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You can Download Chapter 9 Constructors and Destructors Questions and Answers, Notes, 2nd PUC Computer Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Computer Science Question Bank Chapter 9 Constructors and Destructors

2nd PUC Computer Science Constructors and Destructors One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is a constructor?
Answer:
It is a special member function that is used to initialize the data members of an object.

Question 2.
Write one reason which defines the need to use a constructor.
Answer:
The constructors are used to initialize the object automatically when an object is created. This reduces a separate function call to a member function used for such purpose. It is called constructor because it constructs the values of data members of the class.

Question 3.
What should be the access parameters for constructor declaration?
Answer:
The constructors should be declared in public section i.e., public is the access parameter for constructor declaration.

Question 4.
Can a constructor return a value to a calling function?
Answer:
No, constructors cannot return value to a calling function.

Question 5.
How many types of constructors are there?
Answer:
There are three types of constructors.

Question 6.
What is a default constructor?
Answer:
A constructor which does not take any arguments is called a zero argument constructor.

Question 7.
What is the drawback of default constructor?
Answer:
All objects of a class with default constructor are initialized to same set of values.

Question 8.
Is it possible to overload a default constructor?
Answer:
Since no arguments are there, the default constructor cannot be overloaded.

Question 9.
What is a parameterized constructor?
Answer:
A constructor that takes one or more arguments is called a parameterized constructor.

Question 10.
Write any one feature of parameterized constructor.
Answer:
The parameterized constructor can be overloaded.

Question 11.
Name two methods through which constructors can be invoked.
Answer:
The two methods through which constructors can be invoked are implicit call and explicit call.

Question 12.
What is an explicit call?
Answer:
It is a method of invoking a function where the declaration of object is followed by assignment operator followed by a constructor followed by argument list enclosed within parentheses.

Question 13.
What is an implicit call with reference to constructors?
Answer:
In this method, the declaration of object is followed by the argument list enclosed within parentheses.

Question 14.
When is = used with constructors?
Answer:
The = is used for the parameterized constructor with exactly one argument.

Question 15
What is a copy constructor?
Answer:
It is a parameterized constructor using which one object can be copied into another object.

Question 16.
Write the syntax for declaration of copy constructor.
Answer:
The syntax for declaration of copy constructor:
Classname :: Classname (Classname &ptr)

Question 17.
Can a copy constructor be invoked explicitly?
Answer:
No, a copy constructor cannot be invoked explicitly.

Question 18.
What is meant by constructor overloading?
Answer:
If many constructors differ by number of arguments or/and by type of arguments in a class is called constructor overloading.

Question 19.
What is a destructor?
Answer:
It is a special member function that destroys the objects that have been created by a constructor, when they no longer required.

Question 20.
Which operator is used with destructor?
Answer:
The operator tilde sign (~) is used with destructor.

2nd PUC Computer Science Constructors and Destructors Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is a constructor? Give an example.
Answer:
It is a special member function that is used to initialize the data members of an object,

Question 2.
Why are constructor needed in a program? Justify.
Answer:
The objects are not automatically initialized when created. The explicit call to initialization member function can only initialize the object. This method proves to be inconvenient when large number of objects need to be initialized by giving separate function call. This problem can be overcome by automatically initializing object when they are created using constructor.

Question 3.
Write the syntax and example for default constructor.
Answer:

Question 4.
Mention the features of parameterized constructors.
Answer:
The features of parameterized constructors are

1. parameterized constructors can be overloaded
2. parameterized constructors can have default arguments and default values.

Question 5.
Which are the different methods through which constructors are invoked?
Answer:
The different methods through which constructors are invoked are

• Explicit call
• Implicit call
• Using = operator

Question 6.
Write an example to show the use of parameterized constructor through explicit call.

Question 7.
When is copy constructor used in a program?
Answer:
The copy constructor takes an object as argument and is used to copy values of data members of one object into other object.

Question 8.
Write syntax and example for copy constructor.
Answer:

2nd PUC Computer Science Constructors and Destructors Three Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Mention three types of constructors.
Answer:
The three types of constructors are

1. Default constructor
2. Parameterized constructor
3. Copy constructor

Question 2.
What are the features of default constructors?
Answer:
The features of default constructors are

• All objects of a class are initialized to same set of values
• These constructors has no arguments
• These constructors are automatically called when every object is created.

Question 3.
What are the disadvantages of default constructor?
Answer:
The disadvantages of default constructor are

• Different objects cannot be initialized with different values.
• Declaring a constructor with arguments, hides default constructor.

Question 4.
Write short note for constructor overloading.
Answer:
The main use of constructors is to initialize objects. The function of initialization is automatically carried out by the use of a special member function called a constructor. The constructors are no different from other functions. Therefore constructors can also be overloaded.

Overloading a constructor means having many constructors in a class with different types arguments and/or different number of arguments. The compiler decides which version of the constructor to invoke during object creation based on number of arguments and type of arguments passed in a program.

2nd PUC Computer Science Constructors and Destructors Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write the rules for writing a constructor function.
Answer:
The rules for writing a constructor functions are

• They should be declared in the public section.
• They are invoked automatically when the objects are created.
• They should not have return types, therefore they cannot return values.
• They cannot be inherited.
• They can have default arguments.
• Cannot refer to addresses.
• These cannot be static.
• An object of a class with a constructor cannot be used as a member of a union.

Question 2.
Explain default constructor with syntax and example.
Answer:
This constructor has no arguments in it. Default Constructor is also called as no argument constructor. They initialize data members with common values for all objects belongs to similar class.
The features of default constructors are

• All objects of a class are initialized to same set of values
• These constructors has no arguments
• These constructors are automatically called when every object is created.

Question 3.
Explain parameterized constructor with syntax and example.
Answer:
The constructors that can take arguments are called parameterized constructors. When a constructor is parameterized, we must pass arguments to the constructor.
When a constructor is parameterized, the object declaration without parameter may not work. We must pass the initial values as arguments to the constructor. This can be done in two ways:

1. By implicit call – The implicit call is implemented as follows:
student mk (1200,19); /””implicit call*/

This method is also called the shorthand method, and is used very often as it is shorter, looks better and easy to implement. In the above example, student is a class name and mk is name of object and passed arguments are 1200, 19. One can notice that function name is not taken to invoke constructor.

2. By Explicit Call – The following statement illustrates the explicit call for the parameterized constructor
Student dushyanth = Student (1201, 20); /””explicit call*/

In the above example, Student is class name and dushyanth is object name.
After the = symbol, the name Student refers to parameterized constructor with argument
1201,20.
The parameterized constructor syntax:

Question 4.
With an example show how constructors are used with = operator.
Answer:
The constructor argument if limited to single argument then = operator can be used to pass the values to these constructors. This is explained in the following example,

In the above program, c1 and c2 are objects with argument 10 and 20 respectively passed using = operator.

Question 5.
Explain the features of copy constructor.
Answer:
The features of copy constructor are

1. The copy constructor should have at least one argument of the same class and this argument must be passed as a constant reference type.
2. If additional arguments are present in the copy constructor, then it must contain default arguments.
3. Explicit function call of copy constructor is not allowed.
4. Copy constructor is also called automatically, when an object is passed to a function using pass by value.
5. If a new object is declared and existing object is passed as a parameter to it in the declaration itself, then also the copy constructor is invoked.

Question 6.
Explain destructors with syntax and example.
Answer:
It is a special function used to release the memory space allocated by the object.
→ Name of the Destructor is similar to the class, which it belongs.
→ It does not have argument(s) and doesn’t return any value (no return type)
→ Destructor is preceded by ~ (tilde) sign.
Following points should be kept in mind while defining and writing the syntax for the destructor:

• A destructor function must be declared with the same name as that of the class to which it belongs.
• The first character of the destructor name must begin with a tilde (~).
• A destructor function is declared with no return types specified (not even void).
• A destructor function must have public access in the class declaration.

General Syntax of Destructors:
~ classname();
The above is the general syntax of a destructor. In the above, the symbol tilde ~ represents a destructor which precedes the name of the class.
For example,

You can Download Chapter 16 Internet and Open Source Concepts Questions and Answers, Notes, 2nd PUC Computer Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Computer Science Question Bank Chapter 16 Internet and Open Source Concepts

2nd PUC Computer Science Internet and Open Source Concepts One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is open-source software?
Answer:
It is software with source code freely available to the customer and free to use but doesn’t have to be free of charge.

Question 2.
What is free software?
Answer:
Free software means the software is freely accessible and can be freely used, changed, improved, copied and distributed by all who wish to do so and doesn’t have to be paid.

Question 3.
What is OSS and FLOSS?
Answer:
OSS means Open Source Software refers to software whose source code is available to customers.
FLOSS refers to Free/Libre/Open Source Software. It is software that is both free software as well as open-source software. Libre means freedom.

Question 4.
What is proprietary software?
Answer:
A software neither open or freely available is called proprietary software.

Question 5.
What is freeware?
Answer:
A software available free of cost to use and distribute, but not for modification and without source code.

Question 6.
What are the browsers?
Answer:
It is a software application used to locate and display Web pages.

Question 7.
What is the URL?
Answer:
The Uniform Resource Locator (URS) is the global address of documents and other resources on the World Wide Web.

Question 8.
What is telnet?
Answer:
Telnet is a protocol that allows connecting to remote computers (called hosts) over a TCP/ IP network (such as the Internet).

Question 9.
What is a domain name?
Answer:
A domain name is a unique name that identifies a website on the internet.

Question 10.
What is domain affiliation?
Answer:
A domain affiliation means the type of domain whether it is commercial (.com), education (.edu) or government (.gov) etc.,

Question 11.
Define e-commerce?
Answer:
The e-commerce is defined as buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks.

Question 12.
Expand IPR.
Answer:
The expansion of IPR is Intellectual Property Rights.

2nd PUC Computer Science Internet and Open Source Concepts Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
List the OSS and FLOSS.
Answer:
List of OSS

• Apache HTTP Server rhttp://httpd.apache.org/l (webserver)
• Blender rhttp://www.blerider.orgl (3D graphics and animation package)

List of FLOSS
Mozilla Suite
OpenOffice.org

Question 2.
What is FSF?
Answer:
A Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a non-profit organization created for the purpose of supporting free software movement.

Question 3.
What are OSI and W3C?
Answer:

• OSI means Open Source Initiative is an organization dedicated to promoting open-source software.
• W3C is an acronym for World Wide Web Consortium is responsible for producing the software standards for WWW.

Question 4.
What is the URL and HTTP?
Answer:

• URL- Uniform Resource Locator and
• HTTP – HyperText Transfer protocol

Question 5.
Name the different protocols used?
Answer:
The different protocol used are HTTP, FTP, SMPT, TCP/IP, UDP, POP, etc.,

Question 6.
List the services of e-commerce?
Answer:
Few services of eCommerce are:

• Domain name purchasing
• Secure hosting
• Full integration with the payment gateway of your choice
• Web design
• Shopping cart system
• Marketing

Question 7.
Write a note on WIPO.
Answer:
WIPO is the global forum for intellectual property services, policy, information and, cooperation. It is a self-funding agency of the United Nations, with 187 member states. Its mission is to lead the development of a balanced and effective international intellectual property (IP) system that enables innovation and creativity for the benefit of all.

2nd PUC Computer Science Internet and Open Source Concepts Three Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is Open source?
Answer:
The term “open source” refers to something that can be modified because its design is publicly accessible. Open-source software is software whose source code is available for modification or enhancement by anyone but need not be free of charge.

Its developers make its source code available to others who would like to view that code, copy it, learn from it, alter it, or share it. LibreOffice and the GNU Image Manipulation Program are examples of open-source software.

Open-source software licenses allow other people to make changes to source code and include those changes into their own projects. Some open-source licenses make sure that anyone who alters and then shares a program with others must also share that program’s source code without charging a licensing fee for it.

Question 2.
Write the advantages of WWW.
Answer:
Advantages of WWW

• Availability of mainly free information
• Reduces the costs of information
• The same protocol of communication can be used for all the services
• Provide rapid interactive communication
• Provides the exchange of huge volumes of data
• Provides access to different sources of information, which is continuously updated
• Provides management of companies information systems.
• It is accessible from anywhere, any time.
• It has become the global media for information exchange.

Question 3.
What is Telnet?
Answer:
TELNET (TELecommunication NETwork) is a network protocol developed in 1969, used on the Internet or local area network (LAN).
The telnet provides access to a command-line, interface on a remote host by means of a virtual terminal. The network terminal protocol (TELNET) allows a user to log in on any other computer on the network. We can start a remote session by specifying a computer to connect to. From that time until we finish the session, anything we type is sent to the other computer.

The Telnet program runs on the computer and connects your PC to a server on the network. , We can then enter commands through the Telnet program and they will be executed as if we were entering them directly on the server-side.

This enables to control the server and communicate with other servers on the network. To start a Telnet session, we must log in to a server by entering a valid username and password. Telnet is a common way to remotely control Web servers.

Question 4.
Write web servers.
Answer:
1. A web is a computer on which a web site is hosted and a program that runs on such a computer. So the term web server refers to both hardware and software.

2. A web site is a collection of web pages generally written using HyperText Markup Language (HTML). For a web site to be available to everyone in the world at all times, it needs to be stored or “hosted” on a computer that is connected to the internet. Such a computer is known as a Web Server.

3. A web server program is software that runs on the web site hosting Server computer. Its main purpose is serving web pages for requests from web browsers.

4. The Server machine hosts (stores) the web site on its hard disk while the server program helps deliver the web pages and their associated files like images, flash movies, etc. to clients (browsers).

5.  There are many web server programs available. The most famous and popular of them all is Apache developed by the Apache Foundation. It is free and also available for several operating systems including Windows, Macintosh, and Linux/Unix.

Question 5.
Write a note on open source.
Answer:
The term “open source” refers to something that can be modified because its design is 1 publicly accessible. Open-source software is software whose source code is available for modification or enhancement by anyone but need not be free of charge.

Its developers make its source code available to others who would like to view that code, copy it, learn from it, alter it, or share it. Libre Office and the GNU Image Manipulation Program are examples of open-source software.

Open-source software licenses allow other people to make changes to source code and include those changes into their own projects. Some open-source licenses make sure that anyone who alters and then shares a program with others must also share that program’s source code without charging a licensing fee for it.

Question 6.
Explain free software.
Answer:
Free software means the software is freely accessible and can be freely used, changed, improved, copied and distributed by all who wish to do so and doesn’t have to be paid. Free in Free Software is referring to freedom, not price. In particular, four freedoms define Free Software:

1. The freedom to run the program, for any purpose.
2. The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs.
3. The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor.
4. The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements to the public, so that the whole community benefits.

Question 7.
Explain URLs.
Answer:
It is the global address of documents and other resources on the World Wide Web. URLs have the following format:
protocol://hostname/other_information for
example, http:// www.vpuc.com /
The protocol specifies how information from the link is transferred. The protocol used for web resources is HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP). The protocol is followed by a colon, two slashes, and then the domain name. The domain name is the computer on which the resource is located. Links to particular files or subdirectories may be further specified after the domain name.
For example, the two URLs below point to two different files at the domain vpuc.com. The first specifies an executable file that should be fetched using the FTP protocol; the second specifies a Web page that should be fetched using the HTTP protocol:

• ftp://www.vpuc.com/timetable.exe
• http://www.vpuc.com/index.html

Question 8.
How e-commerce Works?
Answer:
The e-commerce is defined as buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks.

The working of e-commerce:
There are five major components of eCommerce, the Merchant Account, the Shopping System, the Payment Gateway (for real-time-processing), the Hosting Service and the Security System.
1. The Merchant Account:
Any type of real eCommerce requires a Merchant Account. A merchant account comes with a merchant identification number. In order to process transactions require either a terminal (the little box that you swipe your credit card through at retail outlets) or software that runs on your PC and will dial up the merchant via your modem/and then process the transaction and deposit the money into your bank account.

2. The Shopping System:
A site with a variety of products should use the shopping cart system because it’s the easiest way for customers to choose items during the shop. There are many choices when selecting a Shopping System but some of the most important should be. functionality, ease of use, and compatibility. Shopping systems like anything else now days can be purchased or leased.

3. SSL Certificate:
This Certificate provides security for the credit card information from the user’s browser through the trader website and then into the Gateway. Certificates can be purchased from companies like Geo Trust, VeriSign and a handful of others.

4. Gateway Account:
Once the user sends his order it is transferred from his machine to the Shop-Cart and is protected by the Secure Socket Layer (SSL), the server then sends data to the Payment Gateway. Gateways are services linked between the e-commerce website and the banking networks. The Gateway is simply the door into the ATM banking network. The processor accepts the data from the shop-cart and brings it into the ATM network.

If the order is accepted, it will then charge the order amount to the customer’s account and sends the Gateway an authorization code. The Customers Bank will then settle the remainder of the transaction at a later time.
Payment Diagram:
1. Consumer places an order with the merchant through any number of sales channels: Web Site, Call Center, Retail, Wireless or Broadband.

2. Authorize.Net detects an order has been placed, securely encrypts and forwards the Authorization Request to the Consumer’s Credit Card Issuer to verify the consumer’s credit card account and funds availability.

3. The Authorization (or Decline) Response is returned via Authorize.Net to the Merchant. Round trip this process averages less than 3 seconds.

4. Upon approval, the Merchant fulfills the consumer’s order.

5. Authorize.Net sends the settlement request to the Merchant Account Provider.

6. The Merchant Account Provider deposits transaction funds into the Merchant’s Checking Account.

Question 9.
Explain types of e-commerce.
Answer:
1. B2B – Business to business:
Electronic commerce that is conducted between business organizations is referred to as business-to-business or B2B. for example, transactions between the manufacturing industry with suppliers of raw materials.

2. B2C- Business to Consumer:
Electronic commerce that is conducted between traders and consumers is referred to as business-to-consumer or B2C. This is the type of electronic commerce conducted by . companies such as Amazon.com, ebay.com, etc.,

3. C2B – Consumer to Business:
It is an electronic commerce business model in which consumers (individuals) offer products and services to companies and the companies pay them.

4. C2C – Consumer to Consumer:
Customer to Customer (C2C) markets are new ways to allow customers to interact with each other. In customers to customer markets, customers can sell goods and or services to each other. There are many sites offering free classifieds, auctions, and forums. Eg. Quickr.com etc.,

Question 10.
Explain the IPR in India.
Answer:
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), very broadly, are rights granted to creators and owners of works that are results of human intellectual creativity. These works can be in the industrial, scientific, literary and artistic domains, which can be in the form of an invention, a manuscript, a suite of software, or a business name.

India has set up an Intellectual Property Right (IPR) regime, which is WTO compatible and is well established at all levels whether statutory, administrative or judicial. In the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, the office of the ‘Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks (CGPDTM)’ has been set up under the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion.

It administers all matters relating to patents, designs, trademarks, and geographical indications and also directs and supervises the functioning of:

• The Patent Office (including Designs Wing)
• The Patent Information System (PIS)
• The Trade Marks Registry (TMR), and
• The Geographical Indications Registry (GIR)

Besides, a ‘Copyright Office’ has been set up in the Department of Education of the Ministry of Human Resource Development, to provide all facilities including registration of copyrights and its neighbouring rights.

The issues relating to the layout design of integrated circuits, the ‘Department of Information Technology’ in the Ministry of Information Technology is the nodal organisation. While ‘Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Authority’ in the Ministry of Agriculture administers all measures and policies relating to plant varieties.
Legislations Covering IPRS in INDIA
1. Patents:

• The Patents Act, 1970.
• The act was last amended in March 1999.

2. Design:

• The Designs Act, 1911.
• A new Design Act 2000 has been enacted superseding the earlier Designs Act 1911.

3. Trade Mark:

• The Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958.
• A new Trademarks Act, 1999 has been enacted superseding the earlier Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958. (Enforcement pending)

4. Copyright:
The Copyright Act, 1957 as amended in 1983,1984 and 1992,1994,1999 and the Copyright Rules, 1958.

5. Layout Design of Integrated Circuits:
The Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Layout Design Act 2000. (Enforcement pending)

6. Protection of Undisclosed Information:
No exclusive legislation exists but the matter would be generally covered under the Contract Act, 1872.

7. Geographical Indications:
The Geographical Indication of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act 1999. (Enforcement pending).

Students can Download 2nd PUC Kannada Previous Year Question Paper March 2017, Karnataka 2nd PUC Kannada Model Question Papers with Answers help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Kannada Previous Year Question Paper March 2017