 1952. The main aim is to control births by various means such as free sterilization (Vasectomy for males Tubectomy for females). Adopting contraceptives etc.
• Improvement of the status of women : The social, economic and political status of women have been improved through education and various women welfare scheme. For ex: In Karnataka free Education, Government jobs, Bhagyalaxmiyojana etc.
• Programmes to control infant mortality: The government of Karnataka has introduced many child welfare programmes to control infant mortality. For ex: Jananisurakshayojan, Madilu Prasooti Araike etc.
• Area Projects : Under this project health worker visit door to door and advise. In addition they are also motivating the people to adopt contraceptives and undergo sterilization.
• Publicity : Broadcasting the benifits of small family through the Radio, Television and Newspapers etc.

Question 29.
Explain the chief aims and importance of Hirakud project.
Answer:
Importance :

• It is an ambitious multipurpose river valley project in Odisha, planned for harnessing the waters of Mahanadi river.
• There dams are constructed across the Mahanadi at different places.
• The 4801 mt long dam has been built across the Mahanadi at Hirakud, 9.7 kms up stream of Sambalpur.
• The height of the dam above the river bed is 61 metres.
• It is the longest dam in India and forms 650km² reservoir.
• It has a gross storage capacity of 810 crore cubic meters of water.
• They irrigate 2.54 lakh hectares.
• The project has two hydro-electric power stations with an installed capacity of 270 m.
• The second and third dams are constructed at Tikarapara and Naraj respectively.
• The Mahanadhi Delta Irrigation scheme can provide irrigation for 6.84 lakh hectares.
• The third one comprises of 1353 km and 386.2 km long canals with irrigation potential of 5.4 lakh hectares.
• Chief Aims of this projects are :
  • Flood control
  • Irrigation development
  • Generation of hydro-electric power
  • Provides navigation, recreational facilities and afforestation.

Question 30.
Explain the canal irrigation in India.
Answer:
India has one of the largest canal systems of the world. Canals are the second largest source of irrigation in the country.
Canals are of two types :

1. Inundation canals : taken out directly from rivers, without making any barrage or dam.
2. Perennial canals : which are taken out from the reservoirs by constructing barrage or weir to regulate the flow of water.
   • Canal irrigation is widely practiced in the Sutlej Gangas plains and the deltas of the peninsular rivers.
   • Nearly 79% of India’s canals irrigated area lies in Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh,Haryana, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh etc.
   • Uttar Pradesh ranks first in India where canal irrigation is most extensive.
   • Canal irrigation suffers from a number of draw-backs such as water logging, increase in water table, alkalinity of soils due to capillary action etc.

Question 31.
What are the Geographical conditions necessary for the cultivation of cotton? Explain the varieties of cotton.
Answer:
Conditions for Cultivation of cotton:

• Cotton is a tropical & Sub-tropical crop. It requires high temperature. At the time of growing it requires 2l°C to 24°C temperature.
• It requires moderate rainfall of 50 cm to 100 cm. However it can cultivate in areas of lesser rainfall with the help of irrigation.
• Deep black soil is well suitable to cotton crop. This soil is commonly known as Black cotton soil. This is capable of retaining moisture.
• Cotton requires the use of Manures & fertilizers crop rotation helps to maintain fertility of the soil & improve the yield.
• Cotton cultivation requires large amount of cheap labours for planting, thinning, seeding, picking of cotton.
• Frosting, Moist weather & heavy rainfall are harmful to the crop.
• Cotton plant is susecptible to disease & pests. It requires the use of insecticides & pesticides.
• The Sunny weather is necessary at the time of harvesting the cotton.

Varieties of Cotton:-

(i) Long Staple Cotton :

• It is the best variety .
• It has over 3.8 cm in length.
• Because of its length of fibre, fine & shining it is used for making fine & superfine quality of cloth.
• It is largely grown in Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra, TamilNadu & MadhyaPradesh etc.

(ii) Medium Staple Cotton :

• The length of cotton fibre is between 2.5 cm to 3.8 cm is known as medium staple cotton.
• It is used for making Medium cloth.
• This is grown in Rajasthan, Punjab, TamilNadu, MadhyaPradesh, UttarPradesh, Karnataka etc.

(iii) Short Staple Cotton :

• This is inferior variety with fiber length less than 2.5 cm.
• It is used for making inferior quality of cloth, stuffing purpose, blending with synthetic, fibre etc.
• This type of cotton production is reduced in India.
• Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh & Rajasthan etc are growing this type of cotton.

Question 32.
Explain the need of agriculture in India.
Answer:
Agriculture is the most important Primary activity and the oldest occupation of human beings in India.

• Main source of livelihood : About 70% of the people directly and indirectly depend on agriculture for their Livelihood.
• Food supply : Agriculture provides food grains, fruits, vegetables, spices etc to the people and fodder for the animals.
• Provides employment facilities : Agriculture is largest sector providing highest employment.
• Source of National income : It contributes to the national income of the country.
• Source of raw materials for Agro-based-industries ex: Raw cotton, sugar cane and Jute.
• Source of large amount of revenue to the government.
• Support to tertiary sector like transport, communication, banking, insurance etc.
• Help to internal trade like Agricultural products are transported from the area of surplus production to the area scarcity.
• Support to export, many agricutlural products produced in the country are exported i.e. tea, coffee, Jute, Tobacco etc.
• Political & Social situation in the country is determined by the agricultural production.

Question 33.
Describe the radio as a communication media in India.
Answer:
Radio has played an important means of communication in the field of advertising, information, broadcasting local, regional, public opinions, national and international news, sports, cricket etc.

• Radio is more powerful than the press because it gives immediate information throughout the world without loss of time. Radio broadcasting was started in India in the early 1920’s.
• The first programme was broadcasted in 1923 by radio club of Mumbai. The broadcasting service was setup in 1927.
• It was changed to all India Radio (AIR) in 1936. It also came to be known as “Akashvani” from 1957.
• The All India radio has at present 213 Radio stations these includes 114 regional stations,

Advantages:

• Radio reaches both to the literate and illiterate as well as to people of all ages.
• It creates awakening among the people about the worls.
• It provides educated values.
• The productions costs are lower.
• Radio is the only mass media that people use while driving, cleaning, moving etc. ‘ Disadvantages:
• Radio is brief, It cannot be very descriptive.
• Its scope is limited.
• It is one way commuication.
• It is confined to the control of government.

Question 34.
What is target area planning? Why it is necessary in India? Give any four examples of target area planning.
Answer:
Target area planning means making schmes for the development of particular group or area such as backward regions.

• This type of planning is necessary in india because region imbalances in Economic development are getting serious.
• Some of the examples of programmes directed towards the development of target areas are command Area Development Programme.
• Drought prone area development programme.
• Desert Development Programme.
• Hill area development programme.
• The small farmers development agency and margins farmers development agency which are the examples of target group programme.

Section – D

IV. Answer any one of the following : ( 10 x 1 = 10 )

Question 35.
Describe the distribution, production and trade of Bauxite in India.
Answer:

• Bauxite ore is found in laterite rocks occuring extensively either on the plateau or hill ranges of peninsular India and also in the coastal tracts of the country.
• It is estimated that total reserves of Buaxite in the country is about 2500 million tones. This reserve is the .fifth largest in the world.
• Odisha : Odisha has large reserves and is the biggest producer of Bauxite in India.
  Vast reserves of Bauxite are located at Kalahandi, Koraput, Sundaragarh, Bolingir and Sambalapur districts.
• Chhatisgarh: Chhatisgarh produce more than 18.4 percent of the total production of Bauxite in the country. It is found Bilasapur, Durga, Surguja and Rajagarh districts.
• Maharashtra : Maharashtra accounts for 15.1
  percent of the total production of Bauxite in the country. It mainly occurs in Ratnagiri, Kollapur, Jhana and Satara districts.
• Jharkhand : It is fourth largest producer of Bauxite in India. If contributes about 14.3 percent of total production. It is located in Ranchi, Lahardaga, Palmu and Gumla districts.
• Gujarat: Gujarat is another important producer of Bauxite in India.
  It accounts for 6.6 percent in India. It is located in Jamanagar, Junagash, Kedha Kuchchh and Bhavanagar districts.
• Others : East and West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerela, Karnataka etc Trade :
• Nearly 80 percent of the bauxite in India is used for producing aluminium.
• India’s export of bauxite have been reduced considerably due to the increasing demand in the home market.
• So, India exports only 20 percent of its Bauxite ore mainly to Italy, U.K, Japan and Germany.

Question 36.
Write the importance of knowledge based industry and explain briefly why? These industries are located in major cities.
Answer:
Significance : Computer software industry in India are :

• The Aptitude of Indians for mathematics.
• Another reason may be the cost advantage of production in India. Global software firms are attracted to India’s large, skilled labour force.
• It has the second largest number of English speaking scientific professionals in the world, after the U.S.
• The Indian software industry focuses more on management information and decisions support systems, banking, insurance and financial applications, artificial intelligence etc.

Distribution :

• The major software and hardware producing companies include M/s Altos, HCL, Infosystems, Wipro, Digital Equipment (India), Zenith Computers, Tata Honey well, Unicorp Industries, Eseda Industries, Infosys, BEL software, PSI Data are global software firms having manufacturing base in India.
• Among the states of India Karnataka, particularly Bengaluru is the most important destination of Indian software industry so it is called Silicon Valley of India.
• In addition to Bengaluru software industries are also, developing in many centres of Karnataka such as Mysore, Mangalore, Udupi, Hubli etc.

Section – E

V. Answer any TWO of the following. ( 10 x 2 = 20 )

Question 37.
Construct a pie diagram using the following data.
India : Types of railways gauges – 2012.

Types	Percentage
Broad Guage	86
Meter grage	10
Narrow gange	4

Answer:

Question 38.
(a) Construct a line graph by using the following data
Karnataka : Selected district-wise population (id lakh)

District	Population
Belgaum	47.8
Bagalkot	18.9
Bijapur	21.8
Bidar	17.0
Raichur	19.3
Dharwad	18.5

Answer:

(b) Construct a single bar graph by using following data Karnataka: Decade wise sex ratio [per 1000 males]

Year	Female
1951	966
1961	959
1971	957
1981	963
1991	960
2001	965
2011	968

Answer:

Answer any two of the following : (10 × 2 = 20 )

Question 39.
(a) Explain the primary sources of data.
Answer:
Meaning – The data which are collected for the first time by a researcher or groups of researchers, institution or organizations are called Primary sources of data.
Types of Primary data collection:-

1. Through Personal interview : Personal interviews are the most commonly used method of collecting data, because the interviewer has the opportunity of explaing the study and answering any question, here the researcher gets direct information from the respondents.

2. By Personal observations: It refers to the collection of data or information by individual or group of individuals, through direct observations in the field.

3. By Questionnaire : The most common method used in surverys is the Questionnaire. In this method, simple questions and their possible answers are written on a plain paper, and the respondents have to tick mark the possible answers from given choices.

4. Others methods :

• Telephone interview : In this method, the researcher/interviewer can collect the information over the telephone.
• Measuring properties : In this method, the data about properties of soil, and water collected directly from the field by measuring their characteristics using soil and water quality kit.

(b) Explain the components of GIS.
Answer:
The components of GIS are

1. Data : Geographical data can jbe divided into 3
   • Spatial data Any data which is associated with a specific geographical location, eg Locating of India, Bangalore city, KRS dam.
   • Attribute/Non-spatial data Any data which is not associated with a specific geographical location.
   • Continous dataThe data which have no discrete boundaries like soil, atmospheric temperature and land elevation.
2. Software : There are the programmes designed to run the computer. However, GIS is designed to collect, store, process geographical data and construct maps.
3. Hardware : Hardware comprises storing and processing devices like central process unit, monitor, key board, mouse, printer, scanner etc …
4. People : This component consists of the skilled people who involve in data capturing, ‘, processing and analysing.
5. Analysis : It involves the processing of GIS data with various analyses so as to get meaningful information.

(c) Explain the segments of GPS.
Answer:
There are three segments of GPS:-
1. The space segments : The satellites of GPS are launched and positioned at an altitude of approximately 20200 km which is almost more than three times of the earth’s radius. The space segment consists of a constellation of 24 functioning GPs satellites located in 6 orbital plane with 4 satellites in each orbital plane. The time for the satellite to complete one revolution around the earth is 11 hrs and 58 minutes.

2. The control segment: The control segment consists of facilities necessary for satellites especially healthy monitoring, telemetry, tracking command and control clock error ‘ computation of satellites. There are 5 GPS stations spread over the earths surface they are –

• Hawaii
• Colorado spring
• Ascension Island
• Diego Garcia
• Kwajalein.

3. The user segment: It is a total user and supplier community, both civilian and military. The user segment consists of all earth – based GPS receivers. Receivers very greatly in size and complexity, through the basic design in rather simple. The space and control segments are largely transparent to the operations of navigation functions.

Students can Download 2nd PUC Geography Previous Year Question Paper March 2017, Karnataka 2nd PUC Geography Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Geography Previous Year Question Paper March 2017

Time: 3 Hrs 15 Min
Max. Marks: 100

I. Answer the following questions in one sentence each: (10 × 1 = 10)

Question 1.
Who is the founder of population Geography?
Answer:
G.T. Trewartha.

Quetion 2.
What is an Industry?
Answer:
Conversion of raw materials into finished goods and semi finished goods.

Question 3.
Which is the longest railway line of the world?
Answer:
Trans – Siberian Railway

Question 4.
What is the major occupation of the people of rural settlement?
Answer:
Agriculture, animal husbandry.

Question 5.
Which state has highest density of population in India?
Answer:
Bihar.

Question 6.
Which is the Longest dam of India?
Answer:
Hirakud.

Question 7.
Which is the highest sugarcane producing state in India?
Answer:
Uttar Pradesh.

Question 8.
Which is called ‘Black Diamond’?
Answer:
Coal.

Question 9.
Expand VISL.
Answer:
Vishveswariah Iron and Steel company Limited.

Question 10.
Name the major port of Kerala.
Answer:
Kochin.

II. Answer any 10 of the following questions in 2 to 3 sentences each: (10 × 2 = 20)

Question 11.
What are the types of mining?
Answer:
The different technique of mining are

1. Open cast mining
2. Underground mining
3. Shaft mining

Question 12.
Mention the tertiary economic occupations.
Answer:
It includes all kinds of services, retail, entertainment, banking, education, healthcare, transportation & communication

Question 13.
Mention any four problems of urban settlements.
Answer:
Large scale urbanizations results with many problems.
1. Economic problems – Increasing population in the urban centres causes unemployment.

2. Socio-cultural problems

• Increasing the population results in lacking of social sendees as they cannot reach to everyone.
• Insufficient financial resources fail to create adequate social infrastructure and scarcity ‘ to the basic needs of huge population.

3. Environment problems – Urbanization also causes deterioration of environment quality by pollutions and disposal of waste.,

4. Problems of slums

• Slums are the most important and severe problem of urban settlements.
• Poverty, housing, sanitation, water facilities are the problems.
• Now-a-days the slums are occupying a large space of the urban centres and are still expanding.
  Ex: Dharavi of Central Mumbai is the fastest grown and the largest slum of Asia.

Question 14.
What is the difference between emigration and immigration?
Answer:
Immigration: is used for in-migration from across the international border where.
Emigration: is used for out-migration from one country to another.

Question 15.
Why black soil is quiet suitable for cotton cultivation?
Answer:

• It keeps the Moisture for the long time.
• This soil is capable of retaining moisture to the crops. Therefore it is quiet suitable for cotton cultivation.

Question 16.
Name the types of iron ore.
Answer:

• Magnetite
• Haematite
• Limonite
• siderite

Question 17.
Write any four uses of manganese ore.
Answer:
Uses :

• Manganese is used to make steel tough and resistant to rusting.
• It is also used in the manufacture of paints, varnishes, batteries, dyes, fertilizers, pottery, calico printing, medicine.
• Manufacture of black enamel in chemical industries, bleaching powder, electrical, glass industries etc.

Thus it is known as “Jack of all Traders”.

India has occupied the second place in respect of Manganese ore reserve in the world after Zimbabwe.

• Odisha : Odisha has about 40.4 percent of India’s reserves of Manganese ore. It is the largest producer and contributes over 24.1 percent of the manganese ore in htdia.
  Best varieties of Manganese ore is found in Sundargarh, Kalahandi and Korput districts.
• Maharashtra : It contributes about 27.7 percent of India’s manganese ore. The main manganese belt is in Nagapur and Bhandara districts.
• Madhya Pradesh : This state contributes nearly 27.6 percent of the total production of Manganese in the country.
  Manganese ore are extend in Balaghat, Chindwara, Jabalpur and Dewas districts.
• Karnataka : About 5.8 percent India’s Manganese ore is produced by Karnataka. The main Manganese ore deposits occur in Uttar Kannada, Shimoga, Bellary, Chitradurga and Tumkur districts.
• Andhra Pradesh : It contributes 13.8 percent of the total maganese ore production of the country. It is found in Srikakulam, Vishakapatnam, Nellore, Kumool and Cudapha dis-tricts.
• Others : Rajasthan, Gujarat, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Bihar etc are the states in which Manganese ore are distributed.

Production :

• India is the 5th largest producer of manganese ore in the world.
• Its total production was 23.22 lakh tonnes in 2010-11.
• The production of manganese is increasing from one year to another.

Question 18.
What are the four major raw materials used in Cement industry?
Answer:
Limestone, sea shalls, slag, silica alumina, clay and gypsum are the raw material used in the cement industry

Question 19.
Mention the materials of imports of india.
Answer:

Imports of India : Imports trade of India refers to buying goods from foreign countries and bringing them to home country.
The main items of Imports of India are :

1. Petroleum crude and products :

• It is the most important materials of Indian.Imports.
• In 2006-2007 India imported rupees 2,58,572 crores worth of crude oil and other petroleum products.
• It contributed 23% of our total imports.

2. Pearls precious and semi precious stones :
India imported rupees 33,881 crores worth of precious stone.

3. Capital goods :
In 2006-2007 India imported rupees 2,51,136 crores worth of capital goods.

4. Fertilizers :
India is a major importer of chemical Fertilizers. It is because the country is agrarian and the Internal production of fertilizers is insufficient. Potash fertilizers are largely imported.

Exports of India : Export trade of India refers to the sale of goods and services by India to other countries of the world.

The main items of our exports are as follows :

• Agricultural and Allied products: Products such as cereals, pulses tobacco, spices, nuts and seeds, oil meals, caster oil etc.
  During 2011-2012 exports income is about US dollar 13300.63 million.
• Ores and minerals: Export of ores and minerals like Iron ore, Manganese, Micca was estimated at US dollar 4700.29 million during 2011-12.
• Gems and Jewellery: India imports gems and precious stones in their raw form and . exports them after proper cutting and polishing.
• Electronic goods: Items under this group of consists of machinery, iron, steel and other engineering items.
• Petroleum products: Export of petroleum products increased to US dollar 34667.02 million.

Question 20.
Which materials are transported through pipelines?
Answer:

• It is most convenient, efficient and cheap mode of transporting products like crude oil and refined products, gas, water and milk.
• At present solid materials are also transported through pipeline after converting them into slurry.

Advantages of Pipelines :

• Pipelines can be laid through difficult terrain and also through water.
• The initial cost of laying the pipelines is high but the subsequent cost of maintainence and operation is low.
• Pipelines ensure a steady supply and minimizes trans-shipment losses and delays.
• Pipelines operation involves very low consumption of energy and keeps the environment free from pollution.
• Pipeline regions unites industrial regions.

Disadvantages:

• The capacity of pipelines cannot be increased once they are laid.
• The security of pipelines in certain areas and the detection of leakage are difficult.
• The construction of pipelines are expensive.

Question 21.
How is water pollution caused?
Answer:

• Sewage disposal
• Urban runoff
• Toxic effluents from industries
• Run-off over cultivate lands and nuclear power plants.

Question 22.
Mention two sources of solid waste.
Answer:

• Household or Domestic establishment
• Industrial or Commercial establishment

III. Answer any eight of the following questions in 25 to 30 sentences each: (5 × 8 = 40)

Question 23.
Explain the significance of the study Of human Geography.
Answer:
Scope of human Geography:
As early societies became more successful in meeting their need within.permanent settlements.

• The rise of agriculturing activities resource extra and manufacturing activities led to more complex economic and political boundaries were created and more settlement grew into towns and cities.
• The physical environment also changed with the influence of modem urbanize and industrialized world that we known today.
• One of the greatest challenges faced by humans today is how to manage energy resource in a sustainable fashion without inflicting permanent damage to environment in the form of land, air, water, pollution and climatic changes.

Importance of Human Geography:

• It clarifies the societies and cultures in different ^locations.
• The great diversity reflects through the fashion life.
• Which realizes carrying capacity of the Earth.
• It helps us to understand circumstances affecting people and nation.
• It is helpful to the planners, administrations, Industrialists and others.

Question 24.
Explain the stages of demographic cycle.
Answer:
Demographic cycle is the process of population transformation from the countries of high birth rate and high death rates to low birth rate & low death rate countries.
Stages of Demographic cycle:
1. First stage: High birth rate and high death is found when the country is economically most backward, so the population remains stationary. India was in the stage till 1920.

2. Second stage (Early expanding): It begins with the declining of death rate while the birth rate remains unchanged. These changes due to the advancement of science & technology, basic healthcare and education etc. At present many developing countries of Asia & Africa are in this stage.

3. Third stage (Late expanding): Death rate declines and birth rate begins to fall due to access of contraceptives, urbanization, an increase in the status and women education etc India appears to be this stage.

4. Fourth stage (Low stationary): It is characterized with low birth rate and low death rate. Growth is stationary due to changing life style, high obesity and many diseases are caused in this stage. Japan, Sweden, Belgium Denmark & Switzerland are in this stage.

5. Fifth stage(DecIining): Population begins to decline or birth rate is lower than deathrate. East European countries like Germany and Hungary and North European countries like Sweden, Norway are now in this stage.

Question 25.
Discuss about the measurement of human development.
Answer:
Meaning of Human development:
Human development is “development that enlarges people’s choice and improves their lives”. Standard of living & where people can live meaningful lives. Such as healthy, able to develop their talent, Participate in the activities of society etc.

Measurements of Human Development:
Human development is measured with –
1. The Human development Index.
2. The Human poverty Index.

1. The Human development index: It is measured in three dimensions.

• Health: Good health results of higher life expectancy means the people have a greater chance of living longer and health.
• Education: Based on the literacy rate development and status of a persons decides.
• Decent standard of living: It is measured in terms of purchasing power (in US dollars).

2. The Human poverty index: It measures the short fall in human development in following indices.

• The probability of not surviving till the age of 40.
• The adult illiteracy rate.
• The number of people who are not able drink pure water.
• The number of small children who are under weight.

Question 26.
Give an account of ocean (sea) water ways of the world.
Answer:
Water Transportation is ideal for the movements of bulky heavy large quantities of commodities as well as perishable products. As such the oceans are considered as the natural high ways of the world. Some of the important ocean routes are:

1. The Northern Atlantic Sea Route: It connects North Eastern USA & North Western Europe, the two industrially developed regions of the World. The North Atlantic Sea Route is the busiest Route in the world and called “The Big Trunk Route”.

2. The Mediterreanean Sea Route: This Route passes through the heart of the old world and serves more countries.

3. The Cape of Good Hope Sea Route: The Cape of Good Hope Sea Route is the oldest route of the World, Discovered by Vasco-Da-Gama in 1948. Many Ships follow this route to avoid Heavy Taxation at the Suez canal.

4. The North-Pacific Sea Route: The North-Pacific sea route connects the ports are Vnconver, Seattle, Postland, Sanfrancisco, Losangles on American side and Yakohoma, Kobe, Shangai, Hanking, Manila, Singapore on the Asia side.

5. The South Atlantic Sea Route: The Eastern Coast of South America with Western Coast of South America with Western Coast of Africa and Europe. This route is not well developed.

6. Shipping Canals: The shipping canals are most important and plays a crucial role in the World transport pattern. The Major shipping canals in the world are – The Suez and the Panama Canals.

Question 27.
Explain the reasons of rapid growth of population in india.
Answer:
1. High Birth Rate – High birth rate is the dominate factor in rapid growth of population in India. It was 49.2 in 1901 and has declined to 22.22 per thousand in 2011.

• Causes for high birth rate : There are several causes for high birth rate in India. For example: Early marriage, Universal marriage, religious and superstitions, joint family system, illiteracy, polygamy, predominance of agriculture, poverty, slow urbanization process, tropical climate etc. All these factors have been caused directly or indirectly for high birth rate.

2. Low Birth rate : Death rate was very high (42.6) in 1901, but it was sharply declined to 6.4 per thousand persons) in 2011.

• Causes for low death rate: There are many causes for declining trend of deathrate they are control of epidemics, decline in the incidence of Malaria and tuberculosis expansion of medical facilities, control of infant mortality, spread of education, improvement in the nutrition level etc, due to all of these programs and activities, death fate has been declining from one decade to another.

Question 28.
Discuss the factors influencing on distribution of population in india.
Answer:
The important factors are
1. Physical features – The Mountain and hilly regions are emost unstable for human habitation. For example; Northern Mountain, Western and Eastern Ghats, North Eastern hilly regions are moderately populated. The fertile great plains of North India and the river deltas have high density of population.

2. Climate – The density of population is high in good climatic regions. But the-very hot or cold and very dry climatic regions have low density of population.

3. Soils – The fertile soil regions have high crop productivity. So, the Northern, Eastern and Western coastal plains are most densely populated. In contrast, infertile sandy areas are less productive and they are low populated.

4. Resources – Mineral and power resources promote rapid economic development. Therefore, such areas are densly populated. For example, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West Bengal etc.

5. Industries, Trade and Commerce – Highly industrialized, Commercial and business areas of the country have densly populated. For example Mumbai, Surat, Bhilai, Duigapur, Bangalore etc.

6. Security – People like to stay in a good security of life and property. Hence it is also influenced on population distribution. For example, Border areas of Jammu and Kashmir and Rajasthan are sparsely populated.

Question 29.
What is irrigation? Explain the need for irrigation in india.
Answer:
It is an artificial means of watering the crops or an art of supplying water to the crops.

Need for Irrigation : Distribution of water resources are highly varied. While some areas are dry some are wet and humid in such circumstances, we have to arrange water for crops through artificial means for fulfilling their needs. Thus, irrigation becomes necessary on account of following reasons.

• Nature of rainfall Due to irregular, uncertain and limited rainfall scarcity of water is caused so, need for irrigation arises.
• Nature of soil There is greater need of irrigation in sandy soil.
• Probability of DroughtAt places of droughts irrigation is essential.
• Need of Irrigation in dry areas In dry areas, where rainfall is less than 40 to 50 cm per year, the need arises for irrigation.
• More need of w;ater for special crops like rice, jute, sugar cane etc.
• More need of water to improve new and high yielding varieties of seeds for higher productivity.
• Water is essential to develop pastures for cattle and dairy development.
• Population of India is Multiplying fast, and it needs additional food production. This can be possible only through irrigation.

Question 30.
Give an account of upper Krishna Project.
Answer:
This is the biggest Multipurpose project in North Karnataka across the river Krishna.

• It comprises two dams namely Alamatti and Narayanapura.
• The Alamatti dam is constructed near Alamatti village in Basavana Bagewadi taluk and the Narayanapura dam is located near Siddapur village in Muddebihal taluk of Bijapur district.
• The Alamatti dam is 1,578 mt long & its height is 47.8 mt above the lowest foundation level with a gross capacity of 5,285 mcum.
• The Narayanapura dam is 10,637 mt long and 29.7 mt high above the lowest foundation level with a gross capacity of 10,66 mcum.
• It is going to irrigate about 6.22 lakh hectares of land in Bagalkot district, Bijapur district, Yadgir district, Gulbarga district, Raichur district.
• The project also include 6 units of power generation at Alamatti having a total capacity of 268 mw.

Question 31.
Explain the factors influencing on the location of industry.
Answer:
Some important factors are:

• Raw materials Industries are set up close to or in the regions where raw materials is available.
• Power Resources Power is essential for running the machinery of industries and influences much on the industrial location.
• Water supply Large quantities of water essential for the processing of raw materials or for cooling purposes. Therefore industries are usually localized near rivers or lakes.
• Climate: Industries are influenced by climate. For example Cotton textile industry requires humid climate.
• Labour Cheap and efficient labour is required to work in the industries.
• MarketNearness to market is essential for quick marketing of manufactured goods.
• Transportation It is necessary to carry raw materials to the factories and to carry finished products to the markets as well.
• Capital Development of Industries requires large capital investment.
• Government must have favourable policies such as tax exemptions electricity and sites at concessional rates, subsidies, rail-link, improved roads etc.

Question 32.
Explain the distribution of cotton textile industries in india.
Answer:

Importance:

•  It provides employment to over 35 million people in the mills, power looms and hand loom sector.
• Indirectly millions of people derives livelihood in cotton production, processing trade, garments and also in the textile machinery sectors.
• It is the most important sector of employment in the country next to agriculture.
• The export of cotton textiles contributes about 17 percent Our total export earnings etc.

Distribution of cotton textile industries:

• Maharashtra: It is the largest producer of cotton textile in the country. It produces 39.38 percent mill cloth and 1079 percent yam of India. It has 169 mills – these are located at Mumbai, Pune, Sangli, Nagpur, Sholapur etc It is called ‘Manchester of India’ and the cottonopolice of India.
• Gujarath: It is second largest producer of cotton in the country. It has 120 cotton mills which are located in Ahmadabad, Baroda, Rajkot, Bhuvanger, Surat etc.
• Tamilnadu: It has highest number of textile industries in the country . They are about 893 mills on the state they are found in Coimbatore, Madurai, Salem, Tirpur etc. Coimbatore is the most important center with 323 cotton mills. It is called the ‘Manchester of South India’.
• Karnataka: There are about 54 industries which are located at Davanagere, Hubli, Bellary, Gokak, Mysore, Bengaluru etc Davanagere is the chief center cotton textile in Karnataka.
• Uttar Pradesh: Kanpur is the chief center of cotton mills in Uttar pradesh. Other important centers are Agra, Bareily, Aligarh, Moradabad, Varanasi etc.
• Madhya Pradesh: There are 52 cotton textile industries in the state. They are located at Indore, Gwalior, Ujjain, Bhopal and Jabalpur.
• West Bengal: The industries are elargely found in Kolkata Howrah.
• Others : In Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh etc.

Question 33.
Explain the importance of road transport of India.
Answer:
A well known and co-ordinated system of transport plays an important role on trade, transport, social integration and economic development of the country. Importance:-

• Roads play a vital role in transporting the passengers for a short and medium distances.
• It is capable of providing door to door service
• the perishable goods like vegetables, fruits, and milk can be transported easily by road ways.
• Road – transport helps the industry by moving raw materials to industries and finished goods to market.
• it provides employment opportunities.
• The road traffic accounts for 85% of passengers and 65% of goods traffic by the end of length plan.
• It plays a vital role in national and International security.
• In hilly area, roads are only the means of effective transport.
• Lastly roads are especially useful for defence, purpose, particularly in border areas.

Question 34.
Explain the causes and effects of deforestation.
Answer:

• Extension of agriculture
• Constraction of roads, railways and industries
• Establishment human settlements and
• Mining activities

Effects of deforestration:

• Soil degradation and soil erosion.
• Destruction of natural habits of wild life and loss of biodiversity.
• Climatic changes such as desertification, global warming and etc.

Remedies to control the deforestration:

• Prevention of human settlements in forest areas.
• Check on expansion of agriculture.
• Prohibition of setting up of industries in forest areas.
• Controlling on irresponsible cutting down timber trees.
• Control of over grazing on forest region.
• Controlling of mining activity in forest lands.
• Limitation on construction of Large dams in forest areas.

IV. Answer any one of the following questions : (1 × 10 = 10)

Question 35.
What are the Geographical conditions required for the cultivation of Rice? And explain its distribution in india. .
Answer:
Rice Cultivation is widely distributed in India. Its cultivation is concentrated in River valleys, deltas, flood plains, low lying coastal areas of North-Eastern & Southern India etc are important rice growing areas.

1. West Bengal : West Bengal is the largest producer of rice in India.

• About three fourth of the Total state’s cropped area is under the rice cultivation.
• Rice is growing in three seasons. They are called in different names.
  1. Aus
  2. Aman and
  3. Boro, Medinipur, Bardhaman 24 parganas, Bankura & Cochbehar are important rice producing districts in the state West Bengal producer 14.2% under total production of Rice in India.

2. Uttar Pradesh : This is second largest producer of rice in India.

• The rice cultivated area is concentrated in Gorakhpur, Basti, Varanasi, Allahabad, Shaharanpur, Azamgarh & Shajahanpur etc are important districts & major rice growing areas.
• Uttar Pradesh produces 13.44% of Rice under total production of Rice in India.

3. Andhra Pradesh : It is the third largest producer of rice in India.

• The delta of Godavari-Krishna & coastal plains are suitable for rice cultivation in the state.
• It contributes 12.3 5 % of Rice under total production of rice in India.

4. Punjab : Punjab is the fourth largest producer of rice in India.

• Amritsar, Patiala, Ropar, Firozepur districts are the major produces of rice in Punjab. Its share 10.11% under total production of Rice in India.

5. Bihar : Bihar is fifth leading producer of rice in India.

• Gaya, Rohtas, Bhajpur, Darbhanga, Champaran, Purenea, Bhagalpur & Patna districts.
  It produces 6.90% under total output of rice in India.

6. TamilNadu: It is the sixth largest producer of rice in India.

• Tirunelveli, Tiruchirapalli, Salem, Madhurai, Coimbatore.
• Its production is 6.61 % under total production of total Rice in India.

7. Chattisgarh : It is the important producer of rice in country.

• Bastar, Bilaspur, Duig, Saiguja, Raipur, Raigarh& Janjgir are the main rice producing districts;
• Its production is 5.78% under total production of Rice in India.

8. Karnataka : Karnataka has rapid progress in rice cultivation during last few years. The important rice producing districts are Raichur, Davangere, Mysore, Bellary, Shimoga, Mandhya & Koppal.

• Its production is 3.87% under total production of Rice.
• Production of rice : India is the second largest producer of rice in the world next to the China. It produceses 104.3 million tonnes of rice during 2011-12, it accounts for 22% of the worlds production. Now India is self sufficient in rice production.

Question 36.
Explain the importance, development and distribution of petroleum in India.
Answer:

Occurance :

• In India petroleum .was discovered in I860.
• Another important achievement was the discover of oil in the Digboi area in 1889.
• The government of India contituted a separate Directorate of Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC) on August 1956, Oil India Ltd., (OIL) on February 1959.

1. Bombay High: This is the largest oil producing area contributing 42.7 percent of the total crude oil output of the country.

• It is found in coat of Maharashtra about 176 km of the North-West Mumbai.
• It is known as “Sagar Samrat”.

2. Assam :

• In India the petroleum was first dicovered at Makum (Assam) in 1867. The first oil well was drilled at Digboi.
• It contributes about 13.2% of the oil production in the country. ‘
• Major oil fields of Assam state are the Digboi, Naharkatiya, Rudrasagar, Sibsagar and Hugrini.

3. Gujarat: It contributes 15.2% of Petroleum production in India.
Ankaleshwar and Cambay are the main oil fields, Kolob, Nangaon etc.

4. The Eastern Coast Oil field : The basin and deltas of the Godavari, the Krishna of Andhra Pradesh and the Cauvery river of Tamil Nadu holds great potential of oil and natural gas production.

5. Others : Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan etc Production :

• The total production of Petroleum in India was 380.9 lakh tonnes in 2011-12.
• India is not a significant producer of Petroleum in the world.
• Recently the domestic crude oil production has increased. This is because of the constant efforts made by ONGC and Oil India Ltd.

V. Answer the following questions: (2 × 10 = 20)

Question 37.
Construct a Pie-Diagram using data given in the table.

Land-use pattern	Area (in million hectares)
1. Forest	69.63
2. Land not available for cultivation	43.32
3. Cultivable waste food	26.51
4. Fallow land	24.80
5. Net area sown	141.36
	305.62

Answer:

1. \(\frac { 69.63 }{ 305.62 }\) × 360 = 82%
2. \(\frac { 43.32 }{ 305.62 }\) × 360 = 51%
3. \(\frac { 26.51 }{ 305.62 }\) × 360 = 31.2%
4. \(\frac { 24.80 }{ 305.62 }\) × 360 = 29.2%
5. \(\frac { 141.36 }{ 305.62 }\) × 360 = 166.4%

Question 38
(a) Construct a simple line graph by using the following data.
Trend in Literacy rate of India

Year (in percentage)	Lliteracy rate
1951	18.33
1961	28.31
1971	34.45
1981	43.56
1991	52.21
2001	65.38
2011	74.4

Answer:

(b) Construct a single-bar graph by using the following data. India
Statewise yield of wheat 2011-12

States	Yield per hectare (in K.G’s)
Uttar pradesh	3113
Punjab	4898
Haryana	5030
Madhya	2164
Rajasthan	3175
Bihar	2206

Answer:

For Blind Students only

Question 39.
Answer any two of the following : 2 x 10 = 20

(a) Explain the primary sources of data.
Answer:
Meaning – The data which are collected for the first time by a researcher or groups of researchers, institution or organizations are called Primary sources of data.
Types of Primary data collection:-
1. Through Personal interview : Personal interviews are the most commonly used method of collecting data, because the interviewer has the opportunity of explaing the study and answering any question, here the researcher gets direct information from the respondents.

2. By Personal observations: It refers to the collection of data or information by individual or group of individuals, through direct observations in the field.

3. By Questionnaire: The most common method used in surverys is the Questionnaire. In this method, simple questions and their possible answers are written on a plain paper, and the respondents have to tick mark the possible answers from given choices.

4. Others methods :

• Telephone interview : In this method, the researcher/interviewer can collect the information over the telephone.
• Measuring properties : In this method, the data about properties of soil, and water collected directly from the field by measuring their characteristics using soil and water quality kit.

(b) Explain the segment of GPS
Answer:
There are three segments of GPS:-
1. The space segments : The satellites of GPS are launched and positioned at an altitude of approximately 20200 km which is almost more than three times of the earth’s radius. The space segment consists of a constellation of 24 functioning GPs satellites located in 6 orbital plane with 4 satellites in each orbital plane. The time for the satellite to complete
one revolution around the earth is 11 hrs and 58 minutes.

2. The control segment: The control segment consists of facilities necessary for satellites especially healthy monitoring, telemetry, tracking command and control clock error ‘ computation .of satellites. There are 5 GPS stations spread over the earths surface they arc –

• Hawaii
• Colorado spring
• Ascension Island
• Diego Garcia
• Kwajalein.

3. The user segment: It is a total user and supplier community, both civilian and military. The user segment consists of all earth – based GPS receivers. Receivers very greatly in size and complexity, through the basic design in rather simple. The space and control segments are largely transparent to the operations of navigation functions.

(c)
Explain the elements of remote sensing.
Answer:
1. Energy source of Illumination (A) – The first requirement for remote sensing is to have an energy source which illuminates or provides electromagnetic energy to acquire information of the earth’s surface.

2. Radiation and the Atmosphere (B) – As the energy travels from its source to the target, it will come in contact with and interact with the atmosphere it passes through.

3.,Interaction with the Target (C) – Once the energy makes its way to the target through the atmosphere.

4. Recording of energy by the sensor (D) – After the energy has been scattered by or emitted from the target we require a sensor to collect and record the electromangnetic radation.

5. Transmission, Reception and Processing (E) – The energy recorded by the sensor has to be transmitted, often in electronic form, to a receiving and processing station where the data are processed into an image.

6. Interpretation and Analysis (F) – The processed image is interpreted, visually/or digitally or electronically, to extract information about the target which was illuminated.

7. Application (G) – The final elements of the remote sensing process is acheived when we apply the information to better understand it and solve a particular problem.

Students can Download 2nd PUC Computer Science Model Question Paper 3 with Answers, Karnataka 2nd PUC Computer Science Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Computer Science Model Question Paper 3 with Answers

Time: 3 Hrs. 15 Min.
Max. Marks: 70

PART-A

I. Each question carries one mark. (10 × 1 =10)

Question 1.
Expand the term POST.
Answer:
The expansion of POST is Power On Self Test.

Question 2.
What is NOR gate?
Answer:
The NOR (Not OR) gate has two or more input signals with one output. If all the inputs are 0, then output is 1 in NOR gate.

Question 3.
What are Non-linear data structures?
Answer:
A non-linear data structure is a data structure in which a data item is connected to several other data items i.e., every data item is attached to several other data items.

Question 4.
Define array of objects.
Answer:
The array of class type is known as array of objects.
For example:
classname object[5];

Question 5.
What is new operator in C++?
Answer:
The new operator in C++, allocates memory dynamically.

Question 6.
Give the symbol notion for project.
Answer:
The symbol notion for project is? (pi)

Question 7.
What is advantage of EDGE?
Answer:
EDGE (Enhanced Data GSM Environment) is a faster version of GSM designed to deliver data at rates up to 384 Kbps and enable the delivery of multimedia and other broadband applications to mobile phone and computer users.

Question 8.
What are dedicated servers?
Answer:
A computer exclusively reserved for server’s job and its only job is to help workstations to access data, software and hardware resources. The term “dedicated server” can also mean a single computer within a network that is reserved for a specific purpose.

Question 9.
What is FSF?
Answer:
A Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a non-profit organization created for the purpose of supporting free software movement.

Question 10.
What do you mean by web scripting?
Answer:
A script is a list of commands that are embedded in a web page and are interpreted and executed by the scripting engine. The process of creating and embedding scripts in a web page is known as web scripting.

PART-B

II. Each question carries two marks. (5 × 2=10)

Question 11.
Construct a truth table for three variables A, B and C that will have an output 1 when XYZ=100, XYZ=101, XYZ=110, and XYZ=111. Write the Boolean expression for logic network in SOP form.
Answer:

Question 12.
Draw Karnaugh maps for the expression XYZ’ + X’Y’Z.
Answer:

Question 13.
Mention various characteristics of object-oriented programming language.
Answer:
The characteristics of object-oriented programming are objects, classes, data abstraction, data encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.

Question 14.
Write an example to show the use of parameterized constructors through explicit calls.
Answer:

Question 15.
What is ifstream class and ofstream class?
Answer:
The ifstream class supports input operations on files and is derived from istream class. The class ofstream class supports output operations on files and is derived from ostream class.

Question 16.
Name the data types supported by DBMS.
Answer:
The various data types supported by DBMS are integer, single precision, double precision, character, string, memo, index, currency, date and text fields.

Question 17.
Explain update command with example.
Answer:
UPDATE command:
It can be used to change row values from a table. The SET keyword takes the column in which values need to be changed or updated. The WHERE keyword is used to filter the records in some conditions.
Syntax:
UPDATE tablename SET columnname = values WHERE Condition;
Example:
UPDATE student SET combn = ‘PCMCs’ where combn=’pcmc’;

Question 18.
Name the different networking techniques.
Answer:
The networking techniques (topologies) are Bus topology, Ring topology, Star topology, Three topology, Mesh topology, Extended star topology.

PART – C

III. Each question carries three marks. (5 × 3 = 15)

Question 19.
Write a short note on SMPS of a computer system.
Answer:
Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS): The switched mode power supply acting as a DC to DC converter first rectifies an AC input voltage (240Volts), converts it to DC and, chops this DC in a “chopper” and converts it to a higher or lower level of DC (5 to 12 V DC Volts). Typical modern applications include computer power supply and the power supplies in TV and Video sets. The wattage of SMPS is around 150 to 500 watts.
SMPSs are three types :

1. AT SMPS
2. ATX SMPS
3. BTXSMPS

1. AT SMPS :
AT stands for Advanced Technology. These are all old SMPSs. They had 12pin power connector, this is called as AT power connector. They were used in Pentium-I, Pentium-MMX, Pentium-II and Pentium-III CPUs.

2. ATX SMPS :
ATX stands for Advanced Technology extended. They had 20pin Power connector, this is called as ATX power connector. They were used in Pentium-III, Pentium- IV and AMD CPUs.

3. BTX SMPS :
BTX stands for Balanced Technology extended. They have 24pin Power connector, this is also called as ATX power connector. It has 15pin SATA power connectors. They are used in Dual core, core2duo, Quad core, i3, i5, i7 and latest AMD CPUs.

Question 20.
Explain the working of NAND gate.
Answer:
This is a NOT-AND gate which is equal to an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. The outputs of all NAND gates are high if any of the inputs are low.

Question 21.
Write the algorithm for linear search.
Answer:
Linear_search(Array, ele, N)
Step 1: loc = -l
Step 2 : for i = 0 to N-l repeat step 3 through step step 5
Step 3 : if (Array[i] = ele ) then step 4 through step 5
Step 4 : loc = i Step 5 : goto step
Step 6 : if (loc >=0 ) then step 7 otherwise step 8
Step 7 : output “The search element found at location “, loc
Step 8 : output “Search is unsuccessful”
Step 9 : exit.

Question 22.
Mention any three advantages of pointer.
Answer:
The three advantages of pointer are

1. For objects, memory can be allocated dynamically during runtime.
2. When objects are not used, then memory can be released.
3. Memory is efficiently used.

Question 23.
Mention the types of files. Explain anyone.
Answer:
The text file and binary file are the two types of files in C++.
Text file:
A text file also called a ASCII file is a stream of characters that can be sequentially processed in forward direction by the computer. In text files, each line of text end with a EOL (End of line) character and each file ends with a special character called the EOF (End of file). The file can be edited using text editors like C++ editor, notepad, vi editors in UNIX.

Question 24.
What is generalization and specialization?
Answer:
1. Generalization is the process of taking the union of two or more lower-level entity sets to produce a higher-level entity sets. Generalisation is a bottom-up approach.

2. Specialization is a top-down approach in which one higher level entity can be broken down into two lower level entities.

Question 25.
List the services of e-commerce?
Answer:
Few services of ecommerce are

• Domain name purchasing
• Secure hosting
• Full integration with the payment gateway of your choice
• Web design
• Shopping cart system
• Marketing .

PART- D

IV. Each question carries five marks. (7 × 5 = 35)

Question 26.
Given F(A,B,C,D) = (0,2,4,6,8,10,14). Use Karnaugh map to reduce the function F using POS form. Write a logic gate diagram for the reduced POS expression.
Logical gate diagram:

Question 27.
Write a short note on queues.
Answer:
A queue is a non-primitive data structure where an item is inserted at one end and removed from the other end. The data structure queue is called FIFO(First In First Out) which means first inserted data item is removed first.

The variable FRONT is used to identify the position of the first element in the queue, and variable REAR is used to identify the position of last element of the queue. The different types of queues are simple queue, circular queue, priority queue, and dequeue.

1. Simple Queue:
Simple queue Insertion occurs at the rear of the list, and deletion occurs at the front of the list.

2. Circular Queue :
A circular queue is a queue in which all nodes are treated as circular such that the first node follows the last node.

3. Priority Queue :
A priority queue is a queue that contains items that have some preset priority. When an element has to be removed from a priority queue, the item with the highest priority is removed first

4. Dequeue (Double Ended queue):
In dequeue(double ended queue) Insertion and Deletion occur at both the ends i.e. front and rear of the queue.

5. Operations on Queue:
The queue(), enqueue(item), dequeue(), isEmptyO and size() are the operations that can be performed on queues.

Applications of Queue :
Queue is used when things don’t have to be processed immediately, but have to be processed in First In First Out order.

• When a resource is shared among multiple consumers. Examples include CPU scheduling, Disk Scheduling.
• When data is transferred asynchronously (data not necessarily received at same rate as sent) between two processes.

Examples include 10 Buffers, pipes, file 10, etc.

Question 28.
Write an algorithm to insert a data element at the beginning of a linked list.
Answer:
Step 1: if AVAIL = NULL then
Print” Availability stack is empty”
Else
NEWJMODE = AVAIL
AVAIL = AVAIL -> LINK
Step 2: if FIRST = NULL then
NEWJMODE-> INFO = ELEMENT
NEWJMODE-> LINK = NULL
FIRST = NEW_NODE
Else
NEWJMODE -> INFO = ELEMENT
NEWJMODE-> LINK = FIRST
FIRST = NEW_NODE
Step 3: return

Question 29.
What are advantages and disadvantages of object oriented programming? Explain.
Answer:
The advantages of object oriented programming:
1. OOP provides a clear modular structure for programs. Large problems can be reduced to smaller and more manageable problems.

2.  In OOP, data can be made private to a class such that only member functions of the class can access the data. This principle of data hiding helps the programmer to build a secure program.

3. Implementation details are hidden from other modules and other modules has a clearly defined interface.

4. It is easy to maintain and modify existing code as new objects can be created with small differences to existing ones.

The disadvantages of object oriented progrmming:
1. Size:
Object Oriented programs are much larger than other programs. In the early days of computing, space on hard drives, floppy drives and in memory was at a premium. Today we do not have these restrictions.

2. Effort:
Object Oriented programs require a lot of work to create. Specifically, a great deal of planning goes into an object oriented program well before a single piece of code is ever written. Initially, this early effort was felt by many to be a waste of time. In addition, because the programs were larger (see above) coders spent more time actually writing the program.

3. Speed:
Object Oriented programs are slower than other programs, partially because of their size. Other aspects of Object Oriented Programs also demand more system resources, thus slowing the program down.

Question 30.
Describe how objects can be used as function arguments.
Answer:
The objects of same class can be passed as arguments to a function. This is explained with an example,


in the above example, rup is the class, n1 and n2 are data members, readdata(), printdataQ and multi() are member functions with r1, r2 are the function argument of object type. The line obj3.multi (obj1, obj2); pass obj1 and obj2 which are the objects of class rup type. In the statement
n1 = r1.n1 * r1.n2;
n2 = r2.n1 * r2.n2;

r1.n1 is accessing data member n1 of object r1 and r1.n2 is accessing data member n2 of object r1 and their product is stored in data member n1 and same for n2 in the second line which is the member of obj3 object. The obj3. printdata() gives out the result stored in the n1 and n2.

Question 31.
Write the advantages and disadvantages of inline functions.
Answer:
Inline functions are those functions whose body is inserted in place of the function call.
Advantages of inline functions:

• The speed of execution of a program increases
• Efficient code can be generated
• Readability of the program increases

Disadvantages of inline functions:

• The size of the executable file increases and more memory is required as the body of inline function is inserted in the place of function call.
• Not suitable for too long, complicated, recursive function definition

Question 32.
Explain different types of constructors.
Answer:
There are three types of constructors.

1. Namely Default constructor.
2. Parameterized constructor.
3. Copy constructor.

1. Default Constructor:
A constructor which does not take any arguments is called a zero argument constructor. It is also called zero-argument constructor.
Features of default constructor are:

• All objects of a class are initialized to same set of values
• These constructors has no arguments
• These constructors are automatically called when every object is created.

The disadvantages of default constructor are:

• Different objects cannot be initialized with different values.
• Declaring a constructor with arguments hides default constructor.

2. parameterized constructor:
A constructor that takes one or more arguments is called a parameterized constructor.
The features of parameterized constructors are :

• parameterized constructors can be overloaded
• parameterized constructors can have default arguments and default values.

The different methods through which constructors can be invoked are implicit call and explicit call and using operator.
a. Explicit call:
It is a method of invoking a function where the declaration of object is followed by assignment operator followed by a constructor followed by argument list enclosed within parentheses.

b. Implicit Call:
It means the declarationof the object is followed by argument list enclosed in parentheses used with constructors The is used for the parameterized constructor which has exactly one argument.

3. Copy Constructor:
It is a parameterized constructor using which one object can be copied into another object. The copy constructor takes an object as argument and is used to copy values of data members of one object into other object.

Question 33.
Explain multilevel inheritance with a suitable C++ program.
Answer:





In the above program student information is a derived class from student parents and student marks is derived class from student information. Std is a object belongs to student marks class. The object std can access the member functions of classes student marks, student information and student parents.

Question 34.
Write the differences between manual and electronic file systems.
Answer:
The difference between manual, and electronic file systems

Question 35.
Explain DML commands with example.
Answer:
The data manipulation commands are used for retrieval (view) of data, insertion of new data, modification of data or deletion. The DML commands include insert, delete and update.
1. INSERT command :
It is used to inserts new rows into the table.
Syntax:
INSERT INTO tablename (columnname1, columnname2,…) VALUES (value1, , value2, ..);
Example:
INSERT INTO student (Regno, name, Combn, fees) VALUES (1234, ‘Hemanth’, ‘PCMCs’,15000);

2. UPDATE command:
It can be used to change row values from a table. The SET keyword takes the column in which values need to be changed or updated. The WHERE keyword is used to filter the records in some conditions.
Syntax :
UPDATE tablename SET columnname = values WHERE Condition; Example: UPDATE student SET combn = ‘PCMCs’ where combn=’pcmc’;

3. DELETE Command :
It is used to delete/remove the tuples/rows from the table. All the rows will be deleted if WHERE clause is not used in the statement otherwise it selects the rows for delete which satisfies the condition.
Syntax:
DELETE from tablename WHERE Condition;
Example:
DELETE from student;
DELETE from student WHERE regno=1234;

Question 36.
Write a short note on star topology and tree topology.
Answer:
Star Topology:

A star topology is designed with each node (file server, workstations, and peripherals) connected directly to a central network hub, switch. Data on a star network passes through the hub, switch, before continuing to its destination. The hub, switch, manages and controls all functions of the network. It also acts as a repeater for the data flow.
Advantages of a Star Topology :

• Easy to install and wire.
• No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices.
• Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.

Disadvantages of a Star Topology :

• Requires more cable length than a linear topology.
• If the hub, switch fails, nodes attached are disabled.
• More expensive than linear bus topologies because of the cost of the hubs, etc.

Tree topology :

A tree topology combines characteristics of linear bus and star topologies. It consists of groups of star-configured workstations connected to a linear bus backbone cable. Tree topologies allow for the expansion of an existing network.
Advantages of a Tree Topology:

• Point-to-point wiring for individual segments.
• Supported by several hardware and software vendors.

Disadvantages of a Tree Topology:

• Overall length of each segment is limited by the type of cabling used.
• If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes down.
• More difficult to configure and wire than other topologies.

Students can Download 2nd PUC Business Studies Model Question Paper 5 with Answers, Karnataka 2nd PUC Business Studies Model Question Paper with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Business Studies Model Question Paper 5 with Answers

Time: 3hrs 1 5 Min.
Max Marks: 100

SECTION – A

I. Answer any ten of the following questions in a word or a sentence each.
Each questions carries one mark. (10 × 1 = 10)

Question 1.
Which of the following is not a function of management:

1. Planning
2. Staffing
3. Co-operating
4. Controlling

Answer:
3. Co-operating

Question 2.
Henry Fayol was a

1. Social scientist
2. Mining engineer
3. Accountant
4. Production engineer

Answer:
2. Mining engineer

Question 3.
Interest rates is an example for …………………… environment.
Answer:
Economic environment.

Question 4.
What is Planning?
Answer:
Planning is deciding in advance what to do and how to do it.

Question 5.
What is delegation?
Answer:
Delegation of authority means the granting of authority to subordinates to operate with prescribed limits.

Question 6.
Mention the first step in selection process.
Answer:
Preliminary Screening.

Question 7.
What is leadership?
Answer:
Leadership is the ability of a manager to induce subordinates to work with confidence and goal.

Question 8.
Expand CPM.
Answer:
Critical Path Method.

Question 9.
Write the meaning of Financial Risk?
Answer:
Financial Risk refers to a position when a company is unable to meet its fixed financial charges like interest payment etc.

Question 10.
What is grading of products?
Answer:
Grading is the process of classification of products into different groups, on the basis of some of its important characteristics such as quality, size, etc.

Question 11.
In which year was the Consumer Protection Act enacted?
Answer:
The Consumer Protection Act was enacted in the year 1986.

Question 12.
Who is an entrepreneur?
Answer:
The person who set – up his business is called an entrepreneur.

SECTION – B

II. Answer any ten of the following questions in two or three sentences each.
Each question carrier two marks. (10 × 2 = 20)

Question 13.
State any two organizational objectives of management.
Answer:

1. Survival
2. Profit

Question 14.
What is gangplank?
Answer:
Gangplank is a shorter route in a scalar chain that allows employees at the same level to communicate with each other directly Gangplank is used-in case of emergency.

Question 15.
What is privatization?
Answer:
The new set of economic reforms aimed at giving greater role to the private sector in the nature building process and a reduced role to the public sector is known as privatisation.

Question 16.
What is Policy?
Answer:
Policies are general statements that guide thinking in a particular direction.

Question 17.
Write any two differences between functional and divisional structures.
Answer:
1. Functional structure:
Grouping the jobs of similar nature and organizing these major functions as separate departments create a functional structure. All departments report to a co-coordinating head. It is more useful for large organisation.

2. Divisional structure:
Grouping of activities on the basis of product is known as divisional structure. Under this structure the top-level delegates extensive authorities to the divisional heads. The divisional head is in charge of manufacturing, purchase, sales, engineering and other departments of the division.

He is also made responsible for the profit or loss of his division. Divisional structure is advantageous for an organisation involved in production of different lines of products.

Question 18.
State any two personal barriers to communication.
Answer:
1. Fear of challenges to authority: If a superior perceives that a particular communication may adversely affect his authority, he or she may withhold such communication.

2. Lack of confidence of superior on his subordinates: If superiors do not have confidence in the competency of their subordinates, they may not seek their advice or opinion.

Question 19.
What is Responsibility Accounting?
Answer:
Responsibility accounting is a system of accounting in which different sections, divisions, and departments of an organization are set up as “Responsibility Centres”. The head of the center is responsible for achieving the target set for his center.

Question 20.
Write the formula to calculate Debt Service Coverage Ratio.
Answer:

Question 21.
Give the meaning of dematerialization.
Answer:
Securities held by the investor in the physical form are canceled and the investor is given an electronic entry so that she/he can hold it as an electronic balance in an account. This process of holding securities in an electronic form is called de-materializations.

Question 22.
Give two examples of Convenience Goods.
Answer:
Convenience Products Those consumer products, which are purchased frequently, immediately and with least time and effort are referred to as convenience goods.
Example:
toothpaste.

Question 23.
State any two reasons to emphasise the importance of consumer protection from the point of view of business.
Answer:

1. Long term interest of business
2. Business uses society’s resources

Question 24.
Draw the SVO analogy figure.
Answer:

SECTION – C

III. Answer any seven of the following questions in 10-12 sentences.
Each question carrier 4 Marks: (7 × 4 = 24)

Question 25.
Give any four grounds to say Management is important.
Answer:
Management is considered important due to the following reasons:
1. Management helps in achieving group goals:
Management is required to give a common direction to the individual effort, in order to achieve the group goals of the organisation.

2. Management increases efficiency:
The main aim of every manager is to increase efficiency i.e., to maximise output with minimum cost. This is achieved through better planning, organising, directing and controlling the activities of the organisation.

3. Management creates a dynamic organisation:
All organisations have to function in an environment that is constantly changing. Resistance to change is often observed with individuals management helps people adapt to these changes so that an organisation is able to maintain its competitive edge.

4. Management helps for achieving personal objectives:
A manager motivates and leads his team in such a manner that individual members are able to achieve personal goals while contributing to the overall organisational objective. Through motivation and leadership the management helps individuals to develop team spirit, cooperation and commitment to group success.

Question 26.
Discuss the significance of Principles of Management by explaining any four points.
Answer:
The principles of management derive their significance from their utility. The following is the
importance of principles of management:
1. Provide managers with useful insights into reality:
The principles of management provide the managers with useful insights into real world situations. Following these principles will add knowledge, ability and understandability to the managers of the situations and circumstances. It will also enable managers to learn from their past mistakes and save time by solving repeated problems quickly.

2. Optimum utilisation of resources and effective administration:
Both human and material resources are limited. These resources should be used in such a manner that the company is able to derive maximum benefit with minimum cost Principles equip the managers to foresee the cause and effect relationships of their decisions and actions. Wastage is also avoided.

3. Scientific decisions:
Decisions must be based on facts. They must be timely, realistic and subject to measurement and evaluation. Management principles help in thoughtful decision – making and these decisions will be free from bias and prejudice.

4. Meeting changing environment:
Although the principles of management are in the nature of general guidelines, but they are modified and help the managers to meet changing requirements of the environment.

Question 27.
Explain any four features of Business Environment.
Answer:
Business environment has the following features:
1. Totality of external forces:
Business environment’s sum total of all things external to business firms and, as such, is aggregative in nature.

2. Specific and general forces:
Business environment includes both specific and general forces. Specific forces such as investors, customers, etc, affect individual enterprises directly and immediately in their day-to-day working. General forces such as social, political conditions have impact on all business enterprises and thus may affect an individual firm only indirectly.

3. Inter-relatedness:
Different elements of business environment are closely interrelated. One element of the environment affects the other. For example, new health-aware products such as diet coke, fat-free cooking oil, etc changed people’s lifestyles.

4. Dynamic nature:
Business environment is dynamic. It keeps on changing whether in terms of technological improvement, shifts in consumer preferences, etc.

5. Uncertainty:
Business environment is largely uncertain because it is difficult to predict future happenings.

6. Complexity:
Since business environment consists of numerous interrelated and dynamic forces that arise from different sources, it is relatively easier to understand in parts but difficult to grasp in its totality.

7. Relativity:
Business environment is a relative concept. It differs from country to country and even from region to region.

Question 28.
Explain any four limitations of planning.
Answer:
The major limitations of planning are given below

a. Planning leads to rigidity:
In an organization, a well-defined plan is drawn up with specific goals to be achieved within a specific time frame. These plans then decide the future course of action. The managers may not be in a position to change these plans. This kind of rigidity in plans may create difficulty. This rigidity restricts the individual freedom, initiative, and creativity.

b. Planning may not work in a dynamic environment:
The business environment is dynamic. Planning anticipates future. It takes into consideration the possible changes in economic, political, legal and social dimensions. But it becomes difficult to accurately assess future trends. Competition in the market can also upset the plans. Planning cannot foresee everything and thus, there may be obstacles to effective planning.

c. Planning reduces creativity:
Planning is an activity which is done by the top management. Usually, the rest of the members just implement these plans. Middle management and other decision-makers are neither allowed to deviate from plans nor are they permitted to act on their own. Thus, much of the initiative or creativity inherent in them also get lost or reduced.

d. Planning involves huge costs:
When plans are drawn up, huge costs are involved in their formulation. These may be in terms of time and money. The cost incurred sometimes may not justify the benefits derived from the plans.

Question 29.
Explain briefly the importance of Delegation.
Answer:
Delegation of authority is necessary for the smooth functioning of a business. It increases the working capacity of a manager. Effective delegation can lead to the following benefits:

1. Effective management:
Delegation enables superiors to assign the routine activities to the subordinates and he can concentrate on other important functions. Thus, a manager can increase his effectiveness by using the skills of subordinates through delegation of authority.

2. Employee development:
Employees get more opportunities to utilize their talent. It motivates them to develop themselves for higher positions, as they are given opportunities to use their skills and talents for gaining excellence in their jobs.

3. Facilitates growth:
Delegation facilitates growth and expansion by providing trained and experienced personnel for taking up leading positions in new project.

4. Basis of management hierarchy:
Delegation of authority determines who has to report to whom. It creates the chain of superior-subordinate relationship which is the basis for hierarchy of management.

5. Better co-ordination:
The elements of delegation namely authority, responsibility and accountability clearly defined powers, duties answerability related to various departments. This helps to avoid overlapping of duties and brings better coordination among various departments and functions of management.

6. Quick decision making:
The subordinates are given authority to take decisions. They need not go to their superiors from time to time for taking decision on routine matters. This increases speed of decision making.

Question 30.
Explain the characteristics of Directing as a managerial process.
Answer:
a. Directing initiates action:
Directing is an important managerial function. A manager has to perform this function along with planning, organizing, staffing and controlling while discharging his duties in the organization. While other functions prepare a setting for action, directing initiates action in the organization.

b. Directing takes place at every level of management:
Every manager, from top executive to supervisor performs the function of directing. The directing takes place wherever superior-subordinate relations exist.

c. Directing is a continuous process:
Directing is a continuous activity. It takes place throughout the life of the organization irrespective of people occupying managerial positions.

d. Directing flows from top to bottom:
Directing is first initiated at top level and flows to the bottom through organizational hierarchy.

Question 31.
Explain briefly the relationship between planning and controlling.
Answer:
Planning is a prerequisite for controlling. A system of control can work only when there are certain standards. These standards of performance which serve as the basis of controlling are provided by planning. Once a plan becomes operational, Controlling is necessary to monitor the progress, measure it, discover deviations and initiate corrective measures to ensure that events conform to Plans Thus, planning without controlling is meaningless. Similarly, controlling is blind without planning. Thus, planning and controlling are inseparable twins of management.

Question 32.
Write any four advantages of Electronic Trading System in stock exchanges.
Answer:
Electronic trading systems or screen-based trading has the following advantages:
1. It ensures transparency as it allows participants to see the prices of securities in the market while business is being transacted. They are able to see the full market during real-time.

2. It increases efficiency of information being passed on, thus helping in fixing prices efficiently. The computer screens display information on prices and also capital market developments that influence share prices.

3. It increases the efficiency of operations since there is reduction in time cost and risk of error.

4. People from all over the country and even abroad who wish to participate in the stock market can buy or sell securities through brokers or members without knowing each other. This system has enabled a large number of participants to trade with each other, thereby improving the liquidity of the market.

Question 33.
Explain briefly the elements of marketing mix.
Answer:
The marketing mix consists of various elements, which have been broadly classified into four categories popularly known as four Ps of marketing which is as follows:
1. Product mix:
Product means ‘anything of value’ which is offered to the market for sale. Product is one of the main elements of marketing mix. In marketing terms, product refers to anything that satisfies the needs of the consumers. It may be a good, a service or an idea.

The product mix has the following important components:
Brand, Style, colour, design, product line, Package, warranty, etc. The concept of product also includes the extended product or what is offered to the customers by way of after-sale services, handling complaints, availability of spare parts, etc,

2. Price mix:
Price represents the value of a product expressed in terms of money it is the amount of money customers have to pay to obtain the product. The price mix is concerned with fixing a reasonable price to the product or services that cover the cost and distribution expenses as well gets reasonable profits to the manufacturer. The basic variables related to price mix include pricing strategy, pricing policy, credit – terms, discounts, allowances, etc,

3. Promotion mix:
Promotion of product and services – include activities that communicate availability, features, merits, etc, of the products to the target customer and persuade them to buy it. The promotion mix includes personal selling, publicity, advertising, and sales promotion.

Most marketing organisations, undertake various promotional activities and spend money on the promotion of their goods using promotional tools such as advertising, personal selling, etc, the success of a market offer will depend on how well these ingredients are mixed to create superior value for the customers and also achieve their sale and profit objective.

4. Place:
Place or physical distribution include activities that make firm’s products available to the target customers. It is concerned with making available the goods and services at right time, at right place, in right quantity. It enables the smooth flow of goods and services from the producers to the customers. It creates place, time and possession utilities. The place mix includes distribution channels like agents, wholesalers retailers ect, and physical distribution which includes transport, warehousing, inventory, etc.

Conclusion:
The process of marketing involves creating a market offering, to satisfy the needs and wants of the present and potential buyers. From a number of alternatives available a firm chooses a particular combination to develop a market offering the combination of variables chosen by a firm to prepare its market offering is called as marketing mix.

Question 34.
Explain any four ways in which the objective of consumer protection can be achieved.
Answer:
There are various ways in which the objective of consumer protection can be achieved which are as follows:
1. Self Regulation by Business:
Enlightened business firms realize that it is in their long-term interest to serve the customers well. Socially responsible firms follow ethical standards and practices in dealing with their customers.

2. Business Associations:
The associations of trade, commerce and business like Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce of India and Confederation of Indian Industries have laid down their code of conduct which lay down their guidelines for their members in dealing with the customers.

3. Consumer Awareness:
A consumer who is well informed about his rights, and the reliefs available, would be in a position to raise his voice against any unfair trade practices or any kind of exploitation by the seller

4. Consumer Organization:
Consumer organizations play an important role in educating consumers about their rights and providing protection to them. They can force business firms to avoid malpractices and exploitation of consumers.

5. Government:
The government can protect the interest of the consumers by enacting various legislations.

SECTION – D

III. Answer any seven of the following questions in 20-25 sentences.
Each question carrier 8 Marks: (4 × 8 = 32)

Question 35.
Explain the various objectives of Business Management?
Answer:
Every organisation is established to achieve certain objectives. Different organisations are having different objectives and management are having different objectives and management has to achieve these objectives effectively and efficiently. Management Objectives can be classified into organisational objectives, social objectives, and personal or individual objectives.

1. Organisation Objectives:
Management is responsible for setting and achieving objectives for the organisation. The main objective of any organisation is to utilise human and material resources to the maximum possible advantage, management of every organisation strives to accomplish the objectives, considering the interest of all the stakeholders, i.e., shareholders, employees, customers, and the government. The economic objectives of an organisation include

a. Survival:
Management must work to ensure the survival of the organisation by earning enough revenue to cover its costs.

b. Profit:
Earning of profit is very essential for meeting the expenses and for successful continuity of business. Therefore, management should ensure that sufficient profits are earned to cover the costs and risks of business.

c. Growth:
For the existence of business organisation for a long period, management should explore all its prospects of growth and development to remain in industry. Growth of a business can be measured in terms of increased sales, increase in the number of employees, the number of products or the increase in capital investment.

2. Social Objectives:
It involves the creation of benefits for society. As a part of society, every organisation has a social obligation to fulfill. This refers to consistently creating economic value for various constituents of society. This includes.

• Using environmental friendly methods of production.
• Creating employment opportunities particularly to the under privileged sections of society.
• Providing amenities to society, like schools and creches to employees children.
• Providing financial support to society for noble causes.
• Participating in social service projects of government and non-governmental organisations.

3. Personal (or) Individual objectives:
Organisations are made up of people who have different personal backgrounds, experiences and objectives. It is very important to satisfy their diverse needs by getting their whole hearted support in achieving the organisational objectives. The personal objectives include

• Financial needs like salaries, incentives, and other benefits.
• Social needs like recognition in the organisation.
• Higher level needs include personal growth and development.

Management has to take care of personal needs of its employees while also fulfilling the other objectives.

4. Management helps in achieving personal objectives:
A manager motivates and leads his team in such a manner that individual members are able to achieve personal goals while contributing to the overall organisational objectives. Through motivation and leadership the management helps individuals to develop team spirit, cooperation and commitment to group success

Question 36.
Explain any four types of plans.
Answer:
In order to accomplish the targets, the management of a business organization chalks out different types of plans. The important types of plans are explained below:
Types of plans
1. Single-use plans:
A single-use plan is developed for a one-time event or project.
The examples are:

• Budgets
• Programmes
• Projects

2. Standing Plans:
A standing plan is used for activities that occur regularly over a period of time
The examples are:

• Policies
• Procedures
• Methods
• Rules

3. The other plans include strategies and objectives

Brief explanation of the various types of plans are as follows:
1. Objectives:
a. Objectives are the end points towards which the activities of an organization are directed. They are said to be the desired future position that the management would like to reach.

b. Objectives are very basic to the organization which the organization wants to achieve by its operations.

c. Objectives are set by the top management. They lay down guidelines for the activities and serves as a bench mark for measuring the performance of an organization.

d. Objectives need to be expressed in specific terms. They should be expressed in quantitative and measurable terms. They are also to be put in the form of written statements and they represent the desired results to be achieved in a given period of time.

2. Strategies:
A strategy provides the broad contours of an organization’s business. Strategies are the specific programmes of action for achieving the objectives of the organization by employing the organization’s resources efficiently and effectively.

A strategy is a comprehensive plan which acts as a guideline to handle specific problems. Major strategic decisions will include decisions like whether the organization will continue to be in the same line of business, or combine new lines of activity with the existing business or seek to acquire a dominant position in the same market.

3. Policy:

• policies are general statements that guide thinking.
• Policies provide a basis for interpreting strategy.
• Policy is a guide to managerial action and decision in the implementation of strategy.
• Strategies are formulated by the top management.

Formulation of strategy involves the following aspects:

• Determination of the long term objectives
• Adopting a course of action to achieve the objectives and
• Allocating resources necessary to achieve the objectives.

4. Procedure:
Procedures are routine steps on how to carry out activities. They detail the exact manner in which any work is to be performed.

Procedures are the guidelines to action and they are usually intended to the works which are repetitive in nature.
Examples of procedure include procedure for execution of the customer’s order for supply of goods and procedure for recruitment of employees in an organisation.

5. Methods:

• Methods provide the prescribed ways in which a task has to be performed considering the objective.
• It deals with a task comprising one step of a procedure and specifies how this step is to be performed.
• Method has a limited scope compared to the procedure.
• Examples of methods include training the employees under off the job training method, remunerating the sales men under bonus and commission method etc.

6. Rules:

• Rules are specific statements that inform what is to be done.
• Every organization likes to operate in an orderly way. For this purpose it is necessary for the business organization to lay down certain rules.
• Rules are the specific statements which prescribe the code of behavior to the people of an organization.
• Rules are rigid. Their violation attracts penalty and disciplinary action.
• An example of a rule is ‘wear identity cards compulsorily at the work place’.

7. Programmes:

• Programmes are detailed statements about a project which outlines the objectives, policies, procedures, rules, tasks, human and physical resources required.
• A program is a precise plan which lays down the operations to be carried out to accomplish a given task within a specified period of time.
• Programmes are framed for the works which are non-repetitive in nature.
• An example for a programme includes sale of 5000 cars in the month of March, 2019.

8. Budget:

• Budget is a statement of expected results expressed in numerical terms.
• Budget is a plan which expresses the future facts and figures in quantitative terms for a specified period.
• Budget is considered a control device.
• An example for a budget is a sales budget which forecasts the sales of different products in each area for a particular period.

Conclusion:
The success of the business depends to a large extent on the effective planning. Thus, the logical and scientific planning must go through the above steps.

Question 37.
Describe the steps involved in selection process.
Answer:
Employee selection is the process of putting right men on right job. It is a procedure of matching organizational recruitments with the skills and qualifications of people. The following steps are generally followed by all business organizations during selection process.

Steps in selection process:
a. Preliminary Screening
b. Selection Tests

• Intelligence tests
• Aptitude tests
• Trade or proficiency tests
• Personality tests
• Interest tests

c. Interview

• Direct Interview
• Patterned or structural Interview
• Board or Panel Interview
• Reference and background checks
• Medical Examination
• Indirect Interview
• Stress Interview
• Group Interview
• Selection Decision
• Job offer (Issue of Appointment Letter)
• Contract of Employment (Acceptance of job offer)

1. Preliminary Screening:
After receiving the applications from the candidates through recruitment process, the same must be examined to decide, which ones deserve to be considered and followed up. The main purpose of screening is to prepare a list of eligible candidates who are to be evaluated further. Screening exercise involves checking the contents of the application, so as to find out whether or not the minimum eligibility conditions are fulfilled by the applicants.

2. Selection Tests:
Selection tests are given to discover and measure, the skill and abilities of the candidates in terms of the requirements of the job. The following tests are usually conducted to measure intelligence, aptitude, proficiency, personality, etc.

a. Intelligence tests:
These tests are used to judge the mental capacity of the applicant. Intelligence tests evaluate the ability of an individual to understand instructions and make decisions.

b. Aptitude tests:
Aptitude means the potential which an individual has for learning new skills. Aptitude test indicates the person’s capacity and his potential for development.

c. Trade or proficiency tests:
These tests are designed to measure the skills already acquired by the individuals. They measure the level of knowledge and proficiency in the area of profession or technical training.

d. Personality tests:
These tests probe for the overall qualities of a person as a whole. They provide clues to a person’s emotional reactions, maturity level, value system, etc.

e. Interest tests:
These tests identify the areas in which a candidate has special concern, fascination; involvement, etc. These tests suggest the nature of job liked by a candidate which may bring him job satisfaction.

3. Interview:
Interview is a face to face conversation and observation. Interview helps the employer to evaluate the candidate regarding personality, smartness, intelligence, attitude, etc. There are different kinds of interviews conducted by employers. Some of them are as follows:

a. Direct Interview:
Under this method, direct questions are asked to the applicant, to identify his skills, character, area of interest, attitudes, etc. The in-depth knowledge of applicant is not observed under this type of interview.

b. Indirect Interview:
Under this method, the applicant is asked to express his opinion on any topic he likes. Here the interviewer listens to the views of the applicant without any intervention. This interview helps the interviewer to assess the personality of the applicant.

c. Patterned or Structural Interview:
In this type of interview, the interviewer is looking for information in a particular area of interest of the organization. A number of standard questions are framed in advance which is to be answered by the applicant. These questions focus on the experience, skills, and personality of the ideal candidate would possess.

d. Stress Interview:
In this interview, the interviewer will intentionally try to upset the applicant, to see his reactions under pressure. Uncomfortable or irritating questions may be asked to the applicant to test his patience. This type of interview may be more commonly used in high stress jobs.

e. Board or Panel Interview:
In this interview, a group of persons called interviewers asks the applicant, questions in different subjects or areas of interest of the candidate. Immediately after the interview, they meet, discuss and evaluate the performance of the applicant on the basis of answers given by him. This type of interview is common in case of professional jobs.

f. Group Interview:
A group interview occurs when several candidates for a position are interviewed simultaneously. A common topic presented before the candidates for discussion. Group interview offers candidates to express their leadership potential and style.

4. Reference and Background checks:
In addition to the required educational qualifications, skill and experience, the candidates must also possess other qualities liked honesty, loyalty, etc. These qualities can be judged by the information obtained from the heads of educational institutions where the candidates have studied or from the persons whose names are given by the candidates as reference or from their previous employers.

5. Selection Decision:
After a candidate has cleared all the hurdles in the selection procedure, the employer may take a decision of selection after consulting the concerned manager who is responsible for the performance of the new employee.

6. Medical examination:
Candidates finally selected for the job are asked to undergo medical examination to see whether they are physically fit for the job. The physical fitness of employees reduces labour turnover, absenteeism, accidents, etc., and ensure higher standard of health of employees in the organization.

7. Job Offer:
Candidates finally selected are offered to join the organization, for which a formal appointment order is issued by the organization. It contains the nature of the job, the remuneration, pay scale and other terms and conditions relating to employment. Usually, a reasonable time is given to the candidates to join the organization.

8.Contract of Employment:
If the selected candidate decides to join the organization, he has to report to the concerned authority and formally join the organization by giving his consent in writing. This is known as acceptance of job offer. Then, the organization will open a service register in the name of the candidate and records all details like qualification, particulars of employment, pay scale, etc.

9. Conclusion:
Workers are essential, active and sensitive factor of production. Utmost care should be taken in their selection. The above process assists in proper selection of the workers who will remain the permanent assets of the organization.

Question 38.
Explain any four financial incentives and four non-financial incentives.
Answer:
Incentive means all measures which are used to motivate people to improve performance. These incentives may be broadly classified as financial and nonFinancial Incentives These refer to incentives which are in direct monetary form or measurable in monetary term and serve to motivate people for better performance. The generally used
1. financial incentives are:

a. Pay and allowances:
For every employee, salary is the basic monetary incentive. It includes basic pay, dearness allowance, and other allowances.

b. Productivity linked wage incentives:
Several wage incentive plans aims at linking payment of wages to increase in productivity at individual or group level.

c. Bonus:
Bonus is an incentive offered over and above the wages or salary to the employees.

d. Profit-sharing:
Profit-sharing is meant to provide a share to employees in the profits of the organization. This serves to motivate the employees to improve their performance and contribute to increase in profits.

e. Co-partnership/stock option:
Under these incentive schemes, employees are offered company shares at a set price which is lower than market price. Sometimes, management may allot shares in line of various incentives payable in cash.

f. Retirement benefits:
Several retirement benefits such as provident fund, pension, and gratuity provide financial security to employees after their retirement. This acts as an incentive when they are in service in the organization.

g. Perquisites:
In many companies perquisites and fringe benefits are offered such as car allowance, housing, medical aid, etc over and above the salary. These measures help to provide motivation to the employees/managers.

2. Non-financial Incentives:
All the needs of individuals are not satisfied by money alone, psychological, social and emotional factors also play important role in providing motivation. Non-financial incentives mainly focus on these needs. Some of the important non-financial incentives are discussed below:

a. Status:
In the organizational context, status means ranking of positions in the organization. The authority, responsibility, rewards, recognition, etc indicate the status given to a person holding a managerial position. Psychological, social and esteem needs of an individual are satisfied by status given to their job.

b. Organisational Climate:
This indicates the characteristics which describe an organization and distinguish one organization from the other. These characteristics describe an organization and distinguish one organization from the other. These characteristics influence the behavior of individuals in the organization. Some of these characteristics are individual autonomy, reward orientation, consideration to employees, risk-taking, etc.

c. Career Advancement Opportunity:
Every individual wants to grow to the higher level in the organization. Managers should provide opportunity to employees to improve their skills and be promoted to the higher level jobs. Appropriate skill development programmes and sound promotion policy will help employees to achieve promotions.

d. Job-enrichment:
It is concerned with designing jobs that include greater variety of work content, require higher level of knowledge and skill; give workers more autonomy and responsibility, and provide the opportunity for personal growth and meaningful work experience. If jobs are enriched and made interesting, the job itself becomes a source of motivation to the individual.

e. Employee Recognition Programmes:
Most people have a need for evaluation of their work and due recognition. They feel that what they do should be recognized by others concerned. When such appreciation is given to the work performed by employees, they feel motivated to perform the work at higher level.

f. Job security:
Employees need their job to be secure. They want certain stability about future income and work so that they do not feel worried on these aspects. Job security acts as a source of motivation to the employees.

g. Employee participation:
It means involving employees in decision making of the issues related to them. In many companies, these programmes are in practice in the form of joint management committees, work committees, etc.

h. Employee Empowerment:
Empowerment means giving more autonomy and powers to subordinates. Empowerment makes people feel that their jobs are important. This feeling contributes positively to the use of skills and talents in the job performance.

Question 39.
Explain any four factors affecting the working capital requirement of an organization.
Answer:
a. Nature of Business:
The basic nature of business influences the amount of working capital required. A trading organization usually needs a smaller amount of working capital compared to a manufacturing organization. Similarly, service industries which usually do not have to maintain inventory require less working capital.

b. Scale of Operations:
for organizations which operate on a higher scale of operation, the quantum of inventory and debtors required is generally high. Such organizations, therefore, require large amount of working capital as compared to the organizations which operate on a lower scale.

c. Business Cycle:
Different phases of business cycles affect the requirement of working capital by a firm. In case of a boom, the sales and production are likely to be larger and therefore larger amount of working capital is required. Working capital requirement will be less during the period of depression as the sales and production will be small.

d. Seasonal Factors:
Most business have some seasonality in their operations. In peak season, because of higher level of activity, larger amount of working capital is required. When the level of activity is less, working capital requirement will be less.

Question 40.
Explain the advantages and limitations of advertising?
Answer:
Advertising is the most commonly used tool of promotion. It is an impersonal from of communication, which is paid for by sponsors to promote some goods or service.

a. Merits of Advertising:
1. Mass Reach:
Advertising is a medium through which a large number of people can be reached over vast geographical area.

2. Enhancing customer satisfaction and confidence:
Advertising creates confidence amongst prospective buyers as they feel more comfortable and assured about the product quality and hence feel more satisfied.

3. Expressiveness:
with the help of computer designs, graphics, etc, advertising has developed into one of the most forceful medium of communication. With the special effects created, even simple product and messages look very attractive.

4. Economy:
Advertising is a very economical mode of communication. A large number of people can be reached at a time. Because of its wide reach, the overall cost of advertising gets spread over numerous communication links established. As a result, the per-unit cost of reach comes low.

b. Limitations of advertising:
1. Less Forceful:
Advertising is an impersonal form of communication. It is less forceful than personal selling as there is no compulsion on the prospects to pay attention to the message.

2. Lack of feedback:
The evaluation of the effectiveness of the advertising message is very difficult as there is no immediate feedback mechanism of the message that is delivered.

3. Inflexibility:
Advertising is less flexible as the message is standardized and cannot be altered according to the requirements of the different customer groups.

4. Low Effectiveness:
As the volume of advertising is getting more and more expanded, it is becoming difficult to make advertising messages heard by the target customers. This affects the effectives of advertising.

c. Objections to Advertising:
1. Adds to cost:
Advertising unnecessarily adds to the cost of product, which is ultimately passed on to the buyers in the form of high prices. The money spent on advertising adds to the cost, which is an important factor in the fixation of the price of a product.

But, advertisement also helps to increase the demand for the product as large number of potential buyer are persuaded to buy more product. Increased demand leads to higher production, which brings in the economies of scale. As a result, the per unit cost of production comes down. This reduces the burden of consumers.

2. Undermines social values:
People argue that advertising undermines social values and promotes materialism. It encourages dissatisfaction among people as they come to known about new products and feel dissatisfied with their present state of affairs.

But, advertisement in fact, helps buyers by informing them about the new products, which may be improvement over the existing products. If the buyers are not informed about these products, they may be using inefficient products.

3. Confuses the buyers:
So many advertisements create confusion among the buyers. All advertisements make similar claims that the buyer gets confused as to which one is true and which product should be purchased. But, the supporters of advertisement argue that buyers can clear their confusion by analyzing the information provided on the advertisements and other sources before taking a decision to purchase a product.

4. Encourages sale of inferior product:
Advertising does not distinguish between superior and inferior products. Hence, it persuades people to buy even the inferior products. But, superiority and inferiority depends on the quality, which is a relative concept. The desired level of quality also depends on the economic status and preferences of the target customers. Hence, advertisements are not solely responsible for the sale of inferior products.

5. Some advertisements are in bad taste:
Another Criticism against advertising is that some advertisements are in bad taste. These show something which is not approved generally by people some advertisement also distort the human relationships. There can be some chances of misuse of adverting as a tool, which can be properly safeguarded by the low or by developing a code of conduct by the advertisers, for their self regulation.

Conclusion:
Most of the Criticism against advertising are not entirely true. In the changed are economic environment of globalization, advertising is considered as an important tool of marketing. It helps a firm in effectively communicating with its target market, increasing the sale and thereby reducing the Per unit cost of production.

It is not a social waste it adds value to the social cause by increasing production and generating more employment opportunities. Hence, advertising is a use and not a waste.

SECTION – E

V. Answer any two of the following questions.
Each question carrier five marks:  (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 41.
Draw a neat diagram of levels of management.
Answer:

Question 42.
State any ten qualities of a successful leader?
Answer:

1. Rebate
2. Discount
3. Refunds
4. Product Combinations
5. Quantity gift

1. Rebate: Offering products at special prices
2. Discount: Offering products at less than list price
3. Refunds: Refunding a part of price paid by customer
4. Product Combinations: Offering another product as gift along with the purchase of a product.
5. Quantity Gift: Offering extra quantity of the product.

Question 43.
Draw the neat diagram of Efficiency-Desirability Matrix to check the ability and willingness of Entrepreneurs.
Answer:

Students can Download 2nd PUC Computer Science Previous Year Question Paper March 2017, Karnataka 2nd PUC Computer Science Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Computer Science Previous Year Question Paper March 2017

Time: 3 Hrs 15 Min
Max. Marks: 100

PART – A

Answer all the following questions. Each question carries one mark. (10 × 1 = 10)

Question 1.
What is a bus?
Answer:
A bus is a set of wire connected between the units for the purpose of carry the signals between the units.

Question 2.
Write the standard symbol for AND gate.
Answer:

Question 3.
Define an array.
Answer:
Array is a collection of similar elements that share a common name. It is a structured data type and allocates memory contiguously.

Question 4.
Is it possible to access data outside a class?
Answer:
Yes, the public members can be accessed by member functions of the class and non member function (outside the class) of the class.

Question 5.
Mention any one advantage of pointer.
Answer:
The two advantages of the pointer are

1. For objects memory can be allocated dynamically during runtime.
2. When objects are not used, then memory can be released.
3. Memory is efficiently used.

Question 6.
Define an entity.
Answer:
An entity is a person, place, thing or event for which data is collected and maintained.

Question 7.
What is chatting?
Answer:
It is online communication between two users through the computer. Once a chat has been initiated, either user can enter text by typing on the keyboard and the entered text will appear on the other user’s monitor.

Question 8.
What is a server?
Answer:
A server is a computer program that provides services to other computer programs and their users in the same or other computers.

OR

The computer that a server program runs in is also referred to as a server.

Question 9.
Expand WWW.
Answer:
Worldwide Web

Question 10.
What is a website?
Answer:
A website is a collection of web pages generally written using Hyper Text Markup Language.

PART -B

Answer any five questions. Each question carries two marks. (5 × 2 = 10)

Question 11.
Prove algebraically x + xy = x.
Answer:
LHS x + xy
= x + x x + y (distributive law)
= 1 1+y (absorption law)
= 1

Question 12.
State the principle of duality. Write the dual of 1 + x = 1.
Answer:
The principle of duality states that starting with a Boolean relation, another relation can be derived by

1. Changing each OR sing (+) to an AND sign (.)
2. Changing each AND sing (.) to an OR sign (+).
3. Replacing each 0 by 1 and each 1 by 0.
4. All variables are complemented.

For example, (X + Y’) dual is (X’. Y)
1 + X = 1  is  0 . X = X.

Question 13.
Define base class and derived class.
Answer:
1. base class:
A base class is a class from which other classes are derived.

2. derived class:
The class that inherits is called derived class.
The inheriting class is called the derived class.

Question 14.
Write the features of default constructors.
Answer:
The features of default constructors are:

1. All objects of a class are initialized to same set of values.
2. These constructors has no arguments.
3. These constructors are automatically called when every object is created.

Question 15.
Differentiate between read() and write().
Answer:

read()	write()
belongs to the class ifstream	belongs to the class ofstream
used to read binary data from a file	used to write binary data to a file
Syntax: fin.read( (char *) &variable, sizeof(variable));	Syntax: fout.write( (char *) &variable, sizeof(variable));

Question 16.
Write the difference between data and information.
Answer:
Data:
1. Data is a collection of facts, figures or statistics. Data is transformed into meaningful information. It is raw material of information.

2. Information:
It is processed data with definite meaning. Information gives meaning.

Question 17.
Give the syntax and example of UPDATE command in SQL.
Answer:
UPDATE command:
It can be used to change row values from a table. The SET key word takes the column in which values needs to be changed or updated. The WHERE keyword is used to filter the records on some condition.
Syntax:
UPDATE tablename SET columnname = values WHERE Condition;
Example:
UPDATE student SET combn = ‘PCMCs’ where combn=’pcmc’;

Question 18.
What is communication (transmission) mode? Explain simplex mode.
Answer:
The communication mode is the technique of transmitting and receiving signals between the sender and receiver.
Simplex mode:
The communication occurs in one direction only. For example, radio receiver and radio transmitter.

PART – C

Answer any five questions. Each question carries three marks: (5 × 3 = 15)

Question 19.
Explain the characteristics of motherboard.
Answer:
The characteristics of motherboard identifies different kinds of motherboards, including Physical characteristics, which in combination are called the form factor like XT, AT Baby AT and ATX motherboard; The chipset used, which defines the capabilities of the motherboard such as an AMD, Intel, NVidia, SiS, or VIA chipset; The processors the motherboard supports; Different processors use different sockets or slots. Based on the type, there are two main types of slots.

a. Socket 7:
Is a 321-pin socket for Pentium class CPUs – Pentium MMX, K5, K6, etc.,

b. Slot 1:
Pentium ll/IH CPUs use slot 1.

The BIOS it uses – System BIOS is a chip located on all motherboards that contain instructions and set up for how your system should boot and how it operates. The phoenix and AMI are the two BIOS manufacturers and the internal and expansion buses that it supports.

Question 20.
Realize AND, OR, NOT gates using NAND gates.
Answer:
1. Implementing AND using NAND gates:

2. Implementing OR using NAND gates:

3. Implementing NOT using NAND gates:

Question 21.
Explain the memory representation of two dimensional array.
Answer:
Let A be two-dimensional array
Let M is rows and N is columns
The A array may be stored in the memory in one of the following methods;
1. Row-major representation:
In this type of method, the first row occupies the first set of memory locations reserved for the array and second-row occupies the next set and so on.

2. Column-major representation:
In this type of method, the first column occupies the first set of memory locations reserved for the array and the second column occupies the next set and so on.

Question 22. Define:

1. Pointer
2. Static memory allocation
3. Dynamic memory allocation

Answer:

1. A pointer is a variable that holds the memory address, usually the location of another variable.
2. The fixed size of memory allocation and cannot be altered during runtime is called static memory allocation.
3. Allocation of memory at the time of execution (run time) is known as dynamic memory allocation.

Question 23.
Explain any three modes to open a file in C++.
Answer:
The file can be opened both for input and output operations using fstream class.
The syntax for opening a file with constructor is fstream object(“filename”, mode);
The syntax for opening a file with open() is fstream object.open(“filename”, mode);
Therefore, file can be opened using different modes. They are
ios::in opens file for reading only. For example, fstream fin(“te’xt.dat”, ios::in);
ios::out opens file for writing only. For example, fstream fout(“text.dat”, ios::out);
ios::app opens a file to append to end of file. For example, fstream
file.open(“text.dat”,ios::app);

Question 24.
Mention database users.
Answer:
There are different types of database users. They are
1. Application programmers or Ordinary users:
These users write application programs to interact with the database. Application programs can be written in some programming language typically a SQL statement to DBMS.

2. End Users:
End users are the users, who use the applications developed. They just use the system to get their task done. End users are of two types:

• Direct users
• Indirect users.

3. Database Administrator (DBA):
Database Administrator (DBA) is the person which makes the strategic and policy decisions regarding the data of the enterprise, DBA is responsible for overall control of the system at a technical level.

4. System Analyst:
System Analyst determines the requirement of end-users, and develops specifications for transactions that meet these requirements. System Analyst plays a major role in database design, technical aspect, etc. of the system.

Question 25.
Give the services of e-commerce.
Answer:
Few services of eCommerce are:

• Domain name purchasing.
• Secure hosting.
• Full integration with the payment gateway of your choice.
• Web design.
• Shopping cart system.
• Marketing.

Question 26.
Explain any three HTML tags.
Answer:
1. The <p> tag is a paragraph tag.
Usage:
<p> HTML paragraphs </p>

2. The <table> tag is a table tag that creates a table in HTML.
Usage:
<table> </table>

3. The <tr> tag is a table row tag that creates a row in a table.
Usage: <tr> </tr>

PART – D

Answer any Seven of the following questions. Each question carries Five marks: (7 × 5 = 35)

Question 27.
Reduce F(A,B,C,D) = Σ(0,4,6,7,8,12,14,15) using K-map.
Answer:

The F(A,B,C,D) = C’D’ + BC + BD’

Question 28.
Write an algorithm to insert an element in an array.
Answer:
A is an array
N is number of elements (size)
Element is a data element
Pos is the location of the element to be inserted.

Insertion (A, N, Element, Pos)
Step 1: for i = N-1 downto Pos repeat step 2
Step 2: A[i+1] = A[i]
End for
Step 3: A [Pos] = Element
Step 4: N = N + 1

Question 29.
What is a stack? Write an algorithm for PUSH() and POP() operations.
Answer:
Algorithm for PUSH operation:
PUSH(STACK, TOP, SIZE, ITEM)
Step 1: if TOP >= N-1 then
PRINT “stack is overflow”
Exit
End of if
Step 2: Top = TOP + 1
Step 3: STACK[TOP] = ITEM
Step 4: Return

Algorithm for POP operation:
PUSH(STACK, TOP, ITEM)
Step 1: if TOP = 0 then
PRINT “stack is empty”
Exit
End of if
Step 2: ITEM = STACK[POP]
Step 3: TOP = TOP -1
Step 4: Return

Question 30.
Write the applications of OOPs.
Answer:
Some of the real life applications of object oriented programming are given below;

• Computer graphic applications.
• CAD/CAM software.
• Object oriented database.
• User interface design such as windows.
• Real time systems.
• Simulation and modeling.
• Artificial intelligence and expert systems.

Question 31.
Explain class definition with syntax and example.
Answer:
A class is a structured data type in C++ which is a collection of variables and functions. A class in C++ combines related data and functions together. It makes a data type which is used for creating objects of this type
The syntax of a class definition:

Question 32.
Explain inline function with programming example.
Answer:
Declaration and Definition of inline function
sinline returntype_specifier functioname (arguments)
{
….
}
The definition of inline function should be defined before all functions that call it.
The function definition should have the prefix inline.
Example:

Question 33.
What is a destructor? Write its syntax and example.
Answer:
It is a special function used to release the memory space allocated by the object.
→ Name of the Destructor is similar to the class, which it belongs.
→ It does not have argument(s) and doesn’t return any value (no return type)
→ Destructor is preceded by ~ (tilde) sign.

Following points should be kept in mind while defining and writing the syntax for the destructor:

• A destructor function must be declared with the same name as that of the class to which it belongs.
• The first character of the destructor name must begin with a tilde (~).
• A destructor function is declared with no return types specified (not even void).
• A destructor function must have public access in the class declaration.

General Syntax of Destructors:

~ classname();

The above is the general syntax of a destructor. In the above, the symbol tilde ~ represents a destructor which precedes the name of the class.
For example,

Question 34.
Write the types of inheritance. Explain any two.
Answer:
The different types of inheritance are single inheritance, multilevel inheritance, hierarchical inheritance, multiple inheritance and hybrid inheritance.

1. Single inheritance:
A derived class with only one base class is called single inheritance. For example, If A is base class then class B derive from base class A.

2. Multilevel inheritance:
A class can be derived from another derived class which is known as multilevel inheritance. For example, The derived class C inherit B class whereas B is derived from class A.

Question 35.
Briefly explain the data processing cycle.
Answer:
DATA PROCESSING CYCLE:
Data processing is the activity of collecting the data from various sources, properly organizing and processing to obtain required information.
The stages of data processing cycle

a. Data collection:
Data required for an organization may be available at various places. It involves identifying the source of data for collection. The sources may include documents, such as invoices, sales orders, purchase orders etc., for the purpose of processing.

b. Data input:
The gathered/collected data is entered into the system in the suitable format which is acceptable by the data processing system for the necessary process.

c. Processing of data:
Before any process is applied, classifying the data or grouping the similar type of data is performed. Then to such data proper arrangement/order is done i.e., in ascending or in descending order. Then verification for any missing data, incomplete data is done. Finally calculation process gives the information.

d. Data output:
It is necessary to put the results in proper format in the form of a summarized report, consolidated report, statements etc.,

e. Data storage:
The inputted data and generated results are stored for the future use. They are stored using different mass storage devices (Hard disk, floppy dis, etc.,).

Question 36.
Write the purpose of the following SQL function:

1. count()
2. max()
3. min()
4. avg()
5. sum()

Answer:
The built-in functions associated with GROUP functions in SQL are

1. COUNT function- returns the count of records that satisfies the condition for each group of records.
Example:
SELECT department, COUNT(*)FROM employees WHERE salary > 25000 GROUP BY department;

2. MAX function- returns the maximum values from the column for each group of records.
Example:
SELECT department, MAX(salary) FROM employees GROUP BY department;

3. MIN function – returns the lowest values from the column for each group of records.
Example:
SELECT department, MIN(salary)FROM employees GROUP BY department;

4. AVG function – returns the average values from the column for each group of records.
Example:
SELECT AVG(cost) FROM products WHERE category = ‘Clothing’;

5. SUM function- returns the total values from the column for each group of records.
Example:
SELECT department, SUM(sales)FROM order_details GROUP BY department;

Question 37.
Give the measures of preventing virus.
Answer:
The different measures for preventing virus are
1. Install quality antivirus:
The users should install professional, business-grade antivirus software on their PCs. Pro-grade antivirus programs update more frequently throughout the, protect against a wider range of threats (such as rootkits), and enable additional protective features (such as custom scans).

2. Install real-time anti-spyware protection:
Use of professional (or fully paid and licensed) anti-spyware programs are required to prevent infections and fully remove those infections already present.

3. Keep anti-malware applications current:
Antivirus and anti-spyware programs require regular signature and database updates. Without these critical updates, anti-malware programs are unable to protect PCs from the latest threats. Computer users must keep their antivirus and anti-spyware applications up to date.

4. Perform daily scans:
Enabling complete, daily scans of a system’s on hard drive gives protection. These daily scans can be invaluable in detecting, isolating, and removing infections that initially escape security software’s attention.

5. Disable autorun:
Many viruses work by attaching themselves to a drive and automatically installing themselves. As a result, connecting any network drives, external hard disks, or even thumb drives to a system can result in the automatic propagation of such threats. The users can disable the Windows autorun feature to avoid.

6. Don’t click on email links or attachments:
Users should never click on email attachments without at least first scanning them for viruses using a business-class anti-malware application. As for clicking on links, users should access Web sites by opening a browser and manually navigating to the sites.

7. Use a hardware-based firewall:
The software-based firewall included with Windows isn’t sufficient to protect systems. For this reason, all PCs connected to the Internet should be secured behind a capable hardware-based firewall.