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Karnataka 1st PUC Geography Model Question Paper 1 with Answers

Time: 3 Hrs
Max. Marks: 100

Note:

1. Answer all questions.
2. Draw maps and diagrams wherever necessary
3. Questions No.V is on Cartography.

I. Answer the following in a word or a sentence each. ( 1 × 10 = 10 )

Question 1.
Which branch of Geography deals with heavenly bodies of the space?
Answer:
Astronomical Geography is the study of the heavenly bodies of the space

Question 2.
What is an ‘Orbit’?
Answer:
The path on which the earth revolves around the Sun is called ‘Orbit’.

Question 3.
What is Volcano?
Answer:
A volcano is an opening in the crust of the Earth through which heated materials consisting of gases, hot water, lava and fragments of rocks are ejected from the interior of the Earth.

Question 4.
What is weathering?
Answer:
The process of disintegration and decomposition of rocks is known as “Weathering”.

Question 5.
What is Stratopause?
Answer:
Stratopause is the boundary between Stratosphere and Mesosphere.

Question 6.
What is Salinity?
Answer:
It refers to the amount of dissolved solids in the ocean water. In other words. It means the amount of salt in the ocean water. ”

Question 7.
Define the term Biodiversity.
Answer:
The varied range of flora and fauna found within a specified geographic region is called ‘Biodiversity’ .

Question 8.
In which Island of India, is ‘Indira Point’ situated?
Answer:
Indira point located at Great Nicobar Island.

Question 9.
Mention the major stream of river Ganga.
Answer:
The two major streams are Alakananda and Bhagirathi.

Question 10.
What is drought?
Answer:
The term drought is applied to an extended period when there is a shortage of water availability due to inadequate precipitation, excessive rate of evaporation and over utilization of water from the reservoirs other storages, including the ground water.

II. Answer any ten of the following in two or three sentence each. ( 2 × 10 = 20 )

Question 11.
How is Geography a discipline of synthesis?
Answer:
It is considered to be a liaison subject. It recognizes the fact that the world is a system of interdependency. Geography as an integrating discipline stands midway between Natural Science and Social Science.

Question 12.
What is inclination of the Earth?
Answer:
The Earth’s axis is not at right angle (perpendicular) to the plane of the elliptical orbit. The axis is inclined at an angle of 66 1/2° to the plane of the orbit. This is known as ‘Inclination of the Earth’s axis’.

Question 13.
State the difference between Focus and Epicenter.
Answer:
The point in the interior of the Earth from where the earthquake tremors originate is called the seismic focus. Earthquake tremors move from the focus in all directions.
The point o the Earth’s surface vertically above the focus is called the epicenter. The Earthquake is felt first at the epicenter.

Question 14.
Distinguish between Oxidation and Hydration?
Answer:
The rain water with oxygen reacts on rocks containing iron and produce oxides. This chemical reaction is known as Oxidation.
The rock minerals take up water, the increased volume creates physical stress within the rock.
As a result certain minerals like feldspar and gypsum are reduced into powder. This process is ‘ called “Hydration”.

Question 15.
Mention the features of Inversion of Temperature.
Answer:
It is a process of temperature increases with increasing height in troposphere. This feature is common during winter season, less cloudiness, slow movement of winds, and clear sky in the mountain valley.

Question 16.
Mention the divisions of Atlantic Ocean currents?
Answer:
There are three divisions of Atlantic Ocean currents are a. Equatorial currents b. Current of North Atlantic Ocean and current of South Atlantic Ocean.

Question 17.
Mention any four types of biomes.
Answer:
Major types of biomes are a. Forest biome b. Savanna biome c. Grassland biome d. Desert biome

Question 18.
Name the water bodies that surround India.
Answer:
India is a peninsula, located at the north tip of the Indian Ocean. It is bordered by the Arabian Sea in the west, Indian Ocean in the south and Bay of Bengal in the east.

Question 18.
Mention any four consequences of natural hazard and disasters.
Answer:
The most important consequences of natural disasters are los of human life and property, animal wealth, destruction of vegetation etc. Natural disasters create fear, anguish and trauma in the human beings leading to various physical, biological and psychological changes. Natural disasters affect population, its distribution and density. It affects on agriculture, cropping pattern, industries, transport and communication, public health, water supply.

Question 19.
What is Biogeochemical Cycle?
Answer:
The cyclic movement of elements of the biosphere between living organism (the biotic phase), and their non-living (a biotic) surroundings (e.g. rocks, water, air etc.) is termed biogeochemical Cycle.

Question 20.
What is meant by the word ‘Monsoon’?
Answer:
The word ‘Monsoon’is derived form the Arabic word ‘Mausam’which means season. Hence, the word ‘Monsoon’ implies the seasonal reversal in the wind pattern over the year. It reveals the rhythm of season and changes in direction of winds. There is also ca change in the distribution pattern of rainfall and temperature, with the change of seasons. The monsoon winds move six months from sea to land and another six months from land to sea.

Question 21.
Name any four factors that affect soil erosion.
Answer:
High Temperature, Rainfall wind and waves are the natural agents. Deforestation, over grazing, shifting cultivation, unscientific methods of agriculture cause soil erosion.

Question 22.
Write the salient features of Evergreen forest.
Answer:
These forests are found in the.regions of heavy rainfall (above 250 cm) and high temperature (above 27° C) Tall umbrella shaped trees with dense assemblage is a prominent feature of this forest. The evergreen forests always look green because, various species of trees are found here and they shed leaves in different seasons.

III. Answer any eight of the following in 25 to 30 sentences each. ( 5 × 8 = 40 )

Question 23.
Explain the important branches of Physical geography. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
1. Physical Geography.
The field of physical geography is wide as it includes the study of the entire surface of the earth and also its physical and biological process as well as their morphology. Modern geography has witnessed the development of many branches and some of them even grown into separate disciplines.

Some of the important branches of physical geography are as follows:

• Geomorphology: It is a systematic study of landforms, such as mountains, plateaus, plains, valleys, etc.
• Climatology: Climatology encompasses the study of structure of atmosphere and elements of climates and climatic types and regions.
• Meteorology: The scientific study of atmosphere condition is called meteorology.
• Pedology: It is the scientific study of soil formation, structure, texture, chemical composition and their influence on plant growth.
• Hydrology: Hydrology studies the realm of water over the surface of the earth including oceans, lakes, rivers and other water bodies and its effect on different life.
• Seismology: It is the study of Earthquakes, their effects and distribution.
• Astronomical Geography: It is the study of heavenly bodies of the space like planets, satellites, stars etc in relation to the earth.
• Volcanology: It is the scientific study of tectonic process of volcanoes.
• Astronomical geography: It is the study of heavenly bodies of the space like planets, satellites, stars etc in relation to the earth.
• Bio-geography: It is the systematic study of the distribution of plants and animals.
• Hydrology: The study of water on the earth’s land is known as hydrology.
• Oceanography: The study of waves, tides and currents and the other characteristics of oceans, known as oceanography.

2. Human geography: It deals with man and his activities particularly cultural environment factors on man made factors, Important among them are culture, Society, agriculture, mining, industry, transport forming trade population etc.
Some of the important grander of Human geography are as fallows:

• Political geography: It deals with spatial unit, people distribution, political behavior, political divisions etc.
• Economic geography: It refers to basic attributes of the economy such as production, distribution exchange of goods and consumption. It deals with the spatial aspects of production, distribution and consumption and also helps on understanding the most proper location for establishing different human activities.
• Commercial Geography: It deals with the spatial distribution of trade and commercial practices etc.
• Population Geography: It helps to understand the distribution, growth density, migration and various other components of population.

Question 24.
Explain the effects of the rotation of the Earth. (T.B. Qn)
Answer:
Rotation of the Earth causes various effects. They are:
a. Day and night caused by the rotation of the earth on its axis. This is because parts of the earth which face the sun have day and the parts which do not face the sun have night. This happen with precision and progression and not suddenly – The time when the sun beings to cast its light in the sky is known as dawn. At noon. The sun is overhead. At dusk, it is twilight and the sun is seen disappearing in the sky. At night, it is completely dark.

b. The duration of the day and night is not equal at all places on the earth because of the inclined axis. The length of days varies with respect to the seasons as well as latitude

c. The sun, the moon and the stars seem to move from east to west. This is because the earth spins from west to east. This effect is similar to what one experiences while looking at trees from a moving train.

d. The speed of rotation has created a centrifugal force resulting in a bulge in the middle portion of the earth and flattened top at the poles.

e. The earth’s rotation affects the movement of water in the oceans. The tides are deflected because of the rotation of the earth.

f. Rotation causes difference in time over various places on the earth.

g. The Earth acts as huge magnet: The one end of the needle of the compass always points towards the north magnetic pole. That means, the earth acts as a magnet. The rotation . of the earth causes the earth to act as a magnet.

h. Rotation of the Earth influences the movement of ocean water, particularly ocean currents.

i. The rise and fall in the sea level is called tides. Rotation of the Earth causes the lacing of water bodies to the Moon. The gravitational attraction of the Moon and position of the water bodies cause tides. This is a regular phenomenon due to Earth’s rotation.

Question 25.
What is an Earthquake? Describe the causes and effects of earthquake. (T.B.Q)
Answer:
An Earthquake is a sudden vibration or oscillation in the Crust of the Earth. It is a form of energy of wave motion transmitted through the surface layer of the Earth. The place of origin of an Earthquake in the Earth’s crust is called ‘Focus’. The point on the Earth surface which is perpendicular to the focus, receiving seismic waves is called ‘Epicentre’.

Causes of Earthquake: On the basis of occurrence earthquakes can be classified into three types. They occur due to several causes such as tectonic forces, folding, faulting, volcanic eruptions landslides, avalanches, man-made factor.

Tectonic Earthquakes: These are caused due to folding, faulting and displacement of blocks of rocks in the Earth’s crust. They are highly intensive and destructive seismic activities.

Volcanic Earthquakes: These are associated with the volcanic activities and are usually caused at great depths. They are with low intensity and magnitude. The destruction and damage are slightly lesser than earthquakes caused by Tectonic forces.

c. Earthquakes caused by man-made factors: Over interaction of man underground nuclear explosion etc, are causing great change in the crustal formation leading to seismic activity. E.g. Koyna dam (India)-1967, Hoover dam (U.S.A)-l 935, Mangladam (Pakistan). Effects of Earthquakes: Earthquakes cause violent disturbances and widespread damage and destruction, especially on the epicentre region.

• Earthquakes cause changes in the earth’s surface. Cracks and fissures develop in the earth’s crust.
• Vibrations, caused by earthquakes, lead to landslides in mountainous regions, damming the rivers.
• vertical or horizontal cracks are formed, and the land is elevated or lowered, forming lakes.
• Deep cracks may be developed in dams after the earthquake. For instance, deep cracks were developed in the Koyna dam after the earthquake.
• The beds of rivers may be raised by the earthquakes. For example, the bed of the river Brahmaputra was raised during the Assam earthquakes.
• here is the greatest danger of falling of houses, roads railway lines factories, bridges, dams, aerodromes, and other man-made structures, resulting in loss of life and property.
• The underground water system is disturbed.

Question 26.
Explain chemical weathering with examples.
Answer:
Disintegration and Decomposition of rocks by chemical processes is called “Chemical weathering”.
In this process secondary or new minerals are developed from the original minerals of the rocks. The rain water and atmospheric gases are the main agents of chemical weathering. It is vey common in humid regions.

There are four types of chemical weathering process. They are:

• Oxidation: The rain water with oxygen reacts on rocks containing iron and produce oxides. This chemical reaction is known as “oxidation”. The common process of rusting of iron is an example of oxidation.
• Carbonation: The rain water with carbon-di-oxide becomes a weak carbonic acid and it reacts with calcium carbonate or limestone to form calcium bicarbonate, which dissolves easily. This process is called “Carbonation”. It is very active in limestone regions.
• Hydration: The rock minerals take up water the increased volume creates physical stress within the rock. As a result certain minerals like feldspar and gypsum are reduced into powder. This process is called “Hydration”.
• Solution: The rain water is able to dissolve some of the soluble minerals, such as rock- salt, gypsum, potash. This process is called “Solution”.

Question 27.
Explain the structure of the atmosphere.
Answer:
The distribution of temperature is not uniform at different height of the atmosphere. Along with the variation of temperature there are unique features at different heights. Based on these characteristics atmosphere is divided into four parallel zones.

1. Troposphere: It is the lowest layer of the atmosphere and les closer to the earth. The word ‘Tropos’ means ‘turn’ It extends up to 18km at the equator and 8km at poles. Thus the average height is about 10-12km. The important feature of the troposphere are:

Hydrological cycle: It is confined to troposphere. The water evaporates and raised up, formation of clouds takes place. Later it is precipitated in various forms like rain, snow and hailstone. These processes are known as evaporation, condensation and precipitation.

Lapse rate: In this layer the temperature decreases at the rate of 6,5’ Celsius per every 1000 meters of height which is known as ‘lapse rate’.

Clouds: It is characterized with formation of clouds, thunder storms and lighting.
Gaseous Mass: The troposphere has about 75 percent of the total gaseous mass, The upper part of troposphere is known ‘Tropopause’.

2. Stratosphere: It lies above the tropo-sphere and extends up to 50km from the earth. The temperature is also most unifonnly distributed. Hence it also known as isothermal zone. At a height of 22kms. There is a thin layer of ozone which absorbs ultraviolet rays of the sun. So it is called as ozOnosphre. The name staratopause is given to the upper part of the stratosphere.

3. Mesosphere: It extends from 50 to 80kms. It is an intermediary zone between the lower and upper layers of the atmosphere. A thin layer of air separating mesosphere from the other upper layers in named as‘Mesopause’.

4. Ionosphere: It extends from 90 to 500km. It consists of atoms of air ionized due to intensive temperature. So it is also known as ‘Ionosphere’or Thermosphere. The radio waves of different length are reflected back from this layer.

5. Exosphere: The region beyond the Thermosphere is called Exosphere. It extends to about 1,000 km and the gravity of the Earth s too weak in this layer. Magnetosphere is found above this layer. Atmospheric layer in between 500-700kms is known as Exosphere and the atmosphere lying beyond is called‘Magnetosphere’.

Question 28.
What is a mineral? Explain the types of minerals.
Answer:
Mineral is a natural inorganic substance which has certain chemical and physical properties. The scientific study of minerals is called Mineralogy. Minerals are used by man for various human activities. Understanding them minerals their types and uses is very important as natural resources of the earth.

Types: Minerals are classified into different types on the basis of nature, texture, and sues. Important among them are,

1. Metallic Minerals: These minerals are not in metallic form and they do not contain metal. A few non-metallic minerals are Mica, Asbestos, Sulphur, lead, Zinc, Phosphate etc.
2. Non-Metallic Minerals: These minerals are not in metallic form and they do not contain metal. A few non-metallic minerals are Mica, Asbestos, Sulphur, Lead, Zinc, Phosphate etc.

Minerals are also classified into other types.
Ferrous minerals which contain Iron e.g. Iron Ore. Non-ferrous minerals – these minerals do not contain ferrous e.g. Bauxite, Mica. – A few minerals are used for making decorative, commercial and precious ornaments are called Precious minerals. E.g. Platinum, Diamond, Gold and Silver. Some minerals are use for the generation of energy. They are Nuclear or atomic minerals e.g. Uranium, Thorium etc.

Question 29.
What is landform? Explain the different types of geomorphic processes?
Answer:
A land form is any natural formation of rock and dirt, found on the earth. A landform can be as. large as a mountain range or as small as a hill. Landforms are natural features of the landscape, natural physical features of the earth’s surface eg. Valleys, plateaus, Mountains, plains, hills loess plains. The minor landforms include hills, ridges, valleys, basin etc. According to Geo-scientist the landforms are formed by the forces acting from the interior and on the surface of the Earth.

The processes carried out by Endogenic and Exogenic forces are called geomorphic processes. Endogenic forces: The internal forces are also known as endogenic forces. These are mainly the land building forces. Diastrophism includes all these processes; that move, elevate or build portions of the earth’s crust.

The internal forces are also known as endogenic forces. Exogenic Forces: The external forces are also known as Exogenic forces. These forces are found on the surface of the Earth, Which bring changes through degradation and aggradations process. River, glacier, wind, sea waves are the major sources of external forces.

Question 30.
Explain the topography of the Ocean floor with a diagram.
Answer:
On the basis of the depth, the ocean floor can be divided into four zones, parts or relief features. They are.
1. The continental Shelf: The gently sloping portion of the continent or land that lies submerged below other sea is called the continental shelf. The continental shelf has a very gentle slope. It extends form the shore line to depths between 180 and 200 meters. Average width of the continental shelves is about 48km. The extent of the continental shelf depends on the relief of the broadening land masses.

If the coastal area is a plateau area, the continental shelf will be very broad. On the other hand, if the coastal region is hilly or mountainous, the continental shelf will be very narrow or even absent for example the Atlantic Ocean has 2.3%, the Pacific Ocean has 5.7% and the India Ocean has 4.2%.

2. The continental slope: The zone of steep slope that descends from the edge of the continental shelf to the deep sea plains is called “continental slope”. It is the transitional zone lying between the continental shelf and the deep sea plains. The continental slope is very steep. It extends from 182 meters to 3.600 meters. The angle of the continental slope is 2 to 5 degre3es or even more. It occupies only 8.5% of the total area of the ocean floor. But it varies from ocean to ocean. The Atlantic Ocean has broader continental slopes and accounts for 12.4%. But it is 7% of the Pacific Ocean and 6.5% of the Indian Ocean.

3. The deep sea plains: The level and rolling areas of the ocean floor are generally called deep sea plains or abyssal plains or the ocean plains. They lie between 3,000 and 6,000 meters below other surface of the ocean. They occupy vast area of the ocean floor and account for about 82.7% of the total sea floor. They cover about 90% in the Indian Ocean. Their depth ranges from 5,000 to 6,000 meters. They are covered by oozes, which are the remains of deep sea creatures and plants, and of red volcanic dust.

4. The Ocean Deeps: The long narrow and deep troughs on the ocean floor are known as ‘ocean deep’ or ‘trough’. They cover only 1% of the ocean floor. They are most common neat the coasts where young fold mountains, volcanoes and earthquakes abound. Some they are tectonic in origin. They are the deepest portions of the ocean. Deeps may be caused due to tectonic forces, i.e. faulting earthquakes etc. There are 57known deeps. Of these 32 are found in Pacific Ocean, 19in the Atlantic Ocean and 6 in the Indian Ocean. The deepest trench in the world is Challenger deep located in Mariana Trench to the west of Philippines in the North Pacific Ocean.

Question 31.
Briefly explain the Coastal plains of India.
Answer:
This is the region all along the Indian coastline, lying between the coast and the mountain ranges of the peninsular plateau. India has 6100 km from Gujarat in the west to West Bengal in the east. The average width is 10-25 kms. The coastal plain of India is divided into two parts.

The West Coastal plains: It is extends between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats. It is narrower than the east coastal plains, stretching to a length of about 1400km and width of 10 to 80km from the Rann of katchchh to Kanyakumari. The west coastal plains have Gujarat, Konkan, Karnataka and Malabar Coasts.

The Gujarat Coast comprises of Rann of Kachchh and Cambay coasts. It is formed by the alluvial deposits of Sabarmati, Mahi, Luni and other small streams. Gujarat has the longest coastline in India Kandla and okha are famous sea ports and along is the biggest ship breaking center. It produces highest salt in the country.

Konkan Coast lies to the south of Gujarat coast and extends line which provides suitable site for natural seaports. Eg: Mumbai, Navasheva, Marmagoa, Karwar, New Mangalore etc., this coast records highest coastal erosion. It is very rich in Petroleum and natural gas. Karnataka coast: it is a part of Konkan coast.

It extends from karwar in the north to Mangalore in the south. It is the narrowest part of west coastal plains. Karwar and New Mangalore are important ports in this belt. Sea Bird, the naval base near Karwar is the largest naval base in India.

The Malabar Coast extends from Mangalore to Kanyakumari, Sand dunes, lagoons and backwaters are the important features of this coast. Cochin or Kochi is the biggest seaport in this coast. Backwaters of Kerala facilitate navigation and tourists enjoy traveling though small country boats. The first south west monsoon rainfall is received in this coast.

East coastal Plains: It lies between the Ea’stern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal stretching from the delta of Hooghly in the North to Kanyakumari in the south. Compared to the west coastal plains the east coastal plains are broader.

The Tatkal Coast: It is the coastal plain of Orissa state. It extend for about 400kmms, north from Subarnarekha river to south of the Rushikulya river. It has a chilka lake, which is the largest salt water lake in India, Para deep is the important horbour located here.

Coromandel Coast: The southern part of east coast is known as the Coromandel Coast. It gets more rainfall from the north east monsoons and it is highly affected by cyclones. The oldest harbor Chennai located here.

Question 32.
Compare the North Indian rivers with South Indian Rivers.
Answer:

Question 33.
Describe the salient features of Salinity of the Ocean water. (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
Salinity of ocean water refers to the amount of dissolved solids in the ocean water. Ocean water consists of various kinds of chemical elements and minerals. Of these constituents, sodium chloride is the most important constituent of ocean water. The other constituents or salts like magnesium chloride, magnesium sulphate, calcium sulphate, potassium sulphate, etc.

Are also present in the ocean or sea water. The ocean water is saline by the rivers which bring huge amount of mineral salt dissolved in water. Another reason for salinity is the evaporation of sea water, by which mineral salt in the sea or ocean water increase every year. Salinity is measured in gram per kg of sea water and it is expressed as part per thousands for examples: 35% it means 35gram of salt in 1000 gram of sea water.

Factors affecting the salinity in the ocean water are: Evaporation, Precipitation, and Fresh water mixing with ocean water, ground water and glaciers increase the percentage of salt content in the ocean. The trade winds drive away saline water to less saline areas resulting the variation of salt content.

Latitudes, precipitation, mixing of fresh water etc. influence on the horizontal and vertical distribution of salinity. The regions near Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn record high salinity due to high temperature, more evaporation, low rainfall and extensive arid and semi-arid areas. While the equatorial region record low sanity because of high temperature and high rainfall. The polar region record least salinity due to very low temperature, evaporation and less rainfall.

Question 34.
Explain the anticyclones.
Answer:
Winds blowing spirally outward from centers of high pressure are known as anti-cyclones. They are just the reverse of cyclones. Their movement is clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and anti clockwise direction in Southern Hemisphere. They are more common in the sub¬tropical high pressure belts and absent in the equatorial belt. They are circular in shape, larger in size and extent and their track is highly variable. The weather is generally associated with anticyclones is find and dry.

The anticyclones are divided into two groups such as permanent and temporary anticyclones.
Permanent anti-cyclones are mainly centre in the temperate regions where the meeting of tropical and temperate air mass takes place. In between the two temperate cyclones there will be anti-cyclones. In the interior of continents the high pressure centers are developed during the winter season. It is due to lower amount of temperature.

IV. Answer any one of the following. ( 10 × 1 = 10 )

Question 35.
Explain the planetary winds with the help of diagram. (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
Winds which blow from high pressure belts to the low pressure belts in the same direction through out the year are called planetary winds, permanent winds or prevailing winds. Characteristics: The chief characteristics of planetary winds:

• They are connected with the pressure belts. So they blow from the high pressure belt or area to the low pressure belt or area.
• They are regular through out the year.
• They deflect to their right in the northern hemisphere and to their left in the southern hemisphere.
• As a result of the shifting of the pressure belt northward in summer and southward in winter, the planetary winds also shift northwards in summer and southwards in winter. They are permanent and blow over vast areas of the globe. These winds include trade winds, westerlies and polar winds.

1. Trade winds: The winds that blow in the tropics form the sub-tropical high pressure belts towards the equatorial low pressure belt are called “Trade winds”. They found approximately between 8° and 30° latitudes on both sides blowing from the east. They are also known as “Tropical Easterlies”.

The trade winds due to the law of deflection blow from the north-east in the northern hemisphere and from south-east in the southern hemisphere. Trade winds blow from the cooler sub-tropical areas to the hotter area, hence they do not bring rain. However, when they blow over the open sea they gather moisture and bring heavy rainfall to the east coast of the continents.

2. Anti trade winds: The wind blowing from sub-tropical high pressure belts towards sub-polar low pressure belts are known as anti-trade winds. They are south-west to north east in the northern hemisphere and Norwest to south-east in the southern hemisphere.

Hence they are called ‘Westerlies”. They prevail largely between 40° and 650 north and south of the equator. They blow from the north-west in the southern hemisphere and south – west in the northern hemisphere. As they blow from hotter areas to colder areas they bring rain through the year.

3. Polar winds: Winds blowing from polar high pressure belts toward the sub-polar low pressure belts are known as polar winds. They blow from the north east in the northern hemisphere and south east in the southern hemisphere. As they blow form the snow cov4red areas they are very cold winds. They are constant in the southern hemisphere.

Question 36.
Explain the structure and composition of the Earth with a neat diagram. (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
On the basis of the physical and chemical properties of the earth’s surface, behavioral patterns of seismic waves of earthquakes and the lava erupted form volcanoes, it is generally held that the earth is composed of three layers or parts.

1. The crust: The outer or upper most layer of the earth is the crust. It is solid and is the thinnest and lightest part. It is 6to 60 kms thick. It has two layers.
a. Continental crust or sial: The upper part consist of sedimentary and granite rocks’ and forms the continents. Its major constituent elements are silica and aluminum. So, it is termed as sial. Its average thickness ranges between 10-12 km.

b. Oceanic crust or Sima: The lower part of other Crust is known as oceanic crust. Its thickness is around 5 km. This layer is rich in silica and Magnesium. Therefore, it is called Sima. The lower continuous layer is mostly composing of silica and magnesium and so it is termed as sima. The mean density of this layer is 2.95gm. Conrad discontinuity between Sial and Sima and Mohorovicic discontinuity between Crust and Mantle are the major discontinues in the crust.

2. The Mantle: The portion of the earth’s interior, lying beneath the crust and above the core is known as mantle. It is largely made up of basic silicates, rich in iron and magnesium. It extends from 60 to 2,900km. The density of this layer from 3.3 to 5.7gm. The mantle has two parts.

a. Upper Mantle: This is the outer layer of the Mantle known as Asthenosphre. Most of the earthquakes and volcanoes take birth due to disorder in this layer.

b. Lower Mantle: This is the lower layer of the Mantle known as Mesosphere and it is in solid form. Repetti discontinuity between Asthenosphere and Mesosphere and Gutenberg discontinuity between Mantle and Core are the major discontinues in the mantle

3. The core: The core is the central part of the earth’s interior. It extends from the lower boundary of the mantle to the centre of the earth for about 6,400 kms. The most important materials of core are nickel and ferrous (Nife). The core consists of two layers, namely.

a. Outer core: It is the outer layer of the Core consisting hard molten rocks. Most of the materials are in molten form. It extends from 2900km to 4980km.

b. Inner core: It is the lower layer of the Core with very high temperature and pressure. Most of the materials are in solid form therefore, it is called solid core. The average temperature of this layer is around 2900° C. Transition discontinuity is found between Outer. Core and Inner Core.

V. (A) Answer the following in a sentence each. ( 1 × 5 = 5 )

Question 37.
What is Cartography?
Answer:
The science and art of making maps, charts, globes and rile models is known as Cartography.

Question 38.
Define Map.
Answer:
A map is defined as a symbolical and conventional representation of the earth or a portion f it drawn to scale on a flat surface and bounded by the geographical coordinates as viewed from above.

Question 39.
What is Scale?
Answer:
A scale is the ratio of the distance between two points on the map and their corresponding distance on the ground.

Question 40.
What is Index?
Answer:
The features show on a map is indicated by a guide called map index.

Question 41.
Give an example for small scale map.
Answer:
Small Scale maps: The Maps drawn on the scale below 1 cm: 15Km or 1:15,00,000 eg. Atlas and Wall Maps. These maps show broad physical and cultural features.

(B) Identify the latitudes and longitudes for the given places. ( 1 x 5 = 5 )

42. Mysore
43. Tumkur –
44. Mangalore
45. Haveri
46. Bidar
Answer:

(C) Draw diagrams to the following. ( 2× 2 = 4 )

Question 47.
Cycle of Seasons.
Answer:

Question 48.
Orographic rainfall
Answer:

(D) Draw the outline map of India, mark and name the following

Question 49.
Map drawing (2)

Question 50. (2)
Southwest and Northeast monsoon winds

Question 51. (2)
Nokrek and Agasthyamalai biosphere reserves

Answers:
1. Physical divisions of India

2. Forests of India

3. National park and Wild life in India

4. Rivers and Lakes

7. Biosphere Reserves

1. Nanda Devi Saikhawa
2. Nokrek
3. Manas
4. Dibru
5. Dehang Debang
6. Sunderbans
7. Gulf of Mannar
8. Nilgiri
9. Great Nicobar
10. Similipal
11. Khanghendzonga
12. Panchamarhi
13. Agasthymalai
14. Achanakmari – Amar Kantak

Students can Download Maths Chapter 14 Mathematical Reasoning Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, 1st PUC Maths Question Bank with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Maths Question Bank Chapter 14 Mathematical Reasoning

Question 1.
What is the basic unit involved in mathematical reasoning?
Answer:
The basic unit involved in mathematical statement.

Question 2.
Define mathematical statement.
Answer:
Mathematical statement is a sentence which, in a given context is either true or false but not both.

Question 3.
Define mathematically acceptable statements.
Answer:
A sentence is called mathematically acceptable statement if it either true or false but not both.

• Note: In this chapter, statement means it is mathematically acceptable statement.
• Note: If a sentence, which is vague or ambiguous then that sentence is not a statement.
• Note: Open sentences are not statements.
• Note: A sentence which contains where, why, what, he, she, other pronouns is not a statement.

Question 4.
Which of the following sentences are statements? Give reasons for your answers.
(i) Two plus two equals four.
(ii) The sum of two equals four
(iii) All prime numbers are add numbers
(iv) The sum of x and y is greater than zero
(v) How beautiful?
(vi) Open the door.
(vii) Where are you going?
(viii) Tomorrow is Friday
(ix) She is mathematic graduate.
(x) There are 40 days in a month.
(xi) 8 is less than 6.
(xii) Every set is a finite set.
(xiii) The sun is a star
(xiv) Mathematics is fun.
(xv) There is no rain without clouds.
(xvi) There are 35 days in a month.
(xvii) Mathematics is difficult.
(xviii) The sum of 5 and 7 is greater than 10
(xix) The square of a number is an even number.
(xx) The sides of a quadrilateral have equal length.
(xxi) Answer this question
(xxii) The product of (-1) and 8 is 8
(xxiii) Today is windy day.
(xxiv) All real numbers are complex numbers
(xxv) The sum of all interior angles of a triangle is 180°
Answer:
(i) It is a statement because it is always true.
(ii) It is a statement because it is always true.
(iii) It is a statement because it is false.
(vi) It is not a statement because it is open sentence.
(v) It is not a statement because it is an exclamation.
(vi) It is not a statement ∵ It is an order.
(vii) It is not a statement ∵ It is a question.
(viii) Not a statement, ∵ It is true on Thursday but not on other days.
(ix) Not a statement ∵ Sentence with variable pronoun like‘she’.
(x) A statement ∵ It is false (statement) sentence.
(xi) A statement ∵ It is a false sentence.
(xii) Not a statement ∵ It may be true or false
(xiii) A statement ∵ It is true
(xiv) Not a statement ∵ This sentence is not always true
(xv) A statement ∵ This sentence is always true, as is natural phenomenon.
(xvi) Not a statement ∵ It is false sentence maximum number of days in a month can never exceed.
(xvii) Not a statement ∵ It may be true or false for some people mathematics can be easy and some people mathematics can be difficult.
(xviii) A statement∵ It is true sentence. Since 5 + 7 = 12 >10
(xix) Not a statement, ∵ It is sometimes true and sometimes false. Since (2)² = 4, even and (3)² = 9, odd.
(xx) Not a statement ∵ It may be true or false.
Since square has equal length sides, rectangle has unequal length sides.
(xxi) Not a statement, ∵ It is an order.
(xxii) A statement ∵ It is false sentence.
(xxiii) Not a statement ∵ which day is not mentioned
(xxiv) A statement ∵ It is true sentence.
(xxv) A statement ∵ It is always true.

Question 5.
Define negation of a statement.
Answer:
If p is a statement, then the negation of p is also a statement and is denoted ~p and read as ‘not p’.
Note: While forming the negation of a statement, phrases like ‘It is not the case’ or ‘It is false that’ are also used.

Question 6.
Define compound statement.
Answer:
Compound statement is a statement which is made up of two or more statements using some connecting words like ‘and’ ‘or’, ‘if, then’, ‘if and only if etc.
Note: Connecting words like ‘And’ ‘Or’, ‘If, then’, ‘If and only if are called connectives and each statement is called a component statement.

Question 7.
Write the negation of the following statements:
(i) New Delhi is a city
(ii) Everyone in Germany speaks German
(iii) \(\sqrt{7}\) is rational
(iv) Chennai is the capital of Tamil Nadu
(v) \(\sqrt{2}\) is not a complex number
(vi) All triangles are not equilateral triangle
(vii) The number 2 is greater than 7.
(viii) Every natural number is an integer.
Answer:
(i) New Delhi is not a city.
(ii) It is false that everyone in Germany speaks German.
(iii) \(\sqrt{7}\) is not rational
(iv) Chennai is not the capital of Tamil Nadu
(v) \(\sqrt{2}\) is a complex number
(vi) The number 2 is not greater than 7
(vii) Every natural number is not an integer.

Question 8.
Are the following pairs of statements negations of each other,
(i) The number x is not a rational number The number x is not an irrational number,
(ii) The number x is a rational number. The number x is an irrational number
Answer:
(i) Let p : the number x is not a rational number
q : the number x is not an irrational number
Now ~ p : The number x is a rational number
q : The number x is a rational number (∵ when a number is not irrational, it is a rational)
~p = q and ~q = p
⇒ given pairs of statements are negations of each other.

(ii) Let p : the number x is a rational number
q : the number x is an irrational number. Now, ~p: the number x is an irrational number (∵When a number is not rational, it is irrational)
∴ ~p = q and ~q=p
⇒The pairs are negations of each other.

Question 9.
Find the component statements of the following compound statements and check whether they are true or false.
(i) Numbers 3 is prime or it is odd
(ii) All integers are positive or negative
(iii) 100 is divisible by 3,11 and 5
(iv) A square is a quadrilateral and its four sides equal
(v) All prime numbers are either even or odd
(vi) Chandigarh is the capital of Haryana and P.
(vii) 24 is a multiple of 2, 4 and 8
Answer:
(i) The component statements are
p : number 3 is prime
q : number 3 is odd
Both p and q are true

(ii) The component statements are
p : all integers are positive
q : all integers are negative
Both p and q are false

(iii) The component statements are
p : 100 is divisible by 3 (false)
q : 100 is divisible by 11 (false)
r : 100 is divisible by 5 (true)

(iv) The component statements are
p : a square is a quadrilateral
q : a square has all its sides equal
Both p and q are true

(v) The component statements are
p : all prime numbers are even
q : all prime numbers are odd
Both p and q are false

(vi) The component statements are
p : Chandigarh is the capital of Haryana (True)
q : Chandigarh is the capital of U.P. (False)

(vii) The component statements are
p : 24 is a multiple of 2 (True)
q : 24 is a multiple of 4 (True)
r : 24 is a multiple of 8 (True)

Question 10.
Write the rules for
(i) ‘And’ (conjunction) (∧)
(ii) ‘Or’ (disjunction) (∨)
(iii) ‘If-Then’ (implication) (⇒)
(iv) ‘If and only if (double implication) (⇔)
Answer:
Let p and q be the statements of the compound statement. Then

(i) The compound statement p and q is the conjunction of p and q and is denoted by
p ∧ q . (read: p and q)
Rule for compound statement with ‘And’ (conjunction)
This can be shown by the truth table

∴ Truth table for p ∧ q as follows

(ii) The compound statement p or q is the disjunction of p and q, and is denoted by p v q (read: p ∨ q)
Rule: The disjunction p ∨ q is false if both p and q are false, otherwise it is true.

This can be shown by truth table

(iii) The compound statement ‘if p then q’ is implication of p and It is denoted by p → q or p ⇒ q. (read : p implication q)

Rule:

Note:
If ‘p’ and then ‘q’ is small following:

• p ⇒ q (i.e., p implies q)
• p is sufficient condition for q
• p only if q
• q is necessary condition for p
• ~q implies ~p (i.e., ~q ⇒ ~p)
• The compound statement ‘p if and only if q’ is double implication of p and It is denoted by p ⇔ q (read: p double implication q)

Rule:

Note: ‘p if and only if q’ is same as the following.

• p ⇔ q
• p if and only if q
• q if and only if p
• p is necessary and sufficient condition for q and vice-versa

Question 11.
Define quantifiers (quantifiers)
Answer:
‘Quantifiers’ are the phrases like ‘there exists’ and ‘for all’ (or for all).

Question 12.
Define converse and contrapositive.
Answer:
Converse and contra positive are certain other statements which can be formed from a given statement with ‘if-then’.

• Converse: The converse of the statement if p, then q is defined as ‘if q then p’.
  i.e., the converse of a implication p ⇒ q is q ⇒ q
• Contrapositive: The contrapositive of the statement if p, then q is defined as ‘if ~q, then ~p’ i.e., the contrapositive of a implication p ⇒ q is ~q ⇒ ~p

Note:
Inverse of a implication p ⇒ q is ~p ⇒ ~q

Question 13.
For each of the following compounds statements first identify the connecting words and then break it into component statements.
(i) All rational numbers are real and all real numbers are not complex.
(ii) Square of an integer is positive or negative
(iii) The sand heats up quickly in the sun and doesnot cool down fast at night.
(iv) x = 2 and x = 3 are the roots of the equation 3x² – x -10 = 0
Answer:
(i) ‘and’ is the connecting word.
∴ component statements are
p : all rational numbers are real
q : all real numbers are not complex.

(ii) Connecting word is ‘or’ component statements are
p : square of an integer is positive
q : square of an integer is negative

(iii) Connecting word is ‘and’ component statements are
p : sand heats up quickly in the sun
q : sand does not cool down fast at night

(iv) Connecting word is ‘and’Component statements are
p : x – 2 is a root of 3x² – x – 10 = 0
q : x = 3 is a root of 3x² – x – 10 = 0

Question 14.
Identify the quantifier in the following statements and write the negation of the statement.
(i) There exists a number which is equal to its square
(ii) For every real number x, x is less than x + 1
(iii) There exists a capital for every state in India
Answer:
(i) Quantifier is‘there exists’
The negation is,
There doesn’t exist a number which is equal to its square.

(ii) Quantifier is ‘For every’
The negation is, there exist a real number x such that x is not less than x + 1

(iii) Quantifier is ‘there exists’
The negation state in India which doesn’t have a capital

Question 15.
Check whether the following pair of statements are negation of each other. Give reasons for your answer.
(i) x + y = y + x is true for every real numbers x and y
(ii) There exists real numbers x and y for which x + y = y + x
Answer:
No
Negation of (i) is ‘there exists real number x and y for which x + y & y + x’, which is not same as (ii).

Question 16.
State whether ‘or’ used in the following statements is exclusive or inclusive. Give reason for your answer.
(i) Sun rises or moon sets
(ii) To apply for a driving license, you should have a ration card or a pass port
(iii) All integers are positive or negative
Answer:
(i) Here ‘or’ is exclusive
∵ ‘sun rises’ and ‘moon sets’ cannot be true simultaneously

(ii) Here ‘or’ is inclusive
∵ For license, one can have both ration card and a passport.

(iii) Here ‘or’ is exclusive
∵ Integer cannot be both positive as well as negative.

Question 17.
Rewrite the following statements with ‘if-then’ in five different ways conveying the same meaning.
(i) ‘If a natural number is odd, then its square is also odd’
(ii) If a number is a multiple of 9, then it is a multiple of 3
Answer:
(i) Given: ‘If a natural number is odd, then its square is also odd.
Let p : a natural number is odd
q : a natural number square is also odd. Then, if p then q is same as

• p ⇒q (p implies q)
  i.e., A natural number is odd implies that its square is also odd.
• p is sufficient condition for q e., for the square of a natural number to be odd it is sufficient that the number itself is odd.
• p only if q e., A natural number is odd only if its square is odd.
• q is a necessary condition for p e., for a natural number to be odd it is necessary that its square must be odd.
• ~q implies ~p
• If the square of a natural number is not odd, then the number itself is also not odd.

(ii) Try yourself

Question 18.
Write the contrapositive and converse of the following statements.
(i) If a number is divisible by 9, then it is divisible by 3
(ii) If you are born in India, then you are a citizen of India.
(iii) If a triangle is equilateral, then it is isosceles
(iv) If a number n is even, then n² is even
(v) If you do all the exercises in the book you get an A grade in the class.
(vi) If x is a prime number, then x is odd
(vii) If the two lines are parallel, then they donot intersect in the same plane
(viii) Something is cold implies that it has low temperature
(ix) x is even number implies that x is divisible by 4
Answer:
(i) Let p : A number is divisible by 9
q : A number is divisible by 3
Its converse is q ⇒ p and its contrapositive is ~q ⇒~P
∴ contrapositive: ‘If a number is not divisible by 3, then it is not divisible by 9’.
Converse: ‘If a number is divisible by 3 then it is divisible by 9.

(ii) Contrapositive: ‘If you are not a citizen of India then you were not born in India’. Converse: ‘If you are a citizen of India then you are born in India’.

(iii) Contrapositive: ‘If a triangle is not isosceles, then it is not equilateral’.
Converse: ‘If a triangle is isosceles, then it is equilateral’.

(iv) Try

(v) Try

(vi) Contrapositive: ‘If x is not odd, then x is not a prime number’.
Converse: If x is odd then x is a prime number

(vii) Try

(viii) and (ix) yourself

Question 19.
Write each of the following statements in the form ‘if-then’
(i) You get a job implies that your credentials are good.
(ii) The Banana trees will bloom if it stays warm for a month
(iii) A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if its diagonals bisect each other
(iv) To get an A⁺ in the class, it is necessary that you do all the exercise of the book
Answer:
(i) ‘If you get a job, then your credentials are good’.
(ii) ‘If the banana tree stays warm for a month, then it will bloom’
(iii) ‘If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then it is a parallelogram’.
(iv) ‘If you get an A⁺ in the class then you have done all exercises of the book’.

Question 20.
Verify by the method of contradiction that \(\sqrt{7}\) is irrational
Answer :
Let  p : \(\sqrt{7}\) is irrational
Let us assume p is not true i.e.., \(\sqrt{7}\) is rational .
⇒ \(\sqrt{7}=\frac{a}{b}\),where a and b are integers having no common
factor.
⇒ \(7=\frac{a^{2}}{b^{2}}\)
⇒ a² =7b²
⇒ 7 divides a²
⇒ 7 divides a
⇒ a = 7c, for some integer c.
⇒ a² = 49c²
⇒ 7b² = 49c²
⇒ b² = 7c²
⇒ 7 divides b²
⇒ 7 divides b
Thus, 7 is common factor of both a and b. This contradicts that a and b have no common factor. So, our assumption is wrong. Hence, \(\sqrt{7}\) is irrational is true.

Students can Download 1st PUC Geography Previous Year Question Paper March 2015 (North), Karnataka 1st PUC Geography Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Geography Previous Year Question Paper March 2015 (North)

Time: 3 Hrs 15 Min
Max. Marks: 100

Instructions:

1. Answer All the questions.
2. Draw map and diagrams wherever necessary.
3. Question No. V is on cartography
4. Blind students attempt only VA, 52, 53 and 54 instead of V – B, C and D.

I. Answer the following questions in a word, or a sentence each: (10 × 1 = 10)

Question 1.
What is Geography?
Answer:
The scientific study of the Earth surface and its various climates, natural resources and human activities.

Question 2.
What amount of time does the Earth take to complete one Rotation?
Answer:
The period of rotation is 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4.09 seconds or roughly 24 hours.

Question 3.
What is an Earthquake?
Answer:
It means vibration of Earth crust, The series of vibrations that result from the sudden movements of earth’s crust is known as earthquake.

Question 4.
What is Weathering?
Answer:
The process of disintegration and decomposition of rocks by natural agents can be called as weathering.

Question 5.
What is Salinity?
Answer:
The amount of salt which is present in a water body is called as salinity.

Question 6.
What is Environment?
Answer:
The study of the surroundings of humans where they live and work is known as environment.

Question 7.
What is Geographical area of India?
Answer:
The total geographical area of India is 32, 87, 263 sq km.

Question 8.
What is the other name to the Himalaya?
Answer:
The other name of Himalaya is ‘Abode of Snow’ (or) Young Fold Mountains.

Question 9.
What type of climate is found in India?
Answer:
India has a ‘Tropical Monsoon type of climate’.

Question 10.
What is Drought?
Answer:
The term drought is applied to an extended period when there is a shortage of water availability due to inadequate rainfall, over utilization of water etc.

II. Answer any ten of the following questions in each 2 or 3 sentences: (10 × 2 = 20)

Question 11.
Name the waves of Earthquakes.
Answer:

• Primary (P) Waves
• Secondary (S) Waves
• Surface Waves

Question 12.
Define Insolation.
Answer:
Out of the energy radiated by the sun, the radiant energy received by the earth is called as the incoming solar radiation or Insolation.

Question 13.
What are Tides?
Answer:
The regular rise and fall of water level in the sea and oceans is called tides.

Question 14.
What is Conservation of Ocean?
Answer:
The protection and preservation of ocean resources for the future generations is known as conservation of ocean.

Question 15.
What is Biomes?
Answer:
Biome is the plant and animal community that covers a specific geographical area.

Question 16.
Name the types of Environment.
Answer:

• Physical Environment
• Cultural Environment

Question 17.
Write Latitudianal and Longitudinal extent of India.
Answer:
India extends between 8°4’North to 37°6’North latitude and 68°7′ East to 97°25′ East longitudes.

Question 18.
Name the neighbouring countries of India.
Answer:

• Pakistan and Afghanistan are in the Northwest.
• China, Nepal and Bhutan are in the North.
• Myanmar is in the East and Bangladesh is in the Northeast.
• Srilanka and Maldives are in the South Oceanic Zone.

Question 19.
What are the tributaries of River Krishna?
Answer:
The Bhima, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Tungabhadra and Musi are the main-tributaries of the river Krishna.

Question 20.
What are the importance of Black soil?
Answer:
It is derived from the weathered basalt rocks. This soil holds water for a long period and is high moisture retentive. This is most suitable for the cultivation of cotton, sugarcane, tobacco, pulses etc.

Question 21.
What is Conservation of Forest?
Answer:
Protection and preservation of forest for the utilisation of future generations is called as ‘Conservation of Forest’.

Question 22.
Name the Flood prone areas of India.
Answer:

• The Ganga basin
• The Brahmaputra basin
• The Central India and Peninsular River Basin.

III. Answer any Eight of the following questions in 25 to 30 sentences each: (8 × 5 = 40)

Question 23.
Explain the important branches of Geography.
Answer:
1. Physical Geography.
The field of physical geography is wide as it includes the study of the entire surface of the earth and also its physical and biological process as well as their morphology. Modern geography has witnessed the development of many branches and some of them even grown into separate disciplines.

Some of the important branches of physical geography are as follows:

• Geomorphology: It is a systematic study of landforms, such as mountains, plateaus, plains, valleys, etc.
• Climatology: Climatology encompasses the study of structure of atmosphere and elements of climates and climatic types and regions.
• Meteorology: The scientific study of atmosphere condition is called meteorology.
• Pedology: It is the scientific study of soil formation, structure, texture, chemical composition and their influence on plant growth.
• Hydrology: Hydrology studies the realm of water over the surface of the earth including oceans, lakes, rivers and other water bodies and its effect on different life.
• Seismology: It is the study of Earthquakes, their effects and distribution.
• Astronomical Geography: It is the study of heavenly bodies of the space like planets, satellites, stars etc in relation to the earth.
• Volcanology: It is the scientific study of tectonic process of volcanoes.
• Astronomical geography: It is the study of heavenly bodies of the space like planets, satellites, stars etc in relation to the earth.
• Bio-geography: It is the systematic study of the distribution of plants and animals.
• Hydrology: The study of water on the earth’s land is known as hydrology.
• Oceanography: The study of waves, tides and currents and the other characteristics of oceans, known as oceanography.

2. Human geography: It deals with man and his activities particularly cultural environment factors on man made factors, Important among them are culture, Society, agriculture, mining, industry, transport forming trade population etc.
Some of the important grander of Human geography are as fallows:

1. Political geography: It deals with spatial unit, people distribution, political behavior, political divisions etc.

2. Economic geography: It refers to basic attributes of the economy such as production, distribution exchange of goods and consumption. It deals with the spatial aspects of production, distribution and consumption and also helps on understanding the most proper location for establishing different human activities.

3. Commercial Geography: It deals with the spatial distribution of trade and commercial practices etc.

4. Population Geography: It helps to understand the distribution, growth density, migration and various other components of population.

Question 24.
Explain the proofs in support of the spherical shape of the Earth.
Answer:
There are several proofs to regard the earth as a spherical shape of the Earth.
a. Heavenly bodies appear to be spherical: The Sun, the Moon and other heavenly bodies appear to be spherical when viewed from different position. The earth is one of them and hence it must also be spherical in shape.

b. The Lunar Eclipse: The lunar eclipse proves that the Earth is in spherical shape. During lunar eclipse when the Earth is between the Sun and the Moon, the shadow of the Earth falls on the Moon. Aristotle was the first scholar to show this by looking at the shadow of the Earth on the lunar surface. Later, this was ascertained by Ptolemy. This is considered to be the oldest proof in respect of the shape of the Earth.

c. Sunrise and Sunset: The time of Sunrise and Sunset is not the same everywhere in the world. This is due to spherical shape of the Earth. If the Earth were to be flat all places on the Earth would have had sunrise and sunset at the same time everywhere in the world.

d. Circumnavigation: Circumnavigation of the world can only be possible when the Earth is in spherical shape. If one start on a sea voyage towards the east, by moving constantly in the same direction, he would be able to complete a circle of the world and reach the original point form where he had started.

e. The Bed Ford level experiment: Dr.Alfred Russel Wallace conducted an experiment in 1956, along the Bed Ford level canal area in Britain. It is the most convincing proof of the curvature of the Earth. He fixed three poles of same height at an interval of about mile apart and observed through a telescope. It was found that the pole in the middle was higher than other two poles. It is due to the curvature of the Earth. If the Earth were to be flat all the poles would have the same horizontal level.

f. Sighting a ship: A ship on the sea approaching the coast, when seen from the short does not come into view all at once. The observer first sees the mast and then the hull and finally the whole ship. A ship moving away from the coast disappears gradually and finally out of view. If the Earth were to be flat the whole ship would have come into view.

g. Aerial and Satellite Photographs: The photographs taken by the cosmonauts in the recent decades and satellites have provided ample proof to show that the earth is spherical in shape.

Question 25.
Describe the physical weathering.
Answer:
The disintegration of rocks without any chemical change in their compost in is known as mechanical or physical weathering. The disintegration of rocks occurs mainly due to the influence of temperature variation, frost action, wind action, rainwater, etc.

A. Surface are heated and expand. During the nights the rock surfaces are cooled due to, fall in temperature, rocks contact. The repetition of exemptions and contraction causes tension and stress which leads to cracks in the rocks. Then the rocks disintegrate into i blocks. This process is known as Block disintegration, Rocks are made of different types of minerals.

So the different parts of the same rock mass react differently to temperature. This leads to differential expansion and contraction inside the rocks. The rocks break up into smaller grains. This process of weathering is, called “Granular disintegration”. Due to variat Temperature in the upper and lower layers, the outer layers of rocks peel out into the uric shells. This process of weathering is known as “Exfoliation”.

B. Frost: Rocks are disintegrated due to freezing and thawing of water in the cracks or joints in the rocks. This frost action is more important in the temperate and cold regions. The water present in the cracks of rocks freezes during the night due to fall in temperature below freezing point. When water freezes it expands by 1/10 its volume. It thaws (melts) during the day, due to increase of temperature and it contracts in volume. This alternative freezing and melting of water widens other cracks in the rocks, splits and breaks then into blocks. This is known as frost shattering.

C. Rain: Sometimes, when rain falls suddenly on highly heated rocks in hot desert numerous cracks are developed. This is just like a heated chimney of a lamp, when a drop of water falls on it. The repetition of this mechanism causes disintegration of rocks. In humid region, when torrential rain occurs, the drops strike the rock surface and loosen the particles.

D. Wind: In the deserts the wind blows with greater speed carrying with it sand and rock materials, they collide with each other or strike against the loose rock and cause weathering. In deserts the wind cause this type of weathering on a large scale.

E. Sea waves: Sea waves strike the costal rocks. Repeated striking enlarges the incipient joints. Fractures and cause breaking of rocks into small blocks. Weathering also takes place due to hydraulic pressure, abrasion and attrition caused.

F. Slope: A steep slope helps in weathering. In mountainous and hilly area, sometimes, on account of gravity, blocks of rocks move down the slope while rolling down the slope, they strike against other block and break up into pieces.

G Gravitation: the gravity of Earth makes the huge rocks to roll towards the slope. Rolling rocks strike against each other and break up into pieces.

Question 26.
Explain the structure of the Atmosphere.
Answer:
The distribution of temperature is not uniform at different height of the atmosphere. Along with the variation of temperature there are unique features at different heights. Based on these characteristics atmosphere is divided into four parallel zones.

1. Troposphere: It is the lowest layer of the atmosphere and less closer to the earth. The word ‘Tropos’ means ‘turn’ It extends up to 18km at the equator and 8km at poles. Thus the average height is about 10-12km. The important feature of the troposphere are:

Hydrological cycle: It is confined to troposphere. The water evaporates and raised up, formation of clouds takes place. Later it is precipitated in various forms like rain, snow and hailstone. These processes are known as evaporation, condensation and precipitation.

Lapse rate: In this layer the temperature decreases at the rate of 6,5’ Celsius per every 1000 meters of height which is known as ‘lapse rate’.

Clouds: It is characterized with formation of clouds, thunder storms and lighting.
Gaseous Mass: The troposphere has about 75 percent of the total gaseous mass, The upper part of troposphere is known ‘Tropopause’.

2. Stratosphere: It lies above the tropo-sphere and extends up to 50km from the earth. The temperature is also most uniformly distributed. Hence it also known as isothermal zone. At a height of 22kms. There is a thin layer of ozone which absorbs ultraviolet rays of the sun. So it is called as ozonosphere. The name stratopause is given to the upper part of the stratosphere.

3. Mesosphere: It extends from 50 to 80kms. It is an intermediary zone between the lower and upper layers of the atmosphere. A thin layer of air separating mesosphere from the other upper layers in named as‘Mesopause’.

4. Ionosphere: It extends from 90 to 500km. It consists of atoms of air ionized due to intensive temperature. So it is also known as‘Ionosphere’or Thermosphere. The radio waves of different length are reflected back from this layer.

5. Exosphere: The region beyond the Thermosphere is called Exosphere. It extends to about 1,000 km and the gravity of the Earth s too weak in this layer. Magnetosphere is found above this layer. Atmospheric layer in between 500-700kms is known as Exosphere and the atmosphere lying beyond is called‘Magnetosphere’.

Question 27.
Describe the major pressure Belts of the world with a neat diagram.
Answer:
The distribution of pressure is not equal on the earth’s surface. It changes from palace to place and time to time on the basis of air temperature and rotation of the earth. Any area in the atmosphere where air pressure is higher than in the surrounding areas is called “ High pressure” Thee are 4 high pressure belts and 3 low pressure belts on the earth’s surface.

Equatorial Low pressure belt: This belt lies between latitudes 5° N and 5° S. The Sun’s rays are almost vertical on the equator throughout the year. As a result, the temperature is uniformly high and pressure is low throughout the year. It is also known as “Doldrums”. The air gets warm and rises upward. Horizontal movement of air is absent and convectional currents occur. This is the zone of convergence of the trade winds.

Sub tropical high pressure belts: The air ascended in the form of convectional currents from the equatorial region partly descends in the between 30 to 40’ latitudes in both the hemispheres. The descending air has thus formed two high pressure zones known as subtropics high pressure belts. It is the zone from which trade and anti-trade winds originate. This belt is also known as “ horse altitudes’. It is dry and quite stable. The name horse latitude is given by the ancient sailors who used to transport horses on ships. Due to absence of strong winds, some times the ship could not move with horses. Hence sailors used to dump horses to make the ship move forward.

Sub Polar low pressure belts: In between polar high pressure knd sub-tropical high pressure belt, the sum-tropical low pressure belts are situated. They lies in between 60’ to 70’ latitudes in both the hemispheres. They are formed with spinning action of rotation of the earth and also uprising air as an effect of incoming cold polar winds.

Polar high pressure belts: The Polar Regions are characterized with low temperature. The air raised at the equator descends around the poles causing high pressure belts. The cold polar winds blow outward from this zone.

Question 28.
Explain the ocean bottom Relief.
Answer:
On the basis of the depth, the ocean floor can be divided into four zones, parts or relief features. They are.

1. The continental Shelf: The gently sloping portion of the continent or land that lies submerged below other sea is called the continental shelf. The continental shelf has a very gentle slope. It extends form the shore line to depths between 180 and 200 meters. Average width of the continental shelves is about 48km. The extent of the continental shelf depends on the relief of the broadening land masses.

If the coastal area is a plateau area, the continental shelf will be very broad. On the other hand, if the coastal region is hilly or mountainous, the continental shelf will be very narrow or even absent for example the Atlantic Ocean has 2.3%, the Pacific Ocean has 5.7% and the India Ocean has 4.2%.

2. The continental slope: The zone of steep slope that descends from the edge of the continental shelf to the deep sea plains is called “continental slope”. It is the transitional zone lying between the continental shelf and the deep sea plains. The continental slope is very steep. It extends from 182 meters to 3.600 meters. The angle of the continental slope is 2 to 5 degre3es or even more. It occupies only 8.5% of the total area of the ocean floor. But it varies from ocean to ocean. The Atlantic Ocean has broader continental slopes and accounts for 12.4%. But it is 7% of the Pacific Ocean and 6.5% of the Indian Ocean.

3. The deep sea plains: The level and rolling areas of the ocean floor are generally called deep sea plains or abyssal plains or the ocean plains. They lie between 3,000 and 6,000 meters below other surface of the ocean. They occupy vast area of the ocean floor and account for about 82.7% of the total sea floor. They cover about 90% in the Indian Ocean. Their depth ranges from 5,000 to 6,000 meters. They are covered by oozes, which are the remains of deep sea creatures and plants, and of red volcanic dust.

4. The Ocean Deeps: The long narrow and deep troughs on the ocean floor are known as ‘ocean deep’ or ‘trough’. They cover only 1% of the ocean floor. They are most common neat the coasts where young fold mountains, volcanoes and earthquakes abound. Some they are tectonic in origin. They are the deepest portions of the ocean. Deeps may be caused due to tectonic forces, i.e. faulting earthquakes etc. There are 57known deeps. Of these 32 are found in Pacific Ocean, 19in the Atlantic Ocean and 6 in the Indian Ocean. The deepest trench in the world is Challenger deep located in Mariana Trench to the west of Philippines in the North Pacific Ocean.

Question 29.
Explain the ocean currents of Indian Ocean.
Answer:
Indian Ocean is different from other ocean in the pattern of its current. This is due to the size of the Indian Ocean, the position of land masses and the seasonal change in the direction of monsoon winds. This is true of the North Indian Ocean. But in the south Indian Ocean, the currents flow as in the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean.

a. North Indian Ocean currents: The north Indian Ocean currents change their direction. twice a year as result of the alternating monsoon winds greatly influence the ocean currents in summer. The current flows off from the coast of Somali as the Somali current and drifts across the Arabian Sea as the south-west monsoon drift. Finally it joins the North Equatorial current and completes a clockwise circulation.

In winter, the North east winds influence the currents. Hence the currents starting form the stair of Malacca flows along the eastern and western coasts of India as “North East Monsoon Drift” and west ward. Then it turns near the Gulf of Aden to the west flows towards the south and turns east wards near the equator, finally it joins the North Equatorial Current and completes an antilock wise circulation.

b. South Indian Ocean currents: The currents of the south Indian Ocean are not affected by the monsoon winds. So the current of the south Indian Ocean are similar to those in the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean. In the south Indian Ocean, the South-East trade winds blow towards the west and give rise to the equatorial current, i.e. the south equatorial current.

On reaching the eastern coast of Africa, it flow southwards and is divided in two to branches, as it is obstructed by Madagascar Island. One branch enters the Mozambique current. The other branch flows eastwards of Madagascar Island and is known as ‘Madagascar current’. These two currents join again. And flow southwards as the Agulhas current. At 40 S latitude under the influence of the westerlies, it flows eastwards as West wind drift. It is also known as Indian Ocean current.

On reaching Australia, it divides into two branches, One branch turns northwards along the west coast of Australia as the west Australian current. Again turns west and North West, and finally joins the south equatorial current. The other branch moves to the southern coast of Australia and enters the Pacific Ocean.

Question 30.
Explain the Northern Himalayan mountains.
Answer:
India is characterized by great diversity in its physical features. On the basis of physiography, the country is divided in to four major physical divisions. They are:

1. The Northern Mountains
2. The Northern Plains
3. The Peninsular Plateau
4. The Coastal Plains and Islands

The Himalayas: This is loftiest and snow covered mountains in the world. The area occupied by the Himalayas was earlier a part of ‘Tethys Sea’. The formation of this mountain is by tectonic forces of Gondawana land Angara land masses. It is situated to the north of the Indus and Ganga and the Brahmaputra plains. The slopes of the Himalayas are gentle towards the north and steep towards south.

The Himalayas have distinct characteristics of high relief, snow covered peaks, complex geographical structures, parallel separated by deep valleys and rich temperate vegetation.The Himalayas are classified into three parallel ranges based on altitude and latitude.

The Great Himalayas or Himadri The lesser Himalayas or Himachal The Outer Himalayas or Siwaliks.

a. The Great Himalayas or Himadri: These are the inner most loftiest and continuous ranges of mountains. The average height of the Great Himalayas is 6200 m and the width varies between 120 and 190 km. The important peaks of great Himalayas in India are, Kanchenjunga-8598m in Sikkim, Nanga Prabat-8126m, Nandadevi, Badrinath, Karmet, Trishuletc.

b. The lesser Himalayas or Himachal: These ranges are also known as Inner Himalayas or Himachal ranges. It is situated between great Himalayas inn the north and Outer Himalayas or Siwaliks in the south. Its average height is around 1500-4500m and the width is about 60 to 80 km. These are very rugged and complex ranges due to erosion by rivers. The important ranges in Lesser Himalayas are Pirpanjal, Dhaul Dhar and nag – tiba etc. The important Hill stations are Shimla, Musooire, Ranikeht, Nainital, Almora, Chakrata, Darjeeling etc. Kulu valley, Kangra valley, Spiti valley are the famous valleys of Himachal.

c. The Outer Himalayas or Siwaliks: These are the outer most ranges situated to the south of Lesser Himalayas, known as Siwaliks. The Siwaliks extend from Jammu & Kashmir in the North West to Arunachal Pradesh in east. The average height of this range is around 600-1500m and its width varies between 15-5Qklm. The siwaliks are formed from the sediments brought down by the rivers of lesser, and Greater Himalayas.

There are flat floored structure valleys between Siwaliks and Lesser Himalayas, Known as Siwaliks. The Siwaliks extend from Jammu&Kashmir in the North West to Arunchal Pradesh in east.

Question 31.
Differencate between the North Indian rivers and South Indian rivers.
Answer:

Question 32.
Explain the South-West Monsoon season.
Answer:
The south-west monsoon winds as starts in June and ends in mid-September. It is also known as advancing monsoon season or rainy season. During this season, India gets more than 75% of its annual rainfall and more than 90% of the country’s area receives downpour. It is the prime season for Kharif crops.

In the middle of June the direct rays of the Sun fall on tropic of caner due to shift in the position of the Sun from Equator towards northern hemisphere. Therefore, there is an increase in temperature from south to north. The temperature in the main land of India and nearby land masses is high compared to water bodies of the Indian Ocean.

a. The Arabian Sea branch: The Arabian Sea branch of the south-west monsoon strikes the western coast of India in Kerala on the 1st June. Arabian sea winds by carrying more moisture blow along the western coast of India and cause heavy rainfall in the western part of Western Ghats due to obstruction. These winds behave like sea breeze and cause continuous rainfall I the wind ward side of the Western Ghats tHl they lose their moisture.

Agumbe of Karnataka receives the highest rainfall during this season. This regions coming under southeast monsoon winds receive good rainfall wherever they get obstruction by hills and plateaus.

b. The Bay of Bengal branch blow from water bodies towards the Indian mainland due to variation in pressure. These winds carry moisture form the Bay of Bengl and blow along eastern coast and finally reach north eastern hills. In its path, whenever this wind receives obstruction, they cause good rainfall. The eastern part of Eastern Ghats and north astern hills receive heavy rainfall. These winds after crossing eastern coast merge the Arabian sea winds.

The Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal winds, after merging, blow towards north eastern regions of India. The shape of the Himalayan Mountains and northeastern hills greatly obstruct these winds. Therefore the Meghalaya plateau region, particularly Nokrek areas of Mawsynram and cheerapunji, receive very high rainfall. This place is popularly called Rainiest or wettest place on the Earth.

The southwest monsoon after crossing northeastern region blow towards east. Since the Himalayas obstruct these winds they have to take westerly direction and blow along the foothills of Himalayas. The shift in the direct6 sun rays from Tropic of Cancer towards Equator results in the gradual disappearance of southwest monsoons. Indian economy depends on the Monsoons to a large extent.

Question 33.
Explain the types of soils in India.
Answer:
Soil is the minute or finer rock particles found on the surface of the Earth. It is formed naturally, due to the weathering of rocks, under the influence of climate.

The main types of soil in India are:

1. Alluvial soil: This soil is formed by depositional work of rivers and they are mainly found in the flood plains and deltas. Alluvial soil covers largest geographical are in the country. They are mainly distributed in the river plains of the Ganga, Brahmaputra and the Indus. Uttar Pradesh has the largest area under alluvial soil. It is also found in the deltas of east flowing rivers. Alluvial soils are classified into two types.

• Bhangar: Older alluvium, coarse and pebble like in nature, found at the lower depths of the plain.
• Khadar: New alluvium, finer in nature, found in the low lying flood plains and rich in fertility

2. Black soil: The black soils covered more area in peninsular plateau. This soil is also called ‘Cotton soil’ or “Regur soil”. It is derived from the weathered basalt rocks. This soil holds water from long period and become hard whenever it is dry. It is light-black to dark-black in colour. Maharashtra and Gujarat Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu. Black soils are good for Cotton, Sugarcane, Tobacco, Pulses, Millets, Citrus fruits, etc.

3. Red soil: This soil is formed by the weathered granite rocks. It is red in colour and rich in ferrous content. Red soil covers the second largest area in the country. Largest parts of peninsular region are covered with red soil. TamilNadu has the largest distribution of this soil in the country. Rice, Ragi, Jowar, Groundnut, Tobacco, Millets are the major crops cultivated in this soil.

4. Laterite soil: The hot and humid tropical regions of India are rich in laterite soil. This soil is derived from the fragmentation and disintegration of rocks in the mountain ranges. It is mainly found in the Western Ghats, parts of Eastern Ghats and Northeastern hills of India. Plantation crops like Tea, coffee, Rubber, Cashew nut are cultivated in this soil.

5. Desert soil: This soil is also called arid soil. They are mainly found in the desert and semi-desert regions of Western and North western parts of India. This soil has the least water holding capacity and humus content. Generally it is not suitable for cultivation of crops. This soil is mainly found in Rajasthan, parts of Gujarat and Haryana. With water facility crops like Bajra, Pulses and Guar are cultivated in this soil.

6. Mountain Soil: The Himalayan mountain valleys and hill slopes are covered with Mountain or Forest soil. It is found in the mountain slopes of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Utarkhand regions, Crops like Tea, Almond, saffron are cultivated in this soil.

Question 34.
Explain the major Seismic zones of India.
Answer:
Zone V: This is the most severe seismic (intensity above 7 in Richter scale) seismic zone and is referred as Very High Damage risk zone. The areas are. Northeastern states, parts of Jammu Kashmir, Uttarkhand, and Bihar and Kutch region.

Zone IV: This zone is second in severity (intensity between 5 and 7 in R.S) to zone VG. This is referred to as High Damage Risk zone. Northern regions of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Parts of Bihar, UP, Gujarat, West Bengal lie in this region zone. Northern regions of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, parts of Bihar, UP, Gujarat, West Bengal.

Zone III: This is termed as Moderate Damage (very strong) Risk zone (intensity between 3 and 5 in R.S). The areas are Gujarat, Madya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Maharashtra, Northern Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West coastal region etc.

Zone II: This zone is referred to as low Damage (strong) Risk Zone (intensity 2 to 3 R.S). The areas are Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Parts of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha etc.

Zone I: This zone is termed as Very Low Damage (Slight-tremor) Risk Zone. The left out parts of India and Deccan Plateau region.

IV. Answer any One of the following: (1 × 10 = 10)

Question 35.
Explain the structure of the Interior Earth with a neat diagram.
Answer:
On the basis of the physical and chemical properties of the earth’s surface, behavioral patterns of seismic waves of earthquakes and the lava erupted form volcanoes, it is generally held that the earth is composed of three layers or parts.

1. The crust: The outer or upper most layer of the earth is the crust. It is solid and is the thinnest and lightest part. It is 6to 60 kms thick. It has two layers.
a. Continental crust or sial: The upper part consist of sedimentary and granite rocks’ and forms the continents. Its major constituent elements are silica and aluminum. So, it is termed as sial. Its average thickness ranges between 10-12 km.

b. Oceanic crust or Sima: The lower part of other Crust is known as oceanic crust. Its thickness is around 5 km. This layer is rich in silica and Magnesium. Therefore, it is called Sima. The lower continuous layer is mostly composing of silica and magnesium and so it is termed as sima. The mean density of this layer is 2.95gm. Conrad discontinuity between Sial and Sima and Mohorovicic discontinuity between Crust and Mantle are the major discontinues in the crust.

2. The Mantle: The portion of the earth’s interior, lying beneath the crust and above the core is known as mantle. It is largely made up of basic silicates, rich in iron and magnesium. It extends from 60 to 2,900km. The density of this layer from 3.3 to 5.7gm. The mantle has two parts.

a. Upper Mantle: This is the outer layer of the Mantle known as Asthenosphre. Most of the earthquakes and volcanoes take birth due to disorder in this layer.

b. Lower Mantle: This is the lower layer of the Mantle known as Mesosphere and it is in solid form. Repetti discontinuity between Asthenosphere and Mesosphere and Gutenberg discontinuity between Mantle and Core are the major discontinues in the mantle

3. The core: The core is the central part of the earth’s interior. It extends from the lower boundary of the mantle to the centre of the earth for about 6,400 kms. The most important materials of core are nickel and ferrous (Nife). The core consists of two layers, namely.

a. Outer core: It is the outer layer of the Core consisting hard molten rocks. Most of the materials are in molten form. It extends from 2900km to 4980km.

b. Inner core: It is the lower layer of the Core with very high temperature and pressure. Most of the materials are in solid form therefore, it is called solid core. The average temperature of this layer is around 2900° C. Transition discontinuity is found between Outer. Core and Inner Core.

Question 36.
Explain the Role of the river with a neat diagram.
Answer:
River is an important external agent of denudation on the ever-changing face of the Earth. The work of river is more or less common in all the drainage systems of the world.
The work of river consists of three closely interrelated activities.

1. Erosional work: The process of wearing and taking away the part of rock is known as ‘Erosion’. It depends upon the volume and velocity of water, nature of slope and the nature of rocks. The erosional work of the river is performed in two ways.
a. The Mechanical and b. The Chemical erosion.
There are various Iandforms associated to erosional work of river.

a. ’V’ Shaped valley: In the mountain course the speed of the river is greater and volume is less. As the water rushes down the steep slopes there is maximum vertical , or later erosion. The rapid down cutting or vertical erosion results in the formation of ‘V’shaped valley.

b. Gorge: A deep and narrow valley with steep rocky, sides in the river course is known as ‘Gorge’. They are formed by the regular vertical cutting by the rivers in the valleys eg. Narmada gorge.

c. I shape valley: Avey steep, deep river valley formed by the river, lookinglike T, is called ‘I’ Shaped valley. These are very deep compared to gorges.

d. Canyon: It is a wide, deep and steep valley almost with vertical walls like feature found in the arid or semi arid regions is called ‘Canyon’ eg. Grand Canyon of River Colorado in USA.

e. Potholes: These are the small depressions in the rocky beds of other river valley. They are formed by corrosion. Pebbles, sand and small rocks carried by the river swirled around on the river bed. This action erodes the rock on the river bed forming potholes.

f. Waterfalls: Huge volume of water falling from a great height along the course of a river is called “Waterfalls’. They are formed when the hard and soft rocks come in the way of flowing river. The soft rock gets eroded faster and hard rock does not erode easily. Therefore huge amount of water falls from great height and creates waterfalls. Eg. The Jog falls, The Angel falls, The Victoria falls.

g. River Capture: It is formed mainly due to head-ward erosion by the river near its source. When the source of a river is captured by another major and strong river it is called‘River Capture’.

2. Transportational work: The process of carrying away the eroded materials is known as ‘Transportation’. The rock materials and eroded particles carried by a river is called its Load. The transportation capacity of a river is based on velocity of water, volume of water, load, slope, smooth valley floor etc.

The major landforms associated with the transportational work of the river are:

a. Alluvial fans: The term alluvium refers to the debris transported and deposited by rivers. When the fast flowing river enters the plateau or plain region, it experience sudden decline in gradient and obstruction in its path. Due to obstruction of the river spreads and deposits many of its light materials in fan shape known as ‘alluvial fans’.

b. Alluvial cones: In the plateau and foot hill region when the river spreads out, the eroded materials carried by the river is deposited in conical shape called ‘Alluvial cones’.

3. Depositional work: The process of carrying and accumulating the eroded materials by the river at the lower course is called ‘deposition’. In the lower course due to gentle slope the river slows down and deposits most of its materials on the banks, course and the mouth.

The important landforms resulting from depositional work of the river are:

a. Meanders: In the lower course, river flows slowly in zig zag or curved manner due . to smaller obstruction in its path. A curve or loop formed by the river in its path is called ‘Meander’. When the river course formed by such crescent shaped loops due to continuous lateral deposition it is called meandering course.

b. Ox-bow Lakes: The ox-bow lakes are formed by depositional and erosional actions taking place simultaneously and they are a result of excessive meandering. The River which flows through the shorter route leaving the curve of the meander cut off and crescent shaped lake is formed known as‘Ox-bow lakes’.

c. Flood Plains: When the river is in floods the water overflows on its bank and spreads in the surrounding regions. The silt carried by the water gets deposited in these areas and creates flat plains on both the banks of the rive known as ‘Flood Plains’.

d. Delta: A triangular shaped alluvial deposition forced at the mouth of the river is called ‘Delta’. Important types of deltas are

a. Arcuate or Common delta
b. Bird-foot delta

e. Distributaries: As the river approaches the sea or Ocean, due to reduction in gradient, joining of tributaries, its volume increases, speed decreases hence, the rivet begins to break up into a number of branches from the main river called ‘Distributaries’.

f. Estuary: Estuaries are the tidal mouth of a river having a narrow, gradually widening lay at the mouth. In Estuary River water is mixed with seawater. Eg. The Narmada estuary, The Kali estuary.

V. A. Answer the following questions in a sentence each: (5 × 1 = 5)

Question 37.
What is a Map?
Answer:
A map is defined as a symbolical and convenient representation of the earth.

Question 38.
What is Scale?
Answer:
A scale is the ratio of the distance between two points on a map and the actual distance

Question 39.
What is Index?
Answer:
The conventions used for signs and symbols that are shown on a map are known as Index.

Question 40.
Name any two essential features of a Map.
Answer:

1. Title
2. Scale

Question 41.
Mention the two o uses of Maps.
Answer:

1. Maps are very useful to the Government for Planning and Administrative Purpose.
2. They are very much helpful at the time of War and Defence.

B. Identify the Latitudes and Longitudes for the given places from the given Karnataka map: (5 × 1 = 5)

Question 42.
Belgaum
Answer:
15°52′ North (Latitude) 74°30’East (Longitude)

Question 43.
Bidar
Answer:
17°54’North (Latitude) 77°35′ East (Longitude)

Question 44.
Mangalore
Answer:
12°5T North (Latitude) 74°50’East (Longitude)

Question 45.
Haveri
Answer:
12°25’North (Latitude) 75°44′ East (Longitude)

Question 46.
Madikeri
Answer:
12°25’North (Latitude)

C. Draw a diagram of the following: (2 × 2 =4)

Question 47.
Temperate zones
Answer:

Question 48.
Delta river
Answer:

D. Draw the outline map of India, mark and name the following: (3 × 2 = 6)

Question 49.
Map Drawing.
Answer:
Physical divisions of India

Question 50.
Western Coast and Eastern Coast.
Answer:

Question 51.
Krishna river and Cauvery river.
Answer:
Rivers and Lakes

Blind Candidates only

Write the following questions: (5 × 3 = 15)

Question 52.
Explain the essential features of Maps.
Answer:
The essential features of a map.
1. Title – A Map should have a title eg. India Physical, Karnataka Political, World Cultural, District Roads etc.

2. Scale – A Map must have a scale and Maps have to be drawn according to scale. It denotes the relationship between the length on the map and the actual distance on the ground. Scales may be Verbal or R.F (Representative Fraction) or Graphical eg. 1 cm = 10km, 1 inch= 100 miles, 1: 1000,1: 100000 etc.

3. Direction – A Map should have a direction symbol which helps the reader to understand the direction of a Place or Area or City or Country etc.

4. Index – It is a key or legend to the map. The conventional signs and symbols are shown in the index of a map. It helps the reader to find the required information from the map.

5. Latitudes and Longitudes – A Map must have a network of horizontal and vertical lines known as latitudes and longitudes. These are the Geographic co-ordinates through which location of a place or city or country is identified. In addition to this, they help to understand the direction and to calculate distance between places.

Question 53.
Explain the types of Maps.
Answer:
Maps may be broadly divided into two types.
A. On the basis of Scale Maps are classified into three types.

(a) Large Scale Maps: The Maps drawn on the scale of 1 cm= 1 km or 1:1, 00,000 and 1 inch=1 mile or 1:63,360 eg. Cadastral maps (Village, Town and City maps).

(b) Medium Scale Maps: the Maps drawn on the scale of 1 cnm=1 Km to 1 cm=10 km or 1:1,00,000 and 1:10,00,000 eg. Topographical Maps (Mountains, Plateaus, plains).

(c) Small Scale maps: The Maps drawn on the scale below 1 cm: 15Km or 1:15,00,000 eg. Atlas and Wall Maps. These maps show broad physical and cultural features.

B. On the basis of purpose various types of Maps are prepared.

(i) Topographical maps: To show relief features, forests, land use, river system, roads, railways, pipelines, distribution of rural and urban settlements etc.

(ii) Cadastral maps: The Cadastral maps are drawn to register the ownership of field, farm, building, firm etc.

(iii) Economic Maps: These maps provide information about human economic activities eg. Agriculture, mining, industry, marketing, trade etc.

(iv) Population Maps: These maps show the information about distribution, growth, density, migration, age and sex composition of population. These maps are also drawn to show the distribution of occupational structure, language, social groups of people etc.

(v) Weather Maps: These are useful to analyzed weather condition and distribution of temperature, pressure, humidity, winds, rainfall etc.

Question 54.
Mention the uses of Maps.
Answer:

• Maps are very useful to the government for planning and administrative purposes.
• Maps are essential to a geographer, to present spatial information systematically.
• They are useful to locate lakes, rivers, vegetation, coastal features and also to understand the distribution of soils, minerals, crops, population, tourist places.
• They are very much helpful at the time of war and defence.
• Maps are very important for the army. Military maps are very useful for the overall planning of the strategy of war and for coordinating military action during war.
• Maps are very useful tools for a geographer. Geography cannot be understood and made interesting without maps.
• Maps are also immensely useful to other sciences, like physical and social sciences. For example Geology, climatology, Meteorology etc.
• Maps serve as a permanent record to locate features like rivers, lakes vegetation etc.
• Maps enable us to know details of the landforms and other ground features. Mountains, plateaus, plains, coastal plains etc.
• Maps serve as a permanent record to locate features like rivers, lakes, vegetations etc.
• Maps showing the distribution of objects become very useful to understand the location and distribution of different objects such as minerals, soils, vegetation, agricultural crops, industries, population, etc.
• Maps help to mark political boundary, administrative areas to formulate legislation and legal jurisdiction.

Students can Download 1st PUC Geography Model Question Paper 4 with Answers, Karnataka 1st PUC Geography Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Geography Model Question Paper 4 with Answers

Time: 3 Hrs
Max. Marks: 100

Note:

1. Answer all questions.
2. Draw maps and diagrams wherever necessary
3. Questions No.V is on Cartography.

I. Answer the following in a word or a sentence each. ( 1 × 10 = 10 )

Question 1.
What is the shape of the Earth?
Answer:
Spherical shape

Question 2.
Mention the equatorial diameter of the Earth?
Answer:
The equatorial diameter of the Earth is 12,756km.

Question 3.
Give an example for Metamorphic Rock.
Answer:
Granite, Marble, Quartzite.

Question 4.
Define Mineral.
Answer:
Mineral is a natural inorganic substance which has certain chemical and physical properties.

Question 5.
What is denudation?
Answer:
The wearing or tearing away of the land surface is referred as “Denudation”.

Question 6.
What are Isotherms?
Answer:
Lines drawn on the map or globe joining the places having the same temperature.

Question 7.
One fathom is equal to how many feet?
Answer:
One fathom is equal to 6 feets.

Question 8.
Define the term Biosphere.
Answer:
Biosphere means sphere of life or sphere of living organisms.

Question 9.
Name the important latitude that passes through the middle of India.
Answer:
The Tropic of Caner 23 \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\)° N latitude.

Question 10.
Define “Tsunami”.
Answer:
It is a series of waves generated in an ocean water in the form of high waves.

II. Answer any ten of the following in two or three sentence each. ( 2 × 10 = 20 )

Question 11.
Name any two types of Volcanoes.
Answer:
Active volcano and Dormant Volcanoes.

Question 12.
What are exogenic and endogenic forces?
Answer:
The internal fopces are also known as endogenic forces. There are mainly the land building forces.
The external forces are also known as Exogenic forces. These forces are found on the surface of the Earth.

Question 13.
What is air pressure? Name the instrument used to measure atmosphere pressure.
Answer:
Air pressure is the force exerted by air on the Earth. The atmospheric pressure is measured by an instrument called Barometer.

Question 14.
Give two examples for local winds.
Answer:
Loo (India) Foehn (Northern Alps) Brickfielder (Austrialia).

Question 15.
What is convectional rainfall?
Answer:
The rain caused by the process of convection is called convectional rainfall. The rain is accompanied by thunder and lighting

Question 16.
Mention the difference between weather and climate.
Answer:
Weather refers to frequent changes or average condition in the atmosphere of a place at a given time.
The average weather condition of palace for a long period like 30-33 years in known as climate.

Question 17.
Name any two important salts present in the ocean water.
Answer:
Important salts resent in the ocean water are Sodium Chloride, Magnesium chloride, Calcium sulphate.

Question 18.
What is the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India?
Answer:
India extends between 8°4’ N to 37°6’ N Latitude and 68° 7’ E to 97°23 E longitude.

Question 19.
Name then international boundaries of India with China and Pakistan.
Answer:
The Me Mahon line-India and China (3488Km) by Henry Me Mahon.
The Radcliff line-India and Pakistan (2910 Km) by Sir Cyril Radcliff.

Question 20.
Name any four tributaries of river Cauvery.
Answer:
Arkavathi, Hemavathi, Harangai, Lokapavani, Shimsha, Kabini, Survarnavathi, Bhavani and Amaravathi.

Question 21.
What are natural hazards and disasters?
Answer:
Natural Hazard is a threat of a naturally occurring event that will have a negative effect on . people or the environment.
Natural Disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth.eg. Earthquakes, floods.

Question 22.
State the difference between flood and famine.
Answer:
Floods refer to excess flow of water in the rivers. Floods are natural hazards related to the Monsoons, which are uncertain and uneven in the country.
Drought or famine is temporary reduction I water or rainfall availability below the normal for the specific period.

III. Answer any eight of the following in 25 to 30 sentences each. ( 5 × 8 = 40 )

Question 23.
What is Geography? Explain how Geography is an integrating discipline.
Answer:
The scientific study of the earth surface and its various climates, natural resources and human activities. Geography is a discipline of synthesis. It is considered to be a liaison subject. It recognizes the fact that the world is system of interdependency. Geography as an integrating discipline stands midway between Natural Science and Social Science, Modern Geography focuses attention on man’s physical, biological and cultural environments and thereby point out the inter-relationship between human activities and the environment.

Physical geography has interface with Natural sciences. The traditional physical Geography is linked with Geology, Meteorology, Hydrology and pedology which have vey close link with Natural Sciences. Bio Geography is closely related to Botany and Zoology, Astronomical Geography is related to heavenly bodies such as Galaxy, solar system, stars, planets, satellites and mathematical Geography helps to represent latitudes, Longitudes shape of the Earth, size, Cartographic and Quantitative Techniques.

Geography also has interface with Social Sciences like History, Sociology, Economics, Political Science, commerce etc. These subjects have close links with other disciples as each one of them ahs spatial attributes.

Question 24.
Explain the revolution of the Earth with its effects.
Answer:
The earth while rotating on it axis also revolves around the sun. This movement of the earth round the sun called earth’s Revolution. The path of the movement is called orbit.
July 4th the earth is far from the sun and is said to be in Aphelion position. Aph means away and hellion means Sun. At this point the distance between the sun and the earth is 152 million km. Jan 3rd the earth is nearest to the sun and is said to be in Perihelion position. Peri means near, hellion means sun. At this point the distance between the.sun and the earth is 147 million km. Effects of Revolution: The major effects of revolution are

• In equality of day and night.
• Occurrence of seasons.
• Distribution of important lines of latitude.
• Different climatic zones

In equality of day and night: The duration of day and night are not uniform, along all . degrees of latitudes through out the year. The variation in the length of day and night is caused by the inclination of the earth’s axis and revolution of the earth.

The angle of inclination of the earth is 23\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) away from the perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic and its direction is constant through out orbit. So the vertical rays of the sun moves form 23 \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) N to 23\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) S latitudes. From September 23 to march 21 the North Pole of the earth is tilted away from the sun and experiences darkness. At the same period the South Pole experiences day. At the equator the duration of day and night are almost equal though out the year.

Occurrence of Seasons: It is the most important effect caused by the revolution of the earth. The variations of temperature when the earth is at different location on its orbit are called the seasons. The difference of temperature in a duration of one year is caused as a result of Inclination of the earth’s axis and its parallelism.

There are four seasons in a year. They are:

1. Summer
2. Autumn
3. Winter
4. Spring.

As per the international Calendar, the four seasons have a period of three months.
From the point of view of the earth’s indication, there are four positions of solstices and equinoxes. So, there are four seasons according to the positions of the earth in one complete revolution around the sun. Those four seasons are:

Summer Solstice: On June 21st the northern hemisphere is tiled towards the sun while the southern hemisphere is tilted away from the sun. The rays of the sun fall vertically on the Tropic Cancer and he areas within the Artistic circle remain in sun light for all 24 hours. The northern hemisphere has longer days and shorter night. At this time the northern hemisphere has longer days and shorter night. At this time the northern hemisphere enjoys summer season and this potion is called “ summer solstice”. Solstice means sun stops.

Autumnal Equinox: On the 23rd September the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere are equally inclined or tilted towards the sun. The sun rays are vertical at the equator. As a result, the days and night are equal all over the world. At this time, in the northern hemisphere the season is neither hot nor cold. It is a situation between summer and winter seasons. It is called autumn season. At this time in the southern hemisphere, there is spring season. This position of the earth on 23rd September is known as autumnal equinox.

Winter Solstice: On 22nd December the southern hemisphere is inclined or tilted towards the sun, and northern hemisphere is inclined or tilted away from the sun. The sun is vertical at the Tropic of Capricorn, i.e. at 23 \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) os. At this time there is winter season in the northern hemisphere, and summer season in the southern hemisphere. This position is known as winter solstice.

Spring or Vernal Equinox: On 21st March the northern and southern hemisphere are equally inclined towards the sun. The conditions are similar to those of autumnal equinox. From 21st March to 21st June, the earth is moving on its northern limits. During this period, there is spring season in the northern hemisphere and autumn season in the southern hemisphere.

Distribution of important lines of latitude. Based on the revolution important latitudes such as equator, Tropic of cancer, Tropic of Capricorn, arctic and Antarctic circles are recognized.

Different climatic zones: The different climatic zone is the result of the revolution of the earth. Climatic zones depend on the important lines of latitude.
Between the equator and the tropic of cancer, we have the North Torrid Zone. Between the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn, we have the South Torrid Zone Between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle, we have the North Temperate Zone. Between the topic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle, we have the south temperature Zone, between the Arctic Circle and the North Pole we have the North rigid zone, and between the Antarctic Circle and the South Pole, we have the South Frigid Zone.

Question 25.
Write a detail note on Earthquakes.
Answer:
An Earthquake is a sudden vibration or oscillation in the Crust of the Earth. It is a form of energy of wave motion transmitted through the surface layer of the Earth. The place of origin of an Earthquake in the Earth’s crust is called ‘Focus’. The point on the Earth surface which is perpendicular to the focus, receiving seismic waves is called ‘Epicentre’.

Causes of Earthquake: On the basis of occurrence earthquakes can be classified into three types. They occur due to several causes such as tectonic forces, folding, faulting, volcanic eruptions landslides, avalanches, man-made factor.

a. Tectonic Earthquakes: These are caused due to folding, faulting and displacement of blocks of rocks in the Earth’s crust. They are highly intensive and destructive seismic activities.

b. Volcanic Earthquakes: These are associated with the volcanic activities and are usually caused at great depths. They are with low intensity and magnitude. The destruction and damage are slightly lesser than earthquakes caused by Tectonic forces.

c. Earthquakes caused by man-made factors: Over interaction of man underground nuclear explosion etc. are causing great change in the crustal formation leading to seismic activity. E.g. Koynadam (India)-1967, Hoover dam(U.S.A)-1935, Mangla dam (Pakistan).

Effects of Earthquakes: Earthquakes cause violent disturbances and widespread damage and destruction, especially on the epicentre region.

• Earthquakes cause changes in the earth’s surface. Cracks and fissures develop in the earth’s crust.
• Vibrations, caused by earthquakes, lead to landslides in mountainous regions, damming the rivers.
• Vertical or horizontal cracks are formed, and the land is elevated or lowered, forming lakes.
• Deep cracks may be developed in dams after the earthquake. For instance, deep cracks were developed in the Koyna dam after the earthquake.
• The beds of rivers may be raised by the earthquakes. For example, the bed of the river Brahmaputra was raised during the Assam earthquakes.
• There is the greatest danger of falling of houses, roads railway lines factories, bridges, dams, aerodromes, and other man-made structures, resulting in loss of life and property.
• The underground water system is disturbed.

Question 26.
Name the major types of rocks and describe Sedimentary rocks.
Answer:
The rocks which are formed due to aggregation and compactness of sediments are known as “sedimentary rocks.” According to their origin and composition, sedimentary rocks can be divided into two main categories. They are:

1. Inorganic rocks: Inorganic rocks are rocks formed from mineral matter which has been obtained by disintegration or decomposition of rocks. Inorganic rocks can be divided into two types. They are

a. Mechanically-formed rocks: The rock which have been formed form the accumulation of rock materials, derived form other rocks and have been cemented together are known as “ Mechanically formed rocks.” The mechanically formed rocks consist of sediments which have been carried and deposited by rivers, glaciers, winds or waves and cemented together with clay or line. On the basis of rock materials, these rocks can be divided into three main categories. They are:

1. 1.Rudaceous rocks
2. Aremaceous rocks
3. Argilious rocks

1.  Rudaceous rocks: Rudaceous rocks are formed due to cementation and consolidation of pebbles and boulders. Rudaceous rocks consist of rock pieces and grave, cemented together, by clay or line. They are porous and can hold water. If the rock pieces are angular in shape and cemented together, they are called breccias. If the rock pieces are rounded and cemented tighter, they are called conglomerate.

2. Arenaceous rocks: These are formed mainly due to deposition, commentating and consolidation of sane grains e.g. Sand stone.

3. argillaceous rocks: These rocks are formed largely by fine clay particles e..g. Shale or mudstone these are impermeable.

b. Chemically formed rocks: The chemical often settle down and hardened to form rocks known as chemically formed rocks. For example: Gypsum and rock salt, running water dissolves and carries chemicals and where evaporation takes place, these chemicals are deposited at the mouth of springs, caves or caverns or in lakes. Rock salt and gypsum are formed form deposit of salt in strata on the beds of lakes.

2. Organic Rocks: Organic rocks are formed form the remains of organisms, i.e. of animals and plants. Examples: coal, limestone etc. On the basis of lime and carbon content, organically formed rocks can be divided into two kinds, namely

• Calcareous rocks: Calcareous rocks are formed mostly from the remains of living organisms. These rocks contain calcium carbonate or lime. They include limestone and chalk. They are porous and soluble.
• Carbonaceous rocks: These are formed due to the transformation of vegetative matter. Under the impact of heat and pressure the remains of plants are turned into hard layers. E.g. coal.

Question 27.
Give a detail account of the geomorphic processes.
Answer:
A land form is any natural formation of rock and dirt, found on the earth. A landform can be as large as a mountain range or as small as a hill. Landforms are natural features of the landscape, natural physical features of the earth’s surface eg. Valleys, plateaus, Mountains, plains, hills loess plains. The minor landforms include hills, ridges, valleys, basin etc. According to Geo-scientist the landforms are formed by the forces acting from the interior and on the surface of the Earth.

The processes carried out by Endogenic and Exogenic forces are called geomorphic processes. Endogenic forces: The internal forces are also known as endogenic forces. These are mainly the land building forces. Diastrophism includes all these processes tat move, elevate or build portions of the earth’s crust. The internal forces are also known as endogenic forces.

Exogenic Forces: The external forces are also known as Exogenic forces. These forces are found on the surface of the Earth, Which bring changes through degradation and aggradations process. River, glacier, w’ind, sea waves are the major sources of external forces.

Question 28.
What is weathering? Explain the types of weathering.
Answer:
The process of disintegration and decomposition of rocks is known as “Weathering”.
There are three types of weathering

1. Mechanical weathering
2. Chemical weathering
3. Biological weathering
4. Mechanical weathering: The disintegration of rocks by mechanical way and without any chemical changes is called “Mechanical weathering”. It is also called “physical weathering”.

The process of Mechanical w eathering is in various forms, depending the types of rock. They are:

• Block disintegration: Due to temperature variation, there is continuous expansion and contraction in the rocks causing tension and stress. Later these rocks disintegrate into blocks known as “Block Disintegration”.
• Granular disintegration: Rocks consist of several types of minerals and these minerals react differently to heat. As a result, the rocks break into different mineral grain known as “Granular Disintegration”.
• Exfoliation: Due to the heat of the Sun, outer surfaced of rocks gets heated up, but inside it remains almost cool. This makes the rock to expand and crack. The thin layer of rocks peels off, like the peeling of an onion. This process is Galled “Exfoliation”.

2. Chemical weathering: Disintegration and Decomposition of rocks by chemical processes is called “Chemical weathering”.

In this process secondary or new minerals are developed from the original minerals of
the rocks. The rain w’ater and atmospheric gases are the main agents of chemical weathering. It is vey common in humid regions.
There are four types of chemical weathering process. They are;

• Oxidation: The rain water with oxygen reacts on rocks containing iron and produce oxides. This chemical reaction is known as “oxidation”. The common process of rusting of iron is an example of oxidation.
• Carbonation: The rain water with carbon-di-oxide becomes a weak carbonic acid andit reacts with calcium carbonate or limestone to form calcium bicarbonate, which dissolves easily. This process is called “Carbonation”. It is very active in limestone regions. .
• Hydration: The rock minerals take up water the increased volume creates physical stress within the rock. As a result certain minerals like feldspar and gypsum are reduced into powder. This process is called “Hydration”.
• Solution: The rain water is able to dissolve some of the soluble minerals, such as rock-salt, gypsum, potash. This process is called “Solution”.

c. Biological weathering: The disintegration of rocks caused by plants, animals and human beings is called “Biological Weathering”.

1. Plants: The roots of the plant grow through soil and in the cracks of rocks to find water and minerals. As the roots grow deep in the rock they widen and disintegrate the rocks. This process is most prominent in thick forests and vegetative regions.

2. Animals: The burrowing animals like rats, rabbits, ants, earthworms and termites influence in the breaking up of rocks and make passages below the ground. The seepage of air and water through these passage results in rapid weathering of rocks.

3. Human beings: Human beings play an important role weathering of rocks, through activities like agriculture, mining quarrying, oil drilling, deforestation etc.

Question 29.
Describe the pressure belts of the globe with a neat diagram.
Answer:
The distribution of pressure is not equal on the earth’s surface. It changes from palace to place and time to time on the basis of air temperature and rotation of the earth. Any area in the atmosphere where air pressure is higher than in the surrounding areas is called “ High pressure”/ Thee are 4 high pressure belts and 3 low pressure belts on the earth’s surface.

Equatorial Low pressure belt: This belt lies between latitudes 5°N and 5° S. The Sun’s rays are almost vertical on the equator throughout the year. As a result, the . temperature is uniformly high and pressure is low throughout the year. It is also known as “Doldrums”. The air gets warm and rises upward. Horizontal movement of air is absent and convectional currents occur. This is the zone of convergence of the trade winds.

Sub tropical high pressure belts: The air ascended in the form of convectional currents from the equatorial region partly descends in the between 30 to 40’ latitudes in both the hemispheres. The descending air has thus formed two high pressure zones known as subtropics high pressure belts. It is the zone from which trade and anti-trade winds originate. This belt is also known as “ horse altitudes’. It is dry and quite stable. The name horse latitude is given by the ancient sailors who used to transport horses on ships. Due to absence of strong winds, some times the ship could not move with horses. Hence sailors used to dump horses to make the ship move forward.

Sub Polar low pressure belts: In between polar high pressure and sub-tropical high pressure belt, the sum-tropical low pressure belts are situated. They lies in between 60’ to 70’ latitudes in both the hemispheres. They are formed with spinning action of rotation of the earth and also uprising air as an effect of incoming cold polar winds.

P-olar high pressure belts: The Polar Regions are characterized with low temperature. The air raised at the equator descends around the poles causing high pressure belts. The cold polar winds blow outward from this zone.

Question 30.
Give an account of topography of the ocean floor.
Answer:
On the basis of the depth, the ocean floor can be divided into four zones, parts or relief features. They are, .
1. The continental Shelf: The gently sloping portion of the continent or land that lies submerged below other sea is called the continental shelf. The continental shelf has a very gentle slope. It extends form the shore line to depths between 180 and 200 meters. Average width of the continental shelves is about 48km. The extent of the continental shelf depends on the relief of the broadening land masses. If the coastal area is a plateau area, the continental shelf will be very broad. On the other hand, if the coastal region is hilly or mountainous, the continental shelf will be very narrow or even absent for example the Atlantic Ocean has 2.3%, the Pacific Ocean has 5.7% and the India Ocean has 4.2%.

2. The continental slope: The zone of steep slope that descends from the edge of the continental shelf to the deep sea plains is called “continental slope”. It is the transitional zone lying between the continental shelf and the deep sea plains. The continental slope is very steep. It extends from 182 meters to 3,600 meters. The angle of the continental slope is 2 to 5 degre3es or even more. It occupies only 8.5% of the total area of the ocean floor. But it varies from ocean to ocean. The Atlantic Ocean has broader continental slopes and accounts for 12.4%. But it is 7% of the Pacific Ocean and 6.5% of the Indian Ocean.

3. The deep sea plains: The level and rolling areas of the ocean floor are generally called deep sea plains or abyssal plains or the ocean plains. They lie between 3,000 and 6,000 meters below other surface of the ocean. They occupy vast area of the ocean floor and account for about 82.7% of the total sea floor. They cover about 90% in the Indian Ocean. Their depth ranges from 5,000 to 6,000 meters. They are covered by oozes, which are the remains of deep sea creatures and plants, and of red volcanic dust.

4. The Ocean Deeps: The long narrow and deep troughs on the ocean floor are known as ‘ocean deep” or ‘trough’. They cover only 1% of the ocean floor. They are most common neat the coasts where young fold mountains, volcanoes and earthquakes abound. Some they are tectonic in origin. They are the deepest portions of the ocean. Deeps may be caused due to tectonic forces, i.e. faulting earthquakes etc.’There are 57known deeps. Of these 32 are found in Pacific Ocean, 19in the Atlantic Ocean and 6 in the Indian Ocean. The deepest trench in the world is Challenger deep located in Mariana Trench to the west of Philippines in the North Pacific Ocean.

Question 31.
Name the physical divisions of India and explain the coastal plains.
Answer:
This is the region all along the Indian coastline, lying between the coast and the mountain ranges of the peninsular plateau. India has 6100 km from Gujarat inn the west to West Bengal in the east. The average width is 10-25 kms. The coastal plain of India is divided into two parts.

The West Coastal plains: It is extends between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats. It is narrower than the east coastal plains, stretching to a length of about 1400km and width of 10 to 80km from the Rann of katchchh to kanyakumari. The west coastal plains have Gujarat, Konkan, Karnataka and Malabar Coasts.

The Gujarat Coast comprises of Rann of Kachchh and Cambay coasts. It is formed by the alluvial deposits of Sabarmati, Mahi, Luni and other small streams. Gujarat has the longest coast line in India.Kandla and okha are famous sea ports and alang is the biggest ship breaking centre. It produces highest salt in the country.

Konkan Coast lies to the south of Gujarat coast and extends line which provides suitable site foniatural seaports. Eg: Mumbai, Navasheva, Marmagoa, Karwar, New Mangalore etc., this coast records highest coastal erosion. It is very rich in Petroleum and natural gas. Karnataka coast: it is a part of Konkan coast. It extends from karwar in the north to Mangalore in the south. It is the narrowest part of west coastal plains. Karwar and New Mangalore are important ports in this belt. Sea Bird, the naval base near Karvvar is the largest naval base in India.

The Malabar Coast extends from Mangalore to Kanvakumari, Sand dunes, lagoons and backwaters are the important features of this coast. Cochin or Kochi is the biggest seaport in this coast. Backwaters of Kerala facilitate navigation and tourists enjoy travelling though small country boats. The first south west monsoon rainfall is received in this coast.

East coastal Plains: It lies between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal stretching from the delta of Hooghly in the North to Kanvakumari in the south. Compared to the west coastal plains the east coastal plains are broader.

The Utkal Coast: It is the coastal plain of Orissa state. It extend for about 400kmms, north from Subarnarekha river to south of the Rushikulya river. It has a chilka lake, which is the largest salt water lake in India, Para deep is the important horbour located here.

Coromandel Coast: The southern part of east coast is known as the Coromandel Coast. It gets more rainfall from the north east monsoons and it is highly affected by cyclones. The oldest harbor Chennai located here.

Question 32.
Explain the North Indian Rivers of India.
Answer:
The Himalayan Rivers or North Indian Rivers: These rivers take birth in Himalayan Mountains by glaciers and flow’s throughout the year (perennial). There are three main river systems in the Himalayan rivers. They are the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.
1. The Indus river system: The Indus is one of the most important river systems of India. It rises near Mt. Kailash (6714m), has a length of2880km, of which 709 km lies in India. It flows through narrow gorges between Ladakh and Zaskar ranges in the North West direction in Jammu & Kashmir. It is one of the oldest river systems of the world. Major part of its course and catchment area are in Pakistan. The main tributaries are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutluj.

2. The Ganga: The Ganga is the longest (2500Km) and the largest river system of the country. It is generally called, the ‘National river’ of India. The Ganga has two head streams-the Bhagirathi and the Alakananda. The Bhagirathi takes it is birth in Gangothri and Alakananda rises near Badrinath in Garhwal Himalayas. These two meet at Devaprayag, and continue to flow as the Ganga, after flowing across the Himalayas; the Ganga enters the Great. Plains at haridwar.

From Haridwar it flows towards south an south east up to Mirzapur. It continues to flow’ eastwards in the Gangetic plains of Bihar and West Bengal and enters Bangladesh, where it joins the Brahmaputra and become padma, and finally flow’s into Bay of Bengal. The important tributaries of Ganga are Ramganga, Ghagra, Gandak, Gomati, Bagmati, Kosi, Yamuna, Chambal, Betwa, sone, ken, damodar etc.

3. The Brahmaputra river system: It rises at Manasarovar lake (chanmyandung). In Tibet it is known as Tsangpo. It enters Aruncal Pradesh and is known as Brahmaputra. It joins. Ganga at Golunde (Bangladesh). The total length it flows is 2900km. and only 885km. in India. In Bangladesh it is called Meghana.

Question 33.
Write briefly about the types of soils found in India.
Answer:
Soil is the minute or finer rock particles found on the su rface of the Earth. It is formed naturally, due to the weathering of rocks, under the influence of climate.
The main types of soil in India are:

1. Alluvial soil: This soil is formed by depositional work of rivers and they are mainly found in the flood plains and deltas. Alluvial soil covers largest geographical are in the country. They are mainly distributed in the river plains of the Ganga, Brahmaputra and the Indus. Uttar Pradesh has the largest area under alluvial soil. It is also found in the deltas of east flowing rivers. Alluvial soils are classified into two types.

(a) Bhangar: Older alluvium, coarse and pebble like in nature, found at the lower depths of the plain.
(b) Khadar: New alluvium, finer in nature, found in the low lying flood plains and rich in fertility

2. Black soil: The black soils covered more area in peninsular plateau. This soil is also called ‘Cotton soil’ or “Regur soil”. It is derived from the weathered basalt rocks. This soil holds water from long period and become hard whenever it is dry. It is light-black to dark-black in colour. Maharashtra and Gujarat Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu. Black soils are good for Cotton, Sugarcane, Tobacco, Pulses, Millets, Citrus fruits, etc.

3. Red soil: This soil is formed by the weathered granite rocks. It is red in colour and rich in ferrous content. Red soil covers the second largest area in the country. Largest parts of peninsular region are covered with red soil. TamilNadu has the largest distribution of this soil in the country. Rice, Ragi, Jowar, Groundnut, Tobacco, Millets are the major crops cultivated in this soil.

4. Laterite soil: The hot and humid tropical regions of India are rich in laterite soil. This soil is derived from the fragmentation and disintegration of rocks in the mountain ranges. It is mainly found in the Western Ghats, parts of Eastern Ghats and Northeastern hills of India. Plantation crops like Tea, coffee, Rubber, Cashew nut are cultivated in this soil.

5. Desert soil: This soil is also called arid soil. They are mainly found in the desert and semi-desert regions of Western and North western parts of India. This soil has the least water holding capacity and humus content. Generally it is not suitable for cultivation of crops. This soil is mainly found in Rajasthan, parts of Gujarat and Haryana. With water facility crops like Bajra, Pulses and Guar are cultivated in this soil.

6. Mountain Soil: The Himalayan mountain valleys and hill slopes are covered with Mountain or Forest soil. It is found in the mountain slopes of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Utarkhand regions, Crops like Tea, Almond, saffron are cultivated in this soil.

Question 34.
Explain the major types of forests of India.
Answer:
The peninsular region of India has the largest forest cover with around 57% of the total forest area. According to geo-climatic conditions, forests are classified into:

a. Evergreen Forests: These forests are found in the regions of heavy rainfall and high, temperature. Tail umbrella shaped trees with dense assemblage is a prominent feature of this forest. The eve4rgree forest always looks green because various.species of trees are found here and they shed leaves in different seasons. The hardwood trees, rose wood, white cedar, toon, gurjan, chaplash, ebony, Mahogany, canes, bamboo, shisham etc.
These are found in North-east India, Western Ghats, Andaman and Nicobar islands, parts of Assam and some areas of Himalayan foot hills.

b. The Deciduous forests: The deciduous forest covers a wide range of rainfall regimes. The trees of these forests seasonally shed their leaves. The Indian deciduous forest is found in a range of landscapes from the plains to the hills. These forests provide shelter to most endangered wild life in the country, such as the Tiger, Asian Elephant, Bison, Gaur etc. The deciduous forest are two types ‘

(i) Moist Deciduous forests: The moist deciduous forests are found in wet regions, receiving annual rainfall between 100cm to 200cam and temperature of 25° C to 30°C. The trees of these forests shed their leaves during spring and early summer, They are found on the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats, ChotaNagpur Plateau, the siwaliksetc.

(ii) The Dry Deciduous Forests: The dry deciduous forest are found I the areas where annual rainfall is between 50cm to 150 cm and temperature of 25° C to 30° C. Sal is the most significant tree found in this forest. Varieties of acacia and bamboo are also fund here. These forests are found in areas of central Deccan plateau, South-east of Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana and parts of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

(iii) The mountain forests: As the name indicates these forests are confined to the Himalayan region, where the temperature is less compared to other parts of the country. The trees in this forest are cone shape with needle like leaves. The important trees are oak, fir, pin e spruce, silver fir, deodhar, devdar, juniper, picea chestnut etc. They provide softwood for making country boats, packing materials and sport articles.

c. The Desert forests: These forests are found in the areas of very low rainfall. Thorny bushes, shrubs, dry grass, acacia, cacti and babul are the important vegetation found in these forests. The Indian wild date known as ‘Khejurs”, is common in the deserts. They have spine leaves, long roots and thick fleshy stems in which they store water to survive during the long drought. These vegetations are found in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab and Haryana.

d. The Mangrove Forests: These forests occur along the river deltas (Ganga, Mahanadi, Godavari and Krishna) of eastern coast and also concentrated in the coastal areas of Katchch, Kathiawar, and Gulf of Khambar. The mangrove forests in the Ganga delta are called Sunder bans because, they have extensive growth of Sundari trees. The trees in these forests are hard, durable and are used in boat making and as fuel. In the recent years mangrove vegetation is being grown in the coastal areas to control effects of tidal waves and coastal erosion.

IV. Answer any one of the following. ( 10 × 1 = 10 )

Question 35.
Explain the important types of Rocks with suitable examples.
Answer:
Rock refers to the hard and resistant materials of the earth’s crust. But scientifically rock includes even soft and loose materials like chalk, clay, etc. So, rock refers to any solid materials, hard or soft of which the crust of the earth is formed. All rocks do not have the same chemical composition. But minerals have their own chemical compost in and physical prosperities. The earth’s crust is made up of various types of rocks
Types of Rocks: Rocks can be classified into three major groups on the basis of their origin or mode of formation. They are:

A. Igneous rocks: The term Igneous is derived from the Latin word “Ignis”, means fire. Thus the igneous rocks are formed by the cooling and solidification of molten material which is called magma. Igneous rocks are also called primary rocks, because they were the firs to be formed. As they are the rocks from which all other types of rocks are derived, they are also called parent rocks.

Igneous rocks are commonly classified on the basis of mode of formation into two major types.

1. Intrusive rocks
2. Extrusive rocks.

1. Intrusive rocks: The magma cannot escape out to the earth’s surface, it cols slowly inside the earth’s crust and hardens into rock. This type of rock is known as Intrusive Igneous rock. E.g. Granite and dolerite. These rocks can be divided into two type’s a. Plutonic rocks and b. Hybabyssal rocks.

• Plutonic rocks: The rocks which are formed due to cooling of magma at great depth inside the earth are called Plutonic igneous rocks.
• Hybabyssal rocks: These are intermediate rocks between the extruded volcanic rocks and the deep plutonic rocks. They are formed due to cooling and solidification of magma in cracks, pores, crevices etc.

II. Extrusive rocks: Rocks formed by cooling and solidification of lava on the surface of the Earth is called extrusive igneous rocks. E.g. Basalt.

B. Sedimentary Rocks: These rocks which are formed due to aggregation and compactness of sediments are known as sedimentary. In other words, sedimentary rocks are formed bye day the deposition of sediments derived form older rocks, planets and animals remains by river, winds, glaciers etc and these sediments are hardened into rocks by pressure. As they are formed by the consolidation of sediments. They are called sedimentary rocks. They are also called stratified rocks,

a. Mechanically-formed rocks: The rock which have been formed form the accumulation of rock materials, derived form other rocks and have been cemented together are known as “ Mechanically formed rocks.” The mechanically formed rocks consist of sediments which have been carried and deposited by rivers, glaciers, winds or waves and cemented together with clay or line. On the basis of rock materials. These rocks can be divided into three main categories. They are: Rudaceous rocks, Arernaceous rocks and Argilious rocks.

b. Chemically formed rocks: The chemical often settle down and hardened to form rocks known as chemically formed rocks. For example: Gypsum and rock salt, running water dissolves and carries chemicals and where evaporation takes place, these chemicals are deposited at the mouth of springs, caves or caverns or in lakes. Rock salt and gypsum are formed form deposit of salt in strata on the beds of lakes.

c. Organically formed rocks: Organic rocks are formed form the remains of organisms, i.e. of animals and plants. Examples: coal, limestone etc. On the basis of lime and carbon content, organically formed rocks can be divided into two kinds, namely

• Calcareous rocks: Calcareous rocks are formed mostly from the remains of living organisms. These rocks contain calcium carbonate or lime. They include limestone and chalk. They are porous and soluble.
• Carbonaceous rocks: These are formed due to the transformation of vegetative matter. Under the impact of heat and pressure the remains of plants are turned into hard layers. E.g. coal.

C. Metamorphic rocks: Rock which has been changes either in form or in composition without disintegration is called metamorphic rocks. These rocks are metamorphosed form igneous sedimentary rocks. Igneous and sedimentary rocks may undergo chemical and physical changes because of pressure and heat and form metamorphic rocks. The intense heat and pressure in the earth’s curst alters the composition and appearance of rocks completely or partially to produce a new type of rocks.In this manner metamorphic rocks are formed. Marble, Diamond, Quartzite, Ruby, Emerald are the examples of metamorphic rock.

Question 36.
Describe the work of river with suitable diagrams.
Answer:
River is an important external agent of denudation on the ever-changing face of the Earth.
The work of river is more or less common in all the drainage systems of the world.
The work of river consists of three closely interrelated activities.

1. Erosional work: The process of wearing and taking away the part of rock is known as ‘Erosion’. It depends upon the volume and velocity of water, nature of slope and the nature of rocks. The erosional work of the river is performed in two ways.

a. The Mechanical and
b. The Chemical erosion.

There are various landforms associated to erosional work of river.

a. ’V’ Shaped valley: In the mountain course the speed of the river is greater and volume is less. As the water rushes down the steep slopes there is maximum vertical or later erosion. The rapid down cutting or vertical erosion results in the formation of ‘V’ shaped valley.

b. Gorge: A deep and narrow valley with steep rocky sides in the river course is known as ‘Gorge’. They are formed by the regular vertical cutting by the rivers in the valleys eg. Narmada gorge.

c. I shape valley: A vey steep, deep river valley formed by the river, looking like ‘I’, is called T Shaped valley. These are very deep compared to gorges.

d. Canyon: It is a wide, deep and steep valley almost with vertical walls like feature found in the arid or semi arid regions is called ‘Canyon’ eg. Grand Canyon of River Colorado in USA.

e. Potholes: These are the small depressions in the rocky beds of other river valley.
They are formed by corrosion. Pebbles, sand and small rocks carried by the river swirled around on the river bed. This action erodes the rock on the river bed forming potholes.

f. Waterfalls: Huge volume of water falling from a great height along the course of a river is called “Waterfalls’. They are formed when the hard and soft rocks come in the way of flowing river. The soft rock gets eroded faster and hard rock does not erode easily. Therefore huge amount of water falls from great height and creates waterfalls. Eg. The Jog falls, The Angel falls, The Victoria falls.

g. River Capture: It is formed mainly due to head-ward erosion by the river near its source. When the source of a river is captured by another major and strong river it is called‘River Capture’.

2. Transportational work: The process of carrying away the eroded materials is known as ‘Transportation’. The rock materials and eroded particles carried by a river is called its Load. The transportation capacity of a river is based on velocity of water, volume of water, load, slope, smooth valley floor etc.

The major landforms associated with the transportational work of the river are,

a. Alluvial fans: The term alluvium refers to the debris transported and deposited by rivers. When the fast flowing river enters the plateau or plain region, it experience sudden decline in gradient and obstruction in its path. Due to obstruction of the river spreads and deposits many of its light materials in fan shape known as ‘alluvial fans’.

b. Alluvial cones: In the plateau and foot hill region when the river spreads out, the eroded materials carried by the river is deposited in conical shape called ‘Alluvial cones’.

3. Depositional work: The process of carrying and accumulating the eroded materials by the river at the lower course is called ‘deposition’. In the lower course due to gentle slope the river slows down and deposits most of its materials on the banks, course and the mouth.

The important landforms resulting from depositional work of the river are,

a. Meanders: In the lower course, river flows slowly in zig zag or curved manner due to smaller obstruction in its path. A curve or loop formed by the river in its path is called ‘Meander’. When the river course formed by such crescent shaped loops due to continuous lateral deposition it is called meandering course.

b. Ox-bow Lakes: The ox-bow lakes are formed by depositional and erosional actions taking place simultaneously and they are a result of excessive meandering. The River which flows through the shorter route leaving the curve of the meander cut off and crescent shaped lake is formed known as ‘Ox-bow lakes’.

c. Flood Plains: When the river is in floods the water over flows on its bank and spreads in the surrounding regions. The silt carried by the water gets deposited in these areas and creates flat plains on both the banks of the rive known as ‘Flood Plains’.

d. Delta: A triangular shaped alluvial deposition forced at the mouth of the river is called ‘Delta’. Important types of deltas are
a. Arcuate or Common delta b. Bird-foot delta

e. Distributaries: As the river approaches the sea or Ocean, due to reduction in gradient, joining of tributaries, its volume increases, speed decreases hence, the river begins to break up into a number of branches from the main river called ‘Distributaries’.

f. Estuary: Estuaries are the tidal mouth of a riverhaving a narrow, gradually widening lay at the mouth. In Estuary River water is mixed with sea water. Eg. The Narmada estuary, The Kali estuary.

V. (A) Answer the following in a sentence each. ( 1 × 5 = 5 )

Question 37.
What is Cartography?
Answer:
The science and art of making maps, charts, globes and rile models is known as Cartography.

Question 38.
Define Map.
Answer:
A map is defined as a symbolical and conventional representation of the earth or a portion fit drawn to scale on a flat surface and bounded by the geographical co-ordinates as viewed from above.

Question 39.
What is Scale?
Answer:
A scale is the ratio of the distance between two points on the map and their corresponding distance on the ground.

Question 40.
What is Index?
Answer:
The features show on a map is indicated by a guide called map index.

Question 41.
Give an example for small scale map.
Answer:
Small Scale maps: The Maps drawn on the scale below 1 cm: 15Km or 1:15, 00,000 eg. Atlas and Wall Maps. These maps show broad physical and cultural features.

(B) Identify the latitudes and longitudes for the given places. ( 1 × 5 = 5 )

Question 42.
Mysore

Question 43.
Tumkur

Question 44.
Mangalore

Question 45.
Haveri

Question 46.
Bidar
Answers:

(C) Draw diagrams to the following. ( 2 × 2 = 4 )

Question 47.
Pressure belts of the globe.
Answer:
Pressure belts of the globe.

Question 48.
Orographic rainfall
Answer:
Orographic rainfall

(D) Draw the outline map of India, mark and name the following

Question 49.
Map drawing (2)
Answer:

Physical divisions of India

Question 50.
Southwest and Northeast monsoon winds (2)

Question 51.
Nokrek and Agasthyamalai biosphere reserves (2)