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2nd PUC Political Science Previous Year Question Paper March 2019

September 24, 2024September 23, 2024 by Prasanna

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Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Previous Year Question Paper March 2019

Time: 3 Hrs 15 Min
Max. Marks: 100

I. Answer the following questions in a word or a sentence each. (10 × 1 = 10)

Question 1.
When did India become independent?
Answer:
India became Independent on August 15^th 1947.

Question 2.
Which country is considered as world’s largest democracy?
Answer:
India.

Question 3.
What is Election?

Answer:
Election is the process of choosing representatives to public offices.

Question 4.
Who appoints the Election Commissioner of India?
Answer:
The President of India, on the advice of Union cabinet appoints the Chief Election Commissioner of India.

Question 5.
What is social discrimination?
Answer:
It is a discrimination like superior or inferior practised against the backward class people who are not allowed into the main stream of the society.

Question 6.
Who is the head of District Administration?
Answer:
Deputy commissioners / District magistrate.

Question 7.
On which day voters day is celebrated?
Answer:
25^th January.

Question 8.
How many times National Emergency is imposed in India?
Answer:
3 times.

Question 9.
What is privatisation?.
Answer:
Privatization is the process of transferring ownership of a business, enterprise, agency, public service or public property from the public sector to private sector.

Question 10.
Expand NAM.
Answer:
Non-Align Movement.

II. Answer any ten of the following questions in two words or two sentences each: (10 × 2 = 20)

Question 11.
How many articles and schedules are there in the Act of 1935?
Answer:
The 1935 act contained 321 articles and 13 schedules.

Question 12.
What is All India Service?
Answer:
A group of people who are appointed by the union government and working in both union and state government is called All India Service.

Question 13.
Name the varnas that prevailed in the ancient period.
Answer:
Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vyshya, Shudra.

Question 14.
What is gender based inequality?
Answer:
When discrimination is made on the basis of gender denying equal opportunities to the fairer sex, it is called gender based inequality.

Question 15.
What is coalition government?
Answer:
According of F.A.Ogg “Coalition is a system where members of multiple political parties unite to form a government or Ministry”.

Question 16.
What is corruption?
Answer:
Misuse of power or public office for personal motives is called corruption.

Question 17.
Write any two ethnic groups in Syria.
Answer:
Arabs and Armanians.

Question 18.
Name any two members of the SAARC.
Answer:
The two member countries of the SAARC are India and Sri Lanka.

Question 19.
State any two functions of general assembly.
Answer:

It receives reports from every organ.
It elects the members of the other councils.

Question 20.
Write any two principles of Panchasheel.
Answer:

Mutual Non-aggeression.
Peaceful Co-existance.

Question 21.
Name any two military alliances.
Answer:
NATO and WARSA.

Question 22.
Who were the signatories of Simla agreement?
Answer:
Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and Pakistan Prime Minister Z.A. Bhutto.

III. Answer any eight of the following questions in 15-20 sentences each: (8 × 5 = 40)

Question 23.
Write a short note on first general election.
Answer:
became a Sovereign Democratic Republic after the constitution was adopted on 26^th January 1950. General elections to the first Lok Sabha were held in India from October 1951 to February 1952, on the basis of Universal Adult Franchise. With this, India emerged as the world’s largest Democracy.

The holding of General elections was a bold implementation of that faith in man and democracy. The first general elections was the most gigantic political experiment in the history of democracy. It was world’s largest free election.

Question 24.
Explain the features of Indirect elections.
Answer:
Features of Indirect Elections are:
1. Selection of best candidates:
In this method, candidates are elected by intelligent voters. At the first instance General public elect their representatives to the electoral college and at the second instance the elected representatives in turn judiciously elect the final representatives of legislature or head of the nation. This method involves double election. Elected representatives act wisely with political acumen.

2. Prevents unhealthy campaigning:
It avoids all sorts of evils like dirty propaganda tricks and instigation of people lover petty issues to divide them. For example in the election of the President of India the average voters are kept outside but only elected members of both the Houses of the Parliament participate. These intelligent and responsible members keep away from all sorts of party gimmicks.

3. Peaceful voting:
In this method, there is no scope for illegal activities or fights during the election as it happens in the direct election. In the electoral process only small members of enlightened voters peacefully exercise their votes judiciously. The elections are conducted according to well defined norms and values.

4. Little scope for emotions:
Elected representatives are not carried away by passions or sentiments nor can be influenced like an average voter. There is no chance for misusing sensitive issues for political gains. The higher level leaders are elected by people’s representatives who act with a sense of responsibility.

5. Suitable to developing nations:
Since majority of the voters are ignorant, not educated and intelligent, only a small group of politically educated and wise voters elect responsible and public spirited representatives.

Question 25.
Discuss the features of civil service.
Answer:
Features of Civil Services:
1. Professional body:
As Herman Finer puts it, Civil service is a professional body of officials who are, permanent, paid and skilled. It is a whole time job and career service.

2. Hierarchy:
As per the scaler system, each civil servant has to obey his immediate superior, where higher ranking administrative officers with discretionary powers supervises their subordinates. The authority runs from above, and helps to make administration stable.

3. Political Neutrality:
Civil Servants refrain always from political activities. They perform their duties without being aligned to any one political regime.

4. Anonymity:
Civil servants work behind the screen and remain anonymous even though they work for the Government. Recognition for good work or censure for any omission goes only to the concerned minister and not to the civil servants.

5. Impartiality:
The Civil Servants have to apply the laws of the state while performing the duties without showing any favour, bias or preference to any groups or sections of the society.

6. Service motto:
They have to work for the welfare of the society. They must be humble and service minded towards the public and not authoritative.

7. Permanent:
Civil Servants are called permanent executives. They discharge duties till they attain the age of superannuation. Both at the central and in Karnataka State Services, the age of retirement is sixty years. Even though disciplinary action is taken as per rules, there is security of service.

8. Jurisdiction of Law:
Every Civil Servant has to function within the prescribed jurisdiction of law. If he crosses the limit, he is met with disciplinary action.

9. Special Training:
Once the candidates are selected for top civil services, they are deputed to in-service training to acquire special skills in administration, like the Lai Bahadur Shastry Academy of Administration located in Mussoorie for the training of the newly appointed IAS officers. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Police Academy located in Hyderabad trains the newly appointed IPS officers.

Question 26.
What are the five functions of Deputy Commissioner?
Answer:
The Deputy Commissioner. (DC) is the head of the District. He also acts as the District Magistrate, Superintendent of police (SP), District Treasury Officer. Deputy Director of Pre University Education, Social Welfare officer, Deputy Director of Public Instruction, District Medical Officer, Deputy Registrar and other functions under the jurisdiction of the Deputy Commissioner.

The Deputy Commissioner performs the following functions.
1. Law and order and Magisterial powers:
Deputy Commissioner enjoys magisterial powers. Being the District Magistrate, he maintains law and order and performs other judicial functions in the district.

2. Revenue functions:
It includes maintenance of Land Records and its assessment, collection of Land Revenue and other public dues and settlement of land disputes. Assistant Commissioners and Tahsildars work under the overall supervision and control of the Deputy Commissioner.

3. Development Functions:
It includes Public Health, Education, Rural Development, Social Welfare (Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe) and Welfare of Backward Classes and Minorities and Protection of Weaker sections of the Society.

4. Regulatory Functions:
It includes control, regulation, and distribution of Food and Civil Supplies and essential commodities. He also controls the matters relating to excise, stamps, and registration.

5. Electoral Functions:
Deputy Commissioner is the District Election Officer and he is in charge of elections to Parliament, State Legislature and Local bodies.

Question 27.
What are the causes for Dalit movement?
Answer:
Causes for Dalit Movement are as follows:
1. Social injustice:
As per the law of nature, all men are born equal. But in practice, equal treatment and equal opportunities have been denied. Exploitation in society was widespread. To get their legitimate rights and opportunities, dalits rebelled under the leadership of many reformers which took the form of movement against the injustice.

2. Economic inequality:
Dalits worked in the lands of high caste Elindus and were responsible for the wealth of the feudalist upper castes. Inspite of it, they were treated inhumanly and were not given proper share of wealth. Hence, their position was pathetic. Added to the this, they were victims of exploitation, atrocity, harassment, and other heinous Acts. Their opposition was expressed in the form of agitations.

3. Discrimination:
Discrimination was rampant in all walks of life. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar himself was the victim of such discrimination. He dared to enter the Kalaram Temple of Nasik against all opposition with his fellow dalits. He publicly used the water of Mahad tank. With this, he started democratic struggle against discrimination to attain social equality. This became the stepping stone for Dalit Movement.

4. Lack of awareness:
Dalits were deprived of educational facilities which lead to lack of awareness. Hence, exploitation atrocities mounted up. To get relieved of such situations and to create awareness, movements like Bahishkrith Hitakarini Sabha (1924), Dalit Sangharsh Samiti (1974) and others were initiated nationwide.

5. Political Backwardness:
Basically Dalits were kept away from political participation and decision making processes due to denial opportunities. Social boycott, exploitation, and subordination were responsible for political backwardness. To come out of these barriers, Dalits were forced to organise agitations and protests which finally got converted into movements.

6. Political implications:
Dalit movement is named as Dalit Andolan in Karnataka, Asprushya (untouchable) Aandolan in Maharashtra, Adi Dravida Andolan in Tamilnadu, Pulaya Aandolan in Kerala, Adi Dharma Andolan in Punjab and Namasudra Aandolan in West Bengal.

As a result of Dalit Movements, in the post Independence period, several measures were taken to improve the status of Dalits. The Constituation of India has provided many provisions for the upliftment of Dalits to bring them into the main stream. Many rights have been incorporated to empower Dalits.

Question 28.
Describe the political implication of feminist movement.
Answer:
Political implications:
Feminist movement tries to overcome women exploitation and atrocities. In this behalf various measures have been taken for the empowerment of women as follows:
1. Constitutional opportunities:
Article 14,15, 15(3), 16, 34(A), 39(B) and 42 of the Constitution of India provides for the removal of inequality and discrimination based on gender.

2. Legislative measures:
Some legislative measures have been taken to eradicate gender based inequality. For example, Rape is a criminal offence under IPC Section 376, kidnapping and using women for illegal purpose is an offence under IPC Section 363-373. Torture for dowry is prohibited under IPC Section 498-A.

3. Other legislative measures:
Family Court Act 1954, Special Marriage Act 1954, Hindu Marriage Act 1955, The Dowry Prohibition Act 1961, Protection of Women against Domestic Violence Act 2005 and Abolition of Child Marriage Act 2006 have been enforced to protect the interests of women.

4. Special privileges for women:
National Women Commission was established in 1992 to recommend the government for the improvements of women.

5. Reservation in local bodies:
Through 73^rd and 74^th Constitutional Amendment Acts, 33% of seats are reserved for women in Local Body Elections.

6. National policy of the women empowerment:
Department of Women and Child Welfare under the Secretariat of Human Resource Development framed a National Policy for the empowerment of women.

Question 29.
Explain the causes for communalism.
Answer:
Causes:
1. Policy of the British India:
The discriminatory policies of the East India Company regarding divide and rule, destroyed the unity between Hindus and Muslims. It manifested in the Sepoy Mutiny (1857). During the period of Viceroy Lord Curzon, Bengal was divided (1905) on the basis of religion. Communal electorate for Muslims was introduced during the period of Lord Minto. All these intensified the cause of communalism.

2. Hind-Muslim Nationalism:
Communal organizations were formed by separatists. In 1906, Muslim League and Hindu Mahasabha came into existence. Mohammad Ali Jinnah who was called as ‘Muslim Gokhale’ of India was brainwashed by the Britishers. He became the champion of the two nation theory based on religion. Extremists of the Indian National Congress began to assert their demands. These developments created suspicion and distrust between Hindus and Muslims before Independence.

The demolition of Babri Masjid at Ayodhya by a mob on 6^th December 1992, largely contributed for the animosity between Hindus and Muslims and the successive events intensified the mistrust between these communities.

4. Politically manipulated:
In India many issues are politically manipulated by leaders for their selfish gain. This leads to hatred among the communities.

5. Communality in organization:
Different communities in India have established their own organizations based on communality, to support particular political parties in their own interest.

Question 30.
How terrorism is a commination to democracy? Explain.
Answer:
Terrorism is commination to Democracy:
a. Disruption of governance:
Terrorist organisations are disrupting the democratic governance in the nation. They are indulging in violent and insurgent activities which have targeted the government, top political leaders and officers and thereby erode the legitimacy of the elected government.

b. Disrespect for constitution:
Though the Constitution is the fundamental law of the country, the terrorist groups and organisations are violating the mandatory provisions of the law and involving terrorist activities.

c. Violation of human rights:
Terrorists have no respect on human rights. They kill and injure the innocent people, attack the leaders and target the public places.

d. Anti democratic activities:
Terrorists are always tries to destabilize the democratic system and disrupt the election process.

e. Obstacle to economic growth:
It also destroys the economic development of the country by diverting the huge amount of money towards curbing terrorist activities.

Question 31.
What are the demerits of coalition?
Answer:
The demerits of coalition government are as follows:
a. Due to the presence of various party leaders believing in different ideologies and policies political consistency is difficult to achieve. Hence political instability persists.

b. As coalition is the result of mutual consent, heads of government have no say in the formation of their own cabinet and in the formation of national policies or programmes.

c. In the parliamentary system of government as each coalition partner has its own specific electorate and has assured specific schemes and programmes.

d. Collective responsibility is a casualty. The ministry has to act as a unit. But in coalition government, this cannot happen. Hence, no one shoulders the responsibility for mismanagement and maladministration.

e. Official secrecy cannot be maintained. Decisions taken in cabinet which are sensitive in nature are disclosed by its own signatories who cannot be curtailed by the government.

Question 32.
Explain the nature of crony capitalism.
Answer:
Crony capitalism is a negative term used to refer to the business delaings carried out by the Government officers in a capitalist economy.

Nature of crony capitalism are as follows:-
1. Favours political authorities:
Crony capitalism is a system in which, close associates of the people in power who enact laws and execute policies, get favours that have large economic impact.

2. Cronies are rewarded with the provision:
to charge higher prices for their output, than would prevail in a competitive market. Funds are funnelled to the enterprises of cronies through government controlled banks.

3. Protection of assets:
Crony capitalism allows Government to guarantee a subset of asset holders that their property rights are protected. As long as their assets are protected, these asset holders will continue to invest as if there were universal protection of property rights.

4. Share in the rents generated by the asset holders:
The members of the Government or members of their families, share the rents generated by the asset holders. This may take the form of jobs, co-investments or even transfers of stock. Crony capitalism goes hand in hand with corruption.

5. The concentration of economic Power:
A few business groups which are cronies, influence state policies and pool their assets in private corporate sectors. Such concentration gives birth to crony capitalism. Crony capitalism is an economical phenomenon with political consequences. In crony capitalism, the Government makes deals in closed doors, without public review and approval.

Question 33.
What are the concepts of international relation?
Answer:
The core concepts of International relations pertaining to politics are as follows:
1. State Sovereignty:
Jean Bodin has described the concept of Sovereignty in his work “De Republica”. He emphasizes on the state Sovereignty within their territorial jurisdiction. No State can dictate others and all States are equal in matters of status, dignity, and honour. For instance, India under the British imperialism lost its sovereignty and gained its statehood only in 1947. Iraq during the Gulf war in 1990, is an example for aggression on the Sovereignty.

2. National Interests:
It is the action of the State in relation to other States. As Frankel opined, it refers to the aspiration of the state. The determinants of national interest are qualities of personalities and ideals of the decision-makers.

3. Power Blocs:
With the beginning of the cold war, two power blocs emerged, i.e., USA and USSR. President of U.S. Harry S. Truman believed in the spread of democracy whereas the Warsaw Pact under Soviet policy sought the spread of Communism. Capitalistic ideology spread in UK, France, Germany, and Communist ideology spread in Poland, Bulgaria, Rumania, and Hungery.

4. Polarity:
Polarities in international relations refer to the arrangement of power within the international system. The concept arose from bi-polarity during the cold war between the two superpowers.

The disintegration of the USSR has led to uni-polarity with the United States as the superpower. With rapid economic growth in 2010, China became the world’s second-largest economy. Combined with the respectable international position, China has emerged as a major power in the multi-polar world.

5. Balance of Power:
The concept of Balance of Power refers to relative power position of States as actors in international relations, with its emphasis on the cultivation of power and the utilization of power for resolving the problems. Morgenthau used the term ‘Balance of Power’ as an approximately equal distribution of power. It is an inseparable part of the power politics.

Question 34.
Explain briefly the basic principles of Indian Foreign Policy.
Answer:
1. Non-Alignment:
The basic principles of foreign policy are Non-Alignment. After the II World War, the world war divided into two military blocs, one led by the USA and another by USSR. Many countries blocs. But India was not aligned to any of the military blocs. India was the first country to speak of non-alignment and major contributor to the emergence of the Non-Align Movement.

Jawaharlal Nehru Prime Minister of India, Gen. Sukarno President of Indonesia, Josif Broz Tito President of Yugoslavia Kwame Nkrumah Prime Minister of Ghana and Gamal Abdel Nasser Leader of Egypt were the founders of this movement. The first summit of NAM which was held at Belgrade, Yugoslavia in 1961 with 25 member countries.

At present, it has 128 members. Recent NAM Summit concluded in August 2012 at Tehran Iran. Venezuela will host the next 17^th NAM Summit in 2015.

2. Opposition of Imperialism and colonialism:
As a colony of the British over 200 years, India firmly stood in opposition to any form of imperialism and colonialism. India. played a major role in liberating the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa from colonial shackles.

3. Faith in the UN:
As a founding members of 6N, India has played a major role in achieving world peace. India as a major democratic country in the world is collaborating with UN agencies viz: UNESCO, UNICEF, UNDP, UNIDO. Indian foreign policy supports and reguards the UN as an agency for world peace.

It has always advocated for peaceful settlement of international disputes within the purview of the UN. India has contributed its troops to the UN peacekeeping force operations in the tense and conflicated areas and different regions, especially in diffcult missions of the world.

4. Fairness of means:
With the inspiration of Gandhian ideas, India has always emphasized fair means in resolving international disputes. India has supported peaceful and non-violent methods and opposed the war, aggression and power politics anywhere in the world. In the Asian relations conference, New Delhi on 2^nd April of 1947.

Indian foreign policy expresses full faith in peaceful means for the settlement of dispues. India repudiates the use of force, it belives in peace achieved through peaceful means a good end through right and just means.

5. Anti – aparthied and racial discrimination:
India has stood by the principles of racial equality and opposes discrimination on the basis of race, regligion caste, colour and sex. India opposed and rejected the doctrine of white supremacy, it has been the most outspoken critic of racism.

Equal and honourable treatment of all in the world in India’s goal. India is always against of the policy of apartheid followed in the South Africa and it’s broke off diplomatic relations with it as a protest to social discrimination.

6. Panchasheel:
Panchasheel continues to be another fundamental principle of Indian foreign policy. An agreement signed between Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Chinese Prime Minister Zhou-en-Lai on April, 29^th 1954, sought to govern the relationship between India and China on the basis of five principles.

Mutual respect for each others territorial integrity and sovereignty.
Mutual non-agression.
Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs.
Equality and mutual benefits.
Peaceful co-existence.

It is a principle of peaceful co-existence with other nations, it guided the basis of relationship between 1954-57 marked by numerous visits and exchanges. This period is described as the Sino-Indian honeymoon.

7. Tie with the commonwealth:
Although India gets its independence from British imperalism she decided to remain within the common-wealth of Nations. The British Queen is the Head of the Commonwealth, it is made up of Britain and other countries which had once been her colonies, Traditionally India had many economic ties with the UK and other member countries of the Commonwealth Association.

In many commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings (CHOGM) strident declarations were passed regarding the problem of social discrimination, apartheid, violation of human rights and other issues of democracy in the member countries and the world. The 23^rd CHOGM was held in Colombo, Sri Lanka in November 2013. Next Summit will be designated at Tanzania in 2015.

8. Disarmament:
Major concern of India’s foreign policy in the post-cold war period is disarmament and arms race in the world. As a leader of NAM, India established beyond doubt that arms race is at the expense of human development. Expenditure on arms and ammunitions depletes distorts economic progress, programs for removal of poverty, eradication of diseases spread of education and easy availability of basic needs.

9. Sympathy towards divided Countries:
Partition of India and Pakistan due to divide and rule policy of British in 1947, resulted in terrible communal riots, emormous sufferings of people who moved out of their homes and had to begin their life again as refugees.

Because of the bitter experience of this incident. India is sympathetic towards the bifurcation of Palestine in Arab, South and North Korea, East and West Germany (Now unified) and Vietnam.

10. Concern towards small countries:
India’s foreign policy emphasizes its conem towards small countries of the world. India supported Malasia (1948), Ghana (1957) and Bangladesh (1971) to encourage and emerge as independent nations. Most of the decolonized territories are mini and microstates, small both in area and popultion, got the membership in NAM because of India’s support.

Since its independence, India is extending economic assistence to small countries in the world and always in the forefront of reconstruction and rehabilitation of the war-torn or small nations affected by natural disasters.

11. Affinity towards Afro-Asian Countries:
Though India has the relations with all countries of the world, she has special affinity towards the countries in Asia and Africa which are very near and following the principles followed by her.

India supported at the freedom struggle of African countries e.g. Namibia became independent in March 1990, Nelson Mandela the first black leader became the President of South Africa in May 1994. In the first Afro-Asian countries summit at Bandung in 1955.

12. Against Cold War:
Cold war began with the formation of two power blocs at the end of II world war viz. US and USSR. Rivalry between them resulted in the emergence of many military alliances eg: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) ANZUS (Austrialia New Zealand United States alliance) SEATO (South East Asian Treaty Organisation). Bagdad Pact, CENTO (Central Treaty Organization). As a leader of NAM, it stayed away from the two blocs.

India’s policy was neither negative nor passive, as Pandit Nehru declared to the world that NAM was notapolicy of ‘fleeing away!’ India tried to reduce the rivalry between two blocs and chose to involve other members of the non-aligned group, in this mission. With the disintegration of USSR the cold war ended.

IV. Answer any two of the following questions in 30 to 40 sentences: (2 × 10 = 20)

Question 35.
Describe the electoral reforms in India.
Answer:
Elections in India is huge and complex. The electoral process also elaborate. In the course of the last 50 years the election process has shown a number of shortcomings which have arisen out of the politico-social, economic and cultural conditions prevailing in our country.

Caste and religious factors have become predominant. Vote banks, rigging, booth-capturing, proxy voting, etc., have become common. In view of these, several electoral reforms have been taken up in recent years. They may be outlined as follows:-
a. Const

b. To provide representation to the country, the voting age was reduced from 21 years to 18 years for the Lok Sabha and Assembly elections.

c. To overcome various problems arising in the election process, Electronic Voting Machines have been introduced.

d. To discourage candidates who are not serious in contesting in the elections and to avoid multiplicity of such candidates, the deposit amount has been increased.

e. To deal with proxy voting, identity cards with photographs is being issued to all voters by the Election Commission.

g. In recognition of the voters right to information, the Election Commission has decided on mandatory disclosure of their antecedents by the candidates.

h. To curb the role of money in elections and to enable the service minded persons to contest in the elections, Indrajit Gupta Committee recommended for state funding of elections.

i. In order to ensure free and fair elections, the candidates should furnish the details about their educational qualifications, movable and immovable property, and criminal background.

j. In order to promote the elections more trustworthy, Election Commission of India has introduced VVPAT and VSDU devices along with EVMs during pooling.

Question 36.
Discuss the various components of Nation building.
Answer:
The process of Nation-building started with the attainment of independence. The leaders of modern India initiated the process in the right direction as they worked out the details in an orderly and systematic way. However, during implementation, they had to face numerous problems associated with national reconstruction resulting in a slow process.

The process of nation-building is an offshoot of the concept of nation-states. The idea of nation-states emerged after the signing of the treaty of West Phalia (1648) by Western Countries. The people of the common religious and traditional backgrounds living in a definite territory with like-mindedness and ‘we’ feeling form the nation. Common language, culture, and history aspirations help the common people to form nationality.

1. Components to community support:
To realise the process of nation-building, collective support and endeavour of the people are essential. The quality of the people reflects the quality of a nation. Disciplined work culture and patriotic feeling also contribute for nation-building. In a democracy, people are the kingmakers. Hence, they are expected to elect competent and honest representatives. They formulate a sound public opinion on important national issues. As J.S. Mill said ‘Eternal vigilance is the price of democracy’.

2. Good Governance:
Good governance ensures accountability, transparency, efficiency, responsibility, and responsiveness. In addition, the use of technology has given rise to e-Governance. India is one of the leading countries in the world in the adoption of the system-of e-governance.

3. Committed Leadership:
History depicts many examples of committed leadership. Eg. US President F. D. Roosevelt solved the crisis of Economic depression by adopting the New Deal Policy and US became a superpower at global level after the II World War. In India Nehru’s leadership largely contributed to the process of nation-building.

He formulated goals for nation-building and introduced planning system, adopted industrialization policy and socialistic pattern of society. He had vision and farsightedness for the transformation of India. Hence Nehru is called the Architect of Modern India.

4. Political Culture:
Political Culture constitutes a set of values, attitudes, and behaviour towards a political system. It requires an ideal political behaviour to national reconstruction. Leaders have to embody the principles of national interest, public service, probity, and statesmanship.

5. Power Sharing:
To realize the goal, political power needs to be shared among all sections of society. The concentration of political power in the hands of a few people and some families leads to the emergence of authoritarianism and dictatorship.

As H.J. Laski rightly puts it “A decision which affects all must be decided by all” To attain this reservation is provided to the SCs and STs and women at different levels of Government. It ensures social justice which is the foundation of socio-economic democracy.

Education also equips the people to shun fanaticism, parochialism, communalism, casteism and religious fundamentalism. The Right To Education Act 2009 implemented in 2010 is a step in this direction.

7. National Character:
Nationalism and patriotism are the foundations to build a national character. Each country has its distinct national character which denotes one’s nativity-as the conservatism of UK, ‘Land of Liberty’ of US, Ethnicity of Africa, Aboriginal of Australia, cultural diversity of India. Love and respect for one’s country and national symbols such as national flag, national anthem, and national monuments are the prerequisites.

One has to acquire knowledge about the history of his motherland and its contributions to human civilizations. Realizing the significance of national character, the makers of the Indian constitution have asserted the supremacy of popular sovereignty in the preamble reading with the expression.” We the people of India”.

8. Mass Media:
Mass Media is regarded as the Fourth Estate in democracy as it plays a vital role in nation-building. It highlights the omissions and commissions of the government and acts as a bridge between the government and the public. It . is an effective instrument of political socialization, modernization, and development. In India, the ‘Freedom of Expression’ is a fundamental right under Art. 19 of the Constitution.

9. Responsible Intelligentsia:
The contribution of intellectuals is recognized all over the world. Research and innovations in important areas of human life have contributed to the national development. In India the development in the field of social sciences, M.N. Srinivas, Amartya Sen, S. Shettar, Gail Omvedt, Kancha, Ilaya, Vandana. Shiva, S.N. Balagangadhara, AshishNandy, Rajiv Malhotra and others.

In Science and Technology Sir M. Vishveshwaraiah, Sir C.V. Raman, Dr. Raja Ramanna, Dr. M.G.K. Menon, Dr. CNR Rao. Dr. U.R. Rao, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, and others have greatly contributed for India’s present position at global level.

10. National Integration:
It is the process of uniting the people emotionally, psychologically and politically, Sardar Vallabha Bai Patel, Vinoba Bhave, Lai Bahadhur Shastri, J.B. Kriplani, Acharya Narendra Dev played a key role in the national integration. November 19th is being observed as National integration day, the birthday of Smt. Indira Gandhi.

Question 37.
Explain the importance and political implications of Globalisation.
Answer:
Globalisation is the process of inter grating the economy of the country with world economy. It is a movement towards greater interaction. Integration and interdependence among people and organisation across borders. The strongest manifestion of Globalisation has been the increasing economics inter gration among the countries in trade and investment.

An important attribute of globalization is the increasing degree of openness, which has three dimensions, ie., international trade, international investment, and international finance. It involves creation of networks and activities transcending economic, social and geographical boundaries.

The Economy of India had undergone significant policy shifts in the beginning of the 1990’s. This new model of economic reforms is commonly known as the liberalization, privatizaton, and globalisation(LPG) model.

The chain of reforms that took place with regard to business, manufacturing and financial industries targeted at the strengthening the economy of the country to a more proficient level. These economic reforms had influenced the overall economic growth of the country in a significant manner.

In brief, the salient points of Globalisation are

Efficiency
Transfer of technology
Concept of a global village
Mobility of labour force
Global competition resulting in better performance
Outsourcing and
Optimum utilization of human resources.

The political implications of globalisation are as follows.
1. Power subjugation:
The effects of globalisation brought lots of changes in the world economy. For small countries it is inevitable to accept the economic decisions of strong countries. Hence it affects the soverignty of a country in totality.

2. Affects the Soverignty:
As a result of globalisation in the fields of economy, trade, transportation etc., the sovereign countries are bound by decisions of strong countries. Hence it affects the soverignty of a country in totally.

3. Cultural Invasion:
Culture is a complex whole and exclusive to each country. The influence of globalisation in the name of cultural exchange not only invades but also degenerates the youth who are the architects of the future.

4. Enslavement of Lifestyle:
Globalisation has largely affected the younger generation. Food habits, general behaviour, mutual relationships, respect to elders, human values and ultimately the whole generation has become slave in the clutches of globalisation.

5. Elimination of subsidies:
The major impact of globalisation is the curtailment of subsidies to all sectors including agriculture in a phased manner. The worst-hit are the peasants who are the back bone of the country.

6. Political Instability:
The impact of globalisation mainly is economic depression, boom or even recession which directly affects the political stability of a country. Hence development comes to a standstill. Thus globalisation as a process of integrating the economy of the country with world economy has gone a long way.

Question 38.
Describe the India-ASEAN area of co-operation.
Answer:
The ASEAN was established on 8^th August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by the founding fathers of ASEAN.

Indian-ASEAN areas of co-operation are:
1. Functional Co-operation:
ASEAN-India functional co-operation is diverse and includes co-operation across a range of sectors, such as trade, science & technology, agriculture, environment, Human Resource development, space science, new and renewable energy, information and communication technology, telecommunications, transport and infrastructure, tourism, culture, health, and pharmaceuticals.

2. Economic Co-operation:
The ASEAN- India FTA will see tariff liberalization of over 90 percent of products traded between the two dynamic regions including the so-called “special products” such as palm oil (crude and refined), coffee, black tea and pepper. Tariffs on over 4,000 product lines will be eliminated at the earliest by 2016.

ASEAN – India Trade in Goods Agreement was signed on 13^th August, 2009 at the ASEAN – India Economic Ministerial Meeting in Bangkok.

3. Peace and Security Co-operation:
ASEAN and India commemorated the 20^th anniversary of dialogue level partnership and the 10^th anniversary of Summit-level partnership with a Commemorative Summit in New Delhi under the theme ASEAN – India Partnership for peace and shared prosperity in December 2012.

4. Tourism Sector:
The 4^th ASEAN – India Tourism Ministers Meeting was held in Vietnam in January 2013. ASEAN-India tourism website (www. Indiaasean.org) was launched. ASEAN and India are also working on enhancing private sector engagements. Details on the re-activation of the ASEAN- India business Council (AIBC), the holding of the ASEAN-India Business Fair (AIBF) are being worked out by officials.

At the third ASEAN-India Summit, the parties concerned signed a partnership for peace, progress and shared prosperity. At the sixth Summit, India announced setting up of an India the ASEAN green fund. At seventh Summit, India announced contribution of US $ 50 million to ASEAN-India co-operation fund.

At the 11^th ASEAN – India summit, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, welcomed India’s ‘Look East’ policy and the decision to set up a separate mission for the Association of ASEAN. The past three years have witnessed remarkable progress in the implementation of the plan of Action.

V. Answer any tw o of the follow ing questions in 15-20 sentences each: (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 39.
Write about the ‘Independence Day’ celebration in your college.
Answer:
Independence day, a memorable occasion for the nation was celebrated in our college this year also. Under the guidance of the teachers, students had decorated the college grounds one day before and erected a podium, as well as a stage for the cultural programmes.

Sri Seetharamaiah, the octogenerian freedom fighter was invited to be our chief guest and he was there right on time at 8.00 A.M. Our Principal and senior staff members welcomed the Chief Guest and other dignitaries with garlands and bouquets. After the invocation and the prayer, the function took off on a smooth note.

After the hoisting of the Tricolour National flag by the Chief Guest, the President of the College Student Union read out the welcome speech. Our Principal presided over the function. Sri Seetharamaiah in his speech, highlighted the great ideals and values and sacrifices of our freedom fighters.

There was a march-past by the NCC cadets, followed by the school band. There were some cultural programmes like singing, a mime act, monoacting and a skit about the Jalianwalabagh massacre. The programmes were much appreciated. The function came to an end with the vote of thanks and sweet distribution. We all dispersed.

List out the present Indian states and Union territories.
Answer:
At present there are 29 States and 7 Union territories in India.
States:

Sr. No.	State.
1.	Andhra Pradesh
2.	Arunachal Pradesh
3.	Assam
4.	Bihar
5.	Chhattisgarh
6.	Goa
7.	Gujarat
8.	Haryana
9.	Himachal Pradesh
10.	Jammu & Kashmir
11.	Jharkhand
12.	Karnataka
13.	Kerala
14.	Madhya Pradesh
15.	Maharashtra
16.	Manipur
17.	Meghalaya
18.	Mizoram
19.	Nagaland
20.	Odisha
21.	Punjab
22.	Rajasthan
23.	Sikkim
24.	Tamil Nadu
25.	Telangana
26.	Tripura
27.	Uttar Pradesh
28.	Uttarakhand
29.	West Bengal

Union Territories:

Sr. No.	Union Territories
1.	Andaman and Nicobar Islands
2.	Chandigarh
3.	Dadra and Nagar Haveli
4.	Daman and Diu
5.	Delhi (NCT)
6.	Lakshadweep
7.	Puducherry

Question 40.
Explain the Kashmir issue in India-Pakistan relation.
Answer:
In India’s perspective Kashmir is an integral part of the republic of India and to Pakistan, it is a disputed territory. The argument of Pakistan on Kashmir is that, since the partition of the country was done on religious basis and majority of, population are Muslims, Kashmir should be part of Pakistan. This argument failed to recognize the following facts:

Parition was done of the British Indian Provinces & and not of the Indian princely states.
National conference was the only major political party in Kashmir, which was affiliated to Congress. It was opposed to Pakistan and had faith in secular politics.
The Indian princely states had the freedom to join either India or Pakistan.
India was a secular state consisting of multireligious population.

So, Kashmir formally decided to join India after the invasion of its territory by Pakistani tribals supported by the Pakistan Army.

In October 1947, Kashmir was invaded by tribal infiltrators of Pakistan. This forced the Maharaja to seek Indian military help. India reacted positively after ‘Instrument of Accession’ was signed on 26^th October 1947. To resolve the crisis, the Constituent Assembly of India made a special provision through Art. 370, to provide a separate constitution to the state along with other provisions.

In 1951, the Constituent Assembly met in the state to frame a Constitution. In February 1954, the accession of the state to India was ratified by the constitution, legalising it. In November 1956. it adopted a constitution legalising the status of J &K as a unit of the Indian Union.

Write about any one of the Chief Ministers of Karnataka.
Answer:
Sri Siddaramaiah:
Sri Siddaramaiah is acknowledged as the leader of the backward class and minorities in the Karnataka social strata. He was born on 12^th August 1948 and was the 22^nd Chief Minister of Karnataka from 2013 to 2018. He was the first Chief Minister to complete a full 5-year term in the top post in Karnataka in 40 years.

Siddaramaiah was a member of various Janata Parivar fuctions for several years. Earlier as a Janatha Dal (Secular) leader, he was Deputy Chief. Minister of Karnataka on two occasions. On 13^th May 2013, he was sworn in as the Chief Minister of Karnataka.

Siddaramaiah is also regarded as the leader of ‘Ahinda’. His programmes are most popular and familar with relates to the sections of below poverty line. During the time of his rule as a Chief Minister, his main popular programmes are Anna Bhagya, Ksheera Bhagya, Shaadi Bhagya, Mythri Bhagya, Indira Canteen, Arogya Bhagya, etc. still he remained as a unquestionable leader in Indian National Congress.

2nd PUC Political Science Model Question Paper 3 with Answers

September 24, 2024September 23, 2024 by Prasanna

Students can Download 2nd PUC Political Science Model Question Paper 3 with Answers, Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Model Question Paper 3 with Answers

Time: 3 Hrs 15 Min
Max. Marks: 100

I. Answer the following questions in a sentence each. (10 × 1=10)

Question 1.
Which act transferred Power from Company to Crown?
Answer:
The Act of 1857 transferred Power from Company to Crown.

Question 2.
Who was the Chairman of Boundary Commission?
Answer:
The Chairman of Boundary Commission was Sir Cyril Radcliffe.

Question 3.
Expand EPIC.
Answer:
EPIC = Elector’s Photo Identity Card.

Question 4.
Where is the Lai Bahadur Shastri Academy of Administration situated?
Answer:
Lai Bahadur Shastri Academy of Administration is situated at Mussoorie.

Question 5.
Who appoints the members of State Public Service Commission?
Answer:
The concerned Governor appoints the members of the State Public Service Commission.

Question 6.
Who started the newspaper ‘Mooka Nayaka’?
Answer:
B.R. Ambedkar started the newspaper ‘Mooka Nayaka’.

Question 7.
When did the ‘Domestic Violence Act’ come into force?
Answer:
The Domestic Violence Act came into force in 2005.

Question 8.
What is Nation Building?
Answer:
Nation Building is the process of uniting people with a sense of Nationalism.

Question 9.
Mention the root word of ‘Coalition’.
Answer:
The term coalition is derived from the Latin word ‘Coalition’. ‘Co’ means ‘together and ‘Alescere’ means to grow up’.

Question 10.
When did the Constitution of Bhutan come into force?
Answer:
The Constitution of Bhutan came into force on 18^th.

II. Answer any 10 of the following in 2-3 sentences. (10 × 2 = 20)

Question 11.
When was Federal court established in India and where?
Answer:
Federal court was established in 1937 at Delhi.

Question 12.
What is Universal Adult Franchise? Give an example.
Answer:
It is the right to vote given to all citizens after attaining a particular age. e.g. In India, it is 18 years.

Question 13.
What is Single party system? Give an example.
Answer:
Existence of only a single political party in the country, e.g. China.

Question 14.
When is a Coalition Government formed?
Answer:
In the elections, if no single party obtains absolute majority, a few like minded, parties may come together on a common platform to form a Government which is called a coalition Government.

Question 15.
What was the slogan of Dr B.R. Ambedkar?
Answer:
‘Educate, Agitate and Organise’ was the popular slogan of Ambedkar.

Question 16.
What is good governance?
Answer:
Good governance ensures accountability, transparency, efficiency, responsibility and responsiveness.

Question 17.
What is compulsory education?
Answer:
Compulsory education means the obligation of the Government to provide free elementary education and compulsory admission.

Question 18.
Write the meaning of Illiteracy.
Answer:
Illiteracy means the inability of a person to read and write in any language.

Question 19.
What is Brain Drain?
Answer:
In most of the developing and underdeveloped nations, job opportunities are minimal. Educated persons, seeking better living conditions and earning options, migrate to developed countries. So the nations get drained of their intellectuals and face the problem of brain drain. These nations get deprived of their Scientists, Engineers and others.

Question 20.
Define International Relations.
Answer:
According to Ola Joseph- “International Relations are the study of all forms of interactions that exist between members of separate entities or nations within the international system”.

Question 21.
Name any two organs of UN.
Answer:

General Assembly.
Security Council.

Question 22.
Write any two member countries of NAM.
Answer:
India, Indonesia, Ghana, Egypt.

III. Answer any eight of the following questions in 15-20 sentences each. (8 × 5 = 40)

Question 23.
Write a note on Interim Government.
Answer:
The Interim Government of India was formed on 2^nd September 1946. The constituent Assembly had 389 members. It was drawn from the newly elected Constituent Assembly of India. It had the task of assisting the transition of India and Pakistan from British rule to independence.

It remained in force until 15^th August 1947, when India became independent. The Constituent Assembly became a sovereign body and performed the role of legislature for the new State. It was responsible for framing the constitution and making ordinary laws as well.

Question 24.
Explain the features of Civil Services.
Answer:
Features of Civil Services:-
1. Professional body:
As Herman Finer puts it, Civil Service is a professional body of officials who are, permanent, paid and skilled. It is a whole time job and career service.

2. Hierarchy:
As per the scaler system, each civil servant has to obey his immediate superior, where higher ranking administrative officers with discretionary powers supervise their subordinates. The authority runs from above and helps to make administration stable.

3. Political Neutrality:
Civil Servants refrain always from political activities. They perform their duties without being aligned to any one political regime.

5. Impartiality:
The Civil Servants have to apply the laws of the state while performing the duties without showing any favour, bias or preference to any groups or sections of the society.

6. Service motto:
They have to work for the welfare of society. They must be humble and service minded towards the public and not authoritative.

7. Permanent:
Civil Servants are called permanent executives. They discharge duties until they attain the age of superannuation. Both at the central and in Karnataka State Services, the age of retirement is sixty years. Even though disciplinary action is taken as per rules, there is security of service.

8. Jurisdiction of Law:
Every Civil Servant has to function within the prescribed jurisdiction of law. If they cross the limit, they are met with disciplinary actions.

Question 25.
Write about the composition of Union Public Service Commission.
Answer:
Article 315 provides for the establishment of the Union Public Service Commission. UPSC is an independent constitutional body entrusted with the work of recruitment on the basis of merit.
1. Composition:
At present, the UPSC is composed of a Chairman and 10 members. Members are appointed by the President. It provides for half of the members of the Commission to be administrators with a minimum of the 10 years experience in government service. Nothing is mentioned regarding the qualifications of the remaining members.

2. Tenure:
A member of the Union Public Service Commission holds office for a period of 6 years or till he attains the age of 65 years, whichever comes earlier. Chairman or members of the commission are not eligible for re-appointment after retirement. The Chairman of the UPSC is also not eligible for further employment under Central or State Governments, however, a member of the UPSC may be appointed as a Chairman of the UPSC or the state Public Service Commission.

3. Removal:
The Chairman and members of the UPSC can be removed from the office only by on order of the President, on the ground of misbehaviour proved by the Supreme Court. All these provisions have been made to make the Commission an independent and impartial body.

Functions:
Article 320 of the Indian Constitution enumerates the. functions of the UPSC :

To conduct examinations for appointment to the services of the Union and All India Service.
To assist two or more states, on request for joint recruitment for any services.
To advise the government on matters relating to the methods of recruitment, promotions, transfers, disciplinary actions and inter service matters.
To present annual report regarding its working to the President.
To exercise such additional functions as provided by an act of Parliament.
To serve all or any needs of the State Government on request by the Governor and with the approval of the President.

Question 26.
What are the causes for the rise of identity politics?
Answer:
Identity politics is defined by one’s own identity based on race, ethnicity, gender, language religion. It is the politics of recognition and a movement to claim recognition. A person may have multiple identities but he perceives only a single identity at a time. Movements of lesbians, black civil rights, wave of feminists etc., have brought legitimacy to identity politics.

Causes for the rise of identity politics are as follows:

Maladministration leads to the poor economic growth of a particular region or geographical backwardness of the people of a particular ethnic identity.
The rise of regional parties has created the local awareness of language or region.
Extreme poverty, exploitation, lack of opportunity and threat to existing group privileges to the ethnic groups.
Ethnic groups’ fear of assimilation resulting in cultural dilution.
Rise in standard of living, literacy and aspiration, socio-political awareness have led to identity politics.
Lack of share in natural resources, fear of loss of land, political power and economic growth.
Fear of losing scope in educational employment fields.
Fear of losing ethnic identities like language and culture.

Question 27.
Describe the role of youth against Terrorism.
Answer:
1. Youth against Terrorism:
Terrorism is used in various forms like international terrorism, domestic terrorism, economic terrorism, cultural terrorism, cyber terrorism etc., Terrorism means deliberately and violently targetting civilians by inflicting physical or mental agony, wound or death that creates fear psychosis, for political gains.

2. Role of youth against terrorism:
The concept of minority leads to fear of attack and results in religious fundamentalism. Hence, both the youth and the society have to pressurise the Government concerned, to create awareness and educate those who are indulging in anti-national and inhuman terrorist activities. Particularly for the youth priority should be given to peace and security of the inhabitants of the country.

Youth have to develop patriotism that is national feeling and involve themselves in constructive activities like nation-building by helping the Government against terrorist and militant activities taking place in their neighbourhood which is their prime duty.

Youth have to take the initiative within the Jurisdiction of law, to fight against terrorism as it happened in Naxalite prone states like Bihar, Jharkhand and Chattisgarh, where Salwajudum (village army) fought against the Naxalites. Youth must understand the complicated and multi faceted terrorism rationally. They have to isolate the terrorism and inoculate their potential recruits.

A successful counter terrorism action requires a combination of coercive and conciliatory policies. It is the responsibility of the youth to spread the importance of education that saves the younger generation from the clutches of terrorism and communalism as it happened in the case of Ms Malala Yusufa Zai of Pakistan, who survived the terrorist attack.

Question 28.
Explain the nature of Crony capitalism.
Answer:
Crony capitalism is a negative term used to refer to the business dealings carried out by the Government officers in a capitalist economy.
Nature of crony capitalism are as follows:-
1. Favours political authorities:
Crony capitalism is a system in which, close associates of the people in power who enact laws and execute policies, get favours that have large economic impact.

2. Cronies are rewarded:
with the provision to charge higher prices for their output, than would prevail in a competitive market. Funds are funnelled to the enterprises of cronies through government controlled banks.

5. The concentration of economic Power:
A few business groups which are cronies, influence state policies and pool their assets in private corporate sectors. Such concentration gives birth to crony capitalism. Crony capitalism is an economic phenomenon with political consequences. In crony capitalism, the Government makes deals in closed doors, without public review and approval.

Question 29.
Explain the democratic movements in Nepal.
Answer:
21^st century is known as the era of democratic movements. These movements in Afro-Asian nations started to overthrow despotic, autocratic and other authoritarian governments. Nepal is a small landlocked kingdom in Southern Asia, lying between India to the south and Tibet to the North. Monarchy was prevalent in Nepal since the 18^th century.

During the rule of Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev, democratic Maoist movements started mainly because of the influence of India and China. Nepal’s democratic experiment suffered a serious setback in December 1960, when the first elected government led by National Congress leader Koirala was dissolved and the whole party activities were banned in Nepal in later parts of the decade which continued till 1979.

In 1980, limited democracy resulted in the creation of a multiparty parliamentary monarchy. The political war was launched by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) in 1996, with the overthrow of the Nepalese monarchy and establishing a people’s Republic. Maoist insurgency began in 1996 and ended with the Communist victory in 2001.

The comprehensive Peace Accord was signed on 21^st November 2006. The crown prince killed king Birendra and the royal family members, bringing the unpopular Gyanendra to the throne. Nepal witnessed a popular movement in 2006. The movement was aimed at restoring democracy.

At the same time, the king reinstated the old Nepal house of Representatives, with an assurance of permanent peace and the multiparty democracy. The king called upon the Seven party Alliance (SPA) to bear the responsibility of taking the nation on the path of national unity and prosperity. The popular Government assumed office on 18^th May 2006 and withdrew all the privileges given to the king unanimously.
The bill included the following.

Imposing tax on the royal family and its assets.
Ending the Raj Parishad, a Royal Advisory Council.
Eliminating Royal references from army and Government titles.
Declaring Nepal a secular country and not a Hindu kingdom.
Scrapping the national anthem until a new one is composed.
Eliminating the king’s position as the supreme commander of the army.

This is popularly known as the “Nepalese Magna Carta”.

Question 30.
Write about the principles and objectives of UN.
Answer:
The Basic principles mentioned in Article 2 of the Charter are:

The UN is based on the Sovereign equality of all its members.
All members shall fulfill in good faith the U.N Charter obligations.
They shall settle international disputes by peaceful means.
They have to retain their international relations from the threat or use of force against other states.
They have to extend all help to the actions being taken by UN.
The UN shall ensure that States who are not members, act in accordance with the principles of UN.
The Organisation shall not intervene in matters essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any State.

Question 31.
Describe the political implications of privatization.
Answer:
The political implications of privatisation are as follows:
1. Concentration of Wealth:
Privatisation encourages concentration of wealth in the hands of a few big business groups. It results in great disparities of income and wealth. It goes against the principle of egalitarian society.

2. More profits:
Corporate sectors generate more profits. But they share a meagre percentage with the shareholders. They enjoy the lion’s share out of the shareholders’ investment. As a result, the gap between the rich and the poor gets widened.

3. Bane to local industries:
Local people borrow money from indigenous banks and also get loans from government concerns with subsidised rates of interest to start an industry. Multi-national companies with good financial back up survive even in case of loss.

4. Threat to national interest:
Key areas of a Nation like Defence, Space, Science and Technology are to be retained with the Government: Assigning these areas to private sector may harm National interests.

5. Lack of service motto:
Private firms are concerned more about their profit rather than providing good service conditions to their staff and do not bother about extending welfare programmes to their employees and even to society.

6. No job security:
Private companies extract work from employees as long as they are fit. They ruthlessly sack them when they suffer from ill health or fitness problems. In the long run, they become a burden to the Government. The employees of private sectors suffer from job insecurity and this results in psychological disorders.

Question 32.
Write a note on BRICS.
Answer:
It is important to note that BRICS is the acronym for an Association of five major emerging national economies
like Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The grouping was originally known as “BRIC” before the inclusion of South Africa in 2010.

The BRICS members arc either developing or newly industrialized. They are distinguished by their large fast growing economies and significant influence on regional and global affairs. All five are G-20 members. Presently, South Africa holds the chair of the BRICS group.

Summit level , meetings:
The leaders of RIC Countries. Russian President Valdmir Putin, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Chinese President Hu-Jintao-held the first summit in St.Petersburg on July 17, 2006, as part of the G-8 Summit conference program. Later, Brazil jointed the summit meeting.

The Foreign Minister of the initial four BRIC states met in New York in September 2006. They singled out agriculture, prevention of natural calamities and elimination of their aftermath and promotion of healthcare as the promising areas.

A full fledged diplomatic meeting was held in Yekaterinburg Russia. The summit focussed on the means of improving the global economic situation and reforming financial institutions. In the aftermath of the Yekaterinburg summit, the BRIC nations announced the need for a new global reserve currency, which would have to be “diversified, stable and predictable”.

Question 33.
Write about the role of India in the establishment of SAARC.
Answer:
During 1960’s and 70s the tendency towards regional arrangements became much more prominent despite many hurdles. The emergence of Bangladesh and the Simla Agreement of 1972, became the turning points towards regional cooperation. President Zia-ur-Rahaman discussed the issue of regional co-operation with the new Indian Prime Minister, Moraji Desai.

He had also informally discussed the idea of regional co-operation with the leaders of South Asian countries during the regional and international meetings. Several factors seem to have influenced President Zia-Ur-Rahaman regarding the establishment of a regional organisation in South Asia during 1975-1979.

For Zia-Ur-Rahaman’s successful contribution in the process of Regional Organisations in South Asia, he is called as the founding father of SAARC. Between 1980 and 1983, four meetings at the Foreign Secretary level took place to establish the principles of organisation and identify areas for co-operation. Several Foreign Ministers level meetings were held between 1983 and 1985.

The first meeting of Foreign Ministers in New Delhi was held on 1^st and 2^nd of August 1983. In her inaugural address, the then Prime Minister of India Mrs Indira Gandhi described South Asia as a troubled region and said “I am glad we are making a beginning, we have our political differences, but economic co-operation will give a strong impetus to closer friendship and greater stability in South Asia.

With unity, we can hope to move ahead for future freedom, peace and prosperity.” She also warned that we should be ever vigilant against the attempts of external powers influencing our functioning. SAARC marks the establishment of an Association to promote and develop co-operation. Finally, the first Summit meeting of the Heads of States or Governments of South Asian countries was held at Dhaka on 7^th and 8^th of December 1985.

Its members are 8 countries of South Asia, namely Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Ip 2010, Afghanistan became the 8^th member of SAARC. Six observers of SAARC are China, Japan, European Union, Republic of Korea, United States and Iran.

Question 34.
What are the areas of disputes between India and Sri Lanka?
Answer:
From the mid 1950s to early 1980s, there was hardly any dispute between the two countries on matters of security
and sovereignty. There had been negotiated settlement of bilateral issues e.g. the question of jurisdiction over Kachathivu Island in the middle of the Palk Straits. One of the main disputes between India and SriLanka has been regarding the political status of Tamil people of Indian origin taken to SriLanka by the british as plantation labourers. There are four groups of Sri Lankan Tamil population,

ancient Tamils in the Jaffna peninsula,
professional elite Tamil in urban areas
non-Hindu Tamils and
Tamil immigrant labour.

The long standing problem of accepting the Tamil speaking population of Sri Lanka as its citizens and giving them
regional autonomy could not be solved. The majority of Sinhalese demanded that Tamils should return to India. They denie citizenship to Tamils by enacting the Ceylon Citizenship Act of 1948. This has disentitled them franchise and others rights.

In 1965 Indian Prime Minister Lai Bahadur Shastri and Sri Lankan Prime Minister Mrs. Sirimao Bandaranaike signed an agreement about Tamils citizenship, but in vain. In 1981, agreement between Indira Gandhi and Sirimao Bandaranaike was not implemented due to the Tamil people’s refusal to return to India.

IV. Answer any 2 of the following in 30 to 40 sentences: (2 × 10 = 20)

Question 35.
Explain the nature of party system in India.
Answer:
Nature :
The nature of Indian party system can. be traced back to the Indian National Movement. Indian National Congress (INC) was founded by A.O. Hume in 1885. It was a forum to unite the people of India to fight against the British Imperialism. Due to ideological differences, Muslim League was founded in 1906.

Other parties like Hindu Maha Sabha, Communist Party of India, Forward Block and Praja Socialist Party etc., emerged in the successive years. Later, in the post independence period, Jan Sangh, Janatha Party, Bharatiya Janatha Party, Janata Dal, Nationalist Congress Party, according to the needs of the time and they started to work to get power etc were floated.

1. Extra Constitutional growth :
There is no reference in the Constitution of India about M how many political parties are to exist in the country. According to Article 19 of the Constitution, all citizens can have the freedom to form associations or unions. Political parties are established on the basis of this liberty. Hence, political parties have no constitutional base.

2. Prevalence of Multi-party system:
India is a divergent country with many religions, tribes, languages, culture and traditions. This heterogeneity leads to the emergence of many political parties to protect their interests in the mainstream of the country.

3. Spilt and merger:
It is a common phenomenon in the Indian party system. Various reasons contributed for this split like ideological differences, egoism, power hunger, etc.

4. End of a single-party era:
India was under Congress rule till 1977. The happenings between 1975-1977, forced small parties to unite and fight against Congress and capture power and put an end to the single-party era.

5. Dissident activities:
Meanness of leaders like personal attitudes, favouritism, nepotism lead to dissident activities. Repetition of such happenings instigates leaders to go against the ideology of the party and paves way to political instability.

6. Defection:
Elected members of the Legislature change their parties often for personal benefits or differences of opinion and other reasons. It ruins the values of democracy and destabilizes the government.

7. Leader worship:
Most of the political parties in India emphasize the leaders rather than the ideologies of the parties. The leader decides the destiny of the political party e.g. Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi of Congress, A.B. Vajpayee of BJR Leaders with charisma dominate the whole party.

8. Alliances without principles:
Political parties are formed with principles of democracy and secularism but they ignore them for want of power and make unholy alliances.

9. Dominance of Regional parties:
The presence of regional parties during the first general elections did not influence the voters and they were rejected. During the 1980s, they emerged very strong and dominated the political scenario, e.g. DMK, ALADMK, Telugu Desam, Shiv Sena, National Conference, AGP, JD(S), RJD, SJP, BJD and other parties playing a significant role during the formation of Governments.

10. Religious, Lingual and Regionalism:
The basis of political parties in India is religion, language, regionalism and the like. e.g. Muslim league, Akalidal, Shiv Sena, DMK, AIADMK, Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti (MES) Telangana Rashtriya Samiti (TRS) and others. In spite of the rules of the Election Commission, such political parties exist.

11. Leftist and Rightist Parties:
Party system in India consists of Leftist and Rightist ideologies, e.g. CPI, CPI (M), Forward Block, RPI and Socialist parties who have belief in revolutionary ideology and drastic changes in the system form the left front. Parties like Congress, BJP, SP, NCP, BSP, RJD, JD (U), JD (S) and others who believe in moderate changes in the system form the right front.

12. The era of the coalition
When no single political party secures absolute majority like minded political parties come together and join as a single largest group to form a coalition Government. The era of coalition started during 1977 when Janata Party came to power headed by Sri Morarjee Desai as Prime Minister at the centre along with other parties. This was followed by National Front, United Front, NDA, UPA etc.

Question 36.
Describe the causes for Labour Movement and explain its political implications.
Answer:
Labourers are those workers who invest their physical labour either on agriculture or industries. The wages they get for their work is their livelihood. But in most of the cases, they are not getting the mininum wages and they work under hazardous conditions which many a times takes their lives as toll. For want of congenial working conditions and adequate wages, they unite together and go for agitations.
Causes:
1. Interest of Labourers:
Generally the industrialists concentrate on their profit rather than on workers and their welfare. Labourers are exploited by way of giving lesser wages, not declaring bonus, extended hours of work, denial of medical facilities, dismissal from service and the like. To overcome such situations, the affected labourers organize and voice their grievances through agitations which leads to labour movement. During 1920 All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) was organised and got legal recognition by the British Government.

2. Negligence towards employees:
The matters concerning to labourers were decided U unilaterally by the Apex body of the Company. Naturally, the interests of labourers were neglected. As a result, hostile relationship was the order of the day.

3. To get facilities:
As the labourers are engaged in monotonous physical strain they need to have a break in between. To get proper facilities for both male and female workers as per their requirements like potable water, cafeteria, toilet facilities, restrooms, creaches, medical facilities etc., movements have started.

4. Welfare programs:
The fate of the companies depends upon the welfare and well being of the workers. To get the social security measures like Bonus, Allowances, Loans, insurance, Free quarters, Transport and Educational facilities, workmen compensation, pension, family pension etc., they came together to form organisations that paved the way for labour movements.

Political Implications:
To meet the demands of work and to provide welfare programmes the Government has taken some measures and they are:-
1. Constitutional measures:
Part IV of the Indian Constitution which deals with the Directive Principles of State Policy directs State Government to adopt socialist measures like equal pay for equal work for both men and women and to provide leave facilities for pregnant women for both prenatal and postnatal care. The Concurrent list empowers the governments to legislate on workers welfare.

2. Government of India has made legislation on personal labour laws as follows:
The labour laws of 1970 have fixed the wages of workers appointed on contract basis. Workmen Compensation
Act of 1923, Salary payment Act of 1936, Weekly Holiday Act of 1942, Minimum wage Act of 1948, Employees State Insurance Act of 1948. Employees Provident Fund Act of 1952, Bonus Act of 1965 are some of the important labour acts.

Some prominent labour orgnisations are:
1. All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC):
With the belief in Socialistic pattern of Society, this started in 1920. It was working as a Labour Union and came under the grip of communists after independence. Its aim was nationalising the industries, protection of labour rights, labour welfare etc.,

2. Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC):
Because of ideological differences, some congressmen came out of AITUC and started INTUC in May 1947 with
the support of Congress party on non-violent philosophy.

3. Bharateeya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS):
Founded by Dattopanth Thengdi for upholding the patriotic spirit among the labour population during 1955 on the Birthday of Sri Bal Gangadhar Tilak. It is not affiliated to any International Trade Union Confederation. An estimated 5860 labour unions are affiliated to BMS and it is one of the largest central Trade Unions of India according to the 2002 statistics of Ministry of Labour.

4. Centre for Trade Union (CITU):
Communist leaders like S.A Dange and E.M.S. Namboodaripad took the stand to oppose the imperialistic attitude of the trade unions. In 1964, Marxists started CITU because of differences between leftist and rightist ideologies of AITUC. West Bengal, Kerala, Tripura are the Marxist strongholds.

5. Other major organisations:
Hindu Mazdoor Sabha (HMS), Hindu Mazdoor Panchayath (HMP), United Trade Union Congress (UTUC) and other organisations are also struggling hard to protect the interests of labourers.

In total, Labour Movements are trying to improve the welfare and standard of living of the workers. The success of these movements can be seen through Government programmes. As Karl Marx said, “Unite the workers of the world, you are going to lose shackles of slavery, but nothing else.”

The celebration of May Day throughout the world on 1^st May of every year proves the significance of labour force and the movement.

Question 37.
Explain the causes for the communalism and write about the measures to eradicate communalism.
Answer:
Communalism is an ideology of the followers of one particular religion, witnessed as a homogenous and distinct group, disrespecting other religions.
cases:
1. Policy of British India:
The discriminatory policies of the East India Company regarding divide and rule destroyed the unity between Hindus and Muslims. It manifested in the Sepoy Mutiny (1857). During the period of Viceroy Lord Curzon, Bengal was divided (1905) on the basis of religion. Communal electorate for Muslims was introduced during the period of Lord Minto. All these intensified the cause of communalism.

3. Communal Riots:
Large scale communal riots took place in India after Independence. Religious minorities both in India and Pakistan became victims during this situation and were attacked and tortured. Later communal riots occurred in Bhagalpur, Meerut, Kanpur. Lucknow, Ayodhya, Ahmadabad, Mumbai and in many other places. The demolition of Babri Masjid at Ayodhya by a mob on 6th December 1992, largely contributed for the animosity between Hindus and Muslims and the successive events intensified the mistrust between these communities.

4. Politically manipulated:
In India, many issues are politically manipulated by leaders for their selfish gain. This leads to hatred among the communities.

5. Communality in organization:
Different communities in India have established their own organizations based on communality, to support particular political parties in their own interest.

In December 2013, the Central Cabinet approved the “Prevention of Communal Violence (Access to justice and Reparations) Bill” to punish the offenders who instigate and indulge in communal riots. It is yet to be passed by parliament.

2. National Integration:
It is the process of uniting people emotionally and politically. India is a land of diversity. It is in a limited sense to call this a single nation because it has various religions, languages, castes cultures etc., So for the success of Indian democracy, promotion of national integration is necessary.

To preserve and sustain National integration many provisions have been adopted in the Constitution, like National integration Council, Zonal Councils, National security Council and armed forces play a greater role in the protection of National integration.

3. Neighbourhood Peace Committees:
The aftermath of Babri Masjid demolition and subsequent communal riots and social tensions in different places and ineffective Governmental measures has made it vital to establish Neighbourhood Peace Committees with eminent or.prominent people as its members. These members must be nominated from each community in riot prone or communally sensitive areas.

The main objectives are arresting and containing social tensions which may flare up communal riots in the neighbourhood areas, taking precautionary measures to prevent the eruption of communal clashes, in the aftermath of conflict restoring normalcy and pacifying affected people, establishing harmonious relationship between the communities and extending all possible help to affected people.

Question 38.
Explain the relationship between India and Russia.
Answer:
Russia is the world’s largest country extending halfway around the globe. To the west, it borders Finland, Norway, Estonia, Latvia and Belarus. The much longer southern frontier extends into Central Asia. India’s relation with the former USSR has been a part of history, but it developed rapidly after the visits of Khrushchev and Bulganin to India and Nehru’s visit to the Soviet Union.

Since 1955, Indo- Soviet relations have reached a new scale and dimension and regarded as a good example of bilateral and inter-state relations. The Soviets have openly declared that Indo-Soviet friendship has become a part of their ‘tradition’. People to people relationship is a comer stone of their foreign policy. Soviet Union contributed immensely for the development of industries and technology in India. The defence ties between the two countries helped India in building a credible defence structure.

Its steadfast diplomatic support in the UN, on the Kashmir and Goa issues, is commendable. The use of Veto-power in the Security Council to support India in 1971 war with Pakistan was crucial. Soviet Russia adopted the Communist ideology and India accepted Democratic Socialism. Despite the ideological differences, the two countries forged a long time Treaty of friendship for 20 years.

Factors of Indo-USSR close ties:

Both India and USSR consider that the peaceful settlement of disputes between states as most crucial for the future of human race.
Both believe in natural freedom and social equality as prerequisite of just world order.
Support to liberation movements across the world are recognized by both the countries.
Both Countries opposed all forms of colonialism, imperialism, and racial discrimination.

Thus, India and USSR have realized geopolitical significance and the need to strengthen bilateral ties. This is to ensure the settlement of regional problems and establishment of global peace and prosperity.

1. Disintegration of Soviet Union:
In 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev, the President of USSR introduced economic and political reforms of ‘Perestroika’(restructuring ) and ‘Glasnost (openness). That stopped the arms race with US, withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan, helped the unification of Germany, ended the cold war.

Other weaknesses inherent in the Soviet Union led to the disintergration of USSR and formation of 15 new countries in 1991. India recognized all of them as Sovereign states and established new diplomatic relations. Ten of them joined together to form a new associations with Russia called (CIS) (Commonwealth of Independent States).

2. Bilateral relations:
The new leadership in Russia and other Republics of the erstwhile Soviet Union hold India in high regard due to India’s secular approach to politics, its stable democratic system of assuring rights and equality to all its citizens, self reliant industrial and conomic base and its genuine concern for vital global issues e.g. peace, disarmament, economic development, human rights and democratization of international organization particularly of the UN and its agencies.

Russia continues its support to India to become a permanent member in UN Security Council. India and Russia both have multi faceted relationship involving strategic and high level cooperation. The process of bilateral annual summits has given great impetus to bilateral relations. Indo- Russia cooperation has continued to move stronger on the basis mutual interest, faith, friendship and past relations.

V. Answer any two of the following questions in 15-20 sentences each: (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 39.
List out the States of India. Write a note on Gandhi Jayanthi being celebrated as “Swachatha Divas”.
Answer:
Our Prime Minister, Sri Narendra Modi launched our country’s biggest ever cleanliness drive on Gandhiji’s birth anniversary in 2014. It is a well known fact that among other things Gandhiji advocated cleanliness in every walk of our lives, be it personal hygiene, behaviour in public places, public administration, political field or public life of our leaders.

This drive is a five year Abhiyan – a campaign to clean India at every level. It is expected to cost over two lakh crores. Sri Modi publicly acknowledged the fact that Gandhiji’s dream of a clean India – in more senses than one, has remained unfulfilled so far. It is the bounden duty of every citizen of our country to motivate themselves to stand behind our Prime Minister in carrying out this operation of cleaning up every comer of the country.

Instead of declaring Gandhi Jayanthi of 2014 a holiday as has been the practice till now, Sri Modi expressed the idea of making it a full working day for Government employees to carry out the Swachatha Divas in the correct sense. The bureaucrats were given instructions to lead their department staff in cleaning their offices and surroundings including toilets.

Question 40.
Corruption is a menace to Democracy
Answer:
1. Power Politics:
Today Nehru’s ‘Goodness Politics’ is replaced by ‘Power Politics’. Money power muscle power has become dominant. Politics has become a gainful profession to make money and to get publicity which is a prime example of political corruption.

2. Criminalization of Politics:
The prevalence of large scale criminalization of politics has increased illegal and illegitimate expenditure on elections. As the scenario is rampant, it has become a menace to democracy.

3.Demoralization of Bureaucracy:
Corruption takes the form of favouritism, red tapism and nepotism. Destabilization of governments due to illegal political operations and administrative corruption by bureaucracy has become a major threat to democracy.

4. Violations of Social Justice:
Accumulation of wealth through corruption getting concentrated in only a few people, violates the principle of socio- economic justice. Such people enjoy luxurious life, hence majority suffer from poverty due to deprivation. This creates socio-economic inequality and imbalance which is against democratic values.

Write a note on “India Against Corruption” headed by Anna Hazare.
Answer:
Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan the pioneer of the total revolution, inspired youth during 1970’s to revolt against the corrupt administration and travelled all over India to fight against the evil. During 1980s, All Assam Student’s Union (AASU) fought against the corruption which threatened North Eastern States.

Today, the mood of the country especially the mood of youth is against corruption on war footing. The war against corruption is perceived the mother of all wars. Anti corruption movement gathered moment when Anna Hazare kick started the movement and gave a call to the youth to join him in a fight against corruption under the banner of India against corruption. (IAC)

Youth against corruption:
Independent India has seen scams like-Bofors, Fodder scam, Share Market scam etc., where billions of rupees of public money has been swindled by unscrupulous people. Inspite of exposure of these scams, corruption still persists in all walks of life including education, health, administration and politics.

The overall effect of the youth movement against corruption is the creation of the institution of Lokpal, passing of Acts like Right to Information (RTI), Right to Education (RTE), Sakaal, introduction of transparency in election funding etc.

2nd PUC Economics Previous Year Question Paper March 2019

September 24, 2024September 23, 2024 by Prasanna

Students can Download 2nd PUC Economics Previous Year Question Paper March 2019, Karnataka 2nd PUC Economics Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Economics Model Question March 2019

Time: 3 hrs 15 minutes
Max. Marks: 100

PART-A

I. Choose the correct answer (5 × 1 = 5)

Question 1.
The scarce resources of an economy have
(a) Competing usages
(b) Single usages
(c) Unlimited usages
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) Competing usages

Question 2.
When the supply curve is vertical, the elasticity of supply is
(a) es = 1
(b) es = 1
(c) es = 0
(d) ex = ∞
Answer:
(c) es = 0

Question 3.
The change in TR due to the sale of an additional unit is called
(a) Total revenue
(c) Marginal revenue
(b) Average revenue
(d) Revenue
Answer:
(b) Marginal revenue

Question 4.
The year of Great Depression
(a) 1920
(b) 1889
(c) 1929
(d) 2018
Answer:
(c) 1929.

Question 5.
Easy availability of credit encourages
(a) Savings
(b) Investment
(c) Rate of interest
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) Investment

II. Fill in the blanks: (5 × 1 = 5)

Question 6.
Scarcity of resources gives raise to______
Answer:
Problem of choice.

Question 7.
_____is determined at the point where the demand for labour and supply of labour curves interect.
Answer:
Wages.

Question 8.
Competitive behaviour and competitive market structure are in general related.
Answer:
Inversely.

Question 9.
____goods will not pass through any more stages of production.
Answer:
Final goods.

Question 10.
Financial year runs from to in India.
Answer:
1^st of April to 31^st of March.

III. Match the following: (5 × 1 = 5)

Question 11.
III. Match the following Question 11-1
Answer:
(i)-e; (ii) -c; (iii)-a; (iv)-b; (v)-d.

IV. Answer the following questions in a sentence/word: (5 × 1 = 5)

Question 12.
Expand MRS.
Answer:
MRS is the rate at which the consumer will substitute one product for another so that her total utility remains constant. It can be represented as follows:
MRS = ∆Y/∆X

Question 13.
What is monopoly?
Answer:
Monopoly is a market with only a single seller or firm.

Question 14.
Name the well known work of Adam Smith.
Answer:
Wealth of Nations.

Question 15.
Who are the ‘free riders’?
Answer:
Free riders are the consumers who will not voluntarily pay for what they can get for free and for which there is no exclusive title to the property being enjoyed. Here the link between the producer and the consumer is broken and the government steps in to provide for such goods.

Question 16.
What do you mean by open economy?
Answer:
An open economy is one which interacts with rest of the world through various channels.

PART-B

V. Answer any nine of the following questions in four sentences each (9 × 2 = 8)

Question 17.
What is monotonic preference?
Answer:
When the consumer always prefers more of the product which gives him higher level of satisfaction it is called monotonic preferences. That is, an increase in the amount of good 1 along the indifference curve is associated with a decrease in the amount of good 2. This implies that the slope of the indifference curve is downward.

Question 18.
Mention two different approaches which explain consumer behavior.
Answer:
The two approaches which explain consumer behaviour are:

Cardinal utility analysis: Law of diminishing marginal utility.
Ordinal utility analysis: Indifference curve analysis.

Question 19.
Give the meaning of price elasticity of supply and write its formula.
Answer:
The price elasticity of supply refers to the proportionate change in the quantity supplied of a commodity due to change in its price. In other words, the price elasticity of supply of a good measures the responsiveness of quantity supplied to changes in the price of the good. It is measured with the help of the following formula:
$\text { Price elasticity of supply }=\frac{\text { Percentage change in quantity supplied }}{\text { Percentage change in price }}$

Question 20.
Give the meaning of shut down point.
Answer:
In the short run, the shutdown point is that point of minimum average variable cost where short-run marginal cost curve cuts the average variable cost curve. In the long run, the shutdown point is the minimum of long-run average cost curve.

Question 21.
Mention the conditions needed for profit by a firm under perfect competition.
Answer:
The following conditions needed for profit by a firm under perfect competition:

The price P must be equal to MC
Marginal cost must be non-decreasing at q₀
The firm to continue to produce, in the short run, price must be greater than the average variable cost and in the long run, price must be greater than the average cost.

Question 22.
Write the meaning of monopolistic competition and give an example.
Answer:
When the market structure has large number of firms, free entry and exit of firms and differentiated goods, then it is called monopolistic competition.

For example, there is large number of soaps producing firms. But many of the soaps being produced are associated with some brand name and are distinguishable from the other companies. The consumer develops a preference for a particular brand of soap over time or becomes loyal to a particular brand like some people always prefer Mysore Sandal Soap.

Question 23.
What are the four factors of production? Mention their rewards.
Answer:
The four factors of production are land, labour, capital, and organisation. The rewards of these factors of production are as follows:

Land gets rent
Labour gets wages
Capital gets interest
Organisation gets profit.

Question 24.
Mention 3 methods of measuring GDP (national income).
Answer:
The three methods of measuring GDP are:

Product or value-added method.
Expenditure method.
Income method.

Question 25.
Mention any two functions of money
Answer:
The functions of money are as follows:
1. Medium of exchange:
Money plays an important role as a medium of exchange. It facilitates exchange of goods for money. It has solved the problems of barter system. Money has widened the scope of market transactions. Money has become a circulating material between buyers and sellers.

2. Measure of value/unit of account:
The money acts as a common measure of value. The values of all goods and services can be expressed in terms of money.

3. Stork of value:
People can save part of their present income and hold the same for future. Money can be stored for precautionary motives needed to overcome financial stringencies. Money solves one of the deficiencies of barter system, i.e. difficulty to carry forward one’s wealth under the barter system.

4. Transfer of value:
Money acts as a transfer of value from person to person and from place to place. As a transfer of value, money helps us to buy goods, properties or anything from any part of the country or the world. Further, money earned in different places can be brought or transferred to anywhere in the world.

Question 26.
Write the meaning of excess demand and deficient demand?
Answer:
If the equilibrium level of output is more than the full employment level, it is due to the fact that the demand is more than the level of output produced at full employment level.

This situation is called excess demand. If the equilibrium level of output is less than the full employment of output, it is due to fact that demand is not enough to employ all factors of production. This situation is called deficient demand.

Question 27.
Give the meaning of investment multiplier. Write its formula.
Answer:
Investment multiplier is the ratio of the total increment in equilibrium value of final goods output to the initial increment in autonomous expenditure. Its formula is
Investment Multiplier = ∆Y/∆A= 1/1-c.
Where, ∆Y is the total increment in final goods output, ∆A is initial increment in autonomous expenditure and c is size of the multiplier.

Question 28.
Write the difference between public provision and public production?
Answer:
The difference between public provision and public production are as follows:

Public Provision	Public Production
• A set of facilities financed by the government through its budget. • These are used without any direct payment. Examples are free education, mid-day meals, etc.	• When the goods produced directly by the government, it is called public production. • These are used with direct payment. Examples are electricity, water supply, etc.

Question 29.
Mention the three linkages of open economy.
Answer:
The three linkages of open economy are as follows:

Output market linkage
Financial market linkage
Labour market linkage.

Question 30.
Why do people demand foreign exchange?
Answer:
People demand foreign exchange rate because of the following reasons:

To purchase goods and services from other countries.
To send gifts abroad.
To purchase financial assets abroad.

PART-C

VI. Answer any seven of the following questions in twelve sentences each. (7 × 4 = 28)

Question 31.
Briefly explain the central problems of an economy.
Answer:
An economic system or economy is a mechanism where the scarce resources are channelized on priority to produce goods and services. These goods and services produced by all the sectors of the economy determine the national income.

Generally, human wants are unlimited and resources to satisfy them are limited. If there was a perfect match between human wants and availability of resources there would have been no scarcity, no problem of choice and no economic problems at all. So, one has to select the most essential want to be satisfied with limited resources. In economics, this problem is called ‘problem of choice’.

The problem of choice arising out of limited resourced and unlimited wants is called economic problem. Every economy whether developed or underdeveloped, capitalistic or socialistic or mixed economy, there will be three basic economic problems, viz. what to produce? how to produce? and for whom to produce? Let us discuss in detail.

a. What to produce, i.e. what is to be produced and in what quantities?
Every country has to decide, which goods are to be produced and in what quantities. Whether more guns should be produced or more food grains should be grown or whether more capital goods like machines, tools, etc. should be produced or more consumer goods (electrical goods, daily usable products, etc.) will be produced.

What goods to be produced and in what quantity depends on the economic system of the country. In socialistic economy, the government decides and in capitalistic economy market forces decides and in mixed economy both the government and market forces provide solutions to this problem.

b. How to produce, i.e. how are goods produced?
There are various alternative techniques of producing a product. For example, cotton cloth can be produced with either handloom or power looms. Production of cloth with handloom requires more labour and production with power loom use of more machines and capital. It involves selection of technology to produce goods and services.

There are two types of techniques of production, viz. labour-intensive technology and capital intensive technology. The society has to decide whether production be based on labour-intensive or capital intensive techniques. Obviously, the choice of technology would depend on the availability of different factors of production (land, labour, capital) and their relative prices (rent, wages, interest).

c. For whom to produce, i.e. for whom are the goods to be produced?
Another important decision which an economy has to take is for whom to produce. The economy cannot satisfy all wants of all the people. Therefore, it has to decide who should get how much of the total output of goods and services. The society has to decide about the shares of different groups of people poor, middle class and the rich, in the national output.

Thus, every economy faces the problem of allocating the scarce resources to the production of different possible goods and services and of distributing the produced goods and services among the individuals within the economy. The allocation of scarce resources and the distribution of the final goods and services are the central problems of any economy.

Question 32.
Explain the in difference map with the diagram.
Answer:
A family of indifference curves is called as in difference map. It refers to a set of indifference curves for two commodities showing different levels of satisfaction. The higher indifference curves show higher level of satisfaction and lower indifference curve represent lower satisfaction. A rational consumer always chooses more of that product which offers him a higher level of satisfaction which is represented in higher indifference curve. It is also called ‘monotonic preferences’.

The consumer’s preferences over all the bundles . can be represented by a family of indifference curves as shown in the following diagram.
VI. Answer any seven of the following questions in twelve sentences each Question 32 - 2

Question 33.
The following table gives the TP schedule of labour. Find the corresponding Average product and marginal product schedules.
VI. Answer any seven of the following questions in twelve sentences each Question 33 - 3
Answer:
Calculation of average product (AP) and marginal product (MP). AP is obtained by dividing TPL by labour (L) and MP is obtained from TPL with the help of formula TC_n – TC_n-1

Question 34.
Write a table to show the impact of simultaneous shifts on equilibrium.
Answer:
The following table shows the impact of simultaneous shifts on equilibrium:
VI. Answer any seven of the following questions in twelve sentences each Question 34 - 5

Question 35.
Explain the features of perfect competition.
Answer:
Perfect competition is a market where there will be existence of large number of buyers and sellers dealing with homogenous products. It is a market with highest level competition.

1. Large number of sellers and buyers:
The first condition which a perfectly competitive market must satisfy is concerned with the sellers’ side of the market. The market must have such a large number of sellers that no one seller is able to dominate in the market. No single firm can influence the price of the commodity. The sellers will be the firms producing the product for sale in the market. These firms must be all relatively small as compared to the market as a whole.

Their individual outputs should be just a fraction of the total output in the market. There must be such a large number of buyers that no one buyer is able to influence the market price in any way. Each buyer should purchase just a fraction of the market supplies. Further, the buyers should have any kind of union or association so that they compete for the market demand on an individual basis.

2. Homogeneous products:
Another prerequisite of perfect competition is that all the firms or sellers must sell completely identical or homogeneous goods. Their products must be considered to be identical by all the buyers in the market. There should not be any differentiation of products by sellers by way of quality, colour, design, packing or other selling conditions of the product.

3. Free entry and free exit for firms:
Under perfect competition, there is absolutely no restriction on entry of new firms in the industry or the exit of the firms from the industry which want-to leave. This condition must be satisfied especially for long period equilibrium of the industry.

If these three conditions are satisfied, the market is said to be purely competitive. In other words, a market characterized by the presence of these four features is called purely competitive. For a market to be perfect, some conditions of perfection of the market must also be fulfilled.

4. Price taker:
The single distinguishing character of perfect competition is the price-taking behaviour of the firms. A price-taking firm believes that if it sets a price above the market price, it will be unable to sell any quantity of the good that it produces. On the other hand, if the firm set the price less than or equal to the market price, the firm can sell as many units of the good as it wants to sell.

The firms in the perfect competitive market are price takers. That means, the producers will continue to sell their goods and services in the price existing in the market. Firms have no control over the price of the product.

5. Information is perfect:
Price taking is often thought to be a reasonable assumption when the market, has many firms and buyers have perfect information about the price prevailing in the market. Since all firms produce the same good and all buyers are aware of the market price, the firm in question loses all its buyers if it raises price.

Question 36.
Briefly explain in what way Macro Economics is different from Micro Economics
Answer:
The micro and macroeconomics are distinguished on the following grounds:
1. Scope:

Microeconomics study in individual units so its scope is narrow.
Macroeconomics study in aggregates, so its scope is wider.

2. Method of study:

The microeconomics follows slicing method as it studies individual unit.
The macroeconomics follows lumping method as it studies in aggregates.

3. Economic agents:

In microeconomics, each individual economic agent thinks about its own interest and welfare.
In macroeconomics, economic agents are different among individual economic agents and their goal is to get maximum welfare of a country.

4. Equilibrium:

Microeconomics studies the partial equilibrium in the country.
Macroeconomics studies the general equilibrium in the economy.

5. Domain:

Microeconomics consists of theories like consumer’s behaviour, production, and cost, rent, wages, interest, etc.
Macroeconomics comprises of theory of income, output, and employment, consumption function, investment function, inflation, etc.

Question 37.
Explain the circular flow of income of an economy.
Answer:
The circular flow of income of an economy can be explained with the help of following assumptions:

Existence of two sectors, viz. household sector and producers.
Households are the owners of the factors of production.
Households receive income by selling the factor services.
There are no savings.
The firms produce goods to the households.
The economy is a closed economic system (where no government or external trade or savings).

The circular flow of income in a simple economy can be illustrated with the help, of following chart.
VI. Answer any seven of the following questions in twelve sentences each 37 - 6
In the above chart, the uppermost arrow, going from the households to the firms, represents the spending by the households to buy goods and services produced by the firms. The second arrow going from the firms to the households is the counterpart of the arrow above. It stands for the goods and services, which are flowing from the firms to the households.

Thus, the two arrows on the top represent the goods and services market the arrow above represents the flow of payments for the goods and services, the arrow below represents the flow of goods and services. The two arrows at the bottom of the diagram similarly represent the factors of the production market.

The lowermost arrow going from the households to the firms symbolizes the services that the households re-rendering to the firms. Using these services, the firms are producing the output. The arrow above this, going from the firms to the households, represents the payments made by the firms to the households for the services provided by the households.

Thus, when the income is spent on the goods and services produced by the firms, it takes the form of aggregate expenditure received by the firms. Since the value of expenditure must be equal to the value of goods and services, we can measure the aggregate income by calculating the aggregate value of goods and services produced by the firms. This is clearly shown above in the form of circular flow of income.

Question 38.
Write a note on externalities.
Answer:
An externality is a cost or benefit conferred upon second or third parties as a result of acts of individual production and consumption. But the cost or benefit of an externality cannot be measured in money terms because it is not included in market activities.

In other words, externalities refer to the benefits or harm a firm or an individual causes to another for which they are not paid or penalized. They do not have any market in which they can be bought and sold. There are two types of externalities viz.,

Positive externalities
Negative externalities.

For example, let us imagine that there is chemical fertilizer industry. It produces the chemical fertilizers required for agriculture. The output of the industry is taken for counting GDP of an economy. This is positive externality.

While carrying out the production, the chemical fertilizer industry may also be polluting the nearby river. This may cause harm to the people who use the water of the river. Hence their health will be affected. Pollution also may kill fish and other organisms of the river. As a result, the fishermen of the river may lose their livelihood. Such harmful effects that the industry is inflicting on others, for which it will not bear any cost are called negative externalities.

Question 39.
Briefly explain the functions of RBI.
Answer:
The main functions of RBI are as follows:

a. Printing and issuing currency notes:
It has complete authority of printing and issuing currency notes in the country. RBI issues all denominations of currency notes (Rs.2, Rs. 10, Rs.20, Rs.50, Rs. 100, Rs.500 and Rs.2000) except one rupee note, which is issued by finance ministry, Government of India. The minimum reserve system of note issue was followed by RBI after 1956.

b. Lender of last resort:
RBI provides financial assistance to commercial banks like giving credit, discounting bills, giving advances, etc. during their financial crisis and helps the banks as a lender of last resort.

c. Act as banker to the government

d. Controls credit creation activities of commercial banks:
The credit provided by all commercial banks is controlled by RBI. RBI implements both quantitative and qualitative techniques to control the credit generated by commercial banks. The quantitative measures to control credit are bank rate policy, open market operations, repo and reverse repo rates, cash reserve ratio, and statutory liquidity ratio.

e. Controls money market:
RBI is the leader of money market. All the activities id components of money market. like commercial banks and financial institutions are controlled and directed by RBI.

f. Act as banker to the banks

g. Custodian of foreign exchange reserves.

Question 40.
Briefly explain consumption function.
Answer:
The consumers demand can be expressed by the equation C = $\hat{\mathrm{C}}$ + cY, where $\hat{\mathrm{C}}$ is autonomous expenditure and c is the marginal propensity to consume.
VI. Answer any seven of the following questions in twelve sentences each Question 40 - 7
The consumption function can be graphically expressed as given in the diagram. In the above diagram, $\hat{\mathrm{C}}$ is the intercept of the consumption and ‘c’ is slope of consumption function equals α.

Question 41.
Explain the merits and demerits of flexible and fixed exchange rate system.
Answer:
1. Flexible exchange rate:
The flexible exchange rate is determined by the market forces of demand and supply. Here, the exchange rate is determined at that point where the demand curve intersects with the supply curve.

Merits of flexible exchange rate:

The flexible exchange rate system gives the government more flexibility and they do not need to maintain large stocks of foreign exchange reserves.
The movements in the exchange rate automatically take care of the surpluses and deficits in the balance of payments.

Demerits of flexible exchange rate:

It is subject to international market fluctuations as the rate of exchange is determined by market forces demand and supply.
It may lead to uncertainties in foreign exchange market due speculations.

2. Fixed exchange rate:
Under this exchange rate system, the government fixes the exchange rate at a particular level. Here, the central monetary authority or the government decides the exchange rate in accordance with the international market requirements.

Merits of fixed exchange rate:

There is more credibility that the government will be able to maintain the exchange rate at the level specified.
In case of deficit balance of payments, the governments will interfere to take care of the gap by use of its official reserves.

Demerits of fixed exchange rate:

If the foreign exchange reserves are inadequate, people would begin to doubt the ability of the government.
There may be aggressive buying of one currency forcing the government to devalue, so there may be speculative attack on a currency.

PART-D

VII. Answer any four of the following questions in 20 sentences each (4 × 6 = 24)

Question 42.
Explain the law of diminishing marginal utility with the help of a table and diagram.
Answer:
One of the most important propositions of the cardinal utility approach to demand was the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility. German Economist Gossen was the first to explain it. Therefore, it is called Gossen’s First Law.

According to Alfred Marshall, “The additional benefit which a person derives from a given increase of a stock of a thing diminishes, other things being equal, with every increase in the stock that he already has”.

This law simply tells us that, we obtain less and less utility from the successive units of a commodity as we consume more and more of it.

Assumptions of the Law of DMU

1. Uniform quality and size of the commodity:
The successive units of the commodity should not differ in any way either in quality or size.

2. Suitable quantity of consumption:
The Commodity units should not be very small, e.g. milk should be in glasses and not in spoons.

3. Consumption within the same time:
Consumption must be continuous. There should not be so much difference in time between the consumption of successive units.

4. No change in the price of the commodity or its substitutes:
The law is based on the assumption that the commodity’s price is not changed with successive units. The price of the substitutes is also kept at the same level.

5. Utility can be measured in cardinal numbers, i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, …….

6. Consumer must be rational, i.e. every consumer wants to maximize his satisfaction.

The basis of this law is that every want needs to be satisfied only up to a limit. After this limit is reached the intensity of our want becomes zero. It is called complete satisfaction of the want. Therefore, we consume more and more units of a commodity to satisfy our need, the intensity of our want for it becomes less and less.

Therefore, the utility obtained from the consumption of every unit of the commodity is less than that of the units consumed earlier. This can be explained with the help of the following table.

Units of Apples	Total Utility (TU)	Marginal Utility (MU)
1	30	30
2	50	20
3	65	15
4	75	10
5	80	5
6	82	2
7	82	0
8	80	-2

Suppose a man wants to consume apples and is hungry. In this condition, if he gets one apple, he has very utility for it. Let us say that the measurement of this utility is equal to 30 utils. Having eaten the first he will not remain so hungry as before. Therefore, if he consumes the second apple he will have a lesser amount of utility from the second apple even if it was exactly like first one.

The utility he got from the second apple equals 20 units, the third, fourth, fifth and sixth apples give him utility equal to 15, 10, 5 and 2 units respectively. Now, if he is given the seventh apple he has no use for it. That means the utility of the seventh apple to the consumer is zero.

It is just possible that if he is given the eighth apple for consumption, it may harm him. Here the utility will benegative, i.e. -2. Therefore, we are clear that the additional utility of the successive apples to the consumer goes on diminishing as he consumes more and more of it.

The Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility can be explained with the help of the following diagram.
VII. Answer any four of the following questions in 20 sentences each 42- 8
In the diagram, the horizontal axis shows the units of apples and the vertical axis measures the MU and TU obtained from the apple units. The total utility curve will be increasing in the beginning and later falls. The marginal utility curve is falling from left down to the right clearly tells us that the satisfaction derived from the successive consumption of apples is falling.

The marginal utility of the first apple is known as initial utility. It is 30 utils. The marginal utility of the seventh apple is zero. Therefore, this point is called the satiety point. The marginal utility of the eighth apple is -2. So, it is called negative utility and lies below the X-axis.

Question 43.
A firm’s SMC schedule is shown in the following table. TFC is Rs.100. find TVC, TC, AVC and SAC schedules of the firm.
VII. Answer any four of the following questions in 20 sentences each 43 - 9
Answer:

Note: TFC is given. TVC is obtained by adding SMC for each unit of output like 500 as it is taken, then 500+300=800; 800+200 (SMC)=1000 and so on. TC is TFC + TVC, AVC is TVC divided by Q and SAC is TC divided by Q.

Question 44.
Explain the market equilibrium with the fixed number of firms with the help of diagram.
Answer:
Under perfect competition, market is said to be in equilibrium when quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied. Here, with the help of market demand curve and market supply curve, we will determine where the market will be in equilibrium when the number of firms is fixed.

This can be illustrated with the help of the following diagram.
VII. Answer any four of the following questions in 20 sentences each Question 44 - 11
The given diagram illustrates equilibrium for a perfectly competitive market with a fixed number of firms. SS is market supply curve and DD is market demand curve. The market supply curve SS shows how much of the commodity firms would wish to supply at different prices and the demand curve DD tells us how much of the commodity, the consumer would be willing to purchase at different prices.

At point E, the market supply curve intersects the market demand curve which denotes that quantity demanded is equal to quantity supplied. At any other point, either there is excess supply or there is excess demand.

OP is the equilibrium price and Oq is the equilibrium quantity. If the price is P₁, the market supply is q₁ and market demand is q₄. Therefore, there is excess demand in the market equal to q₁q₄ Some consumers who are either unable to obtain the commodity at all or obtain it in insufficient quantity will be willing to pay more than P₁ The market price would tend, to increase.

All other things remaining constant, when the price increases the demand falls and quantity supplied rises. The market moves towards equilibrium where quantity demanded is equal to quantity supplied. It happens at P where supply decisions match demand decisions.

If the price is P₂, the market supply q₃₁ will exceed the market demand q₂ which leads to excess supply equal to q₂q₃ Some firms will not be able to sell quantity they want to sell. Therefore, they will lower their price.

All other things remaining constant, when the price falls, quantity, demanded rises and quantity supplied falls to equilibrium price P where the firms are able to sell their desired output as market demand equals market supply at P. So, the P is the equilibrium price and the corresponding quantity q is the equilibrium quantity.

Question 45.
Explain how the firms behave in oligopoly.
Answer:
If the market of a particular commodity consists of a few number of sellers, the market structure is termed oligopoly. Given there are a few firms, each firm is relatively large when compared to the size of the market. As a result each firm is in a position to affect the total supply in the market and thus influence the market price.

For example, if a firm decides to double its output, the total supply in the market will increase, causing the price to fall. This fall in price affects the profits of all firms in the industry. Other firms will respond to such a move in order to protect their own profits, by taking fresh decisions regarding how much to produce. Therefore the level of output in the industry, the level of prices and the profits are outcomes of how firms are interacting with each other.

Case-1:
Firms could decide to collude with each other to maximize profits. Here the firms form a Cartel (an association) that acts as a monopoly. The quantity supplied collectively by the industry and the price charged are the same as a single monopoly firm.

Case-2:
The firms could decide to compete with each other. For example, a firm may lower its price a little below the other firms, in order to attract away their customers. Certainly, the other firms would retaliate by doing the same. So the market price keeps falling.

In reality, cooperation of the kind that is needed to ensure a monopoly outcome is often difficult to achieve in the real world. The firms may realize that competing fiercely by continuous price cuts is harmful to their own profits.

Question 46.
Explain the macro economic identities.
Answer:
The macroeconomic identities are as follows:

1. Gross domestic product (GDP):
Gross domestic product measures the aggregate production of final goods and services taking place within the domestic economy during a year. But the whole of it may not accrue to the citizens of the country. It includes GDP at market prices and GDP at factor cost.

GDP at market price is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a domestic territory of a country measured in a year. Here everything is valued at market prices. It is obtained as follows:
GDP_MP = C + I + G + X – M
GDP at factor cost is gross domestic product at market prices minus net indirect taxes. It measures money value of output produced by the firms within the domestic boundaries of a country in a year.
GDP_FC = GDP_MP – NIT.

2. Gross national product:
It refers to all the economic output produced by a nation’s normal residents, whether they are located within the national boundary or abroad. It is defined as GDP plus factor income earned by the domestic factors of production employed in the rest of the world minus factor income earned by the factors of production of the rest of the world employed in the domestic economy. Therefore,
GNP = GDP + Net factor income from abroad.

3. Net national product (NNP):
A part of the capital gets consumed during the year due to wear and tear. This wear and tear is called depreciation. If we deduct depreciation from GNP the measure of aggregate income that we obtain is called net national product. We get the value of NNP evaluated at market prices. So,
NNP = GNP – Depreciation.

4. Net national product (NNP) at factor cost:
The NNP at factor is the sum of income earned by all factors in the production in the form of wages, profits, rent, and interest, etc. belong to a country during a year. It is also known as national income. We need to add subsidies to NNP and deduct indirect taxes from NNP to obtain NNP at factor cost.
NNPFC = NNP at market prices – indirect taxes + subsidies

5. Personal income (PI):
It refers to the part of national income (NI) which is received by households. It is obtained as follows:
PI = NI – Undistributed Profits -Net interest payments made by the households – Corporate tax + Transfer payments to the households from the government and firms.

6. Personal disposable income (PDI):
If we deduct the personal tax payments (income tax) and non-tax payments (fines, fees) from personal income, we get PDI. Therefore,
PDI = PI – Personal tax payments – Non-tax payments.

Question 47.
Explain the classification of receipt.
Answer:
The government budget consists of revenue budget and capital budget. Both the budgets have receipts viz., revenue receipts and capital receipts.

I. Revenue receipts:
Revenue receipts are those receipts which do not lead to a claim on the government. They include the following:

Tax revenue.
Non-tax revenue.

1. Tax revenues:
These are the important component of revenue receipts. Tax revenue consists of direct tax and indirect taxes. The direct tax includes income tax, corporate tax and indirect tax includes excise duty (tax on production of goods in the country), customs duties (tax on exports and imports) and service tax (GST-goods and services tax has been introduced in place of indirect taxes from 1st July 2017). Other direct taxes like wealth tax and gift tax have never brought in large amount of revenue and thus they are called as paper taxes.

2. Non-tax revenue:
The non-tax revenue of the central government consists of the following:

Interest receipts on account of loans by the central government
Dividends and profits on investments made by the government
Fees and other receipts for services rendered by the government
Grants-in-aid from foreign countries and international organizations.

II. Capital receipts:
All those receipts of the government which create liability or reduce financial assets are termed as capital receipts. The government receives money by way of loan or from the sale of its assets. Loans have to be repaid to the agencies from whom the government has borrowed. Thus it creates liability. Sale of government assets like sale of shares in public sector undertakings (disinvestment) reduces the total amount of financial assets of the government.

When government takes fresh loans it means that it has to be returned with interest. Similarly, when government sells an asset it means that in future its earnings from that asset will disappear. Thus, these receipts can be debt creating or non-debt creating.

Question 48.
Write a note on balance of payment.
Answer:
The balance of payments is the record of the transactions in goods, services and assets between residents of a country with the rest of the world for a specified time period, i.e. a year. The balance of payments consists of two accounts, viz. current account and capital account.

1. Current account:
It is the record of trade in goods and services and transfer payments. The main components of current account are trade in goods, i.e. exports and imports of goods. The trade-in services includes the factor income and non-factor income transactions. Transfer payments are the receipts which the residents of a country get for free without having to provide any goods or services in return. They consist of gifts, remittances, and grants. They could be given by the government or by private citizens living abroad.

Current account is in balance when receipts on current account are equal to the payments on the current account. A surplus current account means that the nation is a lender to other countries and a deficit current account means that the nation is a borrower from other countries.

2. Capital account:
It is the record of all international transactions of assets. An asset is any one of the forms in which wealth can be held. For example, stocks, bonds, government debt, etc. Purchase of assets is a debit item on the capital account. If an Indian buys a UK car company it inters capital account transactions as a debit item.

On the other hand, sale of assets like sale of share of an Indian company to a USA customer is a credit item on the capital account. The capital account mainly consists of foreign direct investment, foreign institutional investments, external borrowings, and assistance.

The capital account will be in balance when capital inflows are equal to capital outflows. Surplus in capital account arises when capital flows are greater than capital out flows and deficit in capital account arises when capital inflows are lesser than capital outflows.

3. Capital inflows:
Loans from abroad, sale of assets or shares in foreign companies.

4. Capital outflows:
Repayment of loans, purchase of assets or shares in foreign countries.

PART-E

VIII. Answer any four of the following questions in 20 sentences each (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 49.
A consumer wants to consume two goods. The Price of bananas is ₹4 and price of mangoes is ₹5. The consumer income is ₹20.

How much bananas can she consume if she spend her entire income on that good
How much mangoes can she consume if she spend her entire income on that good
Is the slope of budget line is downward or upward
Are the bundles on the budget line equal to the consumers’ income or not
If you want to have more of banana you have to give up mangoes. Is it true?

Answer:

5 Bananas (20/4).
4 Mangoes (20/5).
Slope of budget line is downward.
Yes, the bundles on the budget line are equal to the consumer’s income.
True, if we want to have more of banana we have to give up mangoes.

Question 50.
Write a note on Demonetisation.
Answer:
Demonetisation was a new step taken by the Government of India on 8^th November 2016. It was introduced to tackle the problem of corruption, black money, terrorism and circulation of fake currency in the economy. Old currency notes of Rs.500 and Rs. 1000 were no longer legal tender.

New currency notes in denomination of Rs.500 and Rs.2000 were introduced. The public were advised to deposit old currency notes in their bank account till 31^st of March 2017 without any declaration and after 31^st March 2017 with the RBI with declaration.

In order to avoid a complete Breakdown and scarcity of Cash, government allowed exchange of Rs.4000 old currency notes with new currency restricting to a person per day. Further, till 12^th December 2016, old currency notes were acceptable as legal tender at petrol pumps, government hospitals and for payment of government dues like taxes, power bills, etc.

This initiative had both appreciation and criticism. There were long queues outside banks and ATM centres. There was acute shortage of currency notes and had adverse effect on economic activities. But now, normalcy has returned.

The demonetization also has positive effects. It improved tax compliance as a large number of people were bought in the tax ambit. The savings of individual were channelized into the formal financial system. As a result, banks have more resources at their disposal which can be used to provide more loans at low rate of interest.

Demonetisation helps in curbing black money, reducing tax evasion and corruption will decrease. It also helps in tax administration in another way, by shifting transaction out of the cash economy into the formal payment system. Nowadays, households and “firms have started to shift from cash payment to electronic payments.

Question 51.
Name the currencies of any five countries of the following. USA, UK, Germany, Japan, China, Argentina, UAE, Bangladesh, Russia.
Answer:

Countries	Currency
USA	US dollars
UK	British Pound
Germany	Euro
Japan	Japanese Yen
China	Chinese yuan
Argentina	Argentine peso
UAE	UAE dirham
Bangladesh	Bangladeshi taka
Russia	Russian Ruble

2nd PUC Geography Previous Year Question Paper June 2016

September 24, 2024September 23, 2024 by Prasanna

Students can Download 2nd PUC Geography Previous Year Question Paper June 2016, Karnataka 2nd PUC Geography Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Geography Previous Year Question Paper June 2016

Time: 3 Hrs 15 Min
Max. Marks: 100

I. Answer the following questions in one sentence each: (10 × 1 = 10)

Question 1.
Who is called the Father of Human Geography?
Answer:
Friedrich Ratzel

Question 2.
What is industry?
Answer:
The activities which are related to manufacturing are called Industry.

Question 3.
Expand ISRO.
Ans.
ISRO: Indian Space Research Orgainsation

Question 4.
Name the First Megacity of the World.
Answer:
Newyork is the First Megacity of the World.

Question 5.
Which State of India has highest female population?
Answer:
Kerala (1084 females for every 1000 males) according 2011 census.

Question 6.
Name the reservoir formed by Bhakra-Nangal project.
Answer:
Govind Sagar

Question 7.
Mention the State which produces highest paddy in India.
Answer:
‘West Bengal’ It contributes 14.24% under total production of rice in India

Question 8.
What is called ‘Liquid gold.’
Answer:
‘Petroleum’

Question 9.
Which industry is called knowledge based industry?
Answer:
Utilization of skilled man power through the set of programmes is known as Knowledge based industry.

Question 10.
Which harbour is called the Gate Way of India?
Answer:
“Mumbai port” is known as Gate Way of India.

II. Answer any 10 of the following questions in 2 to 3 sentences each: (10 × 2 = 20)

Question 11.
Write the different human economic activities.
Answer:

Primary activities
secondary activites
Teritary activities
Quaternary activities

Question 12.
Mention the types of fishing.
Answer:
the different types of fishing are

Fresh water fishing
Coastal water fishing
Open sea fishing

Question 13.
Name any two administrative cities of the world.
Answer:

Mysore
Dharwad

Question 14.
Name the States recorded highest and lowest literacy in India.
Answer:
The state recorded as highest literacy rate of India is Kerala with 93.91% and Bihar with 63.83% is the lowest Literacy State.

Question 15.
Mention the different types of Tea.
Answer:

Bohea or Chinese variety: It grows at an elevation of more than 1500 meters
Assamica: It can be grown at higher elevation about 2400 meters.

Question 16.
Name any two atomic power stations of India.
Answer:

Tarapur near Bombay.
Ranapratap Sagar plant near Kota in Rajasthan.

Question 17.
Mention the superior quality of coal type.
Answer:
The types of coal are:

Anthracite
lignite
Bituminous
Peat

Question 18.
Write the raw materials essential for cement industry.
Answer:
Lime stone, sea shalls, slag, silica alumina, clay and gypsum are the raw materials used in the cement industry.

Question 19.
Mention any two International Airports in India.
Answer:

Sahara – Mumbai
Indira Gandhi International – Delhi
Subash Chandra Bose – Kolkata
Anna – Chennai
Kempegowda international airport – Bangalore
Rajiv Gandhi international airport – Hyderabad.

Question 20.
Write the different types of trade.
Answer:
Export trade of India: Refers to the sale of goods and services by India to other countries of the world.
Import trade of India: Refers to the buying goods from foreign countries and bringing them to home country.

Question 21.
Mention the causes for sound pollution.
Answer:

It causes stress and high blood pressure nervous.
Uneasiness among the people living close to the source of Noise Pollution.
It has adverse effect on animal life also.
It causes road accidents.

Question 22.
Write the two types of planning.
Answer:
1. Planning is the process by which an individual or organization decides in advance on some future course of action.

2. It involves the process of thinking, formulation of a scheme or programme and implementation of a set of actions to achieve some goal.
There are two approaches to planning, sectorial planning and regional planning.

The sectoral planning means formulation and implementation of the sets of schemes or programmes aimed at Development of various sectors of the economy such as agriculture, irrigation, manufacturing power, construction, transport, communication, social infrastructure and services.
Some areas are more developed and some lag behind.
This uneven pattern of developed over space necessitates that the Planners should have spatial perspective and draws the plans to reduce regional imbalance in development. This type of Planning is termed as regional planning.

III. Answer any eight of the following questions in 25 to 30 sentences each: (5 × 8 = 40)

Question 23.
Explain the branches of human geography.
Answer:
2nd PUC Geography Previous Year Question Paper June 2016 - 1

1. Economic Geography: It deals with the study of influence of Geographical factors on the economic activities man like agriculture, industries, transport etc.

2. Political Geography: It deals with the influences of geographical environment on political aspects such as states nations & boundaries etc.

3. Urban Geography: the study of urban location, development, morphology interaction and movement of urban population.

4. Cultural and Social Geography: It helps us to study the cultural evolution, distribution, age, structure and social life of the world.

5. Population Geography: It deals with geographical environment on population growth, density, distribution & migration etc.

6. Settlement Geography: The study of location of settlements, distribution, density, form, function & morphologes.

Question 24.
Discuss the units of population growth.
Answer:
The growth of population refers to the increases in the number of inhabitants of a country during specific period.

It is estimated that the world population reached one billion for the first time in 1804.
Due to the impact of the industrial revolution & improvement in living standards, the rate of population growth increased two billion in 1927.
At present estimate of 2013 the globe is inhabited by 7121 million population.
During the begining of 20th century the world population was only 2 billion and centum ended with 6 billion. It continues to grow even in the 21st century.

Stages of Population growth:

Three billion – July 1959
Four billion – April 1974
Five billion – July 1987
Six billion – October 1999
Seven billion – 12th March 2012.

Question 25.
Explain the stages of demographic, cycle.
Answer:
Demographic cycle is the process of population transformation from the countries of high birth rate and high death rates to low birth rate & low death rate countries.
Stages of Demographic cycle:
1. First stage: High birth rate and high death is found when the country is economically most backward, so the population remains stationary. India was in the stage till 1920.

2. Second stage (Early expanding): It begins with the declining of death rate while the birth rate ramins unchanged. These changes due to the advancement of science & technology, basic healthcare and education etc. At present many developing countries of Asia & Africa are in this stage.

3. Third stage (Late expanding): Death rate declines and birth rate begins to fall due to access of contraceptives, urbanization, an increase in the status and w’omen education etc India appears to be this stage.

4. Fourth stage (Low stationary): It is characterized with low birth rate and low death rate. Growth is stationary due to changing life style, high obesity and many diseases are caused in this stage. Japan, Sweden, Belgium Denmark & Switzerland are in this stage.

5. Fifth stage(DecIining): Population begins to decline or birth rate is lower than deathrate. East European countries like Germany and Hungary and North European countries like Sweden, Norway are now in this stage.

Question 26.
Explain the four types of Indian roads.
Answer:
Classification of roads: In India, roads are of the following types.

National highways,
State highways,
District roads and
Village roads.

Besides these, there are border roads and International highways linking major Indian cities with the capitals of other neighbouring countries.

National highways:

They connect the capitals of the states, industrial centres and major ports.
They are well planned wide roads with two-lane, four-lane, and six-fane roads. Both construction and maintenance are carried out by the Central Government and National Highway Authority of India [NHAI],
The total length of the national highways is about 71,772 km as per 2011.
1. The Golden Quadrilateral,
2. The North South and East West corridors,
3. Port connectivity with industries are all parfbf this network.

1. Golden Quadrilateral Super Highway: The Government of India has implemented a major road development project linking Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai by six-lane super high-ways. It has a total length of 5846 kms and it is called as Golden Quadrilateral Super Highway.

2. North – South and East-West corridors: This project connects Srinagar (JK) in the North with Kanyakumari (TN) in the South and Silcher (Assam) in the East with Porbandar (Gujarat) in the West covering major cities along the way. The project has a total length of 7300 km.

3. Port connectivity project: This is also included in the programmes of NHAI. This project connects the Golden Quadrilateral roads with the 13 major ports (380 km) and other projects (962 km). This is still in progress.

4. State Highways: The State Highways connect the important cities of the state with its capital, with the national highways and link with other state capitals. The State Government is responsible for the construction and maintenance of the State Highways. Now there are about 1.54, 522 km length of the state highways in the country.

5. District roads: These roads connect the production and marketing centres with the highways, railways, towns and larger villages with the district headquarters. The Zilla Parishad takes the responsibility of the development and maintenance of these roads.

6. Village roads: Roads which link the taluk headquarters with villages and the district highways are called village roads. They are mostly untarred or metalled. They are constructed and maintained by Taluk Panchayats and Village Panchayats.

7. Border roads: Border roads are constructed in the border areas of the country. They are constructed in the North and North eastern border areas adjoining Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh. These are mainly for army movement in the defence of the country.

8. International highways: Some of the national highways of the country have been linked with the international highways of the neighbouring countries.

27.
What are the problems caused with rapid growth of population?
Answer:
The Rapid growth of population has led to a number of problems as follows:-

1. Unemployment and Underemployment : It has been increasing from year to year. It has badly affected on young educated people both in rural and urban areas.

2. Shortage of food & Malnutrition: A large number of people are poorly fed. Malnutrition is prevailing throughout the country. It is fatal for the development of the country.

3. Burden on Civic & Social Amenities : Education, health and medical, housing, drinking water, electricity and problems increases.

4. Low per capita income: The increase in per capita income is only 15% annually. Low per capita income has a direct impact on the economic condition of the people.

5. Increase of Unproductive population : Below 15 years (Infants) and above 60 years (old age) are unproductive. They are dependent on earning persons. Thus rapid growth has increased dependents rather than producers. ‘

6. Others : Slow in economic development, mass poverty, low standard of living, political unrest and the social problems like theft robbery, immortality, corruption and the growth of slums, environment pollution are also directly related to the population explosion.

Question 28.
Explain the different types of migrations.
Answer:
2nd PUC Geography Previous Year Question Paper June 2016 - 2

1. Internal Migration :
Movement of people from one region to another within the same country’ is called internal migration. In India there are four streams of internal migration. They are
(a) Rural to Rural
(b) Rural to urban
(c) Urban to Urban
(d) Urban to Rural.

(a) Rural to Rural: This is estimated that about 65.2% of total migration is of this category’.

Female migrants dominated in this stream. Thus it is an important example for matrimonal migration and it is called women migration.

(b) Rural to Urban: Rural to Urban migration (17.6%) is second important type of migration. Rural-Urban migration is caused by both push of the rural areas as well as pull of the urban areas.

(c) Urban to Urban: Generally, people like to move from small town with less facility to large cities with more facilities.

(d) Urban to Rural: Urban areas are usually affected by the pollution.

The retired and aged people prefer to spend their old age life in nearby villages. Thus people move from Urban to Rural.

2. International Migration: Movement of people from one country to another across international borders is called International migration.

Question 29.
Write a note on Damodar project.
Answer:
The main aims of the project are flood control, Promotion of irrigation, Generating Hydro-Electricity, Navigation, Afforestation, Prevents Soil erosion, Inland fishing and recreation facilities.

Its features are as follows :
Damodar and its tributaries

It comprises four Dams, three Hydel Power stations one barrage and three thermal power stations.

1. Tilaiya Dam :

This dam has been constructed on Barakar river, a tributary of Damodar.
Its gross storage capacity is 395 million cubic metres.
Two power stations of 200KW each have been set up here. The dam provides irrigation facilities to 40,000 hectares.

2. Konar Dam :

It has been constructed on Konar river.
Its gross storage capacity is 337 million cubic metres. Its provides irrigation facilities to 1.4 Lakh hectares.

3. Marathon Dam :

It has been constructed on Barakar river.
Its gross storage capacity is 1,357 million cubic metres. There are three hydro¬electric power units with an installed capacity of 60MW.

4. Panchet Hill Dam :

It has been constructed on river Damodar.
Its gross storage capacity is 1,497 million cubic meters.

5. Durgapur Barrage : The Network is of 2,495 km long canals. They irrigate 4.75 Lakh hectares in West Bengal.

Question 30.
Explain the methods of rain water harvesting.
Answer:
1. Controlling the runoff of rain water and make it to perculate to increase ground water table for future purpose.

2. It involves collection and storage of rainwater at surface or in sub-surface aquifier, before it is lost as surface runoff. It not only increases water availability but also checks the declining water table.

Objectives : The following are the main objectives of rain water harvesting.

It checks runoff water & avoid flooding.
It replenishes the ground water table and enables the wells.
It helps to overcome the adequancy of surface water to meet demand of water.
If the ground water is blackish, it will reduce the salinity.
It also reduces ground water contamination and improve water quality.
It helps to increase agricultural product and improves ecology of an area.

Methods of Rain Water Harvesting :
1. In-situ method The method of percolating the rain at the point of its fall itself is called In-situ rainwater harvesting.
For example :

Infilteration pits: The rain water can be collected and stored in pits, dug in farm lands and used for irrigation.
Contour bunds and trenches: The Construction of bunds, trenches or check dams.
Roof top water harvesting: The Rain water that falls on the roofs of buildings or in courtyards is collected and stored in underground. Sumps, or wells or in drums and used for domestic purpose such as cleaning, washing etc.

2. Ex-situ method: This method of rainwater harvesting involves storing of running water. It is collected in check dams, huge percolation tanks etc. It is an expensive method.

Question 31.
Explain the characteristics of intensive farming.
Answer:

The land holdings are usually small in a thickly populated area, farming is very intensive
and produced more is known as “Intensive farming”.
It is a labour and capital Intensive farming.
Large amount of labour and capital is used on small land holding to get maximum production of crops.
The available small piece of land is used for cultivation with irrigation facilities through out the year.
In this system, farmers try to raise two or more crops, with careful tilling of the soil.
Intensive agriculture is characterized by high yields per unit area and farmers try to get
the maximum production from small land holdings.
It is common in the fertile and irrigated parts of the country.
In this type, agricultural operations are carried on by manual labour and animals.
Rice is the main crop of Intensive farming.

Question 32.
Explain the types and distribution of cotton crop in India.
Answer:

Conditions for Cultivation of cotton:

Cotton is a tropical & Sub-tropical crop. It requires high temperature. At the time of growing it requires 2l°C to 24°C temperature.
It requires moderate rainfall of 50 cm to 100 cm. However it can cultivate in areas of lesser rainfall with the help of irrigation.
Deep black soil is well suitable to cotton crop. This soil is commonly known as Black cotton soil. This is capable of retaining moisture.
Cotton requires the use of Manures & fertilizers crop rotation helps to maintain fertility of the soil & improve the yield.
Cotton cultivation requires large amount of cheap labours for planting, thinning, seeding, picking of cotton.
Frosting, Moist weather & heavy rainfall are harmful to the crop.
Cotton plant is susceptible to disease & pests. Scj’it requires the use of insecticides & pesticides.

The Sunny weather is necessary at the time of harvesting the cotton.
Varieties of Cotton:-

(i) Long Staple Cotton :

It is the. best variety .
It has over 3.8 cm in length.
Because of its length of fibre, fine & shining it is used for making fine & superfine quality of cloth.
It is largely grown in Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra, TamilNadu & MadhyaPradesh etc.

(ii) Medium Staple Cotton :

The length of cotton fiber is between 2.5 cm to 3.8 cm is known as medium staple cotton.
It is used for making Medium cloth.
This is grown in Rajasthan, Punjab, TamilNadu, MadhyaPradesh, UttarPradesh, Karnataka etc. .

(iii) Short Staple Cotton :

This is inferior variety with fiber length less than 2.5 cm.
It is used for making inferior quality of cloth, stuffing purpose, blending with synthetic, fiber etc.
This type of cotton production is reduced in India.
Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh & Rajasthan etc are growing this type of cotton.

Question 33.
Write the uses and drawbacks of television.
Answer:

An electronic device that receives television signals and displays them on a screen.

Television can offer video clips of events that show the audience what happened in the accompanying story.
The television coverage covers events at all times of the day.
Television broadcasting was first started by the government of India under the name of Doordarshan (DD) in Delhi on Sep – 1959.
Today, Television coverage is provided by Doordarshan to about 90 percent of India’s population in India.

Advantages:

It is the most effective medium to deliver information to large number of people very quickly.
News in different part of the world can be seen with in minutes or even seconds.
Television educates millions of people through advertisement. ,
It is a source of entertainment.
It makes a personal appeal and transmits the message directly into the home.
It exhibits the persons giving the message.

Disadvantages:

It is a sort of time – consuming, people waste time in watching.
Television is a health hazard to people, especially to children.
Television also braodcasts some inappropriate programmes.
It is very costly, so it can be used only to a limited extent.
It requires lot of concentration, attention of the people.

Question 34.
Mention any six problem of slums.
Answer:

Slums are in environmentally unsuited and degraded area. Houses in slums are decaying, poor hygienic conditions, poor ventilation.
Lack of basic amentities like drinking water, light and toilet facilities.
They are overcrowded having narrow street pattern prone to serious hazards from fire.
People living in slums are poor. Therefore problems are common.
They are the undernourished, prone to different types of diseases and illness.
They can not afford to give proper education to their children
The poverty makes them vulnerable to drug abuse alcoholism, crime, vandalism and ultimately they face social exclusion.

IV. Answer any one of the following questions : (1 × 10 = 10)

Question 35.
Discuss the non-conventional sources of energy.
Answer:

The term “Automobile” is applied to any self-propelled vehicle powered by an Internal combustion engine & designed to transport passengers and goods over roads and highways.

Development :

At present, India has above 40 million passenger vehicles.
More than 3.7 million Automotive vehicles are produced annually, making the country the second fastest growing automobile market in the world after China.
According to the society of Indian automobile manufacturers, annual vehicles sales are projected to increase to 4 million by 2015.

Location Factors:
The main factors favour the growth of automobiles industry are:

Large supply of Iron & Steel, wood, glass, aluminium and fuels.
Highly skilled labour.
High degree of scientific and engineering skill.
Large amount of capital.
A large home market.

Distribution :

Mumbai, Chennai, Jamshedpur, Jabalpur and Kolkata are the chief centres of automobile Industry.
These centres produce almost all sorts of vehicles including trucks, buses, passengers, three wheelers and two wheelers.
Motor cycles are also manufactured at Faridabad and Mysore.
Scooters are also manufactured at Lucknow, Satara, Pune, Kanpur & Odhav (Ahmedabad district).

Production :

In 2012-13, Automobile industry of India produced 20.6 million vehicles.
India is the largest producer of two wheelers.

Question 36.
Write a note on industrial regions of India.
Answer:

Industrial region refers to the continuous development of industrial landscape over a large area by concentration of a number of factories of different industries. In short, it is a wide area of manufacturing industries.

1. Mumbai-Pune Industrial regions: It is the biggest and most important industrial region of the country. Opening of the Bhorghat to Pune in 1830, opening of steamer service through Suez Canal in 1843, opening of first railway line of 32 km in 1853 between Mumbai and Thane etc. Supports lot of development of industries in this region by the British who got the Mumbai island as marriage gift of Catherine Braganza’s dowry, in 1661.

2. Kolkata-Hooghly Industrial region: It is an old and important industrial region of the country. Kolkata is the main centre for Hooglgly basin, port, rich hinterland of Ganga and Bramaputra plain, Assam and Bengal tea plantations, coal and iron ore region of Chotanagapur plateau. Cheap labour from Weat Bengal Bihar, Orissa states, efficient transport by rail, road and waterways etc. are the important facilities supported to develop this region.

3. Ahmedabad-Vadodara Industrial region: It is thrid largest industrial region of the country. It is located in Gujarat and includes the areas around the Gulf of Khambhat and important industrial centres like Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Koyali, Baruch and Surat etp. Ahmedabad is the main centre for cotton.textiles, woollen and silk, textiles, paper, petrochemicals milk products, Engineering, diesel engines, oil refining etc., are the other important industries of this region.

4. Madurai-Coimbatore-Bangalore Indusrial regions: This region lies in Tamil nadu and Karnataka states. The important centres are Bangalore, Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai, Sivakasi, Tiruchirapalli, Salem, Mysore, Mandya, Bhadravathi etc. The region has diversified Industries like cotton textiles, silk, sugar, leather, chemicals, machinery, rubber, electrical equipments telephone, railway coaches, Information Technology’, BioTechnology etc.

5. The Chotanagapur Plateau Industrial regions: This region is located in the states of Bihar, parts of Jharkhand and West Bengal. This region is called the Ruhr of India on account of the growth of a number of iron and steel plants and various engineering industies. Jamshedpur, Bokaro, Chittaranjan, Sindri, Durgapur, Hazaribagh etc are the important industrial town in this region.

6. The Mathura-Delhi-Saharanpur-Ambala Industrial regions: This region covers Uttar Pradesh, parts of Haryana and Delhi. It includes Agra, Saharanpur, Faridabad, Ambala, Delhi, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, Ferozabad, Noida, Meerut, Mathura, Panipat etc. Delhi is the most important centre for the Industries of cotton textiles, glass, chemicals, automobiles, engineering, paper, soap, vanaspati, sugar and oil refineries. The region is facing the problem of environmental pollution.

V. Answer the following questions: (2 × 10 = 20)

Question 37.
Construct a Pie-Diagram using the following data:
2nd PUC Geography Previous Year Question Paper June 2016 - 5
Answer:

2nd PUC Geography Previous Year Question Paper June 2016 - 4

Question 38.
Construct a simple line graph by using the following data:
2nd PUC Geography Previous Year Question Paper June 2016 - 6
Answer:

Question 39.
Construct a simple bar graph by using the following data.
Density of population in Indian from 1961-2011
2nd PUC Geography Previous Year Question Paper June 2016 - 8
Answer:

For Blind Students Only

Question 40.
Answer any two of the following: (2 × 10 = 20)

(a) Explain the development of iron and steel industry in India.
Answer:

Importance:

The Iron and Steel industry is described as a basic Industry.
Iron and Steel supplied by this industry such as machineries, irrigation projects, ship building, power projects, construction of bridges, buildings, transport equipment, machine tools and so on.
The Production and Consumption of Iron and Steel is an index level of the economic develpoment of a country.

Distribution:
There are nine major Iron and Steel industries in India.

Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO), Jamshedpur:- It was established in 1907. It was the first largest steel plant of the country.
Vishveswariah Iron and Steel Co. Ltd (VISL) Bhadravathi 11 was first established in 1923 by the princely state of Mysore located at Bhadravathi in Shimoga district of Karnataka.
India Iron and Steel Company Ltd (IISCO) Bunpur:- It was established in 1919 at Bumpur in West Bengal. It was the second largest integrated steel plant after Tata Iron and Steel Ltd.
Hindustan Steel Company Ltd, Rourkela:- It was completed with the German collaboration. The steel plant was commissioned in 1955.
Bhilai Steel Plant :- It has the largest steel production plant of the public sector. It is located at Bilai near Raipur in Chhatisgarh.
Durgapur Steel Plant :- The steel plant in Durgapur in West Bengal was established with British collaboration and was commissioned in 1956.
Salem Steel Plant:- It is located at Salem in TamilNadu and the production was started from 1982.
Vishakapatnam Steel Plant :- Established by National Ispat Nigam Ltd in Andhra Pradesh.
New Steel Plants Some private sectors plants are.
Jindal Vijaynagar Steel Ltd (JVSL) This steel plant is located at Tomagal, Bellary district in Karnataka.
Essar Steel Ltd (ESL) It is situated at Hazira in Gujarat.
Ispat Industries Ltd (IIL) It is situated at Dovi, Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra.
Neelachal Ispat Nigam Ltd (NINL)It is a new steel plant located at Dubai, Odisha.
Mini Steel Plants Presently, 199 lincensed electric ore furnace units with an installed capacity of 7.8 million tonnes have been commissioned and hence started commercial production.

(b) Discuss the functions of GIS and GPS.
Answer:

Capture data: Geographical data can be collected/captured from various sources like hard copy, map through tophosheet, digital data, through GPS, Secondary data through published tables.
Storing data: Geographical data once captured, it needs to transform from Analogy into digital format and to be stored in computer for further analysis.
Query: Once you have a functional GIS containing your geographical information, you can begin to ask a simple questions.
Analysis: There are 3 types
1. Proximity Analysis : Proximity queries find features with in a certain distance of other features.
2. Overlay Analysis : It is simplest, this could be a visual operation, but analytical operations require One or more data layers to be joined physically.
3. Network Analysis : Anetwork is a set of edges and junctions that are Topologically connected to each other.
Display: Once analysis is done maps, diagrams, graphs and tables are to be designed and same has to be displayed over computer moniter.
Output: This is final, stage of GIS function where in the maps, data tables etc…. can be printed to have hard copy as output.

There are three segments of GPS:-

1. The space segments : The satellites of GPS are launched and positioned at an altitude of approximately 20200 km which is almost more than three times of the earth’s radius. The space segment consists of a constellation of 24 functioning GPs satellites located in 6 orbital plane with 4 satellites in each orbital plane. The time for the satellite to complete one revolution around the earth is 11 hrs and 58 minutes.

2. The control segment: The control segment consists of facilities necessary for satellites especially healthy monitoring, telemetry, tracking command and control clock error ‘ computation .of satellites. There are 5 GPS stations spread over the earths surface they are

Hawaii
Colorado spring
Ascension Island
Diego Garcia
Kwajalein.

3. The user segment: It is a total user and supplier community, both civilian and military. The user segment consists of all earth – based GPS receivers. Receivers very greatly in size and complexity, through the basic design in rather simple. The space and control segments are largely transparent to the operations of navigation functions.

Urban centres are known for large amount of waste generation. It is a serious problem in India.
In metropolitan cities likes Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore etc.
About 90 percent of the solid waste is collected and disposed.
The waste may be treated as resources and utilized for generating energy and compost.
Untreated wastes fermently releases toxic bio gases to the atmosphere including methane.
These wastes should be treated as resources and utilized for generating energy and compost etc.

2nd PUC Business Studies Model Question Paper 2 with Answers

September 24, 2024September 23, 2024 by Prasanna

Students can Download 2nd PUC Business Studies Model Question Paper 2 with Answers, Karnataka 2nd PUC Business Studies Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Business Studies Model Question Paper 2 with Answers

Time: 3 Hrs 15 Min
Max. Marks: 100

SECTION – A

I. Answer any ten of the following questions in a word or a sentence each.
Each questions carries one mark. (10 × 1 = 10)

Question 1.
State any one dimension of management?
Answer:
Management of work.

Question 2.
Henry fayol was a.

Social Scientist
Mining Engineer
Accountant
Production Engineer

Answer:
2. Mining Engineer.

Question 3.
What do you mean by business environment? An example for standing plan is

Budget
Program
Project
Rule

Answer:
4. Rule

Question 4.
State any one importance of planning function?
Answer:
Planning Provides Direction.

Question 5.
A______________ structure of organisation leads to occupational specialisation.
Answer:
Functional structure.

Question 6.
State the first step in staffing process?
Answer:
Estimating the man power requirements.

Question 7.
Mention any one element of Directing function?
Answer:
Supervision.

Question 8.
State any one limitation of controlling function.
Answer:
Difficulty in setting quantitative standards.

Question 9.
Give the meaning of Business finance.
Answer:
Money required for carrying out business activities is called business finance.

Question 10.
What is the other name given for secondary capital market?
Answer:
Stock exchange/stock market.

Question 11.
In which year was consumer protection Act passed?
Answer:
Consumer protection Act was passed in the year 1986.

Question 12.
Who is an entrepreneur?
Answer:
The person who set – up his business is called an entrepreneur.

SECTION – B

II. Answer any ten of the following questions in two or three sentences each.
Each question carrier two marks: (10 × 2 = 20)

Question 13.
Mention any two organizational objectives of Management.
Answer:

Survival
Profit

Question 14.
What do you mean by mental revolution?
Answer:
Mental revolution involves a change in the attitude of workers and management towards one another from competition to cooperation.

Question 15.
What is Globalisation?
Answer:
Globalization means the integration of the various economies of the world leading towards the emergence of a cohesive global economy.

Question 16.
What is Policy
Answer:
Policies are general statements that guide thinking towards a particular direction.

Question 17.
Define Organising?
Answer:
According to Henry Fayol,” To organize a business is to provide it with everything, useful to its functioning – raw materials, machines, tools, capital and personnel”.

Question 18.
What is Orientation?
Answer:
It is a process of introducing the new employee in the organization to the existing employees and familiarizing him with the rules and policies of the organization.

Question 19.
What is Directing
Answer:
According to Koontz and O’Donnell, “Direction is the inter-personal aspect of managing by which sub-ordinates are led to under stand and contribute effectively and efficiently to the attainment of enterprise objective.”

Question 20.
Mention any two modern techniques followed in managerial control process.
Answer:

Return on Investment
Ratio Analysis.

Question 21.
What do you understand by financing decisions? Give an example
Answer:
The decision about the quantum of finance to be raised from various long-term sources is known as financing decisions. These long-term sources of capital include debt, equity, preference share capital, and retained earnings. Example for financing decision: Decision about how much funds are to be raised from which source.

Question 22.
What is meant by a depository?
Answer:
A depository keeps securities in electronic form on behalf of the investor.

Question 23.
State any two objectives of Pricing.
Answer:
1. Obtaining Market Share Leadership:
If a firm’s objective is to obtain larger share of the market; it will keep the price of its products at lower levels so that greater number of people are attracted to purchase the products.

2. Surviving in a Competitive Market:
If a firm is facing difficulties in surviving in the market because of intense competition or introduction of a more efficient substitute by a competitor, it may lead to discounting its products or running a promotion campaign to liquidate its stock.

Question 24.
Give any two reasons to emphasise the importance of consumer protection from the consumer point of view.
Answer:

Consumer Ignorance
Unorganized Consumers

SECTION – C

III. Answer any seven of the following questions in 10 – 12 sentences.
Each question carrier 4 Marks: (7 × 4 = 24)

Question 25.
Explain briefly the principles of scientific Management of FW Taylor?
Answer:
Scientific management refers to the use of scientific and standardized tools, methods and trained workers in all organisational activities in order to increase the total production with minimum cost and wastage. Following are the principles of scientific management contributed by FW Taylor.

1. Science not Rule of Thumb:
Taylor was the first person to introduce the method of scientific inquiry into the domain of management practice. He believed that there was only one best method to maximise efficiency i.e., by scientific way. Scientific management includes scientific selection of workers, placement and training, work-study motion study fatigue study, time – study, gradation of equipments and machinery, payment of wages according to work done, etc.

2. Harmony, Not discord:
There should be harmonious relationship between management and workers. Both should realise that each one is important. This avoids class-conflict. To achieve this, Taylor introduced mental revolution. Both management and workers should transform their thoughts in order to achieve harmonious relationship amongst them.

3. Cooperation, Not individualism:
There should be complete cooperation between the labour and the management instead of individualism. Competition should be replaced by cooperation. Both should realise that they need each other. To achieve this fact, the management should consult their employees while taking important decisions.

There should be a two way communication between management and workers. According to Taylor, there should be almost equal division of work and responsibility between workers and management.

4. Development of each and every person to his or her greatest efficiency and prosperity:
Industrial efficiency depends on personnel competencies. According to Taylor, efficiency could be achieved from the beginning i.e., from the time of selection of employees.

Each person must be scientifically selected. Work should be assigned according to his mental and intellectual capabilities Proper training should be given to improve his/her skill. This will contribute to their greatest efficiency and prosperity for both organisation and workers.

Question 26.
Explain briefly any four features of planning function?
Answer:
The planning function of the management has certain special features. These features are as follows:

a. Planning focuses on achieving objectives:
Organisations are set up with a general purpose in view. Specific goals are set out in the plans along with the activities to be undertaken to achieve the goals. Thus, planning is purposeful. It contributes to the achievement of predetermined goals of an organization.

b. Planning is a primary function of management:
Planning lays down the base for other functions of management. All other managerial functions are performed within the framework of the plans drawn. Thus, planning is referred to as the primary function of management.

c. Planning is pervasive:
Planning is required at all levels of management. It is also o required in all departments of the organization. Planning is not an exclusive function of top management. It is required at every level and in every department. Hence, planning is all pervasive in nature.

d. Planning is continuous:
Plans are prepared for a specific period of time. At the end of that period there is a need for a new plan to be drawn on the basis of new requirements and future conditions. Hence, planning is a continuous process.

Question 27.
Explain briefly the steps in the process of organising function?
Answer:
The following are the steps in the process of organizing:

a. Identification and Division of work:
The process of organizing starts with the identification and division of work. The work is divided into manageable activities so that duplication of work can be avoided. The burden of work can be shared among the employees.

b. Departmentalization:
It refers to the process of grouping the activities of similar nature under same departments. This helps specialization and co-ordination. Departments can be created generally on the following basis:

On the basis of function
On the basis of type of product manufactured
On the basis of territory

c. Assignment of duties:
It is necessary to define the work of different job positions and allocate the work accordingly to various employees. Once departments are formed, it is necessary to assign the work to the employees according to their skill and competencies. It is essential that a balance is created between the nature of the job and the ability of the employee.

d. Establishment of reporting relationships:
Mere allocation of work is not enough. Each individual should know from whom he has to take orders and to whom he is accountable. The establishment of such clear relationship helps to create a hierarchal structure and helps in co-ordination among various departments.

Question 28.
Explain briefly any four on the job methods of training?
Answer:
On the job-training:
It is a method, where workers learn by doing the work. The following are the important methods of on the job training:

Apprenticeship training
Coaching
Internship training
Job-rotation

On the job means learning while doing. The following are the popular on the job training methods:
1. Apprenticeship Programmes:
Apprenticeship programmes put the trainee under the guidance of a master worker. These are designed to acquire a higher level of skill. People seeking to enter skilled jobs like plumbers, electricians, etc., are required to undergo apprenticeship training.

2. Coaching:
In this method, the superior guides and instructs the trainee as a coach. The coach or counselor sets mutually agreed upon goals, suggests how to achieve these goals periodically reviews the trainees progress and suggests changes required in behavior and performance. The trainee works directly with a senior manager and the manager takes full responsibility for the trainee’s coaching.

3. Internship training:
It is a joint programme of training in which educational institutions and business firms cooperate. Selected candidates carry on regular studies for the prescribed period. They also work in some factory or office to acquire practical knowledge and skills.

4. Job Rotation:
This kind of training involves shifting the trainee from one department to another or from one job to another. This enables the trainee to gain a broader understanding of all parts of the business and how the organization as a whole functions. Job rotation allows trainees to interact with other employees. When employees are trained by this method, the organization finds it easy at the time of promotions, replacements or transfers.

Question 29.
Explain briefly the importance of controlling process ?
Answer:
A good control system helps an organization in the following ways:

a. Accomplishing organizational goals:
The controlling function measures progress towards the organizational goals and brings to light the deviations, if any, and indicates corrective action. Thus, it guides the organization and keeps it on the right track so that organizational goals might be achieved.

b. Judging accuracy of standards:
A good control system enables management to verify whether the standards set are accurate and objective. An efficient control system keeps a careful check on the changes taking place in the organization and in the environment and helps to review and revise the standards in light of such changes.

c. Making efficient use of resources:
By exercising control, a manager seeks to reduce wastage and spoilage of resources. Each activity is performed in accordance with predetermined standards and norms. This ensures that resources are used in the most effective and efficient manner.

d. Improving employee motivation:
A good control system ensures that employees know well in advance what they are expected to do and what are the standards of performance on the basis of which they will be appraised. It, thus, motivates them and helps them to give better performance.

e. Ensuring order and discipline:
Controlling creates an atmosphere of order discipline in the organization. It helps to minimize dishonest behaviour on the part of the employees by keeping a close check on their activities.

f. Facilitating coordination in action:
Controlling provides direction to all activities and efforts for achieving organizational goals.

Question 30.
Explain briefly the factors affecting Capital Budgeting Decision?
Answer:
A long-term investment decision is also called as capital budgeting decision. It involves committing the finance on a long-term basis.
The following are certain factors which affect capital budgeting decisions:

1. Cash flows of the project:
When a company takes an investment decision involving huge amount, it expects to generate some cash flows over a period. These cash flows are in the form of a series of cash receipts and payments over the life of an investment. The amount of these cash flows should be carefully analysed before considering a capital budgeting decision.

2. The rate of return:
These calculations are based on the expected returns from each proposal and the assessment of the risk involved.

3. Investment criteria:
The decision to invest in a particular project involves a number of calculations regarding the amount of investment, interest rate, cash flows and rate of return. There are different techniques to evaluate investment’proposals which are known as capital budgeting techniques. These techniques are applied to each proposal before selecting a particular project.

Question 31.
Explain briefly any four functions of stock exchange?
Answer:
Stock Exchange means any body of individuals, whether incorporated or not, constituted for the purpose of assisting, regulating or controlling the business of buying and selling or dealing in securities.

The following are the important functions of the stock exchange:

1. Providing liquidity and marketability to existing securities:
The basic function of a stock exchange is the creation of a continuous market where securities are bought and sold. It gives investors the chance to disinvest and reinvest. This provides both liquidity and easy marketability to already existing securities in the market.

2. Pricing of Securities:
share prices on a stock exchange are determined by the forces of demand and supply. A stock exchange is a mechanism of constant valuation through which the prices of securities are determined. Such a valuation provides important instant information to both buyers and sellers in the market.

3. Safety of Transaction:
The membership of a stock exchange is well regulated and its dealings are well defined according to the existing legal framework. This ensures that the investing public gets a safe and fair deal on the market.

4. Contributes to Economic Growth:
A stock exchange is a market in which existing securities are resold or traded. Through this process of disinvestment and reinvestment, savings get channelized into their most productive investment avenues. This leads to capital formation and economic growth.

Question 32.
Explain any four functions performed by public relations department of an organization.
Answer:
The following are the important functions performed by public relations department of an organization:

1. Press relations:
Information about the organization needs to be presented in a positive manner in the press. The public relations department is in contact with the media to present true facts and a correct picture about the company.

2. Product publicity:
New products require special effort to publicise them and the company has to sponsor such programmes. The public relations department manages the sponsoring of such events like news conferences, seminars, exhibitions etc.

3. Corporate communication:
The image of the organization needs to be promoted through communicating with the public and the employees within the organization. This is generally done with the help of newsletter, annual reports, brochures, articles and audio-visual materials.

4. Lobbying:
The organization has to deal with government officials and different ministers in charge of corporate affairs, industry, finance with respect to policies relating to business and the economy. The public relations department has to be proactive in promoting or decoding regulations that affect their organization.

Question 33.
Discuss briefly any four differences between selling and marketing
Answer:

Money Market	Capital Market
It is a market where short-term funds are borrowed and lent.	It is a market where long-term funds are borrowed and lent.
The participants in the capital market are financial institutions, banks, corporate entities, and foreign investors.	The participants in the money market are RBI, banks, financial institutions, and finance companies.
Individuals can take part in the trading of capital market	Individuals cannot directly trade in the money market.
The instruments involved for a transaction are treasury bills, calls money, certificate of deposit, commercial papers, commercial bills etc.	The major players are companies, Individual investors, Institutional Investors, foreign investors, banks and financial institutions.

Question 34.
Explain any four ways in which the objective of consumer protection can be achieved.
Answer:
There are various ways in which the objective of consumer protection can be achieved which are as follows:

1. Self Regulation by Business:
Enlightened business firms realize that it is in their long-term interest to serve the customers well. Socially responsible firms follow ethical standards and practices in dealing with their customers.

2. Business Associations:
The associations of trade, commerce and business like Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce of India and Confederation of Indian Industries have laid down their code of conduct which lay down their guidelines for their members in dealing with the customers.

3. Consumer Awareness:
A consumer who is well informed about his rights, and the reliefs available, would be in a position to raise his voice against any unfair trade practices or any kind of exploitation by the seller.

4. Consumer Organization:
Consumer organizations play an important role in educating consumers about their rights and providing protection to them. They can force business firms to avoid malpractices and exploitation of consumers.

5. Government:
The government can protect the interest of the consumers by enacting various legislations.

SECTION – D

IV. Answer any four of the following questions in 20 – 25 sentences each.
Each question carrier 8 marks: (4 × 8 = 32)

Question 35.
Explain the various functions of Business Management?
Answer:
Management is described as the process of planning, organising, directing and controlling the efforts of organisational members and of using the resources of the organisation to achieve specific goals. Luther Gulick has given a keyword “PODSCORB”.
2nd PUC Business Studies Model Question Paper 2 with Answers Sec D img 1

P → Planning
0 → Organising
S → Staffing
D → Directing
Co → Coordination
R → Reporting and
B → Budgeting

The most widely accepted classification of management functions is given by Koontz and O’Donnell which includes planning, organizing, staffing, Directing and Controlling.

1. Planning:
Planning is the basic and first function of management. It is the function of determining in advance what is to be done and who is to do it. A plan is a future course of action. Planning implies setting goals in advance and developing a way of achieving them efficiently and effectively. Planning is necessary to ensure proper utilisation of human and non-human resources.

2. Organisaing:
It is the process of bringing together, physical, financial and human resources. It develops productive relationship amongst them for achievement of organisational goals. Organising is the management function of assigning duties, grouping tasks, establishing authority and allocating resources required to carry out a specific plan. Organising as a process involves.

Identification of activities
Classification of activities
Assignment of duties
Delegation of authority and creation of responsibility
Coordinating authority and responsibility relationships.

3. Staffing:
It includes finding the right people for the right job. This is also known as the human resource function and has assumed greater importance in the recent years staffing involves.

Man – power planning
Recruitment, selection and placement
Training and Development
Remuneration
Performance appraisal
Promotions and Transfer

4. Directing:
Directing function involves leading, influencing and motivating employees to perform the tasks assigned to them. It is that part of managerial function that actuates the organisational methods to work efficiently for achievement of organisational objectives Directing has the following elements:

Supervision
Motivation
Leadership
Communication
Delegation
Coordination

5. Controlling:
It is the management function of monitoring organisational performance towards the attainment of organisational goals. It implies the measurement of actual performance against the set standards and connecting the deviations if any so as to ensure the achievement of organisations goals. Controlling has the following steps:

Establishment of standards
Measurement of actual performance
Comparison of actual performance with the set standards and finding out deviations if any
Taking corrective action.

Conclusion:
Theoretically, the management functions can be separated but practically these functions are overlapping in nature. Hence they are inseparable. Each function blends into the other and each function affects the performance of other functions.

Question 36.
Explain in detail the various dimensions of business environment with examples.
Answer:
Dimensions of business environment include economic, social, technical, logical, political and legal conditions which are considered relevant for decision-making and improving the performance of an enterprise.
2nd PUC Business Studies Model Question Paper 2 with Answers Sec D img 2

1. Economic Environment:
Interest rates, inflation rates, changes in disposable income of people, stock market indices and the value of rupee are some of the economic factors that can affect management practices in a business enterprise.

2. Social Environment:
The social environment of business include the social forces like customs and traditions, values, social trends, society’s expectations from business, etc. Values refer to concepts that a society holds in high esteem.

In India, individual freedom, social justice, equality of opportunity and national integration are examples of major values cherished by all of us. Social trends present various opportunities and threats to business enterprise.

3. Technological Environment:
This includes forces relating to scientific improvements and innovations which provide new ways of producing goods and services and new methods and techniques of operating a business. This technological advancement creates shifts in demand and also has been responsible for creating new business.

4. Political Environment:
Political environment include political conditions such as general stability and peace in the country and specific attitudes the elected government representatives hold towards business. If political unrest prevails, there may be uncertainty of business activities. Political stability builds up confidence among business people to invest in the long term projects and assist in the growth of the economy.

5. Legal Environment:
Legal environment includes various legislations passed by the Government administrative orders issued by government authorities, court judgements, decisions given by various commissions and agencies at every level of the government – Centre, state or local. An adequate knowledge of rules and regulations framed by the Government is a prerequisite for better business performance.

Question 37.
State the Advantages and disadvantages of Formal Organisation.
Answer:
Formal Organisation refers to the organization structure which is designed by the management to accomplish a particular task. It specifies clearly the boundaries of authority and responsibility and there is a systematic coordination among the various activities to achieve organizational goals.

Advantages of Formal Organisation include:
1. It is easier to fix responsibility since mutual relationships are clearly defined.

2. There is no ambiguity in the role that each member has to play as duties are specified. This also helps in avoiding duplication of effort.

3. Unity of command is maintained through an established chain of command.

4. It leads to effective accomplishment of goals by providing framework for the operations to be performed and ensuring that each employee knows the role he has to play.

5. It provides stability to the organization. This is because behavior of employees can be fairly predicted since there are specific rules to guide them.

Disadvantages of Formal Organisation:
1. The formal communication may lead to procedural delays as the established chain of command has to be followed which increases the time taken for decision making.

2. Poor organization practices may not provide adequate recognition to creative talent, since it does not allow any deviations from rigidly laid down policies.

3. It is difficult to understand alumna relationships in an enterprise as it places more emphasis on structure and work. Hence, the formal organization does not provide a complete picture of how an organization works.

Question 38.
Explain in detail the staffing process.
Answer:
Following are the steps involved in Staffing Process:

Estimating the manpower requirements/ Man Power Planning:
Recruitment
Selection
Placement and Orientation
Training and Development
Performance appraisal(Evaluation)
Promotion and Career Planning
Compensation [Wage and Salary administration}

1. Manpower Planning:
It is the estimation of human resources required by an organization. Its main focus will be on getting right number of qualified people at the right time. While estimating the manpower requirement, the management generally keeps in mind, the available infrastructure including the technology, production schedule, market fluctuation, demand forecasts, etc.

2. Recruitment:
It is the process of finding the candidates for employment and motivating them to apply for the jobs in the organization.

3. Selection:
It is a process of choosing the best candidate from the large pool of applicants. It aims at finding the right person for the right job.

4. Placement:
It is a process of assigning job to the selected candidates. Assigning jobs to employees may involve a new job or different job. it also includes assignment of job to a new employee, transfer, promotion and also demotion of existing employee. Placement involves striking a fit between the requirements of a job and the qualifications of a candidate.

5. Orientation:
It is a process of introducing the selected employee to other employees and familiarizing him with the rules and policies of the organization. This process will help the new entrants to know about their superiors, subordinates, colleagues and about the organization.

6. Training:
Training is the process which is under taken to increase the knowledge and skills of an employee to perform the present job accurately.

7. Development:
It refers to the process of not only building up the skill and abilities for specific purpose, but also the overall competence of managerial executives to undertake more difficult and challenging tasks. Development refers to the training of managers and executives.

8.Performance appraisal (evaluation):
It is the systematic evaluation of the individual with respect to his performance on the job and his potential for development. It is concerned with determining the differences among the employees, working in the organization. It also determines an employee’s worth to the organization.

9. Promotion and career planning:
Promotion is a term usually used for the upward movement of an employee to a higher position with greater responsibilities and higher pay. Promotion requires more knowledge, experience and skills to perform the job.

10. Compensation:
Workers work for wages or salary which can be otherwise known as compensation. The term compensation comprises of cash payments related to wages and salary, bonus, share in the profit, pension etc. A properly developed compensation system enables an employer to attract, obtain, retain and motivate people of required intelligence and qualification in the organization.

Conclusion:
A competent staffing process obtains the most competent person to the organization. Staffing process should be carefully followed to get right man in the right job at the right time and in the right place.

Question 39.
How does Demat system works? Explain.
Answer:

1. A depository participant (DP), either a bank, broker, or financial services company, may be identified.

2. An account opening form and documentation (PAN card details, photograph, and power of attorney) may be completed.

3. The physical certificate is to be given to the DP along with a dematerialisation request form.

4. If shares are applied in a public offer, simple details of DP and Demat account are to be given and the shares on allotment would automatically be credited to the demat account.

5. If shares are to be sold through a broker, the DP is to be instructed to debit the account with the number of shares.

6. The broker then gives instruction to his DP for delivery of the shares, to the stock exchange.

7. The broker then receives payment and pays the person for the shares sold.

8. All these transactions are to be completed within two days, i.e., delivery of shares and payment received from the buyer is on a T+2 basis, settlement period.

Question 40.
Explain the advantages and limitations of advertising?
Answer:
Advertising is the most commonly used tool of promotion. It is an impersonal from of communication, which is paid for by sponsors to promote some goods or service.

A. Merits of Advertising:
1. Mass Reach:
Advertising is a medium through which a large number of people can be reached over vast geographical area.

2. Enhancing customer satisfaction and confidence:
Advertising creates confidence amongst prospective buyers as they feel more comfortable and assured about the product quality and hence feel more satisfied.

3. Expressiveness:
with the help of computer designs, graphics, etc advertising has developed into one of the most forceful medium of communication. With the special effects created, even simple product and messages look very attractive.

4. Economy:
Advertising is a very economical mode of communication. A large number of people can be reached at a time. Because of its wide reach, the overall cost of advertising gets spread over numerous communication links established. As a result the per unit cost of reach comes low.

B. Limitations of advertising:
1. Less Forceful:
Advertising is an impersonal form of communication. It is less forceful than personal selling as there is no compulsion on the prospects to pay attention to the message.

2. Lack of feedback:
The evaluation of the effectiveness of the advertising message is very difficult as there is no immediate feedback mechanism of the message that is delivered.

3. Inflexibility:
Advertising is less flexible as the message is standardized and cannot be altered according to the requirements of the different customer groups.

4. Low Effectiveness:
As the volume of advertising is getting more and more expanded, it is becoming difficult to make advertising messages heard by the target customers. This affects the effectives of advertising.

C. Objections to Advertising:
1. Adds to cost:
Advertising unnecessarily adds to the cost of product, which is ultimately passed on to the buyers in the form of high prices. The money spent on advertising adds to the cost, which is an important factor in the fixation of the price of a product.

But, advertisement also helps to increase the demand for the product as large number of potential buyer are persuaded to buy more product. Increased demand leads to higher production, which brings in the economies of scale. As a result, the per unit cost of production comes down. This reduces the burden of consumers.

2. Undermines social values:
People argue that advertising undermines social values and promotes materialism. It encourages dissatisfaction among people as they come to known about new products and feel dissatisfied with their present state of affairs.

But, advertisement in fact, helps buyers by informing them about the new products, which may be improvement over the existing products. If the buyers are not informed about these products, they may be using inefficient products.

3. Confuses the buyers:
So many advertisements create confusion among the buyers. All advertisements make similar claims that the buyer gets confused as to which one is true and which product should be purchased. But, the supporters of advertisement argue that buyers can clear their confusion by analyzing the information provided on the advertisements and other sources before taking a decision to purchase a product.

4. Encourages sale of inferior product:
Advertising does not distinguish between superior and inferior products. Hence, it persuades people to buy even inferior products.

But, superiority and inferiority depends on the quality, which is a relative concept. The desired level of quality also depends on the economic status and preferences of the target customers. Hence, advertisements are not solely responsible for the sale of inferior products.

5. Some advertisements are in bad taste:
Another Criticism against advertising is that some advertisements are in bad taste. These show something which is not approved generally by people some advertisement also distort the human relationships.

There can be some chances of misuse of adverting as a tool, which can be properly safeguarded by the low or by developing a code of conduct by the advertisers, for their self regulation.

Conclusion:
Most of the Criticism against advertising are not entirely true. In the changed are economic environment of globalization, advertising is considered as an important tool of marketing. It helps a firm in effectively communicating with its target market, increasing the sale and there by reducing the per-unit cost of production.

It is not a social waste it adds value to the social cause by increasing production and generating more employment opportunities. Hence, advertising is a use and not a waste.

SECTION – E

V. Answer any two of the following questions.
Each question carrier five marks: (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 41.
As a general manager, list out any ten Fayol’s Principles of Management which you would like to adopt in your business organization.
Answer:

Division of work
Authority and responsibility
Discipline
Unity of Command
Unity of Direction
Subordination of individual interest to general interest.
Remuneration of Employees
Centralisation and Decentralisation
Scalar Principle
Order.

Question 42.
Draw the organisation Chart showing Divisional and Functional Structure.
Answer:
Divisional Chart of an Organisation
2nd PUC Business Studies Model Question Paper 2 with Answers Sec E img 3

Functional Chart of an Organisation
2nd PUC Business Studies Model Question Paper 2 with Answers Sec E img 4

Question 43.
As a Financial Consultant, give the list of any ten factors which affect the choice of Capital Structure.
Answer:
List of factors that affects the choice of Capital Structure

Cash flow position
Interest Coverage Ratio
Debt Service Coverage Ratio
Return on Investment
Cost of debt
Tax rate
Cost of Equity
Flotation Costs
Risk Considerations
Flexibility

2nd PUC Geography Previous Year Question Paper March 2018

September 24, 2024September 23, 2024 by Prasanna

Students can Download 2nd PUC Geography Previous Year Question Paper March 2018, Karnataka 2nd PUC Geography Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Geography Previous Year Question Paper March 2018

Time: 3 Hrs 15 Min
Max. Marks: 100

Section – A

I. Answer the following questions in one sentence each: ( 10 x 1 = 10 )

Question 1.
Define ‘Human Geography’.
Answer:
According to Ellen C. Semple – “The study of changing relationship between the unresting man and the unstable earth.”

Question 2.
According to 2012 mention the total population of the world.
Answer:
Seven billion population (7 billion).

Question 3.
What is ‘Internet’?
Answer:
An Inter connected system of networks that connects computers around the world.

Question 4.
Which is the first mega city of the world?
Answer:
Newyork is the largest mega city in the world.

Question 5.
Which state has lowest literacy rate in India?
Answer:
Bihar with 63.82% is the Lowest Literacy state.

Question 6.
Bhakra-Nangal dam was constructed across which river.
Answer:
Sutlej river.

Question 7.
Mention the hightest coffee producing state of India.
Answer:
Karnataka is the hightest coffee producing state in India.

Question 8.
Which is called ‘Liquid gold’?
Answer:
‘Petroleum’.

Question 9.
Which city is called ‘Jawa of India’?
Answer:
The Gorakhpur distric of Uttar Pradesh is known as Jawa of India.

Question 10.
What is ‘Environmental pollution’?
Answer:
Environment Pollution means the release of Harmful substances and contamination of environment.

Section – B

II. Answer any 10 of the following questions in 2 to 3 sentences each: ( 10 × 2 = 20 )

Question 11.
Mention any four primary economic activities.
Answer:

Primary activities
Secondary activities
Teritiary activities
Quatemary activities.

Question 12.
State the importance of industries.
Answer:

Industries helps in removing poverty and unemployment.
The economic strength of a country is judged by the develepment of its industries.
It contributes about 78 percent of our foreign exchange earning.
Industries involve from the making of Machines euipement and tools for the automobiles, ships, aircrafts etc.

Question 13.
Write any four probblems of rural settlements.
Answer:
Some of the most important common problems of rural settlements are –

Supply of water is most inadequate. People in the rural areas particularly in mountain and desert region walks for long distances to Fetch drinking water.
The Water borne disease such as cholera, jaundice etc, are the common problems.
Many rural areas are facing the problems of natural diasters which occur frequently such as floods and droughts.
Agriculture areas are severely affected due to lacking of irrigation.
Being dominated by agriculture the effects of droughts are severe and have effects which strech for many years.
The rura1houscs are lacking toilet and disposal facilities of solid aster/garbages which cause health related problems.
The houses are made up of mud, wood and thatch which are damaged by heavy rains & floods. They require proper maintainance every year.
Most of the houses do not have proper ventilation and the design of the houses also includes animaL shed with fodder storage.
The rural settlements are lacking roads and other modern communications.

Question 14.
What is migration? Give any one reason of migration.
Answer:
The movement of people from onc place to another place is known as Migration.
Causes of Migration : Migration is caused by a variety of factors including economic, social and political factors. Some of them are briefly discussed below.

Marriage: Every girl has to migrate to her husband’s place after marriage, thus the entire female population of India has to migrate over short or long distance.
Employment : The agricultural base of rural areas does not provide employment to all the people living here. In contrast, urban areas provide vast scope for employment in industries, trade, transport & services. Hence people like to migrate towards the urban areas.
Education : Educational facilities are very low in the rural areas especially those of higher education and rural people have to migrate to the urban centers for this purpose.
Lack of security: Large number of people have migrated out of Jammu and Kashmir and Assam during the last few cars due to disturbed conditions there. In this situation, people would like to migrate towards well secure areas.

Question 15.
Mention the types of canal irrigation.
Answer:

Inundation canals :- taken out direct1 from ivers without making any barrage or dam.
Perennial canals :- which are taken Out from the reservoirs by constructing barrage.

Question 16.
Mention the benefits of rainwater harvesting.
Answer:

It involves collection and storage of rain water at surface or in Sub-surface aquifer before it is lost as surface run off.
It is not only increase water availability but also check the declining water table.

Question 17.
What is ‘Mixed farming’?
Answer:
Raising of food as well as commercial crops and keeping of lives stock is called “Mixed farming”. It has been introduced in 1951.

Question 18.
Name the types of coal.
Answer:
The types of coal arc:

Anthracite
lignite
Bituminous
Peat.

Question 19.
Discuss the factors necessary for the production of Hydro-electricity.
Answer:

The regular and uniform supply of water is essential.
The water should fall from a sufficient height.
It requires huge capital investment to purchase machines.
A ready available market should be there.

Question 20.
Give any two examples of Agro-based industries.
Answer:

Cotton textile industries
Sugar industries
Jute industries.

Question 21.
What are the main four items importing of India?
Answer:
Imports of India : Imports trade of India refers to buying goods from foreign countries and bringing them to home country.
The main items of Imports of India are:

1. Petroleum crude and products :

It is the most important materials of Indian, Imports.
In 2006-2007 India imported rupees 2,58,572 crores worth of crude oil and other petroleum products.
It contributed 23% of our total imports.

2. Pearls precious and semi-precious stones :
India imported rupees 33,881 crores worth of precious stone.

3. Capital goods :
In 2006-2007 India imported rupees 2,51,136 crores worth of capital goods.

4. Fertilizers :
India is a major importer of chemical Fertilizers. It is because the country is agrarian and the Internal production of fertilizers is insufficient. Potash fertilizers are largely imported.

Exports of India : Export trade of India refers to the sale of goods and services by India to other countries of the world.

The main items of our exports are as follows:

Agricultural and Allied products: Products such as cereals, pulses tobacco, spices, nuts and seeds, oil meals, caster oil etc.
During 2011-2012 exports income is about US dollar 13300.63 million.
Ores and minerals: Export of ores and minerals like Iron ore, Manganese, Micca was estimated at US dollar 4700.29 million during 2011-12.
Gems and Jewellery: India imports gems and precious stones in their raw form and exports them after proper cutting and polishing.
Electronic goods: Items under this group. of consists of machinery, iron, steel and other engineering items.
Petroleum products: Export of petroleum products increased to US dollar 34667.02 million.

Question 22.
Mention the two sources of solid wastes.
Answer:

Household or Domestic establishment
Industrial. or Commercial establishment.

Section – C

III. Answer any eight of the following questions in 25 to 30 sentences each: ( 5 × 8 = 40 )

Question 23.
Explain the branches of Human Geography.
Answer:
The important branches of human Geography are as follows-

Economic Geography: It deals with the study of influence of Geographical factors on the economic activities man like agriculture, industries, transport etc.
Po1itica1 Geography: It deals with the influences of geographical environment on political aspects such as states nations & boundaries etc.

2nd PUC Geography Previous Year Question Paper March 2018 - 1

Question 24.
What is the growth of population? Explain the distribution of population in the world.
Answer:
The growth of population refers to the increases in the number of inhabitants of a country during specific period.

It is estimated that the world population reached one billion for the first time in 1804.
Due to the impact of the industrial revolution & improvement in living standards, the rate of population growth increased two billion in 1927.
At present estimate of 2013 the globe is inhabited by 7121 million population.
During the begining of 20th century the world population was only 2 billion and century ended with 6 billion. It continues to grow even in the 21^st century.

Stages of Population growth:
I Three billion – July 1959
II Four billion – April 1974
III Five billion – July 1987
IV Six billion – 12^thOctober 1999
V Seven billion – 12^th March 2012.

Question 25.
What is ‘Demographic cycle’? Explain its different stages.
Answer:
Demographic cycle is the process of population transformation from the countries of high birth rate and high death rates to low birth rate & low death rate countries.
Stages of Demographic cycle:

First stage: High birth rate and high death is found when the country ¡s economically most backward, so the population remains stationary. India was in the stage till 1920.
Second stage (Early expanding): It begins with the declining of death rate while the birth rate ramins unchanged. These changes due to the advancement of science & technology, basic health care and education etc. At present many developing countries of Asia & Africa are in this stage.
Third stage (Late expanding): Death rate declines and birth rate begins to fall due to access of contraceptives, urbanization, an increase in the status and women education etc India appears to be this stage.
Fourth stage (Low stationary): It is characterized with low birth rate and low death rate. Growth is stationary due to changing life style, high obesity and many diseases are caused in this stage. Japan, Sweden, Belgium Denmark & Switzerland are in this stage.
Fifth stage(Declining): Population begins to decline or birth rate is lower than deathrate. East European countries like Germany and Hungary and North European countries like Sweden. Norway are now in this stage.

Question 26.
Write a note on modes of communication.
Answer:

Communication plays a significant role in the Modern World. They create awareness about the policies. programme of developments, learning.
Adopt new technological innovations in agriculture and industry as well as transportation.
People can acquire information of day’s affairs of the world.
It brings out the unity, integrity and stability of the country.
It helps in the development of cultural, political and social aspects as well as trade and commerce.
They have laid a base for modern business. Thus, communication plays a vital role in the development of a nation.
Speed with messages could be sent across the world with in a second.
The Telephone or Radio are linked the people Worldwide and they can speak each other directly.
Even today newspaper touch everypart of the country as it covers international, national and local news as well as entertainments with other information.
The radio has its own name by broadcasting news and information which will reach all corners of country and abroad.
Television allows the audio and video facilities to gain information for public.
It has a profound role to play in the forecasting of weather, the direction of aircraft.
shipping and warning of usual events such as Hirricanes, snowfall and rainfalls as well as floods.
Rapid communication have great political implication for leaders can speak to people all over the country.

Question 27.
Explain the measures to check the growth of population in India.
Answer:
The government of India has taken several steps to control the growth of population in the country are as :

Family Planning Programme : India was the first country in the world to adopt the family planning programme in the year 1952. The main aim is to control births by various means such as free sterilization (Vasectomy for males Tubectomy for females). Adopting contraceptives etc.
Improvement of the status of women : The social, economic and political status of women have been improved through education and various women welfare scheme. For ex: In Karnataka free Education, Government jobs, Bhagyalaxmiyojana etc.
Programmes to control infant mortality : The government of Karnataka has introduced many child welfare programmes to control infänt mortality. For ex: Jananisurakshayojan, Madilu Prasooti Araike etc.
Area Projects : Under this project health worker visit door to door and advise. In addition they are also motivating the people to adopt contraceptives and undergo sterilization.
Publicity : Broadcasting the benifits of small family through the Radio, Television and Ne spapers etc.

Question 28.
What are the types of migration? Analyse types of internal migration of India.
Answer:
The types of Migration are Internal Migration and International Migration.

I. Internal Migration :
Movement of people fiom one region to another within the same country is called internal
migration. In India there are four streams of mternal migration. They are

Rural to Rural
Rural to Urban
Urban to Urban
Urban to Rural

1. (a) Rural to Rural : This is estimated that about 65.2% of total migration is of this category.
Female migrants dominated in this stream, Thus it is an important example for matrimonal migration and it is called women migration.

2. Rural to Urban : Rural to Urban migration (17.6%) is second important type of migration.
Rural – Urban migration is caused b both push of the rural areas as well as pull of the urban areas.

3. Urban to Urban : Generally, people like to move from small town with less facility to large cities ith more facilities.

4. Urban to Rural : Urban areas are usually affected by the pollution.
The retired and aged people prefer to spend their old age life in nearby villages. Thus people move from ltrban to Rural.

2. International Migration : Movement of people from one country to another across international borders is called International migration.

Question 29.
Describe the land – use pattern of India.
Answer:
The important types of land use pattern in India are:

Forest area
Land not available for cultivation
Cultivable wasteland
Fallow land
Net area sown.

1. Forest area : –

According to National Forest Policy 1952, reporting area of the forest must be 33.3% of the total land.
Madhya Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Odisha, Maharashtra. Andhra Pradesh, Andaman Nicobar. Islands are reporting more area under forests.
It is due to heavy rainfall and relief features.

2. Land not available for cultivation :

The land used for human settlements, transport routes, canals, quarries, the mountains, deserts, marshes etc, are coming under this category. It accounts 14.2% of the total land in India.
Arunachal Pradesh. Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh, states are having more area under this category.

Question 30.
Write the types and distribution of cotton crop in India.
Answer:
Conditions for Cultivation of cotton:

Cotton is a tropical & Sub-tropical crop. It requires high temperature. At the time of growing it requires 21°C to 24°Ç temperature.
It requires moderate rainfall of 50 cm to 100 cm. However, it can cultivate in areas of lesser rainfall with the help of irrigation.
Deep black soil is well suitable for cotton crop. This soil is commonly known as Black cotton soil. This is capable of retaining moisture.
Cotton requires the use of Manures & fertilizers crop rotation helps to maintain fertility of the soil & improve the yield.
Cotton cultivation requires large amount of cheap labours for planting, thinning, seeding, picking of cotton.
Frosting, Moist weather & heavy rainfall are harmful to the crop.
Cotton plant is susceptible to disease & pests. Site requires the use of insecticides & pesticides.
The Sunny weather is necessary at the time of harvesting the cotton.

Varieties of Cotton:

(1) Long Staple Cotton:

It is the best variety
It has over 3.8 cm in length.
Because of its length of fibre, fine & shining it is used for making fine & super fine quality of cloth.
It is Largely grown in Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra, TarnilNadu & MadhyaPradesh etc.

(ii) Medium Staple Cotton:

The length of catton fibre is between 2.5 cm to 3.8 cm is known as medium staple cotton.
It is used for making Medium cloth.
his is grown in Rajasthan, Punjab, TamilNadu, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka etc.

(iii) Short Staple Cotton:

This is infèrior variety with fiber length less than 2.5 cm.
This used for making inferior quality of cloth, stuffing purpose, blending with synthetic, fibre etc.
This type of cotton production is reduced in India.
Uttar Pradesh Andhra Pradesh & Rajasthan etc are growing this type of cotton.

Question 31.
What is ‘Green revolution’? Discuss the advantages of green revolution in India.
Answer:
Increase in Food production through the introduction of high yield crop varieties and the application of modem agricultural techniques is called Green Revolution.

Increase in Agricultural production and yield per hectare.
Better land use by employing two or three crop pattern.
Reduction of imports of food grains.
Improves country’s Economic status.

Question 32.
Explain the four major types of roads in India.
Answer:
Classification of roads: In India, roads are of the following types.

National highways
State highways
District roads and
Village roads.

Besides these, there are border roads and International highways linking major Indian cities with the capitals of other neighbouring countries.

National highways:

They connect the capitals of the states, industrial centres and major ports.
They are bell planned wide roads with two-lane, four-lane, and six-lane roads. Both construction and maintenance are carried out by the Central Government and National Highway Authority of India [NHAI].
The total length of the national highways is about 71, 772 km as per 2011
(i)The Golden Quadrilateral, (ii) The North South and East-West corridors, (iii) Port connectivity with industries are all part of this network.

Golden Quadrilateral Super Highway: The Governmcnt of India has implemented a major road development project linking Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai by six-lane super high-ways. It has a total length of 5846 kms and it is called as Golden Quadrilateral Super Highway.

North – South and East-West corridors: This project connects Srinagar (JK) in the North with Kanyakumari (TN) in the South and Silcher(Assam) in the East with Forbandar (Gujarat) in the West covering major cities along the way. The project has a total length of 7300 km.

Port connectivity project: This is also included in the programmes of NHAI. This project connects the Golden Quadrilateral roads with the 13 major ports (380 km) and other projects (962 km). This is still in progress.

State highways: The State Highways connect the important cities of the state with its capital. with the national highways and link with other slate capitals. The State Government is responsible for the construction and maintenance of the State Highways. Now there are about 1.54. 522 km length of the state highways in the country.

District roads: These roads connect the production and marketing centres with the highways, railways, towns and larger villages with the district headquarters. The Zilla Parishad takes the responsibility for the development and maintenance of these roads.

Village roads: Roads which link the Taluk headquarters with villages and the district highways are called village roads. They are mostly untarred or metalled, They are constructed and maintained by Taluk Panchayats and Village Panchayats.

Border roads: Border roads are constructed in the border areas of the country. They are constructed in the North and North eastern border areas adjoining Pakistan. Nepal. Bhutan and Bangladesh. These are mainly for army movement in the defense of the country.

International highways: Some of the national highways of the country have been linked with the international highways of the neighbouring countries.

Question 33.
Why railway transport is very important in India? Discuss.
Answer:
Importance of Railways : Indian Railway have benefited our country in the following ways.

They have helped in the commercialization of agricultural sector through the movement of perishable goods, necessary inputs and implements.
They help the industry by transporting raw-material, labour, fuel by distribution and ( marketing.
Railways are useful for carrying bulky and heavy goods for long distance.
Railways are promoting the movement of goods and passenger traffic.
They are helping in unifying the national market by stimulating the process of equalization of prices.
They are promoting the development of the foreign trade.
They are helping in the process of better administration, understanding and national intergration.
It helps tourism by connecting places of tourist interest.
Our railway also help to strengthen the Law and Order situation in the country.

Question 34.
Explain the sources of water pollution.
Answer:
Causes of water pollution: Water pollution is caused by natural and human sources.

Natural sources of water pollution are due to erosion, landslides, gases, soil, minerals.
Human excreta, waste created by animals and other living organisms and rotting vegetation
are also some causes. More than natural sources, water pollution is largely caused by human activities.
Humans pollute water through industrial, agricultural and cultural activities. Among these, industry is the worst culprit.
Industries produce a variety of waste products including industrial wastes, polluted water wastes, poisonous gases, chemical residuals, numerous heavy metals, dust, smoke etc.,
Most of the industrial wastes are disposed off by running water. Consequently poisonous elements reach the lakes, river and other water bodies, which destroy them.
Reservoirs -They in turn destroy the bio-systems of the water. Major water polluting industries are leather, pulp and paper, textiles and chemicals.
Fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides, farm wastes and mineral particles from agricultural lands are washed down and end up in rivers, lakes and tanks.
The chemicals also infiltrate into the soil to reach the ground water.
Addition of fertilizer increases the nitrate content of surface waters.
Religious and cultural activities like pilgrimages, fairs, tourism, immersiOn of idols after pujas etc., also cause water pollution,
Urban activities such as improper sewage disposal also cause water pollution.
Effects of water pollution: Water pollutants adversely affect the health of humans, animals and aquatic life.
Water pollution is a source of various water borne diseases like diarrhoea, intestinal worms, hepatitis etc.
World health organization shows that about one fourth of the communicable diseases in India are disease water borne.

IV. Answer any one of the following questions : ( 1 x 10 = 10 )

Question 35.
Explain the types of agriculture in India.
Answer:
Various types of farming are practised in different parts of the country. They are as follows :

Primitive subsistence farming
- Migratory subsistence farming
- Sedentary subsistence farming
Intensive farming
Commercial farming
Mixed farming
Plantation farming
Dry farming
Humid farming
Irrigation farming

1. Primitive Subsistence Farming : The production of crops for the purpose of domestic consumption and not for commercial use is called “Primitive subsistence farming”. Farmers -used primitive methods of cultivation. This types of farming is widely practiced in hilly regions like North-easterns states, Odisha and Madhya Pradesh. Primitive subsistence farming can be classified into two types. They are –

(i) Migratory subsistances farming and (ii) Sedentary subsistence farming.

(a) Migratory subsistances farming : It is a primitive method of farming, practised by tribals in the tropical rainy forests. Under this system formers clear patches of forest by cutting and burning the bushes and trees and cultivate land. Later people migrate to another parts of the forest. Along with cultivation of crops, hunting, fishing and collection of forest resource etc are done by the people.

This type of farming is called by different local names-eg- ‘ Jhumming’ in North Eastern regions(Assam), ‘Koman’ in Odisha, ‘Ponam’ in Kerala, and ‘Podu’ in Andhra Pradesh. Yams, Peanuts, beans, bananas, upland rice, buck wheat, maize, millets and sometime vegetables are grown under this farming. This farming is practiced in Assam, Meghalay, Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, parts of Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.

(b) Sedentary subsistence farming : This is an ancient form of cultivation and practiced by the people living permanetly. Here there is physical factors are favourable for cultivation, of land. The farm lands are not abandoned. They are cultivated through of the year and farmer lived near the land. Hence, this system is called “Sedentary subsistence farming”. Under this system, implements used and the mehtods Of cultivation are primitive. The surplus agricultural produce are sold to neighbouring people or sold in the market.

Sedentary subsistence farming also includes the rearing of animals for milk, meat, woo! and hides.

2. Intensive farming : It is found in the areas of dense population and land holdings are small. in this type of farming land in intentively used and 2-3 harvests are obtained in year. It is known as “Intensive farming”.

It is labour and capital Intensive farming. Large amount of labour and capital is used on a small land holding, to get maximum production of crops. The available small piece of land is ised for cultivation with irrigation facilities throughout the year. In this system, farmers try to raise two or more crops, with careful tilling of the soil. Intensive agriculture is characterized by high yields per unit area and farmers try to get the maximum production from small land holdings. It is common in the fertile and irrigated parts of the country. In this type, agricultural operations are carried on by manual labour and draught animals. Rice is the main crop of Intensive farming in India.

3. Commercial farming : Agricultural crops are produced on a large scale.for the purpose of sale and not for domestic consumption, is called ‘Commercial farming’. This type of farming is generally practised in the large areas of sparse population with good transportation facilities. On large scale farms, using small amount of labour, large scale use of machinery, cash crops are growth for scale.

4. Mixed farming: Farming that includes the raising of crops and keeping of livestock is called ‘Mixed farming’. In this system farmers use the land for raising food as well as commercial crops and also used for other purposes such as livestock-raising, poultry farming, sericulture, bee-keeping etc. Farmer get more income from both side. It has been introduced in India since 1951. It is popular in the states like, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana and Tamil Nadu.

5. Plantation farming: A single cash crop is grown on large area or estates is known as ‘Plantation farming’. This is mainly a commercial type of farming. It requires large amount of labour and capital. Manual labour and skilled labour is important. Under this system crops are grown mainly for export. The important plantation crops of India are Tea, Coffee and rubber.

6. Dry farming : The farming system practised in areas which receive scanty rainfall (i.e, less that 50 cms) and irrigation facilities are very limited or absent is called ‘Dry farming’. This type of farming is practiced in Deccan plateau of south India, Western Rajasthan and other arid and semiarid regions. Famines and droughts are common in these regions. Crops are growing with low yield. Only quick maturing and drought resistant crops are cultivated. Jowar, bajra, ragi, oilseeds are the important dry farming crops.

7. Humid farming: Cultivation of crops, where the areas receiveing sufficient rainfall without the help of irrigation is known as Wet farming or Humid farming. If the rainfall is sufficient i.e. 100 to 150cms throughout the year, double or multiple cropping is practiced in that area. Rice, sugarcane, Jute, tea, coffee, rubber etc, are grown. Sufficient rainfall helps to obtain higher yields and better quality of crops.

8. Irrigation farming: Cultivation of crops with the help of Irrigation is called ‘Irrigation farming’. This type of farming is very essential to India, because monsoon rainfall is seasonal, uncertain and insufficient. The largest area of cultivated land is under irrigation in India. This type of farming is highly concentrated in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Bihar, Odisha, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, and also practiced in many other states of the country.

Question 36.
Explain the major industrial regions in India. –
Answer:
Industrial region refers to the continuous development of industrial landscape, over a large area by concentration of a number of factories of different industries. in short, it is a wide area of manufacturing industries. :

2. Kolkata-Hooghly Industrial region: It is an old atid important industrial region of the country. Kolkata is the main centre for Hoogigly basin, port., rich hinterland of Ganga and Bramaputra plain, Assam and Bengal tea plantations, coal and iron ore region of Chotanagapur plateau. Cheap labour from West Bangal Bihar, Orissa states. effecient transport by rail, road and waterways etc. are the important facIIitis supported to dc elop
this region.

3.Ahmedabad-Vadodara Industrial region : It is thrid largest industrial region of the country. It is located in Gujarat and includes the areaš around the Gulf of Khambhat and important industrial centres like Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Koyali, Baruch and Surat et. Ahmedabad is the main centre for cotton.textiles, woollen and silk, textiles, paper, petrochemicals milk products, Engineering, diesel engines, oil refining etc.. åre the other important industries of this region.

4. Madurai-Coimbatore-Bangalore Indusrial regiòns : This region lies in Tamil nadu and Kaniataka states. The important centres are Bangalore, Chennai. Coimbatore, Madurai, Sivakasi, Tiruchirapalli, Salem, Mysore, Mandya, Bhadravathi etc. The region hasdiversified Industries like cotton textiles, silk, sugar, leather, chemicals, machinery, rubber, electrical equipments telephone, railway coaches, Information Technology. Bio- Technology etc.

5. The Chotanagapur Plateau Industrial regions : This region is located in the states of Bihar, parts of Jharkhand and West Bengal. This region is called the Ruhr of India on account of the growth of a number of iron and steel plants and various engineering industies. Jamshedpur, Bokaro, Chittaranjan, Sindri, Durgapur, Hazaribagh etc are the important industrial town in this region.

6. The MatburaDelhi-Saharanpur-Ambala Industrial regions : This region covers Uttar Pradesh, parts of Haryana and Delhi. It includes Agra, Saharanpur, Faridabad, Ambala, Delhi, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, Ferozabad, Noida., Meerut, Math ura, Pan ipat etc. Delhi is the most important centre for the Industries of cotton textiles, glass, chemicals, automobiles, engineering, paper, soap, vanaspati, sugar and oil refineries. The region is facing the problem of environmental pollution.

Section – E

V. Answer the following questions: ( 2 x 10 = 20 )

Question 37.
Construct a Pie-Diagram by using the following date :
2nd PUC Geography Previous Year Question Paper March 2018 - 2
Answer:

Question 38.
Construct a simple line graph by using the following data.
Growth of irrigated area in India 1961 to 2008
2nd PUC Geography Previous Year Question Paper March 2018 - 4
Answer:

Question 39.
Construct a simple bar graph by using the following data.
State wise production of manganese in India. 2011-12 (in thousand tonnes)
2nd PUC Geography Previous Year Question Paper March 2018 - 6
Answer:

For Blind Students only

Answer any two of the following : ( 2 x 10 = 20 )

Question 37.
Explain the primary sources of data.
Answer:
Meaning – The data which are collected for the first time by a researcher or groups of researchers, institution or organizations are called Primary sources of data.

Types of Primary data collection:

Through Personal interview : Personal interviews are the most commonly used method of collecting data, because the interviewer has the opportunity of explaing the study and answering any question, here the researcher gets direct information from the respondents.
By Personal observations: It refers to the collection of data or information by individual or group of individuals, through direct observations in the field.
By Questionnaire : The most common method used in surverys is the Questionnaire. In this method, simple questions and their possible answers are written on a plain paper, and the respondents have to tick mark the possible answers from given choices.
Others methods :
- Telephone interview : In this method, the researcher/interviewer can collect the information over the telephone.
- Measuring properties: In this method, the data about properties of soil nd water collected directly from the field by measuring their characteristics using soil and water quality kit.

Question 38.
Explain the segment of GPS
Answer:
There are three segments of GPS:

2. The control segment : The control segment consists of facilities necessary for satellites especially healthy monitoring, telemetry, tracking command and control clock error computation of satellites. There are 5 GPS stations spread over the earths surface they are-

Hawaii
Colorado spring
Ascension island
Diego Garcia
Kwajalein.

3. The user segment : it is a total user and supplier community, both civilian and military. The user segment consists of all earth – based GPS receivers. Receivers very greatly in size and complexity, through the basic design in rather simple. The space and control segments are largely transparent to the operations of navigation functions.

Navigation : In navigation, by using GPS can save countless hours in the field. Any feature, even if it is under water, can be located upto one hundred meters simply by scaling coordinates from a map, entermg way points & going directly to site.
Remote sensing and GIS : GPS positioning can be intergrated into remote – sensing methods such, as Photogrammetry and aerial scanning, magnetometry, and video technology using DGPs techniques.
Surveying/Mapping : The high precision ofGPS carries phase measurements, together with appropriate adjustment algorithum, provides an adequate tool for a variety of tasks for surveying and mapping.
Geodescy : Geodetic mapping and other control surveys can be carried out effectively using high grade GPs equipment.
Military : The GPs was Primarily develped for real time military positioning. Military applications include airbone, marine and land navigation.

Question 39.
Write the importance of remote sensing.
Answer:
Remote sensing is the science and art of obtaining information about an object, area or phenomenon through the analysis of data aquired by a device that is not in contact with it.

This is done by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and processing, analyzing and applying that information.

In much remote sensing. the process involves an- interaction between incident radiation and the targets of interest. This device can be a camera or a bank of sensors operated from an airplane or a satellite. Though satellite we can collect date related agriculture, forest, urban land use, watcr, natural calamities etc the satellite data is based for mapping, monitoring, studyIng the various phenomena related to earth’s surface.

2nd PUC Political Science Previous Year Question Paper March 2018

September 24, 2024September 23, 2024 by Prasanna

Students can Download 2nd PUC Political Science Previous Year Question Paper March 2018, Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Previous Year Question Paper March 2018

Time: 3 Hrs 15 Min
Max. Marks: 100

I. Answer the following questions in a word or a sentence each. (10 × 1 = 10)

Question 1.
Who was the chairman of the Boundary Commission?
Answer:
Sir Cyril Radcliffe was the Chairman of Boundary Commission.

Question 2.
Who is called as the man with iron will?
Answer:
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel is called as the man with iron will.

Question 3.
Expand N.D.A.
Answer:
National Democratic Alliance.

Question 4.
How many members are there in the Election Commission of India?
Answer:
Three members are there in the Election Commission of India.

Question 5.
When was the National Human Rights Commission established?
Answer:
The National Human Rights Commission was established in 1994.

Question 6.
What is social discrimination?
Answer:
Deprival of equal opportunities to the backward class is called social discrimination.

Question 7.
Write the meaning of coalition government.
Answer:
Formation of government by various political parties with different ideologies is called coalition government.

Question 8.
On which day “Voters Day” is celebrated?
Answer:
Voters Day is celebrated on 5^th January of every year.

Question 9.
Name the dictator of Libya.
Answer:
Muammar Quddafi is a dictator of Libya.

Question 10.
Who have signed ‘Tashkent’-Agreement?
Answer:
Lai Bahadur Shastri and Ayub Khan signed Tashkent Agreement.

II. Answer any ten of the following questions in two words or two sentences each: (10 × 2 = 20)

Question 11.
How many states was Bombay divided into? Which are they?
Answer:
Bombay was divided into two states. They are Maharashtra and Gujarath.

Question 12.
What is All India Services? Give an example.
Answer:
A group of persons who are recruited by the Central Government and working both to Central and State governments is called All India Services.

Question 13.
Name any two leaders of Karnataka Raitha Sangha?’
Answer:
Prof. M.D.Nanjunda Swamyand Puttannaiah are the two leaders of Karnataka Raita Sangha.

Question 14.
What is caste based inequality?
Answer:
Discrimination on the basis of caste is called caste based inequality.

Question 15.
Write the meaning of identity politics.
Answer:
A pattern of belongingness, a search for comfort, an approach to community is called identity politics.

Question 16.
Mention any two coalition partners of UPA.
Answer:
Congress and DMK are the two coalition partners of UPA.

Question 17.
What is brain drain?
Answer:
An educated and skilled person who goes for more salary and higher position to abroad is called brain drain.

Question 18.
Mention two objectives of the U.N.O.
Answer:

To save the future generation from the destruction of war.
To uphold the human rights all over the world.

Question 19.
Name any two member countries of BRICS.
Answer:
India and Russia are the member countries of BRICS.

Question 20.
When and where the 1st NAM summit was held?
The 1^st NAM Summit was held in 1961 at Belgrade of Yugoslavia.

Question 21.
Name any two military alliances.
NATO and Warsaw are the two military alliances.

Question 22.
Name any two militant groups of Sri Lanka.
Answer:

Tamil United Liberation Front.
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Ealam.

III. Answer any eight of the following questions in 15-20 sentences each: (8 × 5 = 40)

Question 23.
Explain briefly the Government of India Act 1935.
Answer:
The reforms of 1919, failed to fulfill the aspirations of the people of India. The Congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi started agitation for ‘Swaraj’ to be attained through ‘Non-co-operation’.

As per the Government of India Act 1919, a statutory commission was to be appointed at the expiration of ten years after the passing of the Act for the purpose of inquiring into the working of the system and the development of representative institutions in India.

The British Government appointed a Statutory Commission (Simon Commission) in 1927, to enquire into the report of 1919 Act. This was done as a concession to the Indian demand for an early revision of the Act. The commission headed by Sir John Simon consisted of 7 members from the British Parliament. It did not have a single Indian as a member.

It was taken as an insult to the self-respect of India and hence was boycotted. Amidst protests of, “Simon, go back”, the commission visited India. It announced in 1929, that ‘Dominion status’ was the goal of Indian developments.

Gandhi lead the 1st Round Table Conference held in 1930. Dr. Ambedkar lead the 2^nd in 1931 and again the 3^rd Round table Conference in 1932. The outcome of these conferences was announced in the form of ‘white paper’. It provided for:

Educational facilities and reservation in politics for depressed classes.
Universal Adult Franchise.
Prohibition of social boycott.
Communal representation.
Separate electorate for the untouchables.

Simon commission brought the report of the resolutions of the conferences, but Gandhi opposed the separate electorate for untouchables and decided to fast unto death. Congress leaders met Gandhi in his regard, and he was convinced. The resolution was modified by providing reservations for depressed classes instead of separate electorate for the untouchables. This was popularly known as ‘Poona pact’ signed by Gandhi and Ambedkar.

A White paper was prepared on the results of these conferences. It was examined by the Joint select committee of the British Parliament and in accordance with its recommendations, the Government of India Act 1935 was passed. The act contained 321 Articles and 13 schedules. The important provisions of the Act are:

1. Federation:
The Act provided for the establishment of ‘Federation of India’. It consisted of provinces of British India and the Princely states as units. For the first time, an attempt was made to establish a Federal Government.

2. Distribution of power:
It divided legislative powers between the Central and Provincial legislatures. There was a threefold division.
a. Federal list:
It consisted of 59 subjects like external affairs, currency, defense, etc., over which the federal legislature had legislative power.

b. Provincial list:
It consisted of 54 subjects like police, education, etc., over which provincial legislatures had jurisdiction.

c. Concurrent list:
This consisted of 36 subjects like criminal law, civil procedures, marriage, and divorce, etc., over which both the federal and provincial legislatures had competence.

d. The Residuary powers were vested with the Governor General.

3. Diarchy at the centre:
The Diarchy which was established in the provinces by the Act of 1919 was now adopted at the centre. The executive authority vested with the Governor General included the following:

a. The administration of reserved subjects like defence, external affairs, etc. was done by Governor General with the help of ‘Councilors’, who were appointed by him and not responsible to the legislature.

b. In the matters of transferred subjects, Governor General acted, on the advice of ‘Council of Ministers’, who were responsible to the legislature.

4. The Federal Legislatures:
The central legislature was bi-cameral consisting of Federal Assembly and the Council of States.

a. The Council of States consisted of 260 members, of which 156 (60%) were elected from British India and 104 (40%) were nominated by the Princely States.

b. Federal Assembly consisted of 375 members, of which 250 (67%) were elected by the legislative Assemblies and 125 (33%) nominated by the Rulers of the Princely States.

The Council was to be a permanent body. 1/3^rd of its members were to retire after 3 years. The term of House of Assembly was 5 years. Indirect method of election was prevalent for the House of Assembly. There were Bi-cameral legislatures in Bengal, Bombay, Bihar and Madras and rest of the provinces had Unicameral legislatures.

5. Federal Court:It provided for the first time, the establishment of Federal Court of India in Delhi. It was established in 1937 and consisted of a Chief Justice and 6 additional Judges appointed by his Majesty’s Government on the basis of high legal qualifications.

It had original jurisdiction to decide disputes between the Centre and the Provinces.
Appellate Jurisdiction over decisions of the High courts.
Advisory Jurisdiction to advice the Governor General on any point of Law.

It was the highest court in India. The Federal court functioned in India for about 12 years, till its transformation into Supreme Court of India in 1950, under the present constitution. The credit for its excellent works goes to Sir Maurice Gwyer, who guided the court in its formative years as its first Chief Justice.

6. Provincial Autonomy:
By this act, the provinces no longer remained as delegates of Central Government but became autonomous units of administration. The act introduced Provincial Autonomy. It was introduced in 11 provinces viz, Madras, Bombay, Bengal, the United Provinces, Punjab, Bihar, Central Provinces, Assam, the North Western Frontier Province, Orissa, and Sind.

The provinces were administered by the ministers. The differences between the reserved and transferred subjects were dropped. All subjects were placed under the charge of ministers who were made responsible and removable by the Legislative Assembly. Thus, the executive was responsible to legislature. The legislative relations between the Central Government and the Provinces were regulated according to three lists of subjects provided under this Act.

a. However, ‘Dominion status’ which was promised by the Simon Commission in 1929 was not conferred by this Act.

b. The intention to establish Federation of India did not materalize because opposition for the merger from the rulers of Princely states.

c. The degree of provincial autonomy introduced at the provincial level was limited as Central Government retained important powers and control. The Governor was given pivotal position, with discretionary powers on important matters. He was not bound by the advice of ministers. Thus, the claim of conferring provincial autonomy was very limited.

Question 24.
Give reasons for language as a basis for state re-organization.
Answer:
Language as a basis for re-organisation is important because of the following reasons.

Language is closely related to culture and customs of people.
Spread of education and literacy can occur only through medium of mother tongue.
To a common man, democracy can be real only when politics and administration are conducted, in his language.
Linguistic states can provide education, administration and judicial activity in their mother tongue. Therefore, it was assumed that free India would base its boundaries on linguistic principle.

Question 25.
Write about the “Anti Defection Law’’.
Answer:
Defection is change of loyalty to another party, without resigning from his elected post for benefits. Defector gets elected on one party’s ticket and tries to enjoy power in another party.

The word defection also called as ‘Floor Crossing in UK and ‘Carpet Crossing’ in Nigeria. The term ‘Defection’ is used in India. Defection is commonly known as ‘House funding’. Defectors are called as ‘Fence sitters’ or Turn Coats.

SriRajiv Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India decided to remove the evils of defection. Hence, Anti defection Act came into force on 1^st April through the 52^nd Constitution Amendment.

The main intention of the law was to combat “the evils of political defections”. The provisions are:
1. A member of Parliament or state legislature belonging to any political party shall be disqualified if he voluntarily quits his party.

2. He will be disqualified from his membership if he votes against his party whip in the session.

3. A member of Parliament or state Legislature belonging to any political party shall be disqualified from his membership, if he votes in the session without prior permission of his party.

4. A nominated member shall be disqualified from his membership in the upper house, if he joins any political party after six months from the date on which he assumes his position.

5. If 1/3^rd strength of any political party merges with another political party, it shall be considered as defection.

6. A person disqualified under this Act shall not be provided any office of profit.

7. The Anti-defection law determines the size of the council of Ministers. The size of the council of Ministers of Union shall exceed 15% of the total members of the Lok Sabha and similar to that of state legislative Assembly.

8. Speaker can initiate action against the members under Anti-defection law.

9. The Chairpersons of Legislative are permitted to frame the rules to implement this law.

Question 26.
Write the functions of Chief Secretary.
Answer:
Chief Secretary is the head of the Secretariat in every state. He is in charge of the administrative set-up. His authority includes all departments of the Secretariat. By reason of his experience and standing, he is able to ease out difficulties and frictions to give general guidance to other officers.

Thus he gives leadership to the administrative setup of the state. He maintains rapport between the State government and the Union government and other State governments.

Functions:
The Chief Secretary performs the following functions:

He is the Principal Adviser to the Chief Minister.
He acts as the Cabinet Secretary and attends cabinet meetings.
He exercises general supervision and control over the entire Secretariat.
He looks after all matters beyond the purview of other secretaries.
As chief of all the secretaries, he presides over a large number of committees and is a member of many others.
He is the secretary by rotation, of the zonal council of which the state is a member.
He has control over the staff attached to the ministers.
He is the bridge between that State and Central or other state Governments.
He receives confidential communication from the Government of India and conveys them to the Chief Minister.

As the head of the administrative Machineiy, Chief of the Civil Services, Mentor and conscience keeper of Civil services, he plays a significant role in the state administration.

Question 27.
What are the causes for Feminist Movement?
Answer:
The causes few Feminist Movement are as follows.
1. Inequality:
It is evident that Indian society is male dominated and preference is given to the male members. Though men and women are born equally and Consitution also uphold the equality between the two, women are deprived of education, employment, decision making, and property rights. This has led to agitation.

2. The evils of dowry:
Hie evils of dowry have forced parents to become debtors, the girls to brothels and uneven sex ratio through female foeticide and infanticide. As a result of this uneven ratio of men and women in society, rape and other heinous crimes are on-die rise.

3. Denial of human rights:
The atrocities on women have denied them human rights and other rights like right to life, liberty, freedom of expression and others. Their existence and survival depends upon the mercy of the male members. Decision making is the birth right of men in matters of education, marriage, property rights and family issues.

4. Social strata based on gender:
Men have not spared any of the fields including cultural, social, religious, political and exercise their monopoly and continue their attrocities on women. Women are treated as slaves and bonded labourers. This has made the women to organize themselves and start an agitation.

5. Sexual abuse and molestation:
Irrespective of the age, time and place, the above heinous crimes are taking place. To regain the right to decide about children or to get aborted without the interference of husband or politicians through governmental policies, women are uniting together and fighting for justice.

6. Domestic violence:
Women shoulder the entire household responsibilites like raring and caring of, children, domestic work and the related tasks. The cohabitants of the family become the victims of domestic violence because of irresponsible, illiterate and drunkard husbands who lack discretion. This may take the form of physical, mental, sexual harassment and finally it may take women’s life as a toll. To avoid such violence, women organisations are established.

Question 28.
Discuss the political implication of backward class movement.
Answer:
The causes mentioned above paved the way for Backward Classes Movement in India. Sayyaji Rao Gaikwad of Gwalior was the first one to introduce reservation to backward classes. Nalwadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar, the Maharaja of Mysore formed a Commission headed by Leslie Miller in 1918 to go into the details of backward classes and find solutions.

In addition to it, his majesty appointed Sri Kantharaje Urs who belonged to the backward class as the Diwan of Mysore Samsthan who implemented the recommendations of the Commission and provided 50% reservation to those classes. Sri Venkata Krishnaiah popularly known as Thataiah of Mysore and Sri Kongadiyappa of Doddaballapur started Educational Institutions for the sake of backward community.

Constitutional Provisions:
a. The Constitution of India provides reservation in public employment in favour of any backward classes under Art. 16(4).

b. According to Art. 340, the President of India is authorized to appoint National Backward Classes Commission.

c. To provide loan and financial assistance to the people of other castes who are below poverty line, National Backward Classes Finance and Development Corporation is formed.

d. All the States of the Indian Union can form State Backward Classes Commissions and Development Corporations. In Karnataka, Devraj Urs Development Corporation is functioning.

e. The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) receives complaints aganist the violation of rights and discrimination aganist women, scheduled caste, scheduled tribe, and other backward classes.

Question 29.
What are the causes of illiteracy?
Answer:
Illiteracy means inability of a person to read and write in any language. Amartya Sen described illiteracy as one of unfreedoms.
Causes:
1. Population explosion:
India is the second most populous country in the world. It consists of 17.5% of World’s total population. The population of Karnataka has increased to 6.11 crores. Hence, it has become a challenging task for the Government to provide literacy.

2. Poverty:
Due to poverty, majority of the children suffer form malnutrition and anaemia. Parents from poor and low income families, find it difficult to send their children to schools.

3. Social backwardness:
Hierarchical caste system, inferiority complex among people, ignorance about importance of education, taboos have prevented large number of people from getting literate. Further, a large percentage of girls, particularly in rural areas have been denied access to primary education due to customs, traditions and the practice of gender inequality.

4. Child labour:
Prevalence of child labour due to poor socioeconomic conditions is seen all over India. According to National Crime Record Bureau Report, there were 2 crores child labourers, across the country in 2011. They are working in hotels, small scale industries, carpet weaving, fire works, etc. All these hinder them from getting primary education.

5. Poor infrastructure:
Most of the schools across the country have no proper buildings, required number of qualified teachers and study materials. The school environment is also not conducive for learning and teaching. There is lack of adequate transport facilities for school children, particularly in the rural areas.

Question 30.
Explain briefly the five components of nation building.
Answer:
The process of Nation-building started with the attainment of independence. The leaders of modern India initiated the process in the right direction as they worked out the details in an orderly and systematic way. However, during implementation, they had to face numerous problems associated with national reconstruction resulting in a slow process.

Hence, they are expected to elect competent and honest representatives. They formulate a sound public opinion on important national issues. As J.S. Mill said ‘Eternal vigilance is the price of democracy’.

3. Committed Leadership:
History depicts many examples of committed leadership. Eg. the US President F. D. Roosevelt solved the crisis of Economic depression by adopting the New Deal Policy and US became a superpower at global level after the II World War.

In India Nehru’s leadership largely contributed to the process of nation-building. He formulated goals for nation-building and introduced planning system, adopted industrialization policy and socialistic pattern of society. He had vision and farsightedness for the transformation of India. Hence Nehru is called the Architect of Modern India.

6. Universal Education:
For the development of a nation universal education is of paramount importance. It enables the person to understand his potentiality and strengthens dignity. As Gandhi said, “Education is the light of life”. It encourages people to develop the spirit of enquiry the ability to analyze the national problems and to work for national progress. Education also equips the people to shun fanaticism, parochialism, communalism, casteism and religious fundamentalism. The Right To Education Act 2009 implemented in 2010 is a step in this direction.

One has to a acquire knowledge about the history of his motherland and its contributions to human civilizations. Realizing the significance of national character, the makers of the Indian constitution have asserted the supremacy of popular sovereignty in the preamble reading with the expression.” We the people of India”.

Question 31.
How youths can control corruption?
Answer:
Youth against corruption: As it is documented in Atharva veda, “The wealth earned through pious means flourisher, those who earn through dishonest means are destroyed. There is also a mention in Kautilya’s Arthashastra about corruption is wide spread all over the world.

India is not an exception, bribery, extortion, fraud, embezzlement, nepotism, cronyism influence peddling, speed money are some of the terms used on par with corruption.

Corruption is derived from the Latin verb ‘rumpere’ meaning to break it means corruption is where the law is clearly broken.
As Ram Ahuja opined, the use of public power for Private in the way that constitutes a breach of law or a deviation from the norms of society.

Avasthi and Maheshwari viewed corruption as “The deliberate and international exploitation of one’s position, status or resources directly or indirectly for personal aggrandizement’.

The needs of the hour is to come out of this bane and to have good governance, it requires the following base.
1. Education:
Formal and informal education has to encompass not only curricula but also values of life. Schools, colleges and universities while framing curriculum, should focus to motivate both the faculty and pupil to awaken against corruption at different levels. As Kothari Commission rightly observed ‘the destiny of a nation is shaped in the-class room’.

2. Morality:
Gandhi in the wake of removal of corruption said ‘On this earth there is enough for everyone’s needs not for greeds. The youth should be able to differentiate need and greed more than 1/2 of the total population in India come in between the age group of 18 to 35. This asset is to be utilized to the core to build a strong India against corruption, which is a white collar criminality. They have to follow the policy of ‘live and let live’.

3. Means and ends:
By adopting democratic values, maintaining transparency following peaceful ways and tolerance respecting elders, youth have to fight against corruption.

4. Role models:
As Swami Vivekananda gave a clarion call to the youth, “Awake arise and stop not till the goal is reached”. Dr. A.P. J. Abdul Kalam has reached lakhs of students and youth. He called them to get good education, being better human beings and through eradicating corruption attain the best governance.

5. Youth movement:
Lokanayak Jayaprakash Narayan the pioneer of the total revolution, inspired youth during 1970’s to revolt against the corrupt administration who travelled all over India to fight against this evil. During 1980’s All Assam Student’s Union (AASU) fought against the corrupt administration which threatened North Eastern States.

Question 32.
Explain the political implications of globalization.
Answer:
Globalisation is the process of intergrating the economy of the country with world economy. It is a movement towards greater interaction. Integration and interdependence among people and organisation across borders. The strongest manifestion of Globalisation has been the increasing economics intergration among the countries in trade and investment.

An important attribute of globalization is the increasing degree of openness, which has three dimensions, ie. international trade, international investment, and international finance. It involves creation of networks and activities transcending economic, social and geographical boundaries. The Economy of India had undergone significat policy shifts in the beginning of the 1990’s. This new model of economic reforms is commonly known as the liberalization, privatizaton and globalisation(LPG) model.

The chain of reforms that took place with regard to business, manufacturing and financial industries targeted at strengthening the economy of the country to a more proficient level. These economic reforms had influenced the overall economic growth of the country in a significant manner.
In brief, the salient points of Globalisation are:

Efficiency.
Transfer of technology.
Concept of a global village.
Mobility of labour force.
Global competion resulting in better performance.
Outsourcing and
Optimum utilization of human resources.

The political implications of globalisation are as follows:
1. Power subjugation:
The effects of globalisation has brought a lot of changes in the world economy. For small countries, it is inevitable to accept the economic decisions of big countries, which leads to power subjugation.

2. Affects the sovereignty:
As a result of globalisation in the fields of economy, trade, transportation, etc., the sovereign countries are bound by the decisions of stronger countries. Hence it affects the sovereignty of a country in totality.

3. Cultural invasion:
Culture is a complex, wholesome and exclusive to each country. The influence of globalisation in the name of cultural exchange not only invades but also degenerates the youth who are the architects of the future.

4. Enslavement of lifestyle:
Globalisation has largely affected the younger generation. Food habits, general behaviour, mutual relationship, respect to elders, human values and ultimately the whole generation has become slave in the clutches of globalisation.

5. Elimination of subsidies:
The major impact of globalisation is the curtailment of subsidies to all sectors including agriculture, in a phased manner. The worst hit are the peasants who are the backbone of the country.

6. Political Instability:
The impact of globalisation mainly is economic depression, boom or even recession which directly affects the political stability of a country. Hence development comes to a stand still. Thus globalisation as a process of integrating the economy of the country with world economy has gone a long way.

Question 33.
Bring out the importance of the international relations.
Answer:
The core concepts of International Relations pertaining to politics are as follows:
a. State Sovereignty:
Jean Bodin has described the concept of Sovereignty in his work “De Republica”. He emphasizes on the state Sovereignty within their territorial jurisdiction. No State can dictate others and all States are equal in matters of status, dignity and honour. For instance, India under the British imperialism lost its sovereignty and gained its state hood only in 1947. Iraq during the Gulf war in 1990, is an example for aggression on the Sovereignty.

b. National Interests:
It is the action of the State in relation to other States. As Frankel opined, it refers to the aspiration of the state. The determinants of national interest are qualities of personalities and ideals of the decision makers.

c. Power Blocs:
With the beginning of the cold war, two power blocs emerged, i.e., USA and USSR. President of U S. Harry S. Truman believed in the spread of democracy whereas the Warsaw Pact under Soviet policy sought the spread of Communism. Capitalistic ideology spread in UK, France, Germany, and Communist ideology spread in Poland, Bulgaria, Rumania, and Hungery.

d. Polarity:
Polarities in international relations refer to the arrangement of power within the international system. The concept arose from bi-polarity during the cold war between the two super powers. The disintegration of the USSR has led to uni-polarity with the United States as the superpower.

With rapid economic growth in 2010, China became the world’s second largest economy. Combined with the respectable international position, China has emerged as a major power in the multi-polar world.

e. Balance of Power:
The concept of Balance of Power refers to relative power position of States as actors in international relations, with its emphasis on the cultivation of power and the utilization of power for resolving the problems. Morgenthau used the term ‘Balance of Power’ as an approximately equal distribution of power. It is an inseparable part of the power politics.

Question 34.
Write about Panchsheel principles.
Answer:
Panchasheel continues to be another fundamental principle of Indian foreign policy. An agreement signed between Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Chinese Prime Minister Zhow-en-Lai on April, 29th 1954, sought to govern the relationship between India and China on the basis of five principles.

Mutual respect for each others territorial integrity and sovereignty.
Mutual non-aggression.
Mutual non-interference in each others internal affairs.
Equality and mutual benefits.
Peaceful coexistence.

It is a principle of peaceful co-existence with other countries, it guided the basis of relationship between 1954-57 marked by numerous visits and exchanges. This period is described as Sino-Indian honeymoon.

IV. Answer any two of the following questions in 30 to 40 sentences: (2 × 10 = 20)

Question 35.
Explain the functions of Election Commission of India.
Answer:
Democratic system in India provides for impartial, free and fair elections. The framers of Indian constitution clearly made provisions for an statutory body called Election Commission to conduct elections in India. Article 324 to 329 in part XV deals with the composition, powers, and functions of the Election Commission.

The Election Commission conducts elections to the office of the President, Vice President Union Parliament, Legislature of State, Union territories and Local bodies.

1. Composition of Election commission:
Article 324 provides for the office of the Election Commission of India. It consists of the Chief Election Commissioner and the other Election Commissioners. Till 1993, it was a single-member body but later on, it became a three-member body during the Prime Ministership of Sri P.V. Narasimha Rao.

2. Appointment and Removal:
According to Art 342 (2), Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners are appointed by the President of India on the advice of Union Cabinet. The term of office is 6 years or till they reach the age of 65 years.

Article 324 (6) makes provisions for the salaries, allowances and other privileges to the Chief Election Commissioners, Election Commissioners, and the Personnel. The Parliament determines their salaries from time to time.

3. Removal:
According to Article 324(5), the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners can be removed from their office in the same manner as the Judges of Supreme Court, on the grounds of misbehavior and incapacity to discharge their constitutional obligations.

4. Power and functions:
According to Article 324 (1), the Election Commission does the following.

Prepares electoral roll and its periodical revision.
Holds elections to Parliament, State Legislatures and offices of President and Vice President.
After the announcement of elections, it decides the time table.
It conducts by-elections to vacant seats.
It grants recognition to political parties as National and State parties.

According to Election Emblem Act 2000.

5. For National party:
1. 6% of valid votes in 4 or more States in LokSabha or Vidhana Sabha election and 4 LokSabha seats in any State or States or
2. Minimum 2% of Lok Sabha seats in 3 States.

6. For State party:
1. 6% of valid votes in Lok Sabha or Vidhana Sabha elections from the State and two Vidhana Sabha seats, or
2. 3% seats of total Vidhana Sabha seats in the States or success at least in three constituencies.

It scrutinizes the nomination papers.
It allots symbols to political parties and independent candidates.
It appoints officers and other staff members to conduct election and make necessary arrangements.
It can order for re-poll in any constituency or any polling booth.
It can withhold the election results on valid grounds.
The President or the Governor acts on the advice of the Election Commission at the time of disqualification of members of the house.

It enforces the code of conduct for the candidates and political parties i.e. the election expenses and submission of accounts after election, environmental protection against noise pollution, etc., during elections. As per the Representation of People’s Act (RPA) of 1950 and 1951, Election Commission of India conducts the process of election.

Question 36.
Explain the causes and remedial measures to eradicate communalism.
Answer:
Communalism is an ideology of the followers of one particular religion is witnessed as a homogenous and distinct group, disrespecting other religions.

Causes:
1. Policy of the British India:
discriminatory policies of the East India Company regarding divide and rule, destroyed the unity between Hindus and Muslims. It was manifested in the Sepoy Mutiny (1857). During the period of Viceroy Lord Curzon, Bengal was divided (1905) on the basis of religion. Communal electorate for Muslims was .introduced during the period of Lord Minto. All these intensified the cause of communalism.

2. Hind-Muslim Nationalism:
Communal organizations were formed by separatists. In 1906, Muslim League and Hindu Mahasabha came into existence. Mohammad Ali Jinnah who was called as ‘Muslim Gokhale’ of India was brain washed by the Britishers. He became the champion of two nation theory based on religion. Extremists of the Indian National Congress began to assert their demands. These developments created suspicion and distrust between Hindus and Muslims before Independence.

3. Communal Riots:
Large scale communal riots took place in India after Independence. Religious minorities both in India and Pakistan became victims during this situation, and were attacked and tortured. Later communal riots occurred in Bhagalpur, Meerut, Kanpur, Lucknow, Ayodhya, Ahmedabad, Mumbai and in many other places.

The demolition of Babri Majid at Ayodhya by a mob on 6^th December 1992, largely contributed for the animosity between Hindus and Muslims, and the successive events intensified the mistrust between these communities.

4. Politically manipulated:
In India many issues are politically manipulated by leaders for their selfish gain. This leads to hatred among the communities.

5. Communality in organization:
Different communities in India established their own organizations based on communality, to support particular political parties in their interest.

2. National integration:
It is the process of uniting the people emotionally and politically. India is a land of diversity. It is in a limited sense to call this a single nation because it has various religion, languages, castes, cultures, etc. So for the success of Indian democracy, promotion of national integration is necessary.

3. Neighbourhood Peace Committees:
The aftermath of Babri Masjid demolition and subsequent communal riots and social tensions in different places and ineffective Governmental measures has made it vital to establish Neighbourhood Peace Committees with eminent or prominent people as its members. These members must be nominated from each community in riot prone or communally sensitive areas.

The main objectives are arresting and containing social tensions which may flare up communal riots in the neighbourhood areas taking precautionary measures to prevent the eruption of communal clashes.

In the aftermath of conflict restoring normalcy and pacifying affected people. Establishing harmonious relationship between the communities and extending all possible help to affected people.

Question 37.
Discuss the importance and political implications of liberalisation.
Answer:
Liberalization is the “willingness to respect or accept behaviour or opinion different from one’s own; open to new ideas”. Liberalization is the process of liberating the economy from various regulatory mechanism and eleimination of customs and tariffs. Economic liberalization is the policy of relaxation over economic and trade policies.

A. Importance of Liberalization are as follows:
1. Consumer-friendly:
This leads to lower costs and prices for consumers to get the gods and services according to his wishes. There are many number of companies which bring lot of quantity products for consumer’s interests and demands. In liberalised economy, consumer gets more benefits.

2. Free from Government regulations:
Government provides free movement of trade and commerce where any private company can easily carry on their business activities without any restrictions. The companies need not undergo procedural delay by government.

3. Promotes competitions:
Liberalisations extends competition within different company’s trade firms. Basically they keep the standards and cheaper prices for consumers. Competition promoters efficiency and avoids wastage of resources.

4. Promotes world business class:
Liberalization makes new changes is an advance technology and logistics for better services. That can be useful to save time, energy and money. It promotes the high quantity of products and supplies the same in time.

B. Political implications of liberalization are as follows:
1. Risk of brain drain:
In the name of liberalised policy citizens knock at the door of international opportunities, with their knowledge and skill. The developing nations face lots of problem from such brain drain.

2. Reduces dependency on labour:
As the process itself is capital intensive, it reduces dependency on labour and cuts opportunities for jobs.

3. Risk of environmental degradation:
The incessant industrial activity at the global level generates lot of wastage leading to environmental degradation.

4. Regulates the price of certain commodities:
The price of certain commodities like-life saving drugs, fertilizers, etc., are automatically controlled by the world trade forums and associations.

5. Affects common man:
It affects the common man in his day-to-day life as he finds it’s difficult to earn his livelihood.

6. Risk of financial instability:
Flexibility (laxity) of monetary and fiscal policies of the Government may lead to financial crisis like recession and depression.

Question 38.
Explain the establishment and areas of co-operation of SAARC.
Answer:
In the rapidly changing global environment, regional integration in south Asia has assumed a new strategic significance. As a largest economy of the South Asian Region. It is imperative and right time for India to inculcate an environment of trust among SAARC partners. India stands to gain substantially from greater economic integration in the region.

a. Summit level co-operation:
India has participated in all the summit level meetings. During the 16^th SAARC Summit held in New Delhi on 3^rd and 4^th April 2007, the leaders recognized collectivelly in fulfilling this in a better way with the rest of the world.

The Prime Minister of India Mr. Rajiv Gandhi attended the first SAARC Summit held in Bangladesh in 1985. He emphasized the core issue of economic development in the South Asian region with joint efforts. India is committed to fostering the sense of a South Asian mutual confidence in multiple areas in trying to leverage India’s rapid economic growth into win-win arrangements with her neighbours.

b. SAARC Regional Centres:
India is having two regional centres:

SAARC Documentation Centre (SDC) in New Delhi.
SAARC Disaster Management Centre (SDMC) in New Delhi.

c. SAARC Development Fund (SDF):
India has been one of major contributors to the SAARC development Fund. The Fund has three areas of action on social, economic and infrastructure. India has offered US$100 million for the SAARC Countries.

d. Economics Co-operation: The Agreement on SAARC preferential Trading Arrangement trade negotiations have been concluded. India being an important member of the group intiated a step to ensure that the nations go beyond the rhetoric and make the Summit 5 meaningful.

V. Answer any two of the following questions in 15-20 sentences each: (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 39.
Write a note on ‘Independence day’ celebration in your college.
Answer:
Independence day, a memorable occasion for the nation was celebrated in our college this year also. Under the guidance of the teachers, students had decorated the college grounds one day before and erected a podium, as well as a stage for the cultural. programmes.

There was a march-past by the NCC cadets, followed by the school band. There were some cultural programmes like singing, mime act, monoacting and a skit about the Jalianwalabagh massacre. The programmes were much appreciated. The function came to an end with the vote of thanks and sweet distribution. We all dispersed.

What are the powers and functions of the UPSC?
Answer:
Article 315 provides for the establishment of the Union Public Service Commission. UPSC is an independent constitutional body entrusted with the work of recruitment on the basis of merit.

1. Composition:
At present, the UPSC is composed of a Chairman and 10 members. Members are appointed by the President. It provides for half of the members of the Commission to be administrators with a minimum of the 10 years experience in government service. Nothing is mentioned regarding the qualifications of the remaining members.

2. Tenure:
A member of the Union Public Service Commission holds office for a period of 6 years or till he attains the age of 65 years, whichever comes earlier. Chairman or members of the commission, are not eligible for re-appointment after retirement. The Chairman of the UPSC is also not eligible for further employment under central or state governments, however, a member of the UPSC may be appointed as a Chairman of the UPSC or the state Public Service Commission.

3. Removal:
A Chairman and members of the UPSC, can be removed from the office only by an order of the President, on the ground of misbehaviour proved by the Supreme Court. All these provisions have been made to make the Commission an independent and impartial body.

Functions:
Article 320 of the Indian Constitution enumerate the functions of the UPSC:

To conduct examinations for appointment to the services of the Union and All India Service.
To assist two or more states, on request for joint recruitment for any services.
To advise the government on matters relating to the methods of recruitment, promotions, transfers, disciplinary actions and inter service matters.
To present annual report regarding its working to the President.
To exercise such additional functions as provided by an act of Parliament.
To serve all or any needs of the state government on request by the Governor and with the approval of the President.

Question 40.
Write a note on any one Indian political leader.
Answer:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is acknowledged as the leader of the untouchables and underprivileged in the Indian social strata. For his work in piloting the Constitution of Independent India through the Constituent Assembly, he is also hailed as the Modem Manu.

Dr. Ambedkar was the 14^th child of Ramji Sakpal and Bhimabai of the Mahar community in Maharashtra. He was born on 14^th April 1891. He lost his mother when he was only six and was brought up by his aunt. He had his school education in Satara.

He completed his graduation in Bombay with the support of the Maharaja of Baroda. He did his M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the Colombia University in 1915 and 1916 respectively. Later he got his Law and D.Sc degrees also.

In 1924, he started an asspciation for the welfare of the depressed classes. He also started the newspapers ‘Bahiskrit Bharat’ in Hindi and ‘Mooka Nayaka‘ in Marathi. These were to motivate the people to fight for independence and also to champion the cause of the depressed classes for social reforms. His important works were ‘Administration and Finance of the East India Company’, ‘Buddha and Karl Marx’ and ‘Caste in India’ among others.

He was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee for framing our Constitution. In the Interim government, he was the Law Minister in Nehru’s cabinet. He renounced active politics and embraced Buddhism. He spent the rest of his life propagating the message of Buddhism. He passed away on 6^th December 1956. Dr. Ambedkar’s memory will remain long in our hearts.

Write about Kashmir issue in India- Pakistan relations.
Answer:
Pakistan occupies the North-Western corner of the Indian subcontinent. To the West is Iran, to the North-west Afghanistan, to the Northeast, China and to East India.

India and Pakistan were part of British India before Independence. It was partitioned due to ‘divide and rule policy’ of British. Pakistan has close ethnic, cultural and historical links with India. Common blood flows across the land. The trauma, agony and fratricidal conflicts of partition of 1947 still haunt the relationship between the two countries. The mutual distrust and animosity affect Indo-Pak relations.

1. Causes for Dispute:
India and Pakistan represent not only different state systems but also different approaches towards society and polity. The undivided India was a nation many diversities and composite nationalism. During the struggle for liberation from British colonialism, Religious Communalism was promoted which spoiled the composite nationalism. After the achievement of independence with partition of the country.

India opted for Socio-cultural pluralism recognizing multi-religious, multi-lingual and multi-regional and multicultural diversities, while Pakistan opted for a Islamic Democratic style by emphasizing religion as the major and operative principle of its nation-building. As a result, in India, the composite nationalism emerged with its secular overtones in Pakistan triumphant religious communalism with Islamic orientation emerged.

2. Kashmir Issue:
In India’s Perspective Kashmir is an integral part of the Republic of India and to Pakistan, it is a disputed territory. The argument of Pakistan on Kashhmir is that, since the partition of the country was done on religious basis and majority of populations are Muslims, Kashmir should be part of Pakistan.

This argument failed to recognize the following facts:-
1. Partition was done of the British Indian provinces and not of the Indian princely states.

2. National Conference was the only major political party in Kashmir, which was affiliated to Congress, it was opposed to Pakistan and had faith in secular politics.

3. The Indian princely states had the freedom to join either India or Pakistan.

4. India is a secular state consisted of multi-religious population. So, the Kashmiris formally decided to join India after the invasion of its territory by Pakistani tribals supported by the members of Pakistan Army.

3. Major Pacts:
After wars between India and Pakistan in 1966 and 1971, both the countries affirmed the need for negotiated peaceful settlement of disputes in the Tashkent Declaration of 1966 between Lai Bahadur Sastri and Ayub Khan. In 1988 both the countries signed the agreement not to attack nuclear installation and facilities of each other, but in May 1999, Pakistan conducted the nuclear test at the Chagai Hills Region.

Though this has been reiterated by successive governments in Indio and Pakistan, the infiltration by well-armed Pakistani troops across the line of control (LoC) continued.

After the meeting in Lahore between the Indian Prime Minister, A.B. Vajpayee and Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in February 1999 with his historical bus journey to Pakistan the infiltration in the Kargil sector took place which cretated a war-like situation in Kashmir in June and July 1999.

There are indications that India and Pakistan are trying to overcome the past and build a future of mutual trust and understanding as independent countries with frequent visits of leaders of both countries, to discuss several bilateral issues. As a members of SAARC both countries are trying for solutions to their problems mutually and to establish peace in the South Asian region.

2nd PUC Accountancy Model Question Paper 2 with Answers

September 24, 2024September 22, 2024 by Prasanna

Students can Download 2nd PUC Accountancy Model Question Paper 2 with Answers, Karnataka 2nd PUC Accountancy Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Accountancy Model Question Paper 2 with Answers

Time: 3 Hrs 15 Min
Max. Marks: 100

Instructions: –

All sub questions of Section – A should be answered continuously at one place.
Provide working notes wherever necessary.
15 minutes extra time has been allotted for the candidates to read the questions.
Figures in the right hand margin indicates full marks.

Section – A

I. Answer any Eight questions, each question carries One mark : ( 8 × 1 = 08 )

Question 1.
Receipt and payment account is a summary of all capital receipts and payments (state true / false)
Answer:
False

Question 2.
State any one feature of partnership.
Answer:
Nature of the business/Profit or loss sharing ratio.

Question 3.
At the time of admission of a new partner, general reserve appearing in the old balance sheet is transferred to:
(a) All partner capital accounts
(b) New partner’s capital A/c
(c) Old partners capital A/c
(d) None of the above
Answer:
Old partners capital A/c

Question 4.
Why gain ratio is required on retirement of a partners?
Answer:
For the purpose of writing off the goodwill created to the extent of retiring partner’s share.

Question 5.
………………. is minimum numbers of members in a public Ltd., company.
Answer:
Seven

Question 6.
Debenture holder are ………………. of the company.
Answer:
Creditors

Question 7.
Expand EBIT.
Answer:
Earning before interest and tax.

Question 8.
The financial statement of a business enterprise include.
(a) Balance sheet
(b) Statement of profit and loss
(c) Cash flow statement
(d) All of the above
Answer:
All of the above

Question 9.
Name any one type of Turnover Ratio.
Answer:
Inventory turnover ratio

Question 10.
Give an example for investing activities.
Answer:
Cash payments to acquire fixed assets.

Section – B

II. Answer any Five questions, each question carries Two marks : ( 5 x 2 = 10 )

Question 11.
State any two features of receipts and payments a/c.
Answer:
Features of receipts and payments account:

it is a real account
It is prepared on cash system of accounting.

Question 12.
Name any two methods for calculation of interest on drawings.

Fixed capital system	Fluctuating capital system
Two separate accounts are maintained for each partner i.e., capital account and current account.	Each partner has one account, i.e., capital account.
Capital account balance remains unchanged unless there is addition to or withdraw of capital	Capital account balance fluctuates from year to year.

Question 13.
What is Revaluation A/c?
Answer:
Revaluation account is an account prepared in connected with recording of increase or decrease in the value of assets and liabilities and to find out the profit or loss on revaluation.

Question 14.
Give the meaning of Realisation Account.
Answer:
Realisation account is an account prepared at the time of dissolution of a firm to ascertain the profit or loss on the realisation of assets and payment of liabilities.

Question 15.
State any two types of issue of shares.
Answer:
Preference shares
Equity shares.

Question 16.
List any two objective of financial statements.
Answer:
Two objectives of financial statements:

To present a true and fair view of the financial performance, ie., profit / loss of the business
To provide information about cash flows.

Question 17.
What is Trend Analysis?
Answer:
It is a financial statement analysis method that determines the direction upwards or downwards and involves computation of percentage relationship that each statement items bear to the same item in the base year. .
Or
It is a financial statement analysis technique that shows changes in the amounts of corresponding • financial statement items over a period of time.

Question 18.
What is cash flow statement?
Answer:
A cash flow statement is a statement showing inflows (receipts) and outflows (payments) of cash during a particular period.

Section – C

III. Answer any Four questions, each question carries Six marks : ( 4 x 6 = 24 )

Question 19.
Anita and Kavita are partners sharing profits in the ratio 3 : 2 with capital of ₹ 1,00,000 and ₹ 60,000 respectively. Interest on capital is agreed at 6% per annum. Kavita is to be allowed an annual salary of ₹ 5,000. During the year Anita withdrew ₹ 10,000 and Kavita ₹ 5,000 for personal use. The interest on the same being ₹ 1000 and ₹ 500 respectively. The profit for the year ending March 31, 2018, amounted ₹ 25,000.
Prepare profit and loss appropriation account.
Answer:
Profit and loss appropriation a/c for the year ending 31st March 2018
2nd PUC Accountancy Model Question Paper 2 with Answers - 1

Question 20.
Prakash and Akash are partners sharing profits and losses in the ratio of 3 : 2. They admitted Ramesh into the partnership giving him 1/5th share which he acquire from Prakash and Akash in 2:1 ratio.
Calculate New Profit Sharing Ratio.
Answer:
Share sacrificed = Sacrifice Ratio x New Partner’s share
2nd PUC Accountancy Model Question Paper 2 with Answers - 3
New share = Old share – Share sacrificed

Ramesh = $\frac{1}{5}$ i.e., $\frac{3}{15}$ [NPSR =7 : 5 : 3]

Question 21.
Akash, Anil and Adarsh are partners sharing profits and losses in the ratio of 3 : 2 : 1. Their capitals as on 01.04.2017 were ₹ 70,000, ₹ 90,000 and ₹ 60,000 respectively. Akash died on 31.12.2017 and the partnership deed provided the following:
a. Interest on capital at 8% p.a.
b. Akash’s salary ₹ 2,000 per month.
c. His share of accrued profit upto the date of death based on previous years profit. Firm’s
profit for 2016-17 ₹ 24,000.
d. His share of goodwill ₹ 12,000.
Ascertain the amount payable to Akash’s excecutor by preparing Akash1’s Capital A/c
2nd PUC Accountancy Model Question Paper 2 with Answers - 5

Question 22.
A company Ltd issued 20,000,12% debentures of ₹ 100 each at a premium of ₹ 10 per debenture payable as follows:
On application ₹ 30
On allotment ₹ 60 (Including premium)
On first and final call ₹ 20.
All the debentures were subscribed and the money duly received.
Pass the journal enters upto the stage of first and final call money due.
Answer:
2nd PUC Accountancy Model Question Paper 2 with Answers - 6

Question 23.
From the following information extracted from the books of Karnataka Ltd. Prepare Balance Sheet of the company as at 31.03.2017 as per schedule. III of the companies act of 2013.
Tab;le
Answer:
2nd PUC Accountancy Model Question Paper 2 with Answers - 7

Question 24.
Current Ratio is 3 : 2 and working capital is ₹ 1,00,000. Calculate the amount of current assets
and current liabilities.
Answer:

Given →p Current Ratio =3 : 2
Working Caphal = Current assets – Current Liabilities
1,00,000 = 3 – 2, 1,00,000=1
∴ Current Assets = 1,00,000 x $\frac{3}{1}$ = 3,00,000
∴ Current Assets = 1,00,000 x $\frac{3}{1}$ = 3,00,000

Question 25.
From the following information calculate cash flows from financing activities
2nd PUC Accountancy Model Question Paper 2 with Answers - 10
During the year secured loan repaid ₹ 4,00,000 with interest of ₹ 20,000 and received dividend of ₹ 50,000
Answer:
Cash Flows from financial activities

[Note : As per AS – 3 (Revised] Cash inflow arising from interest and dividend received should be shown as cash flow from investing activities]

Section – D

VI. Answer any Four questions, each question carries Twelve marks : ( 4 x 12 = 48 )

Question 26.
Following are the Balance Sheet and Receipts and Payments Account of Sharada Education Society:
2nd PUC Accountancy Model Question Paper 2 with Answers - 12
Adjustments:
1. Audit fees ₹ 2500 still due.
2. Charge ₹ 250 as deprecation on furniture
3. Half of the donation is to be considered as revenue
4. Outstanding Subscriptions ₹ 2000 and Subscriptions received in advance ₹ 1500 Prepare
(a) Income and Expenditure account.
(b) Balance Sheet as on 31-3-2018.
Answer:
2nd PUC Accountancy Model Question Paper 2 with Answers - 13

Working Notes:
Calculation of O/s Interest on Govt. Bonds
2nd PUC Accountancy Model Question Paper 2 with Answers - 15

Question 27.
Digvijay, Brijesh and Parakram were partners in a firm sharing profits in the ratio of 2:2 :1. Their balance sheet as on March 31,2018 was as follows.
Answer:
2nd PUC Accountancy Model Question Paper 2 with Answers - 16
Brijesh retired on March 31.2018 on the following terms.
1. Goodwill of the firms was valued at ₹ 60,000 and goodwill account to be raised to the extent of retiring partner’s share and Written off immediately.
2. Bad debts amounting to ₹ 2,000 were to be written off.
3. Patents were considered as valueless.
Prepare:
(i) Revaluation Account
(ii) Partners Capital AccoOnts and
(iii) Balance Sheet of Digvijay and Parakram after Brjesh retirement.
Answer:
2nd PUC Accountancy Model Question Paper 2 with Answers - 17

Question 28.
Anita and Sunita are partners sharing Profits and Losses equally. Their balance sheet as on 3 1.03.2018 was as follows:
2nd PUC Accountancy Model Question Paper 2 with Answers - 18
On the above date the firm was dissolved The folloiing information is available:
a. Assets realised as follows : Debtors ₹ 25,600, Stock ₹ 39,000 Building ₹ 66,000
b. Anita took over 50% of Investments at 10% less on its book value and remaining
Investments was sold at a gain of 20%.
c. Furniture was taken over by Sunita at ₹ 12,000
d. Realization expenses amounted to ₹ 2,000
Prepare:
(a) Realization A/c
(b) Partners’ Capital Accounts
(c) Cash A/c
Answer:
2nd PUC Accountancy Model Question Paper 2 with Answers - 19

Question 29.
ABC Company Ltd., Issued 20,000 equity shares of ₹ 10 each The amount was payable as follows:
On application ₹ 2
On allotment ₹ 3
On first and find call ₹ 5.
All the shares were subscribed Akash holding 500 shares did not pay first and final call money.
The directors forfeited his shares and these shares were re-issued to Sagar at ₹ 7 per share as fully paid up.
Give the necessary journal entries in the book of the company.
Answer:
Journal Entries in the books of ABC company Ltd.
2nd PUC Accountancy Model Question Paper 2 with Answers - 21

Question 30.
X Ltd issued 2,000 , 10% debentures of ₹ 100 each on 1.4.2017 at a discount or lUYo and
redeemable at premium of 10%.
Give journal entries relating to the issue of debentures and debenture interest fo the period
ending March 31,2018 assuring that interest was paid half yearly on September30 and March
31 and tax deducted at source is 10%.
Answer:
2nd PUC Accountancy Model Question Paper 2 with Answers - 23

Question 31.
Prepare Common size Balance sheet of Bombay Textile Ltd From the following information:
2nd PUC Accountancy Model Question Paper 2 with Answers - 25
Answer:

Question 32
From the following Particulars calculate:
a. Net – asset turnover ratio
b. Fixed asset turnover ratio
c. Working capital turnover ratio
d. Operating profit ratio
e. Return on capital employed ratio
f. Earning per share ratio.

Particular	₹
Revenue from operations	15,00,000
Net fixed assets	50,00,000
Working capital	10,00,000
Operating Profit	5,00,000
Profit after interest & tax	3,00,000
Interest and tax expenses	2,00,000
Dividend paid t preference shares	1,00,000
Capital employed	40,00,000

Answer:
2nd PUC Accountancy Model Question Paper 2 with Answers - 27

Section – E
(Practical Oriented Questions)

V. Answer any Two questions, each question carries Five marks: ( 2 X 5 10 )

Question 33.
Classify the following items into capital and Revenue
a. X-Ray plant purchased by a hospital.
b. Interest received.
e. Sale of old sports materials.
d. Carriage paid on goods purchased.
e. Donation received for constructing a swimming Pool.
Answer:
a. Capital
b. Revenue
c. Capital
d. Revenue
e. Capital

Question 34.
Prepare Executors loan Account with imaginary figures showing the repayment in two annual equal installments along with interest.
Answer:
2nd PUC Accountancy Model Question Paper 2 with Answers - 29

Question 35.
‘Write the Proforma of cash flows from operating activities under Direct method.
Answer:
Cash flows from operating Activities (Direct method)
2nd PUC Accountancy Model Question Paper 2 with Answers - 30

2nd PUC Statistics Previous Year Question Paper June 2015

September 23, 2024September 22, 2024 by Prasanna

Students can Download 2nd PUC Statistics Previous Year Question Paper June 2015, Karnataka 2nd PUC Statistics Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Statistics Previous Year Question Paper June 2015

Time: 3 Hrs 15 Min
Max. Marks: 100

Section -A

I. Answer any TEN of the following questions: (10 x 1 = 10)

Question 1.
Define cohort.
Answer:
Cohort is a group of individuals who are born at the same time and who experience the same mortality conditions.

Question 2.
What is the value of index number for the base year?
Answer:
100

Question 3.
Which index number shows upward bias?
Answer:
Laspeyre’s index number.

Question 4.
Give an example for random variation.
Answer:
Shut down of production of a factory due to fire accident.

Question 5.
Write down the relationship between mean and variance of a Bernoulli distribution.
Answer:
Mean > Variance i.e. p > pq.

Question 6.
For a chi-square variate with 10 d.f., find the variance.
Answer:
If n = 10, then variance = 2n = 2 × 10 = 20

Question 7.
What is parameter space?
Answer:
The set of all admissible values of the parameter is called parameter space.

Question 8.
Given σ² = 16 cm2 and n = 49, calculate standard error of sample mean.
Answer:
σ² = 16;
∴ σ = $\sqrt{16}$ = 4, n = 49
S.E (x̄) = $\frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}=\frac{4}{\sqrt{49}}=\frac{4}{7}$ = 0.5714

Question 9.
What is type I error?
Answer:
Type I error is taking a wrong decision to reject the null hypothesis, when it is actually true.

Question 10.
Statistical quality control helps in detecting which type of variation?
Answer:
Assignable cause of variation.

Question 11.
What do you mean by a non degenerate solution in a transportation problem?
Answer:
If the number of non-zero allocation are equal to (m + n – 1) then, the solution is called non-degenerate.

Question 12.
Write down one advantage of inventory?
Answer:
Inventory facilitates bulk purchase of raw materials at discount rates.

Section-B

II. Answer any TEN of the following questions: (10 x 2 = 20)

Question 13.
In a locality out of 20,000 births 100 mothers died due to child birth complications. Calculate maternal mortality rate.
Answer:
Maternal mortality rate:
2nd PUC Statistics previous year Question paper June 2015 - 1

Question 14.
If Σ p₀q = 1200 and Σp₁q = 1500, compute suitable index number.
Answer:
2nd PUC Statistics previous year Question paper June 2015 - 2

Question 15.
Mention the steps involved in the construction of consumer price index number.
Answer:

Object and the scope
Conducting family budget survey.
Obtaining the price quatation.
Methods of constraction:

2nd PUC Statistics previous year Question paper June 2015 - 3

Question 16.
Write down the normal equations for fitting linear trend.
Answer:
Linear equation is: y = a + bx
Normal equations are : na + bΣx = Σ y
aΣx + bΣx² = Σ xy.

Question 17.
Write down the conditions for the application of binomial expansion method of interpolation and extrapolation.
Answer:
The conditions are:

The values of the independent variable (x) should have a common difference, i.e., in A.P.
The value of ‘X’, for which the value of’Y’ is tobe interpolated must be one of the value of x.

Question 18.
Write down the Bernoull distribution with parameter p = 0.25.
Answer:
The Bernoulli distribution is:-with p = 0.25
P(x) = (0.25)^x (1-0.25)^1-x ; x = 0, 1
= (0.25)^x (0.75)^1-x x = 0,1
OR
2nd PUC Statistics previous year Question paper June 2015 - 4

Question 19.
Mention two features of a student’s t-distribution.
Answer:

The parameter is ‘n’ called d.f.
Mean = E(x) = 0 and
Var(x) = $\frac{n}{n-2}$ for n > 2

Question 20.
What are point estimation and interval estimation?
Answer:
Estimation of unknown parameter by proposing a specific value as an estimate is called point estimation.
While estimating the unknown parameter by proposing an interval, which is likely to contain the parameter is called interval estimation.

Question 21.
Write down two utilities of standard error.
Answer:

It is used in interval estimation, to write down the confidence intervals.
It is used in testing of hypothesis totest whether the difference between the sample statistic and the population parameter is significant or not.

Question 22.
What do you mean by process control and product control in statistical quality control?
Answer:
Controlling the quality of the product during the manufacturing process itself is the Process control. Controlling the quality of the finished products/ manufactured products is called product control.

Question 23.
Mention two method of obtaining initial basic feasible solution for a transportation problem.
Answer:

Matrix-Minim method and
North-west corner rule.

Question 24.
Given R = 1000 units/month, C₃ = Rs. 350 and C₁ = Rs. 0.20/unit/months, find Q°.
Answer:
2nd PUC Statistics previous year Question paper June 2015 - 5

Section – C

III. Answer any EIGHT of the following questions : (5 x 8 = 40)

Question 25.
From the following data calculate GFR, ASFR(20 -24) and ASFR(30 – 39)
2nd PUC Statistics previous year Question paper June 2015 - 6
Answer:

Question 26.
Define index number. Mention three limitations of index numbers.
Answer:
Index number is a statistical measure designed to show an average change in a variable or group of related variables over a period.
The limitations are:

Many formulae are used and they give different answers for the index.
As the customs and habits change from time to time, the use of commodities also vary.
There is an ample scope for bias in the construction of index number.

Question 27.
Compute cost of living index number.
2nd PUC Statistics previous year Question paper June 2015 - 8
Answer:
Weights are given, use family budget method: I₀₁ = $\frac{\sum p w}{\sum w}$ P = $\frac{p_{1}}{p_{0}} \times 100$ ; w-weights

Consumer / cost of living index number:

There is net increase of cost of living by 39.96% in the current year as compared to base year.

Question 28.
Compute the trend values by finding five yearly moving averages for the following data.
2nd PUC Statistics previous year Question paper June 2015 - 12
Answer:

ŷ – trend values.
Overall trend in the values of times series shows upward trend.

Question 29.
Using Newton’s forward difference method to find the value of ‘y’ when x – 25.
2nd PUC Statistics previous year Question paper June 2015 - 14
Answer:
The number of known values ofy, n = 5, so prepare leading difference table up to A4.

Question 30.
The probability that a bomb hits the target is $\frac { 1 }{ 4 }$ Five bombs are aimed at the target. Find the probability that:
(i) 3 bombs hit the target
(ii) at the most two bombs hit the target.
Answer:
Let x denote the number of bombs hit the target is a Binomial variate with the parameters
n = 5, P = $\frac { 1 }{ 4 }$ = 0.25 and q= 1 – p= 1 – 0.25 = 0:75.
The p.m.f is:-
p(x) = ⁿc_x p^x q^n-x: x = 0,1,2 n
p(x)= ⁵c_x (0.25)^x (0.75)^5-x x = 0,1,2……..5
(i) p(3 bombs hit the target) =p(x = 3) = ⁵c₃ (0.25)³ (0.75)^5-3 = 10 × 0.015625 × 0.5625
= 0.08789.

(ii) p(at most two bombs hit the target) = p(x ≤ 2)
= p(x = 0) + p[x = l) + p(x = 2)
= ⁵c₀ (0.25)° x (0.75)^5-0 + ⁵c₁ (0.25)¹ (0.75)^5-1 + ⁵c₂ (0.25)₂ (0.75)^5-2
= 1 × 1 × 0.2373 + 5 × 0.25 × 0.3164 + 10 × 0.0625 × 0.4218
= 0.2373 + 0.3955 + 0.2637 = 0.8965.

Question 31.
In a Hyper-geometric distribution if a = 4, b = 6 and n = 4, find mean and variance.
Answer:
For Hyper-geometric distribution: a = 4, b = 6, n = 4
2nd PUC Statistics previous year Question paper June 2015 - 18

Question 32.
From the following data test whether mean daily wages of workers of Factory-A and Factory-B are equal. (Use 1% I.o.s.)
2nd PUC Statistics previous year Question paper June 2015 - 19
Answer: Given:
n₁=200, n₂ = 450, x̄₁=195, x̄₂ – 200, S₁ = 20, S₂ = 30, α = 1%
H₀ : Mean daily wages of workers of factory A and B are equal (H₀: μ₁ = μ₂)
H₁ : Mean daily Wages of workers of factory A and B are not equal (H₁ : μ₁ ≠ μ₂)
2nd PUC Statistics previous year Question paper June 2015 - 20
Under H₀, the test statistic is:-

Zcal = – 2.449.
At α = 1% the two tail critical values are ±K = ±2.58 Here Zcal lies in A.R (accepetance region), there fore H₀ is accepted.
Conclusion: Mean daily wages of workers of factory A and B workers are equal (i.e., µ₁ = µ₂)

Question 33.
From the following data, test whether literacy and smoking are independent at 5% level of significances.
2nd PUC Statistics previous year Question paper June 2015 - 22
Answer:
Chi-Square test for Independence of attribute
H₀: Literacy and smoking are independent.
H₁ : Literacy and smoking are dependent
The given data can be written in a 2 × 2 contingency table as below:

under H₀ the χ² – test statistic is:-
2nd PUC Statistics previous year Question paper June 2015 - 25
At α = 5% for 1 .d.f the upper tail critical value K₂ = 3.83. Here χ²_cal lies in A.R.
∴ H₀ is accepted
conclusion: Literacy and smoking are independent.

Question 34.
The following data relates to the number of knitting defects per unit length of cloth manufactured by a textile mill.
2nd PUC Statistics previous year Question paper June 2015 - 26
Draw control chart with λ¹ – 3.
OR
(For Visually Challenged Students Only)
Briefly explain single sample plan.
Answer:
Standand is known: given λ¹ = 3
Control limits for number of defects is C-chart
Central line: C.L = λ¹ = 3
Lower control limit: L.C.L = $\lambda^{\prime}-3 \sqrt{\lambda^{\prime}}=3-3 \sqrt{3}$= -2.196 = 0
Upper control limit: U.C.L =$\lambda^{\prime}+3 \sqrt{\lambda^{\prime}}=3+3 \sqrt{3}$= 8.2
2nd PUC Statistics previous year Question paper June 2015 - 27
Conclusion: All the sample points lies with in the control limits, so the production process is under control.
OR
For visually challanged students only

Question 35.
A tailor gets a profit of Rs. 100 from a shirt and Rs. 170 from a pant. In a week of 56 hours, he uses 20 hours for stitching and 36 hours for cutting. He requires one hour to stitch a shirt and two hours to stitch a pant. For cutting he requires two hours for a shirt and three hours for a pant. Formulate L.P.P.
Answer:
Let x and y the number of shirts and points
The objective function / L.P.P. is:-
Maximize z= 100 x + 170 y
Subject to constraints:
Stiching: x + 2y ≤ 20
Cutting: 2x + 3y ≤ 36 and x,y ≥ 0

Question 36.
The cost of a scooter is Rs. 36,000. Its resale value and maintenance cost at different years is given below:
2nd PUC Statistics previous year Question paper June 2015 - 28
Determine the optimal year for replacement of the scooter.
Answer:
P = 36,000 let s_n be the resale value and C_i be the maintenance cost. The Annual average cost:
A(n) = $\frac { T }{ n }$ . Here T-total maintenance cost = (P-S_n) + ΣC_i; n-the year of service.
2nd PUC Statistics previous year Question paper June 2015 - 29
From the above table A(n) is least for the year n = 5 so, the scooter is replaced after use of 5 years, (is the optimal year for replacement of the scooter)

Section – D

IV. Answer any TWO of the following questions : 2 x 10 = 20

Question 37.
For the following data compute standardized death rates and comment.
2nd PUC Statistics previous year Question paper June 2015 - 30
Answer:

For locality A:
ASDR(0- 20) = $\frac { 72 }{ 4000 }$ × 1000 = 18;
For locality B:
A. S.D.R(B) = $\frac { 128 }{ 8000 }$ × 1000 = 16 similarly for other age groups can be calculated
Standardised death rates for the two localities are:
2nd PUC Statistics previous year Question paper June 2015 - 33
Comment: Here SDR(B) < SDR(A) and so, locality B is heather than locality A.

Question 38.
Compute Fisher’s price index number. Show that it satisfies time reversal test and factor reversal tests.
2nd PUC Statistics previous year Question paper June 2015 - 34
Answer:

Question 39.
Fit an exponential trend line of the form y = ab*. Also estimate the value for 2008.
2nd PUC Statistics previous year Question paper June 2015 - 37
Answer:

Here $x=\frac{x-\bar{x}}{c}$; x̄ = 2003; c = 1
The normal equations: n log a + log b. Σx = Σlogy
since Σx = 0; loga = $\frac{\Sigma \log y}{n}=\frac{7.853}{7}$ = 1.1218
∴ a = AL(loga) = AL(1.1218)
a = 13.2373
log a. Σx + log b Σx² = Σx. logy

log b = $\frac{\Sigma x \log y}{\Sigma x^{2}}$ ; logb= $\frac{4.2071}{28}$ =0.1502
∴ b = AL (log b) = AL (0.1502) = 1.4132 ; The fitted exponential trend line is: y = ab^x ;
ŷ = 13.2373(1.4132)^x.
Estimation for the year 2008; x = 5; ŷ = (2008) = 13.2373(1.4132)⁵ = 74.6135.

Question 40.
Consider the following data:
2nd PUC Statistics previous year Question paper June 2015 - 40
Fit a Poisson distribution to the data and test the goodness of fit. (Use 5% L.O.S.)
Answer:
The parameter of Poisson variate λ is:
From the distribution: Mean = x̄ = λ = $\frac{\Sigma f x}{N}$

λ = 0.99

T₀ = 0.3716 × 100 = 37.16 = 37

T₁ = $\frac{0.99}{1}$T₀ =0.99 × 37.16 = 36.7884 = 37
T₂ = $\frac{0.99}{2}$ T₁ = 0.495 × 36.7884 = 18.2103 = 18
T₃ = $\frac{0.99}{3}$T₂ = 0.33 × 18.2103 = 6.0094 = 6
T = $\frac{0.99}{4}$T₃ = 0.2475 × 6.0094 = 1.4873 = 2
T ₅, = $\frac{0.99}{5}$T₄ 0.198 × 1.4873 = 0.2945=0
T ₆ = $\frac{0.99}{6}$ T₅ = 0.165 × 0.2945 = 0.0486= 0
T_{7 or more} =N – T₆= 100 – 100 = 0.
The fitted observed and theoretial frequency distribution is:
2nd PUC Statistics previous year Question paper June 2015 - 44
H₀: Poisson distribution is good fit {i.e., O_i = E_i}
H₁: Poisson distribution is not good fit {i.e., 0_i ≠ E_i}
CHI – SQUARE TEST: Let 0≠ and E. be the observed (f) frequency and theoretical frequency (Tx)
Then the χ²-test statistic is:
2nd PUC Statistics previous year Question paper June 2015 - 45
λ is estimated from the data so (n – 2) d.f.

∴ χ²_cal= 11.0979; n = 4
At α = 5% for (n – 2) = 4 – 2 = 2 d.f the upper tail critical value K₂ = 9.49. Here χ²_cal lies in
R.R. ∴ H₀ is rejected and H₁ is accepted.
OR
Conclusion: 0_i ≠ E_i; i.e., P.D. is not a good fit.
2nd PUC Statistics previous year Question paper June 2015 - 47

Section-E

V. Answer any TWO of the following questions : 2 x 5 = 10

Question 41.
The weekly wages of workers are normally distributed with mean Rs. 3,000 and S.D. Rs. 500. Find the probability of workers whose weekly wages will be.
(i) More than Rs. 3,400
(ii) Between Rs. 2,500 and Rs. 3,500.
Answer:
Let A: be the weekly wages is a normal variate with the parameters mean : μ = 3,000 and
S. D: σ = 500.
2nd PUC Statistics previous year Question paper June 2015 - 48
= Area from (-1) to 1
= Area from (-1) to ∞ – Area from 1 to ∞
= 0.8413 – 0.1587 = 0.6826.

Question 42.
In a random sample of 1000 persons from a large population, 470 are females. Can it be concluded that males and females are in equal proportion in the population? (use a = 0.05).
Answer:
Given: n = 1000; x = 470; .v P = $\frac { x }{ n }$ = $\frac { 470 }{ 100 }$ 0.47 and P₀/P – population proportion = 0.5;
Q₀ = 1 – p₀ = 0.5 [male and female are in equal in proportion]
H₀: Male and female are in equal proportion [P₀ = 0.5]
H₁: Male and female are not in equal proportion [p₀ ≠ 0.5]
2nd PUC Statistics previous year Question paper June 2015 - 49
under H₀, the test statistic is:-

At α = 0.5 the two tail critical values are ±1.96 Here z_cal lies in A.R. ∴ H₀ is accepted.
Conclusion: P₀ = 0.5 [male and female are in equal proportion]

Question 43.
It is required to test whether those who practice yoga have average blood sugar less than 120. A sample consisting of 17 persons who practice yoga is observed. If their mean blood sugar is 108 and S.D. is 8, what would you conclude? (Use 5% level of significance).
Answer:
Given: µ = 120; n = 17, x̄ = 108; s = 8 α = 5% (n < 30 small samplet-test).
H₀ : The average blood sugar is 120 (µ = 120)
H₁ : Average blood sugar is less than 120 (µ < 120)
2nd PUC Statistics previous year Question paper June 2015 - 51
Under H₀, the t-test statistic is:-

At α = 5% for (n – 1) = 17 – 1 = 16 d.f. the lower tail critical value – K = – 1.75. Here t_cal lies in R.R.
∴ H₀ is rejected and H₁ is accepted.
Conclusion: Average blood sugar is less than 120.

Question 44.
Find the solution of the game by the principle of dominance for the following pay-off matrix of A.
Answer:
2nd PUC Statistics previous year Question paper June 2015 - 53
Answer:

By principle of dominance, all the payoffs of A₄ are more or equal to all the payoffs of A₁ and A₃. SO, A₄ dominates A₁ and A₃, delete A₁, A₃.

All the payoffs of B₂ are less than all the payoffs of B₁ and B₃. So B₂ dominates B₁ and B₃, delete B₁, B₃.
2nd PUC Statistics previous year Question paper June 2015 - 56
A₄ dominates A₂, delete A₂

B₂ dominates B₄, delete B₄.

Saddle point occurs at (4,2) / A₄, B₂.
Suggested optimal strategies are A₄, B₂ value of the game ν = 2 is the solution the game.

2nd PUC Political Science Previous Year Question Paper March 2015

September 23, 2024September 22, 2024 by Prasanna

Students can Download 2nd PUC Political Science Previous Year Question Paper March 2015, Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Previous Year Question Paper March 2015

Time: 3 Hrs 15 Min
Max. Marks: 100

I. Answer the following questions in a word or a sentence each. (10 × 1 = 10)

Question 1.
When did India become independent?
Answer:
India became Independent on August 15^th 1947.

Question 2.
Which state was bifurcated in 2013?
Answer:
Andhra Pradesh was bifurcated in 2013, as Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states.

Question 3.
What is Election?
Answer:
Election is the process of choosing representatives to Public offices.

Question 4.
Expand NOTA.
Answer:
None Of The Above (NOTA).

Question 5.
Who was the first lady teacher for exploited women?
Answer:
Savitriba Phule.

Question 6.
Which is the native district of Saalumarada Thimmakka?
Answer:
Ramanagar district of Karnataka.

Question 7.
Who identified identity politics?
Answer:
L, A. Kauffman identified identity politics.

Question 8.
What is Terrorism?
Answer:
Terrorism is an act of violence, which is intended to create fear among people.

Question 9.
Which country introduced Privatisation for the 1^st time?
Answer:
U.K. introduced privatization for the first time.

Question 10.
Expand NAM.
Answer:
Non-Aligned Movement.

II. Answer any ten of the following questions in one or two sentences each: (10 × 2 = 20)

Question 11.
Why was ‘’Simon Commission’ appointed?
Answer:
The British government appointed a statutory commission (Simon Commission) in 1927 to enquire into a report of 1919 Act. This was done as a concession to the Indian demand for an early revision of the Act. The Commission headed by Sir John Simon, consisted of seven members from the British parliament, but no Indians.

Question 12.
Define Civil Service.
Answer:
According to E.A. Gladden “Civil Service is a regulated administrative system organized as a service of inter-related officers”.

Question 13.
Name the varnas that prevailed in the ancient period.
Answer:
The Varnas that prevailed in the ancient period were Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras.

Question 14.
Mention any two causes for illiteracy.
Answer:
Population, Social backwardness, and Poverty.

Question 15.
What is Coalition Government?
Answer:
The term coalition is derived from the Latin word ‘Coalitio’, ‘Co’ means together and ‘Afesure’ means ‘to’ grow up’. It is an act of coalescing or uniting into one body or a union of parties. When different political forces join together, coalition is formed.

Question 16.
Write, two hurdles in creating a corruption free India.
Answer:
Power politics, Demoralization of Bureaucracy, criminalization of politics, violations of social justice.

Question 17.
Name any two ethnic groups in Syria.
Answer:
Syria has a multi-ethnic population comprising of Arabs, Kurds, Armenians, Assyrians, and Turkmens.

Question 18.
Name two permanent members of the Security Council.
Answer:
Security council consists 15 members. Among them 5 members are permanent. They are Britain, America, China, France, and Russia.

Question 19.
When was SAARC established? Where is the Secretariat situated?
Answer:
Even though SAARC was in process from 1983-85, it was established on 8th December 1985. Its Secretariat is at Katmandu (Nepal.)

Question 20.
Name any two military alliances.
Answer:
Due to cold war between Russia and America some military alliances like NATO, ANZIJS, SEATO, CENTO have emerged.

Question 21.
Write any two causes for the liberation of Bangladesh.
Answer:
The Communal clashes in Tripura and when millions of refugees fled to India causing uneasy law and order situation upsetting Indian economy and social peace.

Question 22.
Who were the signatories of Simla Agreement?
Answer:
Simla Pact was signed in 1972 at Simla. The signatories of this pact (agreement) were Smt. Indira Gandhi – Indian Prime Minister and Pakistan Prime Minister, Z.A. Bhutto.

III. Answer any six of the following questions in 15-20 sentences each: (8 × 5 = 40)

Question 23.
Write a short note on first general elections.
Answer:
First General Elections [1951-52]:
India became a Sovereign Democratic Republic after the constitution was adopted on 26^th January 1950. General elections to the first Lok Sabha were held in India from October 1951 to February 1952, on the basis of Universal Adult Franchise. With this, India emerged as the world’s largest Democracy.

Question 24.
What is ‘Patel Scheme’?
Answer:
Sardar Patel and V.P. Menon dealt with matters arising between Central Government and Indian states, during the process of integration. Patel handled the princes with patience, tact, sympathy and a iron hand.

The process of integration was three-fold and known as ‘Patel Scheme’:
1. Merger of small states with adjoining provinces:
About 216 states were merged with provinces adjoining them, e.g: Merger of 24 states of Orissa, 14 states of Central Province, Pudukottai with Madras, etc. These merged states were included in part B of the Constitution.

2. Grouping of small states:
Many small states grouped themselves to form a big state with the ruler of the most important becoming the Rajpramukhs e.g. Union of Saurashtra, Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU), etc. These unions were called part B states.

3. Integration into Chief Commissioner’s Provinces:
About 61 states which were quite small and backward were converted into centrally administered areas as Chief Commissioner’s Provinces and were called Part-C States, e.g. Himachal Pradesh, Ajmer, Coorg, Cooch-Bihar, etc.

Question 25.
Explain the advantages of Electronic Voting Machine.
Answer:
The Electronic Voting Machine(EVM) is one of the important innovations of modem technology. It has replaced the system of ballot box and ballot papers with the most effective Electronic Voting Machine.

EVM consists of a controlling Unit and a Balloting Unit and both are interconnected with a cable. The balloting unit is kept in the place where voters exercise votes. The controlling unit is with the polling officer. After the voter proves his identity, by pressing the blue button on the balloting unit against the candidate’s symbol he casts his vote. With the beeping sound the voting procedure gets completed.

Uses of EVM:

EVM can be easily operated and saves time.
It is simple to operate by the voter to cast vote.
Quick and accurate results.
Economic and Eco-friendly.
Avoids invalid votes.
Control of irregularities.
NOTA option is provided.

Question 26.
Explain the role of Administration.
Answer:
Administration is as old as ancient civilizations. It can be traced back to the vedic times. During monarchy, the administration was used to execute efficient and effective functioning of the government, with a view to meet the demands of the people and solve their problems.

In the history of development of Indian administration, we find two unique features with the village as a primary unit of administration and decentralization as its goal. It can therefore be seen that the present administration is based on the foundation of traditional public administration.

Question 27.
Mention any two functions of the Chief Secretary.
Answer:
Chief Secretary is the head of the Secretariat in every state. He is in charge of the administrative set-up. His authority includes all departments of the Secretariat. By reason of his experience and standing, he is able to ease out difficulties and frictions to give general guidance to other officers.

Thus he gives leadership to the administrative setup of the state. He maintains rapport between the State government and the Union government and other State governments.

Functions:
The Chief Secretary performs the following functions:

He is the Principal Adviser to the Chief Minister.
He acts as the Cabinet Secretary and attends cabinet meetings.
He exercises general supervision and control over the entire Secretariat.
He looks after all matters beyond the purview of other secretaries.
As chief of all the secretaries, he presides over a large number of committees and is a member of many others.
He is the secretary by rotation, of the zonal council of which the state is a member.
He has control over the staff attached to the ministers.
He is the bridge between that State and Central or other state Governments.
He receives confidential communication from the Government of India and conveys them to the Chief Minister.

As the head of the administrative Machineiy, Chief of the Civil Services, Mentor and conscience keeper of Civil services, he plays a significant role in the state administration.

Question 28.
What are the causes for Feminist Movement?
Answer:
The causes few Feminist Movement are as follows.
1. Inequality:
It is evident that Indian society is male dominated and preference is given to the male members. Though men and women are born equally and Consitution also uphold the equality between the two, women are deprived of education, employment, decision making, and property rights. This has led to agitation.

Question 29.
What are the causes for Labour Movement?
Answer:
Causes:
1. Interest of Labourers:
Generally industrialists concentrate on their profit rather than workers and their welfare. Labourers are exploited by way of giving lesser wages, not declaring bonus, extended hours of work, denial of medical facilities, dismissal from service, etc. and to overcome such situations, the affected labourers organize and voice their grievances through agitations which lead to labour movements. During 1920, All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) was organized and got legal recognition by the British Government.

2. Negligence towards employees:
The matters concerning to labourers were decided unilaterally by the Apex Body of the company. Naturally the interests of labourers were neglected. As a result, hostile relationship was the order of the day. To have a share in the decision making process of the Apex Body, to protect the interests of labourers and to enhance their status, they started uniting.

3. To get facilities:
As the labourers are engaged in monotonous physical strain, they need to have a break in between. To get proper facilities for both male and female workers as per their requirements like potable water, cafeteria, toilet facilities, rest rooms, creaches, medical facilities, etc., movements have started.

4. Welfare Programmes:
The fate of the companies depend upon the welfare and well being of the workers. To get the social security measures like-Bonus. Allowances, Loans, Insurance, Free Quarters, Transport and Educational facilities, workmen compensation, Pension, Family Pension, etc., came together to form organizations that paved way for labour movement.

5. Plight of workers of unorganized sectors:
Anganawadi workers, agricultural labourers, workers on daily wages are exploited to the core as they are still fighting for their rights. This has led to agitations and movements.

Question 30.
Explain the remedial measures to remove caste based inequality.
Answer:
As a result of caste based inequality, the worst hit are the Schedule Castes, Schedule Tribes and the other Backward Classes. In order to bring them into the mainstream, the makers of the Indian Constitution included certain provisions in part III, IV & XVI of the Constitution. Art. 15,16,17 and 46 contain revolutionary provisions for the creation of socialistic pattern of society or altruism in society. The aim of reservation policy is the establishment of an egalitarian society.

The National Commission for SCs and STs is empowered to change their socio-economic status through different provisions. The provision is made for the identification of other Backward Classes both by the Central and State Governments. They are empowered to appoint Backward Class Commission.

1. Education:
Art. 15 of the Constitution provides reservation of seats to SCs, STs and Backward Classes in educational institutions. They must also reserve certain seats to the students belonging to these groups as per the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 15 percent of seats for SCs and 3% percent for STs are reserved. Right to Education has also provided reservation to these communities.

2. Employment:
Art. 16 of the Constitution provides equal opportunities to all in public services. Art. 335 claims reservation for SCs and STs in Public Service both in Central and State Governments. At present the reservation for jobs in Central and State Governments to SCs and STs stand at 15% and 3 % respectively.

The Mandal Commission report recommended 27% job reservation for Other Backward Classes (OBC) in 1980. It was implemented in 1990.

3. Lok Sabha and Legislative Assembly:
Article 330 and 332 of the Indian Constitution provides reservation to SCs and STs both in Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assembly respectively.

4. Local bodies:
As per Art. 243 D of the Indian Constitution, seats are reserved for SCs and STs in every Panchayath in proportion to their population. Under the same Article the offices of the chairpersons in the Panchayath Raj Institutions are reserved for these groups as per the law made by State Governments. For Backward classes also, seats may be reserved by the State Government in any Panchayath or for offices of chairpersons. Art 243 T provides for reservation of seats for these groups in Urban local Governments.

5. Abolition of untouchability:
Art. 17 of the Constitution of India provided for abolition of untouchability. The SCs and STs (prevention of atrocities) Act was enacted by Parliament in 1989. It is also known as the ‘Dalit Act’. It came into force from 30^th January 1990. It specifies the atrocities which are liable for severe penalties. Under section 21 of the act, the state governments are required to take effective measures for its implementation.

Question 31.
Describe the causes of illiteracy.
Answer:
Illiteracy means the inability of a person to read and write in any language. Amartya Sen described illiteracy as one of the unfreedoms.
Causes:
1. Population Explosion:
India is the second most populour Country in the world. It consists of 17.5. % of World’s total population. The population of Karnataka has increased to 6.11 crores. Hence, it has become a challenging task for the Government to provide literacy.

2. Poverty:
Due to poverty, majority of the children suffer form malnutrition and anaemia. Parents from poor and low income families, find it difficult to send their children to schools.

3. Social backwardness:
Hierarchical caste system, inferiority complex among people, ignorance about importance of education, taboos, etc. have prevented large number of people form becoming literate. Further, a large percentage of girls, particularly in rural areas have been denied access to primary education due to customs, traditions and the practice of gender inequality.

4. Child labour:
Prevalence of child labour due to poor socioeconomic conditions is seen all over India. According to National Crime Record Bureau Report, there were 2 crores child labourers, across the country’ in 2011. They are working in hotels, small scale industries, carpet weaving, fire works etc., All these hinder them from getting primary education.

5. Poor Infrastructure:
Most of the schools across the country have no proper buildings, required number of qualified teachers and study materials. The school environment is also not conducive for learning, and teaching. There is lack of adequate transport facilities for school children, particularly in the rural areas.

Question 32.
Explain the role of youth against terrorism.
Answer:
1. Youth against Terrorism:
Terrorism is used in various forms like international terrorism, domestic terrorism, economic terrorism, cultural terrorism, cyber terrorism, etc., Terrorism means deliberately and violently targetting civilians by inflicting physical or mental agony, wound or death that creates fear psychosis, for political gains.

2. Role of youth against terrorism:
The concept of minority, leads to fear of attack and results in religious fundamentalism. Hence, both the youth and the society have to pressurise the Government concerned, to create awareness and educate those who are indulging in anti-national and inhuman terrorist activities. Particularly for the youth priority should be given to peace and security of the inhabitants of the country.

Youth have to develop patriotism that is national feeling and involve themselves in constructive activities like nation building by helping the Government against terrorist and militant activities taking place in their neighbourhood which is their prime duty.
Youth have to take the initiative within the Jurisdiction of law, to fight against terrorism as it happened in Naxalite prone states like Bihar, Jharkhand, and Chattisgarh, where Salwajudum (village army) fought against the Naxalites.

Youth must understand the complicated and multi faceted terrorism rationally. The have to isolate the terrorism and inoculate their potential recruits. A successful counter terrorism action requires a combination of coercive and conciliatory policies. It is the responsibility of the youth to spread the importance of education that saves the younger generation from the clutches of terrorism and communal ism as it happened in the case of Ms. Malala Yusufa Zai of Pakistan, who survived the terrorist attack.

Question 33.
Enumerate the political implications of Globalisation.
Answer:
The political implications of globalisation are as follows
1. Power subjugation:
The effects of globalisation has brought a lot of changes in the world economy. For small countries, it is inevitable to accept the economic decisions of big countries, which leads to power subjugation.

Question 34.
Explain the importance of Indian Foreign Policy.
Answer:
The foreign policy of a nation represents its external sovereignty and freedom. India adopted its own foreign policy after the emancipation from British colonialism and emerged as a sovereign nation in the world.

India’s foreign policy is born out of the country ’s principles, interests, and objectives. It is the result of interplay of complex forces like History, Geography, Domestic Environment, Ideology’ and the influence of National Leaders. It emphasizes the glory of Indian freedom struggle, importance of India’s geographical location for its economic development and patriotism.

An important fact of India’s foreign policy is the concern for Gandhian ideas of peace and non violence. India achieved its independence by using these weapons and succeeded in inspiring the world.

India’s foreign policy comprises of economic developments and political stability to ensure the unity and integrity of the country. National security was conceived to prevent aggression or threat of aggression to protect the independence, territorial integrity, self reliance and promote economic independence.

India believes in fostering friendly relations with her neighbours. She promotes good will friendship and co-operation in the South Asian region for mutual benefit. India opposes big power intervention or interference in the internal affairs of South Asian region. India calls for making Indian ocean a peaceful zone to avoid big power naval confrontation.

India supports liberation on movements, democratic struggles for national independence and right of self determination. She is opposed to imperialism, colonialism, racism, authoritarianism, and militarism in the world.

India supports the Human Rights as a basic condition for democratic world and for egalitarian world. India believes in promotion of the principle of Panchasheela and strengthening of Non Aligned Movement (NAM) and UN for easing global tension. This is to build a world free from fear, hate, scarcity, and inequality.

IV. Answer any 2 of the following in 30 to 40 sentences: (2 ×10 = 20)

Question 35.
Explain the nature of party system in India.
Answer:
Nature:
The nature of Indian party system can be traced back to the Indian National Movement. Indian National Congress (INC) was founded by A.O. Hume in 1885. It was a forum to unite the people of India to fight against the British Imperialism. Due to ideological differences.

Muslim League was founded in 1906. Other parties like Hindu Maha Sabha, Communist Party of India. Forward Block and Praja Socialist Party etc., emerged in the successive years. Later, in post independence period, Jan Sangh, Janatha Party, Bharatiya Janatha Party, Janata Dal, Nationalist Congress Party, have grown according to the needs of the time and they started to work to get power.

1. Extra Constitutional growth :
There is no reference in the Constitution of India about how many political parties are to exist in the country. According to Article 19 of the Constitution, all citizens can have the freedom to form associations or unions. Political parties are established on the basis of this liberty. Hence, political parties have no constitutional base.

2. Prevalence of Multi party system:
India is a divergent country with many religions, tribes, languages, culture, and traditions. This heterogeneity leads to the emergence of many political parties to protect their interests in the main stream of the country.

3. Spilt and merger:
It is a common phenomenon in the Indian party system. Various reasons contribute for this split like ideological differences, egoism, power hunger, etc.

4. End of single party era:
India was under Congress rule till 1977. The happenings between 1975-1977, forced small parties to unite and fight against Congress and capture power and put an end to the single party era.

7. Leader worship:
Most of the political parties in India emphasize on the leaders rather than the ideologies of the parties. The leader decides the destiny of the political party e.g. Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi of Congress, A.B. Vajpayee of BJR Leaders with charisma dominate the whole party.

8. Alliances without principles:
Political parties are formed with principles of democracy and secularism but they ignore them for want of power and make unholy alliances.

9. Dominance of Regional parties:
The presence of regional parties during the first general elections did not influence the voters and they were rejected. During 1980s, they emerged very strong and dominated the political scenario, e.g. DMK, AIADMK, Telugu Desam, Shiv Sena, National
Conference, AGP, JD(S), RJD, SJP, BJD and other parties playing a significant role during the formation of Governments.

10. Religious, Lingual and Regionalism:
The basis of political parties in India is religion, language, regionalism and the like. , e.g. Muslim league, Akalidal, Shiv Sena, DMK, AIADMK, Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti (MES) Telangana Rastriya Samiti (TRS) and others. In spite of the rules of the
Election Commission, such political parties exist.

12. The era of coalition:
When no single political party secures absolute majority, like-minded political parties come together and join as a single largest group to form a coalition Government. The era of coalition started during 1977, when Janata Party came to power headed by Sri Morarjee Desai as Prime Minister at the centre along with other parties. This was followed by National Front,. United Front, NDA, UPA, etc.

Question 36.
Explain the causes and remedial measures to eradicate communalism.
Answer:
Communalism is an ideology of the followers of one particular religion, witnessed as a homogenous and distinct group, disrespecting other religions.
Causes:
1. Policy of the British India:
The discriminatory policies of the East India Company regarding divide and rule, destroyed the unity between Hindus and Muslims. It manifested in the Sepoy Mutiny (1857). During the period of Viceroy Lord Curzon, Bengal was divided (1905) on the basis of religion. Communal electorate for Muslims was introduced during the period of Lord Minto. All these intensified the cause of communalism.

3. Communal Riots:
Large scale communal riots took place in India after Independence. Religious minorities both in India and Pakistan became victims during this situation and were attacked and tortured. Later communal riots occurred in Bhagalpur, Meerut, Kanpur,. Lucknow, Ayodhya, Ahmadabad, Mumbai and in many other places. The demolition of Babri Masjid at Ayodhya by a mob on 6^th December 1992, largely contributed for the animosity between Hindus and Muslims and the successive events intensified the mistrust between these communities.

4. Politically manipulated:
In India many issues are politically manipulated by leaders for their selfish gain. This leads to hatred among the communities.

5. Communality in organization:
Different communities in India have established their own organizations based on communality, to support particular political parties in their own interest.

Promotion of secularism and National integration as remedy:
1. Secularism:
The constitution makers adopted secularism in order to create sense of security and equality among different religious groups. The state also follows a policy of neutrality in religious matters. Article 26 provides that every religious denomination or any section has the right to establish religious institutions and manage their affairs. In December 2013, the Central Cabinet approved the “Prevention of Communal violence (Access to justice and Reparations) Bill” to punish the offenders who instigate and indulge in communal riots. It is yet to be passed by parliament.

2. National Integration:
It is the process of uniting the people emotionally and politically. India is a land of diversity. It is in a limited sense to call this a single nation because it has various religions, languages, castes cultures etc., So for the success of Indian democracy, promotion of national integration is necessary. To preserve and sustain National integration many provisions have been adopted in the Constitution, like National integration Council, Zonal Councils, National security Council and armed forces play a greater role in the protection of National integration.

Neighbourhood Peace Committees:
The aftermath of Babri Masjid demolition and subsequent communal riots and social tensions in different places and ineffective Governmental measures has made it vital to establish Neighbourhood Peace Committees with eminent or.prominent people as its members. These members must be nominated from each community in riot prone or communally sensitive areas.

Question 37.
Describe the importance of privatisation, meaning and its political implications.
Answer:
Privatization is the process of transferring ownership of a business enterprises, agency, public service or public properly’ from the public sector to the private sector.

Political implications of liberalization are as follows:
1. Concentration of wealth:
Privatization encourages concetration of wealth in the hands of big business group. It results in great disparities of income and wealth. It goes against the principle of egalitarian society.

2. More profits:
Corporate sectors generate more profits. But they share a meagre percentage with the share holders. They enjoy the lion’s share out of share holder’s investment. As a result, the gap between the rich and the poor is widened.

3. Bane to local industries:
Local people borrow money from indigenous banks and also get loans from government concerns with subsidized rates of interest to start an industry. Multi-national Companies with good financial backup, survive even in case of loss.

4. Threat to National interest:
Key areas like national defence, space, science, and technology are to be retained with the Government. Assigning these areas to private sector harms national interests.

5. Lack of service motto:
The private firms are concerned more about their profit rather than providing good service conditions and extending welfare programmes to their employees and even to the society.

6. No job security:
Private companies extract work from employees till they are fit. The Companies ruthlessly sack them when they suffer from ill health or fitness problems. In the long run, they become a burden on the government. The employees of private sectors suffer from the insecurity of jobs and this results in psychological disorders.

Question 38.
Explain the structure of the United Nations and its functions.
Answer:
The UN came into existence at San Francisco on 24^th October 1945 after the failure of the League of Nations. The UN has been entrusted with heavy responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. The UN Charter which was signed by 51 countries including India, consists of 19 chapters, 111 Articles, and its headquarters is situated in New York. There are 6 official languages (Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish, and Arabic) recognized by U.N.

The purpose of UN is in article 1 of the charter.
They are:

To maintain international peace and security.
To develop friendly relations among the nations.
To seek cooperation in solving international economic, social-cultural and humanitarian problems.
To get cooperation in promoting respect for human rights.
To maintain freedom for all without discrimination on the basis of race, sex, language or religion.

Basic principles mentioned in Article 2 of the charter are:

The UN is based on the sovereign equality of all its members.
All members shall fulfill in good faith the UN charter obligations.
They shall settle international disputes by peaceful means.
They have to extend all help to the action taken by the UN.
The Organisation shall not intervene in matters essentially within the domestic jurisdication of any state.

Membership:
The present membership of United Nations is 193. There are two kinds of members in the U.N. Membership of the UN is open to all peace loving countries which accept the principles of the UN charter of principles and obligations.

Organs:
1. The General Assembly:
It is the legislative body of U.N.O. ft consists of representatives of all the member nations of the organisation. Each member state can send five representatives but has only one vote. It meets once in a year. Every time it elects the President and Vice-President of the organ. It receives reports from every organ. It elects the members of the other councils.

2. The Security Council:
It is the executive body of the U.N.O. Hence it occupies an important position in the UNO. It consists of 15 members out of which 5 are permanent members. They are U.K., U.S.A, France. USSR and China. The remaining 10 are temporary members who are elected by the General Assembly for two years. Only permanent members enjoy veto power (rejecting power).

3. The Economic and Social Council:
At present it consists of 54 members elected by the General Assembly for a period of 3 years. In order to carry out its varied functions it has about 27 specialised organisations or agencies like:- FAO, UNESCO, WHO, ILO, IMF, IAO, UNICEF, IAEA, IDA, W.B, etc.,

4. The Trusteeship Council:
It consists of five permanent members of the Security Council and members from trust territories. Its main function is to look after the trust territories, under the authority of the General Assembly.

5. The International Court of Justice located at The Hague:
It acts as an international Judiciary. Its headquarters is at The Hague. But the court may sit wherever it deems fit and desires. There are judges elected by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council. Their term of office is nine years and are eligible for re-election. Its main function is to arbiter such disputes that are submitted to it in accordance with international law. Any nation can seek its advice.

6. The Secretariat:
The Secretariat was established to carry on the administrative functions of the UN. It consists of international staff headed by the ‘Secretary General’. He is the Chief Administrative Officer of the UN. He is appointed for a period of five years by the General Assembly on the recommendations of Security Council. This term can be extended by another five years. The present Secretary General is Ban- ki-Moon.

V. Answer any two of the following questions in 15-20 sentences each: (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 39.
List out the States and Union territories in India.
Answer:
At present there are 29 States and 7 Union territories in India.
States:

Sr. No.	State.
1.	Andhra Pradesh
2.	Arunachal Pradesh
3.	Assam
4.	Bihar
5.	Chhattisgarh
6.	Goa
7.	Gujarat
8.	Haryana
9.	Himachal Pradesh
10.	Jammu & Kashmir
11.	Jharkhand
12.	Karnataka
13.	Kerala
14.	Madhya Pradesh
15.	Maharashtra
16.	Manipur
17.	Meghalaya
18.	Mizoram
19.	Nagaland
20.	Odisha
21.	Punjab
22.	Rajasthan
23.	Sikkim
24.	Tamil Nadu
25.	Telangana
26.	Tripura
27.	Uttar Pradesh
28.	Uttarakhand
29.	West Bengal

Union Territories:

Sr. No.	Union Territories
1.	Andaman and Nicobar Islands
2.	Chandigarh
3.	Dadra and Nagar Haveli
4.	Daman and Diu
5.	Delhi (NCT)
6.	Lakshadweep
7.	Puducherry

Write briefly about the role of India in the establishment of the SAARC.
Answer:
During 1960’s and 70s the tendency towards regional arrangements became much more prominent despite many hurdles. The emergence of Bangladesh and the Simla Agreement of 1972, became the turning points towards regional cooperation. President Zia-ur-Rahaman discussed the issue of regional co-operation with the new Indian Prime Minister, Moraji Desai. He had also informally discussed the idea of regional co-operation with the leaders of South Asian countries during the regional and international meetings.

Several factors seem to have influenced President Zia-Ur-Rahaman regarding the establishment of a regional organisation in South Asia during 1975-1979. For Zia-Ur-Rahaman’s successful contribution in the process of Regional Organisations in South Asia, he is called as the founding father of SAARC.

Between 1980 and 1983, four meetings at the Foreign Secretary level took place to establish the principles of organisation and identify areas for co-operation. Several Foreign Ministers level meetings were held between 1983 and 1985. The first meeting of Foreign Ministers in New Delhi was held on 1^st and 2^nd of August 1983. In her inaugural address, the then Prime Minister of India Mrs.

Indira Gandhi, described South Asia as a troubled region and said “I am glad we are making a beginning, we have our political differences, but economic co-operation will give a strong impetus to closer friendship and greater stability in South Asia. With unity we can hope to move ahead for future freedom, peace, and prosperity.” She also warned that we should be ever vigilant against the attempts of external powers influencing our functioning.

SAARC marks the establishment of an Association to promote and develop co-operation. Finally, the first Summit meeting of the Heads of States or Governments of South Asian countries was held at Dhaka on 7^th and 8^th of December 1985. Its members are 8 countries of South Asia, namely Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. In 2010, Afghanistan became the 8^th member of SAARC. Six observers of SAARC are China, Japan, European Union, Republic of Korea, United States and Iran.

Question 40.
Explain the Kashmir issue in India-Pakistan relations.
Answer:
In India’s perspective Kashmir is an integral part of the republic of India and to Pakistan, it is a disputed territory. The argument of Pakistan on Kashmir is that, since the partition of the country was done on religious basis and majority of, population are Muslims, Kashmir should be part of Pakistan. This argument failed to recognize the following facts:

Parition was done of the British Indian Provinces & and not of the Indian princely states.
National conference was the only major political party in Kashmir, which was affiliated to Congress. It was opposed to Pakistan and had faith in secular politics.
The Indian princely states had the freedom to join either India or Pakistan.
India was a secular state consisting of multireligious population.

So, Kashmir formally decided to join India after the invasion of its territory by Pakistani tribals supported by the Pakistan Army.
In October 1947, Kashmir was invaded by tribal infiltrators of Pakistan. This forced the Maharaja to seek Indian military help. India reacted positively after ‘Instrument of Accession’ was signed on 26^th October 1947. To resolve the crisis, the Constituent Assembly of India made a special provision through Art. 370, to provide a separate constitution to the state along with other provisions.

Explain the organization and functions of Lokpal.
Answer:
The Movement ‘India against corruption’ was led by Anna Hazare in 2011. Demands from various Civil Society Organizations for an Indian Ombudsman compelled the Union Government to introduce the bill again in 2012. Finally, the bill became an Act on 1^st January 2014.

Organisation:
The Institution of Lokpal consists of 9 members including the Chairman. Retired Chief Justice of India or sitting Supreme Court judge is eligible to head the Institution. Of the 8 members, 4 should be judges of either Supreme Court or High Courts. The remaining must possess minimum 25 years of experience in vigilance Commission. They must be apolitical. Adequate representation must be given to SCs, STs, BCs, Minorities, and Women.

The panel consists of Prime Minister, Speakers and leader of opposition in Lok Sabha, Chief Justice of India and an eminent jurist. Their tenure is 5 years. They can be removed by the President after an enquiry conducted by the Supreme Court for any misconduct or allegations.

The jurisdiction of Lokpal covers office holders of Union Government including the Prime Minister, Ministers, MPs, and State Legislators.

Powers and Functions:

Lokpal has the power to sanction prosecution against public servants and to register cases against corrupt officials. Permission of Government or departmental heads is not necessary.
All organizations receiving donations from foreign sources come under the jurisdiction of Lokpal.
Lokpal has the power of superintendence over any probe agency for cases referred by it.
Provision is included for confiscation and attachment of property acquired by corrupt means.
If the corruption charges are proved, the concerned officials have to undergo 2 years jail term.
The State Governments have to appoint Lokayukta within one year from commencement of the Lokpal act. They are free to make some changes.