1st PUC

Students can Download 1st PUC Statistics Model Question Paper 2 with Answers, Karnataka 1st PUC Statistics Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Statistics Model Question Paper 2 with Answers

Time: 3 Hrs 15 Min
Max. Marks: 100

Note:

1. Graph sheets and statistical tables will be supplied on request.
2. Scientific calculators may be used.
3. All working steps should be clearly shown.

Section – A

I. Answer any TEN of the following questions. (10 × 1 = 10)

Question 1.
Define nominal scale in statistics.
Answer:
Number assigned for every unit for identification of different categories is called nominal scale.

Question 2.
What is primary data?
Answer:
Primaiy data are those which are collected by the investigator himself for the first time for his own purpose.

Question 3.
Write the formula of Struge’s rule to find the number of classes.
Answer:
Number of classes (K) = 1 + 3.22 10g N. ; N – Number of observations.

Question 4.
Define class interval.
Answer:
In a frequency distribution if the range is divided into subranges are called class interval.

Question 5.
What is an ‘ogive’?
Answer:
The cumulative frequency curve is called ‘ogive’.

Question 6.
What is a ‘open-end class’ in a frequency distribution?
Answer:
If in a class, the lower or upper limits are not specified are called open classes.

Question 7.
In a shoe shop, the highest sales of shoe size is 8. What would you conclude?
Answer:
Modal(z) size is 8.

Question 8.
If variance = 4 cm². Find the standard deviation.
Answer:
Standard deviation = σ = \(\sqrt{\text { variance }}\) = \(\sqrt{4}\)
σ = 2 cm.

Question 9.
What are the limits of correlation co-efficient?
Answer:
γ = ± 1 or -1 ≤ γ≤ 1

Question 10.
Mention one assumption of interpolation and intrapolation?
Answer:
There are no sudden fluctuations in values of the data.

Question 11.
Find P(A’)
Answer:
P(A’) = 1 – P(A).

Question 12.
What is mean of a random variable?
Answer:
Mean of a random variable : E(x) = Σx.P(x)

Section – B

II. Answer any TEN of the following questions. (10 × 2 = 20)

Question 13.
Write any two functions of statistics.
Answer:

1. It simplifies the complexity of the data.
2. It reduces the bulk of the data.

Question 14.
Mention whether the following statements are discrete or continuous variables.
(a) The temperature of a patient,
(b) Ages of employees.
Answer:
(a) discrete variable
(b) continuous variable.

Question 15.
What is Qualitative classification of data? Give an example.
Answer:
Qualitative classification: Classification of the different units on the basis of qualitative characteristics (Called Attributes). Such as sex, literacy, employment etc.
e.g., the members of a club can be classified on the basis of sex wise distribution as follows:
Table showing the sex distribution of members of a club

Question 16.
Write down two objects of tabulation.
Answer:
Tabulation

1. Simplifies complex data.
2. Facilitates comparison.

Question 17.
Which type of bar diagrams are used under the following circumstances?
(a) When two or more different comparable sets of values.
(b) When a comparison of two or more components as percentages.
Answer:
(a) Multiple bar diagram
(b) percentage bar diagram.

Question 18.
Write two limitations of diagrams and graphs.
Answer:

1. They cannot be used for further statistical analysis.
2. They can be easily misled and can create wrong impression about the data.

Question 19.
Find the mode of the following distribution.

Answer:
Mode (Z) = size of highest frequency.
Highest frequency is 12, its size (x) is 15.
∴ Mode(Z)= 15.

Question 20.
If the sum and difference of upper and lower quartilcs are 48 and 12 respectively, find the coefficient of quartile deviation.
Answer:
Given Q₃ + Q₁ = 48
Q₃ – Q₁ =12

Question 21.
Prove that γ = ±\(\sqrt{\mathrm{bxy} \cdot \mathrm{byx}}\)
Answer:

Question 22.
Write two properties of regression coefficients.
Answer:

1. Regression coefficients are independent of the origin but dependent on the scale.
2. The geometric mean of two regression co-efficients is numerically equal to the coefficient of correlation.
   i.e. γ = ±\(\sqrt{\mathrm{bxy} . \mathrm{byx}}\)

Question 23.
What is the difference between coefficient correlation and association of attributes?
Answer:
Coefficient of correlation measure the degree of relation between variables, where associates of attributes measures the degree of relationship between attributes such as sex and literacy. Success in examination and marriage.

Question 24.
If P(A) = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\), P(B) = \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 }\), P(AnB) = \(\frac { 1 }{ 6 }\), are A and B independent?
Answer:
If A and B are independent, then P(A∩B)= P(A).P(B)
Here \(\frac { 1 }{ 6 }\) = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) × \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 }\) = \(\frac { 1 }{ 6 }\)
Yes, A and B are independent.

Section – C

III. Answer any SIX of the following questions. (6 × 5 = 30)

Question 25.
What are the important methods of collection of primary data? Explain schedules sent through enumerator method.
Answer:
The different methods of collection of primary data.

• Direct personal interview/observation.
• Indirect oral interview.
• Information through agencies.
• Mailed questionnaire.
• Schedules sent through enumerator.

Schedules sent through enumerator: In this method, a trained enumerator meets informants and collects the necessary information. Here schedule is a list of questions where the answers for the questions will be supplied by the informants and recorded by the enumerator.

Question 26.
Explain briefly two methods of sampling.
Answer:
1. Simple random sampling: In this method the samples are drawn in such a way that every unit of the population has equal chance of being included in the sample. Random samples can be obtained by

• Lottery method
• Use of Random numbers.

2. Stratified sampling: In this method the population is divided in to different groups of units called strata, which are homogeneous with respect to a specific character. From each stratum appropriate number of units are randomly selected. This method is called Stratified sampling.

Question 27.
The following are the weights of 30 students. Draw up a frequency distribution with

Answer:
Frequency Distribution of weight of students (in kgs)

Question 28.
Following is the data regarding strength of students of a college for the 2008-11 academic years.

Draw percentage bar diagram.
Answer:
Percentage bar diagram represents the faculty wise distribution of students.

Question 29.
Find the missing frequency in the following frequency distribution if x̄ = 129

Answer:
Let the missing frequency be k


129(54 + K) = 6940 + 130K
6966 + 129K = 6940 + 130K
130K – 129K = 6966 – 6940
K = 26 is the missing frequency.

Question 30.
Show the graphical method of measurement of correlation for the following bivariate data.

Answer:
Scatter diagram to show the correlation between the variables X and Y

From the diagram, the spread of points show downward direction. With thick pattern around a straight line. Therefore, there exists high degree negative correlation between the variables X and Y.

Question 31.
Following are the marks obtained by eight students in two subjects as given below.

Calculate the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient.
Answer:
Non-repeated ranks, so use the formula

R₁; R₂ be the ranks of Accountancy and Statistics.
Assign ranks highest marks students as 1, and next descending marks as 2 and so on.


= 1 – 0.2857 = 0.7143
There exists a high degree positive correlation between marks in Accountancy and Statistics.

Question 32.
Prepare a 2 × 2 contingency table from the following data. Also calculate Yule’s coefficient of association and interpret the result.
N = 150, (α) = 112, (B) = 36 and (AB) = 6
Answer:
The given data can be presented in the 2 × 2 contingency table as below.


∴ = -0.3223.
There exists low degree negative association.

Question 33.
Using suitable formula for interpolation, estimate the value of y for x.

Answer:

Since the known values of y are 5.
Hence the fifth leading difference will be zero.
i.e. Δ₀⁵ = (y – 1)⁵ = 0 , using Binomial expansion.
we get y₅ – 5y₄ +10y₃ – 10y₂ + 5y₁ – y₀ = 0
∴ 27 – 5(26) + 10(24) – 10y₂ + 5(21) – 18 = 0
224 – 10y₂ = 0
-10y₂ = 224
y₂ = 22.4

Question 34.
State and prove addition theorem of probability for two non-mutually inclusive events.
Answer:
Statement: Let A and B be two events with respective probabilities P(A) and P(B). Then the probability of occurrence of at least one of these two events is
P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B)

Proof: A random experiment results ‘n’ exhaustive events, ‘m₁ ‘ and’m₂‘ events are favourable to events A and B respectively. And ‘P’ out comes are common to A × B.
The probabilities are

Event (A∪B) i.e. occurrence of at least one of the events is (m₁ + m₂ – D) favourable events.

P(A∪B)= P( A) + P(B) – P(A∩B): from result (1).
Hence the proof.

Question 35.
A bag has 4 red, 3 green and 3 yellow marbles. Three marbles are randomly drawn from the bag. What is the probability that they are of
(i) the same colour
(ii) different colours?
Answer:
n = 3 marbles from 10 can be drawn in ¹⁰C₃ =120 ways.
(i) m = 3 marbles of same colour out of 4 red OR 3 green or 3 yellow can be drawn in ⁴C₃ OR ³C₃ OR ³C₃ ways.

(ii) m = 3 marbles of different colours can be drawn from 4 red, 3 green and 3 yellow marbles in ⁴C₁ × ³C₁ × ³C₁ ways.

Question 36.
State and prove Addition theorem of mathematical expectation of two events, random variables X and y.
Answer:
Statement: Let X and Y be two random variables with respective expectations E(X) and E(Y). Then expectation of sum of these random variables is
E (X + Y) = E(X) + E(Y)
Proof: Let X and Y be two discrete random variables with their joint/bivariate probability distribution P(x, y) = P[x = x, y = y] and,
The probability distribution ofX and Y are

Section – D

IV. Answer any TWO of the following questions. (2 × 10 = 20)

Question 37.
In a school the intelligent students are admitted to Batch A and others to Batch B. The students in two batches are aged as follows :

Compare their mean age and variability in age of the students.
Answer:
The data is discrete so use


On an average Batch B students more aged than Batch A students.
C.V (A) = 12.968% < C.V (B) = 14.142%
Batch A students ages is less variable than Batch B students.

Question 38.
Find Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skewness for the following data.

Answer:
In the frequency distribution, frequencies not symmetrical i.e. one of the frequency in the middle class interval is zero. So use the skewness coefficient. Using Karl Pearson’s coefficient



The distribution is negatively skewed.

Question 39.
The following table gives ages of employees and income. Calculate the coefficient of correlation.

Answer:
Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation


Let X and Y be the Age and Income of employers


There exists a high degree positive correlation between ages of employees and their income.

Question 40.
(a) The probabilities of two students A and B solving a problem are \(\frac { 2 }{ 5 }\) and \(\frac { 4 }{ 5 }\). Find the probability that if both try to solve the problem independently, it is solved.
Answer:
Let P(A) = probability that A can solve = \(\frac { 2 }{ 5 }\)
P(B) = probability that B can solve = \(\frac { 4 }{ 7 }\)
P (The problem will be solved) = P (at least one of them will solve)
= P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B)
Since A and B are independent ; = P(A∩B) = P(A). P(B)
= P(A) + P(B) – P(A)P(B)
= \(\frac { 2 }{ 5 }\) + \(\frac { 4 }{ 7 }\) – \(\frac { 2 }{ 5 }\) × \(\frac { 4 }{ 7 }\)
P(A∪B) = 0.7429

(b) For the following probability distribution, find the missing probability and mean.

Answer:
We know that from the definition of probability mass function

The probability distribution is

Section – E

V. Answer any TWO of the following questions. (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 41.
In a survey regarding men smoking habit and visiting hospital due to some ailment in the college, the following information was observed.
Out of 30 office staff 50% were smokers and 25% out of 48 Teaching staff were smokers. 25% among smokers and 8% among non-smokers visited hospitals in the year. Tabulate the above information.
Answer:
Table showing the smoking workers visiting hospital among teachers and office staff.

Foot Note :
VH – Visited Hospital
NVH – Not Visited Hospital
T – Total
Source: Imaginary values given and remaining all computed values.

Question 42.
Draw a less than ogive and locate Q₁ and D₅ from the give.

Answer:

Question 43.
Compute mean deviation from median for the following data.
Wages (₹) : 22 17 64 43 67 32 55
Answer:
Let x be the wages ….. Raw data.

After arranging in ascending order

Question 44.
A can hit a target 3 times with 5 shots. B can hit it 5 times with 4 shots and C can hit 5 times with 9 shots. If they fire at a volley, what is the probability that at least one of them hits it?
Answer:
Let P(A can hit) = \(\frac { 3 }{ 5 }\) = P(A)
P(B) = \(\frac { 5 }{ 7 }\) and P(C) = \(\frac { 5 }{ 9 }\)
Assuming that all the 3 shooters are independent, then
P (at least one of them hits the volley)
P(A∪B∪C) = l – P(none hit) = l – P(A’∩B’∩C’)

Students can Download 1st PUC Sociology Model Question Paper 2 with Answers, Karnataka 1st PUC Sociology Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Sociology Model Question Paper 2 with Answers

Time: 3 Hrs 15 Min
Max. Marks: 100

I. Answer the following in one sentences each: ( 1 × 10 = 10 )

Question 1.
Who is father of sociology?
Answer:
August Comte

Question 2.
What do you mean by community sentiment?
Answer:
Maclver and Page introduced term community sentiment.

Question 3.
How is the term ‘Culture’ derived.
Answer:
The word Culture is derived from the Latin word Colera which means to cultivate or till the soil.

Question 4.
What is Interaction?
Answer:
Interaction means in society people socialy interact each other.

Question 5.
What is Family?
Answer:
According to Elliott and Merrill define family as “a biological social unit composed of husband, wife and children.

Question 6.
What is a social change?
Answer:
According to Samuel Koenig “Social change refers to the modifications which occur in the life patterns of people.”

Question 7.
Define science.
Answer:
Science is a method of approach to the entire empirical world, i.e. to the world which is susceptible of experience by man.

Question 8.
Bring out one difference between interview and questonnaire method.
Answer:
In interview there is a high rate of response were as in questionaire the rate is less.

Question 9.
What do you mean by environment?
Answer:
Environment is the sum of all social, economical, biological, physical or chemical factors which constitute the surroundings of man.

Question 10.
What is global warming?
Answer:
Global warming may be defined as an increase in the surface temperature as a result of increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

II. Answer the following any ten in two sentences each: ( 2 × 10 = 20 )

Question 11.
Give the meaning of the terms socious &Iogos.
Answer:
Socious means society logos means study. Sociology means study of society.

Question 12.
Give any two elements of community.
Answer:
Locality and Community Sentiment.

Question 13.
State any two classifications of group.
Answer:
In groups and Out groups.

Question 14.
Mention any two primary functions of family.
Answer:
Reproduction and Socialization

Question 15.
Define Co-operation.
Answer:
Co operation means is a form of social interaction wherein two or moew persons work together to gain a common end.

Question 16.
What is evolution?
Answer:
The word evolution comes from the Latin word ‘evolvere’ which means to develop or to unfold.

Question 17.
Bring out two difference between physical and social sciences.
Answer:
Social science investigates laws related to man or man’s social behavior. The Physical sciences search for physical laws in natural phenomena.

Question 18.
Mention two types of Primary data.
Answer:
Observation and questionnaire.

Question 19.
Give the meaning of environmental pollution.
Answer:
Environment pollution defined as the unfavorable alternation of our surroundings.

Question 20.
Give any two evil effects of water pollution.
Answer:
Thermal Discharges and Oxygen Demanding Wastes

Question 21.
What is the result of ozone display?
Answer:
Health disorders, damage to plant and aquatic life and degradation of materials will probably increase. Ozone depletion may even affect the global climate.

Question 22.
Give any two difference between society and community.
Answer:
Society is dynamic community is Naturalness
Socierty keeps on changing forever but community never changes for long.

III. Answer any four of the following in fifteen sentences each: ( 5 × 4 = 20 )

Question 23.
Explain Alex Inkeles views about the subject matter of sociology.
Answer:
Alex Inkle’s in his book “what is Sociology?” has provided a general outline of the fields of Sociology on which there is considerable agreement among sociologists. It could be presented in the following manner:

1. Providing a sociological analysis of human culture and society: The major concern of Sociology is human society and its culture. A sociologist seeks to provide an analysis of human society and culture with sociological perspective. He evinces interest in the evolution of society and tries to reconstruct the major stages in the evolutionary process. An attempt is also made to analyse the factors and forces underlying historical transformations of society. Due importance is given to the scientific method that is adopted in the sociological studies.

2. Analysing the primary units of social units of social life: s has given sufficient attention to the study of primary units of social life. In this area it is concerned with social
acts and social relationships, individual personality, groups of all varieties, communities(urban, rural and tribal), association organisations and population.

3. Studying the nature and functions of basic social institutions: Socia institutions constitute the basic fabric the society. Any social system is built on the foundation of social institutions. Institutions such as – the family and kinship religions and morality, economic and political, legal and educational, scientific and aesthetic, recreational and expressive, medical and welfare, etc., serve the most important needs of man. Sociology develops deep into the study of the origin and development, structure and function, changes and challenges of a wide variety of social institutions.

4. Sociology throws light on the fundamental social processes: Human society is neither static nor uniform. It is dynamic and diverse. This dynamic element in society is reflected by what are known as social processes. They reveal the way in which human interaction assume different patterns and courses in social life. The social processes such as co-operation and competition, accommodation, and assimilation, social conflict and communication, social differentiation and stratification, socialisation social control and deviance, social integration and social change, etc., assume prominence in sociological studies.

Question 24.
What do you mean by social control? Explain.
Answer:
Social control is one of the mechanisms of society. E.A. Ross was the first sociologist to the concept of “social control” in his famous book “social control” published in 1901. since then, the concept has become quite popular. Society has to make use of its mechanisms to accomplish the necessary order and discipline. Ross has stressed upon the roles of public opinion, law, belief, suggestion, religion, ideals, ceremony, etc., in establishing social control.

Types of social control

1. Informal control
2. Formal control.

1. Informal control: It refers to that types of social control. Which is not purposefully created, but spontaneously evolved and which includes informal ways and means for maintenance of social control. EgFolkways mores, customs, morality etc.,

2. Formal control: It refers to those types of social control which is desperately created and which includes some fixed formal means and procedures for the maintenance of social control. Eg laws and legislation, courts, police Jail, armed force, Bureaucracy etc..

Question 25.
Explain the functions of marriage.
Answer:
According to Macular and Page “Marriage is a durable association between husband and wife for procreation and upbringing of children and requires social approval”

The functions of marriage are:

1. Regulation of sex life: Marriage is the powerful instrument of regulating the sex life of man. It is an Instinct, it has to be controlled and regulated through the Institution of marriage. Marriage thus regulative means of sex life marriage often called the license for sex life acts as a.

2. Marriage regulates sex relations also: It prohibits sex relations between the closest relatives i.e., between father and daughter, mother and son., brother and sister etc., such a kind of prohibition is called “incest taboo” Marriage also puts restrictions on the premarital and extra martial sex relations.

3. Marriage leads to the establishment of the family: Sexual satisfaction offered by marriage results in self-perpetuation. It is in family the children are bom and brought up. The marriage which determines the descent, inheritance and succession.

4. Provides for economic co-operation: Marriage makes division of labor possible on the basis of sex age and experience, partners of marriage divide work among themselves and perform them.

5. Marriage contributes to emotional and intellectual interstimulation of the partners: Marriage brings life-partners together and helps them to develops intense love and affection towards other. It depends the emotion and strengthens and also helps them to develop intellectual co-operation between them.

6. Marriage aims at social solidarity: Marriage not only brings two individuals of the opposite sex together but also their respective families and their Kith and Kin, friendship between these groups is reinforced through marriage. It is often suggested that by encouraging marriage between different castes, races, classes, religious, linguistic and other communities.

Question 26.
Write a note on cultural lag?
Answer:
The concept of cultural lag was first introduced by W. F. Ogbum published in his book entitled ‘Social change’ in 1922. In his book he had delineated the two aspects of culture-material and non material. In that context he introduced the concept of cultural lag. By the very natural of it the material aspects changes quickly but the non material changes but slowly. The change between material and non material culture is called gap or lag. The word lag denotes crippled movement of one part of culture as compared with the other. Culture has two parts, material and nonmaterial. Both be changed by human begins.

In the process of change Ogbum believes that both the material culture and nonmaterial culture undergoes change. But the non-material culture according to Ogbum is often slow to respond to the rapid changes in material culture. When non material culture cannot adjust itself to the material culture it falls behind the two. According to Ogbum this gap between the material culture and nonmaterial culture is called “cultural lag”

In the words of Ogbum “the strain that exists between two correlated parts of culture that change at unequal rates of speed may be interpreted as a lag in the part that is changing at the slowest rate for the one lags behind the other”. For example a lag is seen when people change method of cultivation without change in the land owning system. Thus according to Ogbum one of the main problems of adjustment in modem society is due to problem of uneven speed of change in material and non material culture.

Question 27.
Explain the types of conflict by Georg Simmel.
Answer:
George Simmel has distinguished four types of conflict

1. War
2. Feud or rational strife
3. Litigation
4. Conflict of impersonal ideas.

1. War: according to Simmel war represents a deep seated antagonistic impulse in men. But to bring out this impulse into action some define objectives is needed. The objective may be the desire to gain material interests.

2. Feud and factional strife: this is an intra-group conflict. It may arise because of injustice alleged to have been done by one group to another.

3. Litigation: Litigation is ajudicial form of conflict. It is ajudicial struggle by an individual or group to protect right to possessions. This kind of conflict is more objectives in nature.

4. Conflict of impersonal ideas: This is a conflict carried on by the individuals not for themselves but for an ideal. In such a conflict each party attempts to justify truthfulness of its own ideas. For ex, the communists and Capitalists carry on conflicts to prove that their own system can bring in a better world order.

Question 28.
Describe the effects of technological factors on social change.
Answer:
Use of machines and technological tools are common in modem society. Scientific development and approach towards making life more convenient, help the growth of society Ogbum and Nimkoff remark that the Most novel phenomena in society is not capitalism but Mechanization. The role of technology can be discovered in the following ways:

1. Transport and communication: After 18th century, we see b- hanges in society due to industrialization, communication and transportation. Such ca c lopment took place only because of growth in technology. As a result now modem technology has changed the joint family system and its relationships. Communication skills, transportation methods changed to such extent that today human world is called as “Global Village”.

2. Growth of classes: Industrialization leads to growth of urbanization. Industrialization brought opportunities for new professions. Youths are provided new jobs. Along with it new “Glass” system developed in society. Society is classified as upper middle and lower class.

Agriculture Changes in the agricultural technology directly influenced rural community invention of new agricultural tools and techniques’ chemical manures brought increase in agricultural production which influenced standard of living in village.

IV. Answer any four of the following in fifteen sentences each: ( 5 × 4 = 20 )

Question 29.
Explain the characteristics of religion.
Answer:
James G. Frazer considered Religion as a belief in power superior to man which are believed to direct and control the course of nature and Human life.

Elements of Religion:
1. Supernatural and the Sacred: At the centre of almost every religion lies the idea of the supernatural. It is something beyond physical understanding. It is omnipotent infinite or extraordinary. According to E. B. Tylor Belief in supernatural begins is called religion. Belief in the supernatural begins might also include belief in other kinds of begins like magic forces, angles or soul of dead ancestors, believers might arrange the supernatural begins in a hierarchy according to their power or they may differentiate the supernatural begins in terms of their functions.

It should be interesting to note that Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, the three Hindu Gods, are said to perform the function of creation of the cosmic order, its maintenance and destruction, respectively.

2. Beliefs and practice: Religious belief is a system of knowledge about the divine and its relationship with the human. It is simply not enough to believe in the existence of a supernatural force. The knowledge of its existence must be explained to people and to generations to come. Belief serves this purpose of revealing the existence of the supernatural or divine or the sacred. Belief explains the nature of the divine.

3. Provides Moral Prescriptions: Religion is the source of moral values, and religion without moral prescription is virtually not possible. Religion can distinguish between the right and the wrong, more powerful than other social institutions.

4. Methods of Salvation: Methods of salvation constitutes another elements of Religion. If may be in various forms like attaining moksha, Nirvana, Salvation, and the Christian has a redeemer in Christ, the son of God, who gave his life for man’s Sin. In short religion is the institutionalized set of beliefs men hold about super natural forces belief are formalized and regularized.

Question 30.
Define Education. Explain any three characteristics.
Answer:
According to Durkheim “Education as the socialization of the younger generation and it is a continuous efforts to impose on the child ways of seeing feeling and acting which he could not have arrived at spontaneously. The education process, with its different specialization, different levels and certification process which goes along with it, allocates the younger generation to various roles in society according to their possession of or lack of appropriate diplomas and degree, specifying particular skills, abilities and values.

Thus it legitimizes the existing distribution of position of socio-economic gains and power by convincing the losers or relative loss that their failure in life is due to their failure in education, which interim is due to their lack of abilities. Moreover, this a locative function induces greater demands for more and more education and thus contributes to the expansion of education system and increase the common people’s dependence on and subjugation to, it is that some of the so called universal goals of education in a society articulate the thinking of philosophers and social reformers of the times.

According to Durkheim “Education as the socialization of the younger generation and it is a continuous efforts to impose on the child ways of seeing feeling and acting which he could not have arrived at spontaneously.

Reformative function: Education is of fundamental significance to the development and progress of human society. Although education as a process of socialization. Education has also the capacity to liberate the human mind from shackles of the pass and the present. It has the potential to make men question the ruling values and norms in society, to make them rebel- against the existing social constraints and to solutions to the developed social contradiction and constraints outside the frame work of he established system. This we call the transformative, progressive or reformative function of education.

The American sociologists Bowles and Gintis argue that the major role of education in modem world is the reproduction of labor power. The education system helps to achieve these objectives largely through the hidden curriculum. It is not the content of lessons and the examinations that pupils take which are important, but the form that teaching and learning take and the way that schools are organized. The hidden curriculum consists of those things that pupils learn through the experience of attending school, rather than the stated educational objectives of such institutions.

According to Bowles and Gintis, the hidden curriculum shapes the future workforce in the following ways:

1. It helps to produce a subservient workforce of uncritical, passive and docile workers. Far from living up to liberal ideal of encouraging self-development.

2. Bowles and Gintis claim that the hidden curriculum encourages an acceptance of hierarchy. Schools are organized on a hierarchical principle of authority and control.

3. At school, pupils learn to be motivated by external rewards, just as the workforce in a capitalist society is motivated by external rewards. Because students have so little control over, and little feeling of in volment in, their school work, they get little satisfaction from studying.

Question 31.
Explain any five factors that resist the process of social change.
Answer:
Ogbum and Nimkoff says that sometimes “Boon to society is also opposed”
The factors for resistance are:

1. Inadequacy of invention: For one or the other reason. People may or may not show interest in inventions. Some time the innovatory fails to convince the community. Inventions do not impress community life or are needful by that perfect of time.

2. Fear: Men in general are happy with present. People always feel that new disturbs or may bring new problems. When Thomas Edison invented electric bulb, exhibition of illuminating electric bulb was arranged, immediately when electric bulb illuminated, people ran away with fear. Earlier people did not show interest in photography.

3. Ignorance: Education and training make him intelligent. Even though man is ignorant about new. Before he is given proper knowledge his ignorance make him to resist. Secondly some men do not even learn to live. They are happy with their ignorance. America took generations to learn use of iron plough. Material change and its resistances is temporary. For example Mahatma Gandhiji and his efforts are still in process to bring “non alcoholic society”.

4. Habit: Man develops his personality thorough socialization. Once developed Personality cannot be changed easily. Personality is a complex whole of many habits. Habits force man to follow traditions. Habits influence our thoughts and dialylife.. people hesitate to accept new rules and regulations in society.

5. Vested Interests: Vested Interest are selfish groups who want statuesque. Most social changes carry a threat to some vested interests. Land Reform Act in India brought change. But such change and legislative reformations were opposed by land lords. Orthodox society is always in fear of losing its interests, it opposes inter caste marriage.

6. Economic Costs: Money play important role in adopting social change. For example to implement five year planning Indian government invested money. In recent tears cost of planning is raising. Some of the welfare measures like education, health, housing are lagging behind.

7. Lack of an integrated approach: Society is combination of different parts, for example religion, education, government are in social system only. Change in one element brings change in another part also. When we want to bring change in religion it is necessary to bring change in education system also. To eradicate blind belief or evil practices all other conditions in prevailing society should be changed

8. Technical difficulties in implementation: Looking to new technical innovations, society adopt its life style. Community many times accepts technical changes immediately, but does not accept some time. Technical devices should be restructured or they are not suitable to the conditions, hence there is hindrance in acceptance.

9. Intellectual Laziness: Creativity drive the attention immediately. Lack of creativity in man does not accept new. Active men agree to modem condition. Lazy do not. To understand the importance of new one must show interest in it. when there is lack of interest and do not pay attention, it is difficult to make men to change themselves.

10. Desire for stability: Society and its functions go smooth with required stability. Individuals are safe in stable society. Change disturbs the balance in present society. Often change brings insecurity to people in society. Common men feel

1. No guarantee in new social system, and
2. New thing; nay bring pain.
3. Pleasure and comforts may not exists in new
4. Wants to maintain present status.

Therefore, members in stable conditions do not accept change. Desire for stability is guard against change.

Question 32.
Define Research. Explain the sources of data collection in social research.
Answer:
Research is a “Systematized investigation to gain a new knowledge about social phenomena and problems we call it social research”. Modem society is dominated by Information and Communication Technology. Recent computers perform multi-dimensional functions. Various ‘ soft ware packages provide data on different topics. Use of internet provided world wide data on different subjects. Internet provides more up to data information, very large extent of data which is limitless because traditional print media has limited space in library.

Internet access is available for 24 hours a day. research successfully save time, energy and resources due to use of internet. Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing and Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing techniques are common in America. It helps the researcher to collect data systematic way and computer easily store, classify and analyses the responses immediately completion of interview.

The techniques of data collection are: Observation is a regulated perception of facts and circumstances with a definite purpose in view. There are two types of observation on the basis of different criteria:

1. Controlled and Uncontrolled observation: controlled observation implies the use of various tools and instruments to control one or more variable. It usually takes place in a laboratory. Uncontrolled observation is also called unaided observation because it is made in the natural environment without exercising any controls on the phenomena observed.

2. Participant and Non-Participant Observation: The Participant observation method focus on observer or researcher participants in the social phenomena under study. Whereas in Non-participant observation or researcher does not participate, is a loaf and observes the life and activities of the group in a passive manner.

Merits of participant Observation

• It is possible to observe the natural behavior of the group because the observer is not stranger.
• It is possible to gather quantitatively more and quantitatively better information.
• It is possible to get better insights into the phenomena because the observer is an insider.
• It is possible to observe secrete behavior.

Demerits.

• There is a danger objectives because of emotional attachment and over-involvement or ego-satisfaction
• Some phenomena cannot be observed through participation. For instance, an observer cannot become a criminal.

Merits of Non-Participant Observation

• It is possible to retain a high level of objectivity.
• A non-participant observer is able to collect considerable information because of his open role as an observer and his eagerness to learn.

Demerits .

• It is not possible to get information on many aspects of life and activities because observation is limited to formal occasions and organizations.
• It is not possible to gain insights into many aspects of behavior because the observer is an outsider.

Merits and limitation of Observation
Merits

• It is possible to record behavior as it occurs, without any distortions. This gives highly qualitative data.
• Observation is a flexible method of data collection
• It is independent of people’s willingness to report.

Limitations

• Data collected through observation cannot be quantified
• There is a danger of bias, especially hidden bias.
• Observation cannot be used to study private behavior
• Observation is limited by the duration of the event.

Interview
The very term implies “Interviewing is an interactional process, it is a mutual view of each other.

Structured Interview: has predetermined questions and standard techniques. The number of questions is also fixed. In this method of interview, number and nature of questions, order of asking them, wording of questions, recording system and everything in the interview process is standardized

Merits of structured Interview’:

• It provides safe basis for the generalization
• In this method, interview’s bias can be restricted
• It is more methodical and easy to administer

Demerits.

• The rigid and mechanical process, sometimes defeat the purpose of interview. It lacks the flexible nature and personal touch in interview
• In this method, there is a possibility that substances of interview obtain less importance than fon*:al process and set up.

Question 33.
Briefly explain the relevance of report writing method in social reserach.
Answer:
Unstructured (Oral) Interview: It is not rigid type of interview. In this method, there is flexibility in the entire process of interview. The interview has greater freedom to choose the form depending on situations. The flexibility nature of interview allows the interview to ask number, sequence, and method of questions according to requirements of situations.

Merits of Unstructured Interview :

• The informal nature of interview creates a congenial atmosphere for effective communication
• In a highly society of India, the formal set up interview imposes serve limitations on interview. Unstructured interview is the only remedy for this problem

Demerits of Unstructured Interview

• The informal nature of interview provides respondents to answer differently, this is difficult in analysis of data
• To administer this type of interview, well trained and skilled persons are required
• The more number of personal bias and prejudices may be the part of this method.

Merits of Interview method

• It is possible to obtain highly reliable information and in depth knowledge
• It is possible to obtain information about the past and also about future plans in a detailed manner.
• There is a high rate of response
• Interview method can be used with all types of persons.

Demerits of Interview method

• There is a possibility of misleading information being given by the interview
• There can be defects due to the interview who may not be the best person to give information
• There can be defects due to the bias or prejudice of the interview himself, interview is a difficult skill and needs training
• It is a costly and time-consuming method.

Question 34.
What is Bio diversity? Describe.
Answer:
Only the earth has provided essential environment to all kinds of species. The earth has been evolved since 460 billions of years. Since then evolution has been taking place stage by stage.
It is the existence of a wide variety of species- plants, animals and micro-organisms in a natural habitant within a particular environment or of genetic variation with in a species. All living organisms have maintained their specific quality. We find air, water and temperature on this earth including micro organisms, birds and butterflies, aquatic plants and animals, wild animals like Dinosaurs etc., all live on this earth.

V. Answer any two of the following in thirty sentences each: ( 10 x 2 = 20 )

Question 35.
Explain the importance of Sociology.
Answer:
Development of personality: Man is fundamentally a social being. He has to adjust to the changing conditions of the society. Sociology gives of scientific and a comprehensive knowledge of human society. The scientific knowledge about the structure of society, its development, change, problems, individual rights and obligations, etc., makes not only individual an enlighten member of the society, but also to the development of his personality in a proper manner.

a. Change in attitudes: Sociology is useful in developing rational attitude towards society, religion, customs, mores, institutions, values, ideologies, etc. Sociology plays an important role in changing the attitudes towards others. The study of Sociology helps us to overcome prejudices about others people, class, caste, religious hatredness, misconceptions ambitions. Totally Sociology helps us to develop a critical approach towards the social world, so that we can have better relations with the people of not only our society but also with the people of other societies.

b. Solutions of social problems: Every society is facing its own problems. For example, India is facing so many problems like poverty, unemployment, terrorism, corruption, untouchability, prostitution, gambling, over population, beggary, etc. The deep study of these problems is necessary to solve them. Sociology helps us to make an objective study of social problems. It also gives valuable suggestions to solve.

c. Social planning and policy making: Sociology is playing a key role in social planning and policy making. Sociological knowledge is very much useful and the service and suggestions of expert sociologists are sought even in the formulations of Government Policies, Social Legislations regarding family, population control, child labour, environment pollution, beggary, etc.

d. To promote welfare of the backward and weaker section of the society: In India, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and other weaker sections are exploited in social, economic, and political fields for centuries. To promote welfare programmers for these groups sociological knowledge is necessary.

e. Sociology as an attractive teaching subject: Sociology is gaining importance as a popular teaching subject. Careers apart from teaching are now possible in Sociology. Sociology is introduced as one of the subject to be studied in many colleges and universities. Sociology is also included in the subjects to be offered by candidates taking completive examinations like IAS, IPS, IFS, KAS and KES, etc. There are many employment opportunities in many fields like education, social welfare, family welfare, public administration, women and child welfare development, etc.

f. Role of Sociology in developing countries: Social factors are also responsible for the economic backwardness particularly in under developed countries. Economists have now realized the importance of sociological information and knowledge in analyzing the economic life of their countries. So, it has been said that “Economists should be Sociologist also”.

g. Sociological knowledge about modern situations and developments: Sociology always gives information about the recent changes and developments that takes place in and around us, So that we can act according to the changes. The knowledge about these things makes us conscious about our responsibilities towards society.

Question 36.
Explain the characteristics of society.
Answer:
The term Society is derived from Latin word ‘Socius’ which means “companionship or friendship’ According to Maclver and Page “Society is the web of social relationships”.

Characteristics of society.

a. Society- The group of groups: People collets together to form groups. Such groups combine together to give rise to society. Each society has family, neighbor, village, city, labor association, religious gathering, Political Parties etc, H.M. Johnson – has thus remarked that “society is the group of groups”, but it is not just like a crowd. It is a system. It is a system. It consists of innumerable groups which fulfill the various needs of the people.

b. Society is a web of social relations : Social relation means -’’The reciprocal contact between two or more persons. Social relationships have a wide range. For example Teacher – student, Parent-children, patient-doctor, husband-wife and so on. One individual enters in to several social relationships at the same time. Maclver and page- point out that “society exists only where social beings behave towards one another in ways determined by their recognition of one another. Thus society is a web of social relations.

c. Similarity or likeness: The principal of‘likeness’ is essential for society. It exists among the people have similarities with regards to their needs, work, aims, ideals, values and so on. these similarities inspire the people to interact and like each other and live to gather. Hence mutual intimacy, Co-operation, love and affection, sympathy, sacrifice and feeling of oneness among people develops. Similarly the people of same nature and behavior live together in society.

d. Differences in society: Likeness and differences are two faces of the same coin. Therefore we see natural differences among people in their interest, ability, talent, attitude, intelligence and so on. Thus we find farmers, labors. Teachers, soldiers, business, advocates, doctors, engineers and other working in different capacities, Maclver and page – Said that “primary likeness and Secondary differences are the chief features of human society.

e. Co-operation and division of labor: Human Society is essentially based on ‘co-operation and division of labor. Due to the feeling of Co-operation people share their joys and sorrows. The division of labor depends on people’s interest, ability, sex, and age etc. Due to division of labor in various fields task are performed more efficiently. In modem society, skilled and specialized persons have more importance. Thus co-operative and division of labor are reciprocal.

Question 37.
Describe the role of family and peer-groups in the process of socializing the child.
Answer:
The next most important agency of socialization is the peer group. The peer group consists of his age mates, Play mates and status mates, those who form the inner circle of friends, class mates, and workmates etc., who share almost the status with the child. They serve an important function in defining appropriate behavior, acquiring appropriate roles, setting standards of conduct, arriving at a level of personal independence and inculcating goals.

The child acquires something from his friends and playmates which he cannot acquires cooperative morality and some of the informal aspects-of culture like fashions, fads, crazes, modes of gratification etc. the peer group also provides opportunities to explore tabooed topics. For instance, most of the sex knowledge in early stage, rightly or wrongly, comes from one’s peer group.

The family: Family is the first agency of socialization of the child. Physical nearness, close xelationship, passiveness of the child, authority of parents over the child etc., all have greater influence in molding the personality of the child.

In family, parental influence, particularly of the mother, is very great. From the parents the child learns language. It is taught number of civic virtues. The child gets his first lessons in cooperation, tolerance self-sacrifice, love and affection, etc., in the family.

The earliest and the closet ties of an individual are with his parents and siblings. There have authority over the child. Possessiveness of the child and its emotional attachment with parents and siblings make socialization an easy and smooth process. Cultural heritage is passed from one generation to the other in family.

Question 38.
Explain the factors favoring of assimilation.
Answer:
Factors Favoring Assimilation:

1. Toleration: assimilation is possible only when individual and groups are tolerated towards cultural deferences of others. Tolerance helps people to come together, to develop contacts and to participate in common social and cultural activities. When the majority group or the dominant group itself is secure.

2. Intimate social relationships: Assimilation is the final product of social contacts. The relative speed in which it is achieved depends on the nature of the contacts. It takes place naturally in primary groups such as family and friendship groups.

3. Amalgamation or intermarriage: It is an effective favoring assimilation process. It does not combine two opposite sexes but also two different families, castes, religious and regional groups together. A factor which helps complete assimilation is amalgamation which refers to the intermarriage of different groups without biological amalgamation complete assimilation is not possible. Mere inter mixture of the groups to a limited degree does not guarantee assimilation but intermarriage or amalgamation must be accepted in the mores and become a part of the institutional; structure, before assimilation exists.

4. Cultural similarity: If there are striking similarities between them an constituents of cultures of groups assimilation is quick to take place. In America, for example English¬speaking protestants are assimilated with greater aped than non-Christians who do not speak English.

5. Education: Education is another conductive factor for assimilation. For immigrant people public education has played a prominent role in providing culture contact. Maurice R Davis has pointed out in his “world immigration” that in American public schools has been playing the vital role in the process of Americanizing the children of foreign born parents.

6. Equal Social and economic opportunity: Public education alone is not enough. People of all groups must have equal access to socio-economic opportunities. Only then, they can come closer and establish relations among themselves with mutual trust. As it has been observed in the case of America, full assimilation is< possible only when full participation in social, cultural and economic life is allowed.

Assimilation is a two way process when it happens between two vulture groups. Each group contributing varying proportions of the eventual blend.

VI. Answer any two of the following in fifteen sentences each: ( 5 × 2 = 10 )

Question 39.
Explain the contribution of Dr. G S. Ghurye to the development of sociology in India.
Answer:
Dr GS.Ghurye: Dr. Ghuiye played a key role in popularizing Sociology in India. Therefore he is called as the “Father of Indian Sociology”. The fame of functioning as the first head of the department of Sociology goes to Dr. Ghurye. He is also recognized as the leading expert in the field of Sociology. Dr. Ghurye carried an elaborate study of “cap caste and races in India”/ he elaborately written on origin of caste, regional existence of caste and its Characteristics, impact of British rule on caste, caste in politics etc.

His study on rural culture has also gained importance in the field of Sociology. Studied on majordeities, ancient civilization, role ofsadhus and sanyasis was also included in his analysis. He has also written on literature, Shakespeare, Comte, contemporary problems in India. Totally his works present a logical continuity from the past to present to the immediate future. Dr. Ghurye has written “Caste and Race in India”, “Scheduled Tribes”, “Social tension in India”, “Vedic India”.

Dr. Iravathi Karve: Dr.Iravati Karve has been recognized as a renowned and brilliant sociologist. As a student of Dr. GS.Ghurye, Dr.Iravati Karve was the first “women sociologist in India”. Dr.Iravati Karve’s field of studies is very much extensive that Indian society social institutions and kinship are her specialised interest of studies. Understanding Indian society and its institutions on the basis of kinship was her main effort. “Kinship organization in India”, “Hindu Society- an interpretation”, “Land and people of Maharashtra”, “family of India” and more than seven books were written by Dr. Iravati Karve.

Question 40.
What is primary group? Explain its characteristics.
Answer:
The concept of ‘Primary Groups’ is a significant of C.H. Cooley to the social thought. Building black of human societies throughout the world history.

Characteristics of Primary Groups:
(a) Dominance of primary or face-to face-refationships: Primary groups are characterized by close and intimate relationships. These exists a face-to-face relationship amongthe members. In primary Groups everyone knows everyone else; one’s name and fame, one’s status, wealth, occupation, level of education etc.,

(b) Small in size: Primary groups are generally small in size, because its consists of few members. Size of primary groups should be small if the relations among members are to be close personal and intimate.

(c) Physical Proximity or Nearness: Face-to-face relations can be found only when members reside in particular area more or less permanently. Seeing and talking with each other facilitates the exchange of ideas, opinions and sentiments.

(d) Durability of the groups: Primary groups are relatively permanent groups. Other things equal, the longer the groups remains together, the more numerous and deeper are the contacts between its members.

(e) Similarity of Background: The members of the primary groups may have more or less the same background. These must be some approximations in their levels of experience. Each must have something to contribute to give as well as to take.

(f) Shared Interest: The shared interests of the groups also hold them together, any interest becomes focused and enriched in the group process. Since all are working for a common cause each acquires stimulation and a heightening of the emotional significance of the interest.

Question 41.
Explain the form of competition.
Answer:
1. Scarcity as a condition of competition: Wherever there are community desired goods and services, there is Competition.

In Tact, economics starts with its fundamental proposition that while human wants are
Unlimited the resources that can satisfy these wants are strictly limited. Hence people complete for the possession of these limited resources. As Hamilton pointed out Competition is necessitated by “a population of insatiable wants and a world of stubborn and inadequate resources”.

2. Competition and affluence: Competition may be found even in circumstances of abundance or affluence. In a time of full employment, Competition may take place for The status of the top class. There is Competition not only for food, shelter and other basic N
needs but also for luxuries, power, name, fame, social position, mates and so on,

3. Competition is Universal: Modem civilized society is marked by the Phenomenon of Competition. Competition is covering almost all the areas of customers, lawyers for clients, doctors for patients, students for ranks or distinctions, athletes and sportsmen for trophies, political parties for power, no society can be said to be exclusively Competition or co-operative.

4. Competition is continuous: Competition is continuous. It is found virtually in every area of social activity and social interaction. Particularly Competition for status, wealth and fame is always present in almost all societies.

5. Competition is dynamic: It stimulates the achievement and contributes to social change to higher level. A college student who completes with others to get selected to the college cricket team. After becoming successful may later struggle to get selected to the University cricket team, to the state team to the national team and so on.

6. Competition is always governed by norms: Competition is not limitless nor is it unregulated. There is no such things as ‘unrestricted competition’ such a phrase is contradiction in terms. Moral norms or legal rules always govern and control competition competitorsareexpected to use ‘fair tactics’ and not ‘cut-throat devices’.

7. Competition may be unconscious also: Competition may take place on an unconscious level. Many times individuals engaged in Competition are not always aware of the fact that they are in a Competitive race.

8. Competition may be constructive or destructive: Competition may be healthy or unhealthy. If one of the two or more competitor tries to win only at the expense of the others, it is destructive. Sometimes, big industrialists or businessmen to become virtually bankrupt. But constructive competition is mutually stimulating and helpful. It contributes to the welfare of all at large.

9. Competition may be personal or impersonal: Competition is normally directed towards a goal and not against any individual. Sometimes, it takes place without a actual knowledge of other’s existence. Ex. It is impersonal as in the case of civil service examination in, which the contestants are not even aware of one another’s identity. Competition may also be personal as when two individuals contest for election to an office. As competition becomes more personal., it leads to rivalry and shades into conflict. Competition in the social world is largely impersonal. The individual may be vaguely aware of, but has no , personal contact with other competitors.

Importance or function of competition:
Competition plays an important role in social life. Competition performs a number of useful functions in society. Some of them may be noted here.

Question 42.
Write a short note on any two environmental movements in Karnataka.
Answer:
The application of human ecological perspective poinfcToufM the three basic functions of natural environment for the human beings and also for many other animal species.

1. The Environment provides the resources essential for life. These resources include air, water and materials used to create shelter, transportation and such other needed products. If human beings exhaust these resources in an irresponsible way for example by polluting the water supply or destroying rain forests then serious consequences will be the result

2. The environment houses our species: Environment is our home, our living space, the place where we reside work and play, at times we take this truth for granted, but some others times we forget it and make our own living conditions very unpleasant and horrible. It is only when our air becomes heavy with smoke, dust etc., if our tap water turns brown, if toxic chemicals seep into our garden- only then we remember why it is vital to live in a healthy environment

3. The environment serves as a waste respiratory: more than any other species on earth human beings produce a huge quantity and variety of products-bottles, boxes, papers, plastics, sewage, garbage, and so on. Various types of pollution have become more common because human societies are generating more waste than the environment can safely absorb.

4. The 1972 rule of wild life protection provided complete protection to the wild life and birds. As per the directed of this rule every state government and centralized states must create a committee for wild life suggestion. This law restricts the hunting of wild animals violates ofthis law will be punished

5. Control and prevention of water pollution act has enforced and the water pollution is prohibited through this law and for prevention of water pollution a special rule ini 981 is introducedf prevention on control of air pollution)

6. 1986, rule of environment protection act 1986 have intended to protect and improve the environment; it implements nationwide programs on environment pollution and encourages the researches on Environment Pollution.

7. The motor vehicles act 1988 control the air pollution caused by the vehicles traffic.

8. The noise pollution act of 1989: This law controls the decibels of the sounds residential places, schools and colleges, hospitals, courts premises are declared as silent zones and prohibits using mikes crackers etc. in these areas.

9. 1991 rule of public security: the Government of India has introduced this law in 1991 this law suggested to establish a environment solution fund and provided security to the citizen, it enables to lodge a criminal cases on the law breakers.

10. State pollution controls board is active in state level and with the co-ordination of central pollution control board is engaged in the environment protection. Environment department will implement many works regarding environment protection.

Students can Download 1st PUC Computer Science Model Question Paper 3 with Answers, Karnataka 1st PUC Computer Science Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Computer Science Model Question Paper 3 with Answers

Time: 3 Hours 15 Minutes
Max. Marks: 70

PART – A

I. Answer the following questions. (10 × 1 = 10)

Question 1.
Name the oldest computing tool.
Answer:
Abacus is the oldest computing tool.

Question 2.
What are virtual keyboards?
Answer:
A virtual keyboard is where a full-size image of a QWERTY keyboard is projected onto any surface. The letters are typed by touching the image of a key.

Question 3.
What is the important aspect of design of a solution?
Answer:
The most important aspect of developing a solution is developing the logic to solve that specific problem.

Question 4.
Describe tokens.
Answer:
The smallest individual units in a program are known as tokens.

Question 5.
What is an output stream?
Answer:
Output stream is a sequence of characters from the program to an output device like a monitor or printer.

Question 6.
What is the other name for the ‘if-else’ statement?
Answer:
The other name of the ‘if-else’ statement is two-way branching.

Question 7.
Mention any one feature of subscript or index of an array.
Answer:
Subscript or index of an array is always a positive whole number.

Question 8.
What is auser defined function?
Answer:
A user-defined function is a self-contained block of statements, that performs a specific task, with a name given to it, defined by the user in a program.

Question 9.
What is the use of font dialog box?
Answer:
Font dialog box contains the tool buttons like font name, font size, font bold, etc.,

Question 10.
What is the use of an auto-fill option?
Answer:
The auto-fill option can be used to insert a series of values in a range of cells easily.

PART-B

II. Answer any Five of the following questions. (5 × 2 = 10)

Question 11.
Expand IBM. What was the earlier name of IBM?
Answer:
The expansion of IBM is “International Business Machine”. The earlier name of IBM was Tabulating Machine Company.

Question 12.
Expand the term MICR and BCR.
Answer:
MICR:
Magnetic Ink Character Reader/Recognition.
BCR:
Bar Code Reader/Recognition.

Question 13.
Define operating system. Give examples for operating systems.
Answer:
An operating system or OS is a software program that enables the computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software. Examples for operating systems are Linux, MS-DOS, Windows 8, etc.

Question 14.
Define coding. What is a pseudo code?
Answer:

• The process of representing an algorithmic solution or a flowchart solution Into a set of instructions in a programming language is called coding.
• Pseudocode is structured English, that consists of short, English phrases used to explain specific tasks within a program’s algorithm.

Question 15.
Which programming approach does the OOP follow? What is the meaning of abstraction in OOP?
Answer:
OOP follows bottom-up approach of programming. Abstraction in OOP is “A model of a complex system that includes only the details essential to the perspective of the viewer of the system.”

Question 16.
Give the features of ‘char’ data type.
Answer:

• C++ offers a predefined data type ‘char’ which is one byte in size and which can hold exactly one character such as an ‘a’ or ‘A’.
• To declare a variable of type char is char ch;

Question 17.
Write any two library functions of stdlib.h.
Answer:
Two library functions of stdlib.h are atoi() and itoa().

Question 18.
What is the difference between normal view mode and page layout view mode?
Answer:
If the document consists of both graphical pictures and text then in the normal mode graphical picture cannot be displayed. They can be displayed only in the page layout mode.

PART – C

III. Answer any Five of the following questions. (5 × 3 = 15)

Question 19.
Give different types of computer monitors.
Answer:
The different types of computer monitors are CRT monitors, LCD monitors, TFT monitors and LED monitors.

Question 20.
What is l’s complement? Give an example.
Answer:
Representing a signed number with 1s complement is done by changing all the bits that are 1 to 0 and all the bits that are 0 to 1. For example, 1s complement of 1010100 is 0101011.

Question 21.
Write any three functions of an operating system.
Answer:
1. Memory management:
The operating system allocates memory for requesting a process and frees the memory when the process is completed.

2. Device management:
The operating system is responsible to allocate input and output devices as and when they are required by the process.

3. Management of input/output:
The operating system allows control of access of programs to material resources via drivers.

Question 22.
What are sequential construct, selection, and iteration?
Answer:
1. Sequential construct:
The ability’ of executing the program statements one after another in sequence is called sequential construct.

2. Selection:
The process of selecting certain set of statements based on a requirement for – execution is called selection.

3. Iteration :
It is the process of repeating the execution of certain set of statements repeatedly until a requirement is satisfied.

Question 23.
What are floating-point constants, octal constants, and hexadecimal constants?
Answer:
1. Floating-point constants:
They are numeric values that contain decimal points and can contain exponents.

2. Octal constants:
They are a sequence of digits starting with 0 (zero) to 7.

3. Hexadecimal constants:
They are a of sequence of digits from 0 to 9 and A, B, C,D, E, F alphabet symbols that represent decimal numbers 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 respectively, preceded by ox or OX.

Question 24.
Explain manipulators.
Answer:

1. A manipulator in a C++ is used to control the formatting of output and/or input values.

2. Manipulators can only be present in Input/Output statements. The end1 manipulator causes a newline character to be output.

3. end1 is defined in the <iostream> header file and can be used as long as the header file has been included.

Question 25.
Give explanation of declaration of one dimensional array with an example.
Answer:
int marks[6];

• Name of the array is marks.
• Type of the array is integer.
• Size of the array is 6. i.e., we can store up to 6 integer values in the array.

Question 26.
Write the declaration syntax of a structure definition.
Answer:
struct <structure-tag>
{
<data_type> <member variable 1>
<data_type> < member variable2> list of members
<data_type> < member variable3>
} <structure-variable-name1>, <structure-variable-name2>;

PART- D

IV. Answer any Seven of the following questions. (7 × 5 = 35)

Question 27.
Draw the schematic block diagram of a computer showing its essential components. Discuss the function of each component.

a. Input Unit:

• It is a device through which we enter program and data into the computer. The data is then stored and processed with the help of programs.
• Central Processing UnitrThe Central Processing Unit (CPU)is divided into three units namely, the control unit, the arithmetic and logic unit and the memory unit.

b. Control Unit:
This unit is considered to be the nerve centre of the computer. It controls all arithmetic operations to be performed. It also coordinates the functions of all the hardware units of the computer.

1. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU):
This unit performs all the arithmetic calculations and logical operations involved in a program.

2. Memory Unit:
The function of this unit is to store data and the set of instructions given by the programmer. The computation results are stored in the memory and they may be used for subsequent computations or sent to the output unit.

3. Output Unit:
The output unit receives information from the CPU and presents it to the user in the desired form. Some common output devices are visual display unit (VDU) and Printer.

Question 28.
Write a short note on binary arithmetic.
Answer:
Binary arithmetic is an essential part of all the digital computers and many other digital systems.
Binary Addition:
It is a key for binary subtraction, multiplication, division. The four rules of the binary addition are:
0 + 0 = 0
0 + 1 = 1
1 + 0 = 1
1 + 1 = 0 with a carry bit 1 112

Binary Subtraction:
Subtraction and borrow, these two words will be used very frequently for the binary subtraction. The four rules of the binary subtraction are:
0-0 = 0
0-1=0 with a borrow 1
1- 0=1
1-1 = 0

Question 29.
Explain the characteristics of algorithm.
Answer:
The characteristics of algorithm are:

1. It must be simple.
2. Every step should perform a single task.
3. There should not be any confusion at any stage.
4. It must involve a finite number of instructions.
5. It should produce at least one output.
6. It must give a unique solution to the problem.
7. The algorithm must terminate and must not enter to infinity.

Question 30.
Write a note on character set and tokens. Give example.
Answer:
Character set is a set of valid characters that a language can recognize.

• Letters A-Z,
• Digits 0-9
• Special characters + – * / A \ ()[]{} = != o ‘ @

Tokens:
A token is a group of characters that logically belong together. C++ uses the following types of tokens. Keywords, Identifiers, Literals, Punctuators, and Operators.

Question 31.
Explain the structure of a C++ program with an example.
Answer:

The various parts of the above program:

• headers, which contain information that is either necessary or useful to program. For this program, the header <iostream> is needed.
• The next line // main() is where the program execution begins. It is a single-line comment available in C++. Single-line comments begin with // and stop at the end of the line.
• The line int main() is the main function where the program execution begins.
• The pair of { } indicates the body of the main function.
• The next line cout>> “This is my first C++ program.”; causes the message “This is my first C++ program” to be displayed on the screen.
  The next line return 0; terminates main( )function and causes it to return the value 0 to ‘ the calling process.

Question 32.
Explain switch-case statement with a suitable program example.
Answer:
Switch statement compares the value of an expression against a list of integers or character constants. The list of constants is listed using the “case” statement along with a “break” statement to end the execution.


Result:
Enter the day of the week between 1-7::7
Sunday
In the above Control Structure example, the “switch” statement is used to find the day of the week from the integer input got from the user. The value present in the day is compared for equality with constants written in the word case. Since no equality is achieved in the above example (from 1 to 6) as the entered value is 7, default value is selected and gives “Sunday” as the result.

Question 33.
Write a program to find the sum of all the digits of a number using while statement.
Answer:

Question 34.
Write a C++ program to find the second largest out of the n numbers in the array.
Answer:

Question 35.
Explain passing default argument to the function with an example.
Answer:
When we define a function, we can specify a default value for each of the parameters. This value will be used if the corresponding argument is left blank during function call to the called function.

This is done by using the assignment operator and assigning values for the arguments in the function definition. During the function call, if a value for that parameter is not passed then default value is used, but if a value is mentioned then this default value is ignored and the passed value is used.

Consider the following example:


In the above program, the statement int sum(int a, int b=20) in the function header indicates the v default argument to the variable b is assigned with the value 20. During the first function call, the statement result = sum(x, y); copies the value of x and y to the called function and process of the result.

During second time function call i.e., result = sum(x);, only one argument is mentioned and the value for second argument is obtained from the default argument which is mentioned in the function definition i.e., b=20 and gives the processed result.

Question 36.
Mention “the #Steps to add rows, columns, to change row size, column width and delete a cell in a worksheet.
Answer:

1. The steps to add rows: select the row → insert → rows
2. The steps to add columns: select the column → insert →• columns
3. The steps to change row size: select cell → format → row height → height in numbers
4. The steps to change column width: select cell → format → column width → width in numbers
5. The steps to delete a cell: Move the cell pointer to the cell to be deleted → mouse right-click → delete → shift cell left/ up

Question 37.
Write a short note on internet.
Answer:
Internet is a worldwide network of computers connecting thousands and thousands of com¬puters across the globe. It is formed by the joining of many smaller networks around the world to form the largest network in the world.

In 1969 the American Department of Defense (DOD) started a network of devices called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Administration Network) with one computer in California and three in Utah. The actual term Internet was coined in 1995 by the FNC (Federal Networking Council, USA).

The computers of the Internet are connected through telephone lines, satellite links, modem and through many other means.

Internet consists of the following applications:

• World Wide Web # E-Mail # Chatting # Video Conferencing
• Searching for information # Online Shopping and Trade # Education and Research Uses

of internet:

• One can talk to anyone anywhere around the world.
• Ocean of resources waiting to be mined.
• One can do research on any subject for a project.
• Online business, on-line reservations can be done sitting at home or workplace.

Students can Download 1st PUC Sociology Model Question Paper 1 with Answers, Karnataka 1st PUC Sociology Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Sociology Model Question Paper 1 with Answers

Time: 3 Hrs 15 Min
Max. Marks: 100

I. Answer the following in one sentences each: ( 1 x 10 = 10 )

Question 1.
Name any one Indian sociologist.
Answer:
M.N. Srinivas and A.R.Desai

Question 2.
How is the term society derived?
Answer:
The term Society is derived from Latin word ‘ Socius’ which means “companionship or friendship’

Question 3.
What is culture?
Answer:
Culture is an important agency of social change

Question 4.
How the word “Co-operation” is derived?
Answer:
Co-operation is one of the basic pervasive and continuous Social Process.

Question 5.
What is meant by progress?
Answer:
As a concept, social progress can be analyzed comparing with social change and social evolution is called progress.

Question 6.
What is Social science?
Answer:
Social science is general and not a specialized.

Question 7.
What is observation?
Answer:
According to P. V. Young defines observation as “A systematic and a deliberated study through the eye of occurrences at the time they occur”

Question 8.
Define education.
Answer:
According to Durkheim “Education as the socialization of the younger generation and it is a continuous efforts to impose on the child ways of seeing feeling and acting which he could not have arrived at spontaneously.

Question 9.
What do you mean by pollution?
Answer:
According to P. H. Collin “pollution refers centralization of polluting things, created by man”.

Question 10.
Write one feature of good report writing.
Answer:
Helps to social progress and develop rational attitude.

II. Answer any ten of the following question in two sentences each: ( 2 x 10 = 20 )

Question 11.
Give two classifications of social groups.
Answer:
Primary Groups and Secondary Groups.

Question 12.
What is institution?
Answer:
Kingsley Devis says “Institution is a set of interwoven of folkways, mores and laws built around one or more functions”.

Question 13.
What is informal Education?
Answer:
Family is the first school and the mother is the first teacher is the dictum that sufficiently explains the role of informal education.

Question 14.
Define family.
Answer:
According to Ogburn and Nimkoff “It is a group united by the ties of marriage with or without Children.”

Question 15.
Mention any two uses of Sociology.
Answer:
Sociology helps become a good citizen and getting more job opportunities in Mass media.

Question 16.
Define competition.
Answer:
Competition is the most fundamental form of social struggle

Question 17.
Name any two differences between social change and social Progress.
Answer:
Social change in agricultural technology directly we can use.
Social Progress we can see in man and nature ‘

Question 18.
State two stages of scientific method.
Answer:
Interview, Questionaire are the two stages of scientific method.

Question 19.
Define Questionnaire.
Answer:
A Questionnaire is a tool for data collection. It consists of number of questions printed or typed in definite order on a form or sheet or a set of forms.

Question 20.
Give the meaning Soil Pollution?
Answer:
Soil Pollution: The upper most layer of the earth is consisted of “Soil” This soil layer is formed by the natural processes from millions of years. This layer supplies the necessary nutrients essential for the growth of the plants. The soil which feeds the plants is the reason for the existence of all biological system.

Question 21.
Name any two actions taken by government to control the environment pollution.
Answer:
In 1991 rule of public security Act.
In 1972 rule of wild protection provided Act.

Question 22.
Give two types of observations.
Answer:
The types of observations are:

• Structured: In this form of interview, there are definite, concrete and predetmined questions are framed
• Unstructured: It includes a set of questions which are not structured in advances and which may be adjusted according to need during the question period

III. Answer any four of the following in fifteen sentences each: ( 5 x 4 = 20 )

Question 23.
Briefly explain the role of mass media in socializing child.
Answer:
The Mass Media: The printing and audio-visual means of communication have a great role to play in child’s socialization. Newspaper, magazine, text books, television etc., play a lucid role in transmitting culture from one generation to the other. The state may also use them deliberately to educate the mass. They may be used purposively to change the value system.

In tradition and simple societies the agencies of socialization are limited and harmonious in influencing the personality of the individual. In complex societies, however, they are many and diverse agencies, at time working at cross purposes.

Question 24.
Examine the nature and type of conflict.
Answer:
The characteristics of Conflict
Conflict is Universal: Conflict or cash of interests is Universal in nature. It is present in almost all the societies. In some societies conflict may be very acute and vigorous while in some others. It may be very mild. Karl Marx, Frederich Engets, Saint Simon and others have emphasized the role of conflict as a fundamental factor in the social life of man.

Karl Marx, the architect of communism, has said that “The history of the hitherto existing human society is nothing but the history of the class struggle.” He has mentioned the capitalists and the laborers as belonging to two distinct social classes which have mutually opposite interests.

Conflict is a conscious action: Individual and group who are involved in Conflict are aware of the fact that they are Conflicting As Park and Burgess have pointed out conflict is always conscious and evokes the deepest emotions and stronger passions.

Conflict is personalized by competition: When competition is personalized it leads to conflict. In the struggle to overcome the other person or group, the goal is temporarily related to a level of secondary importance.

Conflict is not continuous but intermittent: Conflict never takes place continuously. It takes > place occasionally. No society can sustain itself in a state of continuous Conflict.

Conflict is conditioned by culture: Conflict is affected by the nature of the group and its particular culture. The objects of Conflicts may be property, power and status, freedom of action and though, or any other highly desired value when the stability of a political order is threatened, political Conflict may be the result. If sectarianism is ripe, we may expect Conflict to occur in region. The culturally determined values of a society will set the stage for this struggles.

Conflict and norms: Not only culture modifies conflict and its forms but also controls and governs it. When conflict is infrequent and when no adequate techniques have been worked out, more violent and unpredictable sorts at Conflict such as race, riots arise.

Frustration and insecurity promote Conflict: Sometimes, factors like frustration and insecurity promote Conflicts within the same society, individual feel frustrated if they are thoroughly disturbed in their attempts to reach their goals. These goals may be desire for power, position, prestige, status, wealth, money ere. Insecurities like economic crisis, unemployment, the fear of deprivation of love and affection may add to the frustration. In 1 extreme case of this sort one may even lose mental balance or even commit suicide. A society marked by widespread insecurity is one in which Conflict is potential.

Types of conflict: George Simmel has distinguished four types of conflict (a) war (b) feud or rational strife (c) litigation (d) conflict of impersonal ideas.

War: according to Simmel war represents a deep seated antagonistic impulse in men. But to bring out this impulse into action some define objectives is needed. The objective may be the desire to gain material interests.

Feud and factional strife: this is an intra-group conflict. It may arise because of injustice alleged to have been done by one group to another.

Litigation: Litigation is a judicial form of conflict. It is a judicial struggle by an individual or group to protect right to possessions. This kind of conflict is more objectives in nature.

Conflict of impersonal ideas: This is a conflict carried on by the individuals not for themselves but for an ideal. In such a conflict each party attempts to justify truthfulness of its own ideas. For ex, the communists and Capitalists carry on conflicts to prove that their own system can bring in a better world order.

Question 25.
Explain the meaning of culture.
Answer:
Culture and human society are the two faces of the same coin. They always go together. Culture is the unique feature that differentiates human society from animals. Man is not only a social animal, but also a cultural animal, every man can be considered as a representative of the culture. Therefore culture can also be considered an important agency of social change.

According to Robert Bierstedt “ Culture is the Complex whole that consists of everything we think and do and have as members of society.

According to Malinowski: “culture is the handiwork of man and the medium through which he achieves his ends”
According to Edward B.Tylor “Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom, language and any other capabilities acquired by man as a member of society”.

Question 26.
What is primary data? Discuss its sources of data.
Answer:
Primary Data is the information related to research collected by the researcher for the first time. This data is drawn from field study or from laborities. According for the specific purpose of solving a particular research problem”.

Primary data is original data collected by the researcher from field study. Primary or secondary ‘ data are collected through various tools or means. The major sources of primary data are: Observation., Interview, Questionnaire, Schedule and Social Survey.

Question 27.
Explain the characteristics of secondary groups.
Answer:
In the secondary groups the relationships secondary, relatively impersonal contractual task oriented, hence limited focus of its activities.

a. Dominance of Secondary relations: The relationships that are found within secondary groups are formal indirect impersonal and secondary for example the relationship between teacher and students.

b. Large in size: The secondary groups are generally large in size that may thousands of members. Trade union, corporation, international association, etc. are secondary groups and they have thousands of members.

c. No physical basis: Secondary groups are not necessarily characterized by physical proximity. Many secondary groups are not limited to any definite area, the members such a groups are scattered over vast area.

d. Nature of Membership: Membership in the case of secondary groups in mainly voluntary. Individuals are at liberty to join or go away from the groups, for example : they are at liberty to join political parties!

e. Specific Ends and Interest: Secondary groups are formed for the realization of some specific interest’s ends. They are often called ‘Special interest groups’. Members are interested in the groups because they have specific ends to aim at.

f. Nature of Group Control: Informal means of social control are less effective in regulating the relations of members. Moral control is only secondary formal means of social control such as law, legislation; police, court etc. are made use of to control the behavior of members.

Question 28.
How does environmental imbalance affect the social life? Explain.
Answer:
Air Pollution: Air pollution is caused by unwanted and rejected things in the atmosphere around us. According to Oxford dictionary air pollution means “The compounds that get mixed with the atmosphere causes dangerous effects on useful plants, animals and human begins

Water Pollution: Water is essential for all living things 2/3 portion on the earth is covered by water, 97.2% of water on earth is mixed with solids and rest 2.8% only is left for drinking purpose. Water pollution occurs in three different forms.

• Inland pollution.
• Underground pollution
• Sea pollution.

Noise Pollution:Intolerable sound is considered as sound pollution, because intense sound result in physical and mental stress and also irritation. Sound pollution is also result due to various activities of human begins. Intensity of sound is measured in decibels while talking usual intensity of sound is 60 decibels.

Soil Pollution: The upper most layer of the earth is consisted of “soil” This soil layer is formed by the natural processes from millions of years. This layer supplies the necessary nutrients essential for the growth of the plants. The soil which feeds the plants is the reason for the existence of all biological system.

The decrease in the quality of the soil and changes in it due to various activities of the humans is called as soil pollution. Soil pollution lessens the productivity nature of the soil and destroys the living things.

III. Answer any four of the following in fifteen sentences each: ( 5 x 4 = 20 )

Question 29.
Explain the nature of Sociology.
Answer:
Alex Inkle’s in his book “what is Sociology?” has provided a general outline of the fields of Sociology on which there is considerable agreement among sociologists. It could be presented in the following manner:

(1) Providing a sociological analysis of human culture and society: The major concern of Sociology is human society and its culture. A sociologist seeks to provide an analysis of human society and culture with a Sociological perspective. He evinces interest in the evolution of society and tries to reconstruct the major stages in the evolutionary process. An attempt is also made to “analyse the factors and forces underlying historical Transformations of society”. Due importance is given to the scientific method that is adopted in the sociological studies.

(2) Analysing the primary units of social life: Sociology has given sufficient attention to the study Of primary units of social life. In this area it is concerned with social acts and social relationships, individual personality, groups of all varieties, communities(urban, rural and tribal), association organisations and population.

(3) Studying the Nature and Functions of Basic Social Institutions: Social Institutions constitute the basic fabric the society. Any social system is built on the foundation of social institutions. Institutions such as – the family and kinship religions and morality, Economic and political, legal and educational, scientific and aesthetic, recreational and expressive, medical and welfare, etc. Serve the most important needs of man. Sociology develops deep into the study of the origin and development, structure and function, changes and challenges of a wide variety of social institutions.

(4) Sociology throws Light on the Fundamental social processes: Human society is neither static nor uniform, it is dynamic and diverse. This dynamic element in society is reflected by what are known as “social processes”. They reveal the way in which human interaction assume different patterns and courses in social life. The social processes such as co-operation and competition, accommodation, and assimilation, social conflict and communication, social differentiation and stratification, socialisation social control and deviance, social integration and social change, etc., assume prominence in sociological studies. In the present era of explosion of knowledge, sociologists have ventured to make specialisations also, thus, today good number of specialised fields of inquiry are emerging ‘ out. Sociology of knowledge, Sociology of history, Sociology of culture, Sociology of
religion, Sociology of family, etc., represent such specialised fields.

Question 30.
What are the Primary groups and its characteristics? Explain.
Answer:
The concept of ‘primary groups’ is a significant of C.H. Cooley to the social thought. Building black of human societies throughout the world history.

Characteristics of Primary groups :

a. Dominance of primary or face-to-face relationships: Primary groups are characterized by close and intimate relationships. These exists a face-to-face relationship among the members. In primary Groups everyone knows everyone else; one’s name and fame, one’s status, wealth, occupation, level of education etc.,

b. Small in Size: Primary groups are generally small in size, because its consists of few members. Size of primary groups should be small if the relations among members are to be close personal and intimate.

c. Physical Proximity or Nearness: Face-to-face relations can be found only when members reside in particular area more or less permanently. Seeing and talking with each other facilitates the exchange of ideas, opinions and sentiments.

d. Durability of the groups: Primary groups are relatively a permanent groups. Other things equal, the longer the groups remains together, the more numerous and deeper are the contacts between its members.

e. Similarity of Background: The members of the primary groups may have more or less the same background, these must be some approximations in their levels of experience, each must have something to contribute to give as well as to take.

Question 31.
Explain the functions of Religion.
Answer:
Singer: in his book “Religion, Society, and the Individual” Religion, involves a group of people and a shared system of believers and practices. Every religion emphasizes the need for collective worship, festival and rituals are occasions which bring people together.

Functions of Religion: Religion is an important universal institution in human society. It is a part of society, interwoven with all other aspects of human life. It is obvious that religion has an important role in society, it performs a number of important functions:

Social Solidarity:
1. Emile Durkheim, defines religion as “a unified system of belief and practice related to sacred things”. A thing is sacred not because of a peculiar quality inherent in the thing itself. What makes a thing sacred is an attitude filled with emotion and sentiment a feeling that certain things are above and apart from the ordinary matters of everyday life.

2. By defining the values and moral beliefs as sacred, religion provides them with greater power to direct human action. Social obligations are transformed into religious duties, in worshipping society men recognize the importance of the group, their dependence upon it.

3. Collective worship as a means of reinforcing social solidarity in a social group. In collective ceremonials, the members of a group express their faith in common values and belief, a sense of group solidarity is affirmed and frightened.

4. Malinowski argues that religion promotes social solidarity by dealing with situations of emotional stress such as birth, puberty, death, accidents and natural disaster which threaten social cohesion.

5. Religious beliefs provide the ultimate justification for the values do social system. It provides support for social standard, socially accepted behavior. Thus the doctrines of Karma and Dharma in Hinduism. The Christian society maintains the tradition like Christmas, baptism and monogamous marriage, and tries to encourage conformity to society’s norms.

Question 32.
Describe the characteristics of marriage.
Answer:
Marriage is more or less a universal institutional: It is found among the pre-literate as well as literate people. It is enforced as a social rule in some of the societies. Example: In Japan celibacy is publicly condemned. In Korea, unmarried individual are called ‘Half’ persons. Among the Hindus, marriage is a sacrament which is regarded as more or less obligatory. The Todas of Nilagiri refuse to perform funeral rites for a girl if she dies before her marriage. But they do perform it after completing some sort of marriage ceremony for the corpse. According to the Chinese philosopher Confucius, an individual who remains unmarried throughout his life commits a crime.

Relationship between Man and Woman: Marriage is a union of man and woman. It indicates a relationship between one or more men to one or more women. Who should marry whom? One should marry how many? Are the questions which represent social rules regarding marriage differing significantly.

Marital bond is relatively durable: Marriage indicates a long lasting bond between the husband and wife. Hence, it is not co-extensive with sex life. It excludes relationships with prostitutes or any other sexual relationship which is viewed as casual and not sanctioned by custom, law or church. Marital relationship between man and women lasts even after the sexual satisfaction is obtained.

Marriage requires social approval: A union of man and woman becomes a marital bond only when the society gives its approval. When marriage is given the hallmark of social approval, it becomes a legal contract.

Marriage is associated with some civil or religious ceremony: Marriage gets its social recognition through some ceremony. This ceremony may have its own rites, rituals, customs, formalities, etc, it means marriage has to be concluded in public and in a solemn manner. Sometimes as s sacrament it receives the blessing of religion. Marriage among the Hindus, for examples, is regarded as a sacrament. It is connected with the sacred rituals such as vagdana, homa, – kanyadana, magalya dharana, saptapadi etc.

Marriage creates mutual obligations: Marriage imposes certain rights and duties on both the husband and wife. Both are required to support each other and their children.

Question 33.
Explain the concept of cultural lag with examples.
Answer:
The concept of cultural lag was first introduced by W. F. Ogbum published in his book entitled ‘Social change’ in 1922. In his book he had delineated the two aspects of culture-material and non material. In that context he introduced the concept of cultural lag. By the very natural of it the material aspects changes quickly but the non material changes but slowly. The change between material and non material culture is called gap or lag. The word lag denotes crippled movement of one part of culture as compared with the other. Culture has two parts, material and nonmaterial. Both be changed by human begins.

In the process of change Ogbum believes that both the material culture and nonmaterial culture undergoes change. But the non-material culture according to Ogbum is often slow to respond to the rapid changes in material culture. When non material culture cannot adjust itself to the material culture it falls behind the two. According to Ogbum this gap between the material culture and nonmaterial culture is called “cultural lag”

In the words of Ogbum “the strain that exists between two correlated parts of culture that change at unequal rates of speed may be interpreted as a lag in the part that is changing at the slowest rate for the one lags behind the other”. For example a lag is seen when people change method of cultivation without change in the land owning system. Thus according to Ogbum one of the main problems of adjustment in modem society is due to problem of uneven speed of change in material and non material culture.

Question 34.
Discuss the characteristics of Accommodation.
Answer:
According to Young and Mack “Assimilation is the fusion or blendir :- ftwo previously distinct groups into one”.

Characteristics of Accommodation:

Accommodation is pot confined to single field only: The term assimilation is generally applied to explain the fusion of two distinct cultural group. Thus, it is an universal process. The process occur in every walks of Human life ex: social, economic, political, art, music, agriculture, food and dress, habit etc. but this process is by no means limited to any single field. In the religious field, assimilation may take place when an individual or a group of individuals or a particular religious background gets converted into some other religious sect or group. As a process assimilation encompasses life in general.

Accommodation is a slow and gradual process: Assimilation cannot take place all of a sudden it takes. Fusion of personalities and groups usually takes time. It occurs only when there is relatively continuous and direct contact. The speed of the process of assimilation depends on the nature of contacts. If the contacts are primary then assimilation occurs naturally and rapid. Op the contrary, if the contracts are.

Secondary assimilation takes place very slowly. The formation of American Culture due to the assimilation of British, Scottish, German and other European Cultures also has taken several decades and centuries.

Accommodation is an unconscious process: In the process of assimilation the individual or group is usually unconscious of what is taking place. Mostly it occurs in an unconscious manner individual and groups discard cultural heritage and substitute it with the new one.

Accommodation is a two-way process: Assimilation involves the principle of give and take. It is normally preceded by another process called ‘acculturation’ Acculturation is a preliminary and necessary step towards assimilation. It takes place when one cultural group which is in contact with another borrows from it certain cultural elements and incorporate them into its own culture. Contact between two groups essentially affects into its own culture. Contact between two groups essentially affects both. Usually the culturally ‘weaker’ group borrows must of the trails from the culturally ‘ stronger’ group.

Factors Favoring Assimilation: Toleration: Assimilation is possible only when individual and groups are tolerated towards cultural differences of others. Tolerance helps people to come together, to develop contacts and to participate in common social and cultural activities. When the majority group or the dominant group itself is secure.

Intimate social relationships: assimilation is the final product of social contacts. The relative speed in which it is achieved depends on the nature of the contacts. It takes place naturally in primary groups such as family and friendship groups.

Amalgamation or intermarriage: It is an effective favoring assimilation process. It does not combine two opposite sexes but also two different families, castes, religious and regional groups together. A factor which helps complete assimilation is amalgamation which refers to the intermarriage of different groups without biological amalgamation complete assimilation is not possible. Mere inter mixture of the groups to a limited degree does not guarantee assimilation but intermarriage or amalgamation must be accepted in the mores and become a part of the institutional; structure, before assimilation exists.

Cultural similarity: If there are striking similarities between them an constituents of cultures of groups assimilation is quick to take place. In America, for example English-speaking protestants are assimilated with greater aped than non-Christians who do not speak English.

Education: Education is another conductive factor for assimilation. For immigrant people public education has played a prominent role in providing culture contact. Maurice R Davis has pointed out in his “world immigration” that in American public schools has been playing the vital role in the process of Americanizing the children of foreign born parents.

Equal Social and economic opportunity: Public education alone is not enough. People of all groups must have equal access to socio-economic opportunities. Only then, they can come closer and establish relations among themselves with mutual trust. As it has been observed in the case of America, full assimilation is possible only when full participation in social, cultural and economic life is allowed.
Assimilation is a two way process when it happens between two vulture groups. Each group contributing varying proportions of the eventual blend.

Forms of assimilation
The process of assimilation takes place mainly at three levels:

1. Individual level
2. Group level
3. Culture level.

1. Individual level: A social individual when enters or joins a new patterns of different cultural patterns, he or she has to adopt new patterns of values, habits, customs and beliefs of the other group in order to be fully accepted by new group. In course of time, he or she becomes assimilated into the second group. An Indian woman after marriage starts with dissimilar backgrounds and develops a surprising unity of inrests and identifies herself with the family of her husband. The tendency is to conform to other’s behaviors pattern and differences in the time may largely disappear.

2. Group level: When two groups with dissimilar patterns of behavior come in close contact, they inevitably affect each other. In this process, it is generally seen that the weaker group would do more of the borrowing from and would give very little to stronger group. For instance, when we came in contact with Britishers, being a weaker group, we have adopted many cultural elements of Britishers but they have adopted many cultural elements from Indian society. The adoption of elements of dominant cultural paves the way for total absorption. If not checked, of the new culture group with the dominant culture.

3. Cultural level: When two cultures merge to produce a third culture which, while somewhat distinct, has features of both merging cultures. In western countries to some extent, rural and urban cultures which were radically different are, with rapidly increasing communication, merging as differences continue to disappear although they still exist.

V. Answer any Two of the following in fifteen sentences each: ( 10 x 2 = 20 )

Question 35.
Describe the contributions of Auguste Comte.
Answer:
August Comte: Being one of the pioneers of Sociology, August Comte is the first who introduced the term “Sociology”. Therefore the credit of calling “Father of Sociology” goes to him. August Comte was the first to introduce a new science called “Sociology” and a brief note of his contribution confirms a new era for the study of Sociology. He used the word “Sociology” for the first time in his famous work “Positive Philosophy” during 1839. He called Sociology as the scientific study of society. He wanted that this science of society – should explain the laws of the social world like natural sciences explain the laws of the physical world.

August Comte insisted that the study of society needs scientific method with objectivity. He believed that theoretical science of society and a systematic investigation of behaviour were needed to improve society.

August Comte divided Sociology into two parts. They are : (1) Social statics and (2) social dynamics. “Social statics” deals with major institutions such as family, economy, religion, etc. “Social Dynamics” deals with the issue of social change and social progress. Now these words are called in the name of social structure and social change respectively.

According to August Comte, there is a direct relation between intellectuality and social progress. Related to this he explains law of three stages. They are:

1. The Theological stage: During this stage all human thoughts were guided by religious – ideas and faith in the supernatural powers. It emphasizes the belief that everything is
attributed to a particular God.

2. The metaphysical stage: During this stage, all human thought were guided by “abstract forces” like nature. It is almost like philosophical inquiry into the nature.

3. The positive or scientific stage: This is what the stage that everything based on intellectual way of thinking, looking the world. Through this theory Comte tried to establish the fact that man became more and more rational and scientific in his approach. Comte introduced a theory of classification of sciences. Through this theory he emphasized that there is interrelation and interdependence of social sciences.

August Comte as a supporter of the moral order in the society says that sociologists have taken responsibility of “priesthood of humanity” and should solve the problems of the society. August Comte’s contribution to sociological literature are “Positive Philosophy” and “Positive Polity”.

Question 36.
Define community and explain its features.
Answer:
E.A. Bogardus Identified the following elements by community. Geographical area or locality and community sentiments are considered as the essential elements of community. They are also considered as characteristics of community.

(a) Locality or geographical area: A community is a territorial group. It always occupies some geographic area. Locality is the physical basis of a community, locality Means- “a group of people of people became a community only when it starts to reside permanently in a definite locality.

In contract with society a community is more or less locally limited. Living together facilitates people to develop social contacts, gives fulfill their common interests. In community physical conditions may influence peoples social life, family, religion, belief, employment etc.

(b) Community sentiment: Community sentiment: “a feeli9ng of belongingness towards, or “a kind of conscious identification with the local group.” Community sentiment makes . the people share their joys and sorrows and brings social integrity in them. Common interests and similar life styles awaken community sentiments in people.

Other Characteristics of community:

1. Stability or relative Permanence: A community is not temporary group like a crowd or a mob. It includes a permanent life in a definite territory. As a along as there is life on the earth, people continue to reside permanently all through their life in the communities.

2. Naturalness: Communities are normally established in a natural way. They are not deliberately created. They are not made by planned efforts. The members of a community are the individual who are bom in a community. As people live over a period of time in a particular territory naturally the community feeling develops.

3. Size of the community: Community has no certain size. A community may be big or small. A village is small community where as a city is a big one. A city and a village may be included in a wider community called the district. Hence there are communities within communities. Nation as a big community, may include communities like, Village, towns cities etc

Question 37.
Explain the difference between ingroup and outgroup.
Answer:
Refer Lesson No 2 Textbook.

Question 38.
Explain the role of government and NGO’s to protect the environmnet:
Answer:
As per 1948 rule it’s a mandatory to get permission from the granting commissions for establishment and extension of the factories. From this policy which directs the factories will have the full information about the chemical that can spill out from the factories.

1. The Atomic energy rule (1962). Each and every matter relating to the atomic energy will be directly affiliated to the Central government. This rule controls and directs the atomic energy related matters.

2. The 1972 rule of Wild life protection provided complete protection to the wild life and birds. As per the directed of this rule every state government and centralized states must create a committee for wild life suggestion. This law restricts the hunting of wild animals violates of this law will be punished

3. Control and prevention of Water pollution act (1974) has enforced and the water pollution is prohibited through this law and for prevention of water pollution a special rule in 1981 is introduced( prevention on control of air pollution)

4. Environment protection act (1986) have intended to protect and improve the environment; it implements nationwide programs on environment pollution and encourages the researches on Environment Pollution.

5. The Motor vehicles act 1988 control the air pollution caused by the vehicle traffic.

6. The noise pollution act of 1989: This law controls the decibels of the sounds residential places, schools and colleges, hospitals, courts premises are declared as silent zones and prohibits using mikes crackers etc. in these areas.

7. 1991 rule of Public Security: the Government of India has introduced this law in 1991 . this law suggested to establish a environment solution fund and provided security to the
citizen, it enables to lodge a criminal cases on the law breakers.

8. State pollution control board is active in state level and with the co-ordination of central pollution control board is engaged in the environment protection. Environment department will implement many works regarding environment protection.

VI. Answer any two of the following in fifteen sentences each: ( 5 x 2 = 10 )

Question 39.
Write a report on marriage rituals which you have attended.
Answer:
Do it your self as a Project report

Question 40.
Explain the role of T.V in the development of culture.
Answer:
Do it your self as a Project report report

Question 41.
Prepare a report on co operative proceses in self help group.
Answer:
Do it your self as a Project report

Question 42.
List out the changes in agricultural activites in rural area.
Answer:
Do it your self as a Project report

Students can Download 1st PUC Geography Previous Year Question Paper March 2016 (North), Karnataka 1st PUC Geography Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Geography Previous Year Question Paper March 2016 (North)

Time: 3 Hrs 15 Min
Max. Marks: 100

Instructions:

1. Answer All the questions.
2. Draw map and diagrams wherever necessary.
3. Question No. V is on cartography
4. Blind students attempt only VA, 52, 53 and 54 instead of V – B, C and D.

I. Answer the following in a word or sentences each: (10 × 1 = 10)

Question 1.
Which branch of Geography studies about heavenly bodies?
Answer:
Astronomical Geography is the study of the heavenly bodies of the Space

Question 2.
What is Earth’s axis?
Answer:
The Axis is an imaginary line joining the north and south pole of the globe.

Question 3.
Give an example for non-ferrous mineral.
Answer:
Bauxite, mica

Question 4.
What is the percentage of Nitrogen in the Atmosphere?
Answer:
78% of Nitrogen in the Atmosphere

Question 5.
Mention the average Atmospheric pressure in the sea level of the Earth.
Answer:
The average atmospheric pressure at the sea level is 1013.25 mb

Question 6.
Which instrument is used to measure depth of the ocean?
Answer:
Fathometer is the instrument used to measure the depth.

Question 7.
Why is the Earth called ‘Living Planet’?
Answer:
Earth is called Living Planet because it is the home of various forms of life.

Question 8.
In which Island of India is ‘Indira Point’ situated?
Answer:
Indira point located at Great Nicobar Island.

Question 9.
Name the longest river in South India
Answer:
Godavari is the longest (1465km) and largest river of south India

Question 10.
Which is called ‘Mawsynram’ of South India’?
Answer:
Agumbe of Karnataka is ‘Mawsynram’ of South India’

II. Answer any ten of the following questions in two 2 or 3 sentences each. (10 × 2 = 20)

Question 11.
Why Geography called as the ‘Science of Earth’?
Answer:
Geography is fundamentally a description of the earth. It deals with the varied natural or physical factors of environment, such as land forms, mountains water bodies, minerals, climate, soils, natural vegetation and plains.

Question 12.
Name any two branches of Human Geography.
Answer:
Cultural Geography, Historical Geography,  Economic Geography, Agricultural Geography.

Question 13.
Mention any two causes of Earthquakes.
Answer:
Folding, Faulting, volcanic activity, landslides are the major causes for earthquakes. Earth quakes are also caused by human activities such as mining, nuclear explosion.

Question 14.
Distinguish between Active and Extinct Volcanoes.
Answer:
Active Volcanoes: are those volcanoes which erupt regularly or frequently e.g. Mt. Etna in Sicily and Stromboli of Italy, Mauna Loa.

Extinct volcanoes: are volcanoes which have not been active for considerable period of time .There are no possibilities of future eruption in these volcanoes. These volcanoes are also called Sleeping or Dead volcanoes. Narcondum, Vesuvius and Krakatoa are examples of extinct volcanoes.

Question 15.
What is Biological Weathering?
Answer:
The roots of the plant grow through soil and in the cracks of rocks to find water and minerals. As the roots grow deep in the rock they widen and disintegrate the rocks, The burrowing animals like rats, rabbits, ants influence in the braking up of rocks. The human activities on the earth surface like mining, agriculture, quarrying, and deforestation rocks are disintegrated on a large scale.

Question 16.
Name the two types of Environment.
Answer:
Refer Page No. 109, Q. No. 1.

Question 17.
Mention any two types of Biomes.
Answer:

1. Physical Environment
2. Cultural Environment

Question 18.
Write the latitudenal and Longitudinal extent of India.
Answer:
The latitudinal extension is 8°4’ N to 37°6’ N and the longitudinal extent is 68° 7’ E to 97°23 E .The latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India is around 30° The country stretches to 3214km from North to South and 2933 km from West to East.

Question 19.
Name any two ghats of western ghats.
Answer:
Thalghat, Bhjorghat, Palghat, Agumbe ghat, Shiradighat, Charmadighat are the major Ghats of the Western Ghats.

Question 20.
Name any four tributaries of river Indus.
Answer:
The Sutlej, Ravi, Jhelum, Chenab, and the Beas are the major tributaries of Indus river.

Question 21.
Write any four factors that affect soil erosion.
Answer:
high temperature, Rainfall wind and waves are the natural agents, Deforestration, over grazing shifting cultivation, unscientific methods of agriculture causse Soil erosion.

Question 22.
Mention any four measures of conservation of forest.
Answer:
Protection and preservation of forest is known as conservation. The important measures of conservation of forest are:

• Forest fires, pests and diseases should be controlled through the scientific methods.
• Encroachers of forest area should be severely punished.
• Forest education, research and training should be expanded through programmes like vanamahotsava, social forestry, and reforestation.

Industrial and mining activities in the forest regions should be compensated by reforestation.

III. Answer any EIGHT of the following in 25 to 30 sentences each: (8 × 5 = 40)

Question 23.
Explain the proofs in support of the spherical shape of the earth.
Answer:
There are several proofs to regard the earth as a spherical shape of the Earth.
a. Heavenly bodies appear to be spherical: The Sun, the Moon and other heavenly bodies appear to be spherical when viewed from different position. The earth is one of them and hence it must also be spherical in shape.

b. The Lunar Eclipse: The lunar eclipse proves that the Earth is in spherical shape. During lunar eclipse when the Earth is between the Sun and the Moon, the shadow of the Earth falls on the Moon. Aristotle was the first scholar to show this by looking at the shadow of the Earth on the lunar surface. Later, this was ascertained by Ptolemy. This is considered to be the oldest proof in respect of the shape of the Earth.

c. Sunrise and Sunset: The time of Sunrise and Sunset is not the same everywhere in the world. This is due to spherical shape of the Earth. If the Earth were to be flat all places on the Earth would have had sunrise and sunset at the same time everywhere in the world.

d. Circumnavigation: Circumnavigation of the world can only be possible when the Earth is in spherical shape. If one start on a sea voyage towards the east, by moving constantly in the same direction, he would be able to complete a circle of the world and reach the original point form where he had started.

e. The Bed Ford level experiment: Dr.Alfred Russel Wallace conducted an experiment in 1956, along the Bed Ford level canal area in Britain. It is the most convincing proof of the curvature of the Earth. He fixed three poles of same height at an interval of about mile apart and observed through a telescope. It was found that the pole in the middle was higher than other two poles. It is due to the curvature of the Earth. If the Earth were to be flat all the poles would have the same horizontal level.

f. Sighting a ship: A ship on the sea approaching the coast, when seen from the short does not come into view all at once. The observer first sees the mast and then the hull and finally the whole ship. A ship moving away from the coast disappears gradually and finally out of view. If the Earth were to be flat the whole ship would have come into view.

g. Aerial and Satellite Photographs: The photographs taken by the cosmonauts in the recent decades and satellites have provided ample proof to show that the earth is spherical in shape.

Question 24.
Biefly explain the effects of the Rotation of the eath.
Answer:
Rotation of the Earth causes various effects. They are:
a. Day and night caused by the rotation of the earth on its axis. This is because parts of the earth which face the sun have day and the parts which do not face the sun have night. This happen with precision and progression and not suddenly – The time when the sun beings to cast its light in the sky is known as dawn. At noon. The sun is overhead. At dusk, it is twilight and the sun is seen disappearing in the sky. At night, it is completely dark.

b. The duration of the day and night is not equal at all places on the earth because of the inclined axis. The length of days varies with respect to the seasons as well as latitude

c. The sun, the moon and the stars seem to move from east to west. This is because the earth spins from west to east. This effect is similar to what one experiences while looking at trees from a moving train.

d. The speed of rotation has created a centrifugal force resulting in a bulge in the middle portion of the earth and flattened top at the poles.

e. The earth’s rotation affects the movement of water in the oceans. The tides are deflected because of the rotation of the earth.

f. Rotation causes difference in time over various places on the earth.

g. The Earth acts as huge magnet: The one end of the needle of the compass always points towards the north magnetic pole. That means, the earth acts as a magnet. The rotation . of the earth causes the earth to act as a magnet.

h. Rotation of the Earth influences the movement of ocean water, particularly ocean currents.

i. The rise and fall in the sea level is called tides. Rotation of the Earth causes the lacing of water bodies to the Moon. The gravitational attraction of the Moon and position of the water bodies cause tides. This is a regular phenomenon due to Earth’s rotation.

Question 25.
Describe the factors affecting physical weathering.
Answer:
The disintegration of rocks without any chemical change in their compost in is known as mechanical or physical weathering. The disintegration of rocks occurs mainly due to the influence of temperature variation, frost action, wind action, rainwater, etc.

A. Surface are heated and expand. During the nights the rock surfaces are cooled due to , fall in temperature, rocks contact. The repetition of exemptions and contraction causes tension and stress which leads to cracks in the rocks. Then the rocks disintegrate into i blocks. This process is known as Block disintegration, Rocks are made of different types of minerals.

So the different parts of the same rock mass react differently to temperature. This leads to differential expansion and contraction inside the rocks. The rocks break up into smaller grains. This process of weathering is, called “Granular disintegration”. Due to variat Temperature in the upper and lower layers, the outer layers of rocks peel out into the uric shells. This process of weathering is known as “Exfoliation”.

B. Frost: Rocks are disintegrated due to freezing and thawing of water in the cracks or joints in the rocks. This frost action is more important in the temperate and cold regions. The water present in the cracks of rocks freezes during the night due to fall in temperature below freezing point. When water freezes it expands by 1/10 its volume. It thaws (melts) during the day, due to increase of temperature and it contracts in volume. This alternative freezing and melting of water widens other cracks in the rocks, splits and breaks then into blocks. This is known as frost shattering.

C. Rain: Sometimes, when rain falls suddenly on highly heated rocks in hot desert numerous cracks are developed. This is just like a heated chimney of a lamp, when a drop of water falls on it. The repetition of this mechanism causes disintegration of rocks. In humid region, when torrential rain occurs, the drops strike the rock surface and loosen the particles.

D. Wind: In the deserts the wind blows with greater speed carrying with it sand and rock materials, they collide with each other or strike against the loose rock and cause weathering. In deserts the wind cause this type of weathering on a large scale.

E. Sea waves: Sea waves strike the costal rocks. Repeated striking enlarges the incipient joints. Fractures and cause breaking of rocks into small blocks. Weathering also takes place due to hydraulic pressure, abrasion and attrition caused.

F. Slope: A steep slope helps in weathering. In mountainous and hilly area, sometimes, on account of gravity, blocks of rocks move down the slope while rolling down the slope, they strike against other block and break up into pieces.

G Gravitation: the gravity of Earth makes the huge rocks to roll towards the slope. Rolling rocks strike against each other and break up into pieces.

Question 26.
Describe the landforms associated to work of a river.
Answer:
River is an important external agent of denudation on the ever-changing face of the Earth. The work of river is more or less common in all the drainage systems of the world.
The work of river consists of three closely interrelated activities.

1. Erosional work: The process of wearing and taking away the part of rock is known as ‘Erosion’. It depends upon the volume and velocity of water, nature of slope and the nature of rocks. The erosional work of the river is performed in two ways.
a. The Mechanical and b. The Chemical erosion.
There are various Iandforms associated to erosional work of river.

a. ’V’ Shaped valley: In the mountain course the speed of the river is greater and volume is less. As the water rushes down the steep slopes there is maximum vertical , or later erosion. The rapid down cutting or vertical erosion results in the formation of ‘V’shaped valley.

b. Gorge: A deep and narrow valley with steep rocky, sides in the river course is known as ‘Gorge’. They are formed by the regular vertical cutting by the rivers in the valleys eg. Narmada gorge.

c. I shape valley: Avey steep, deep river valley formed by the river, lookinglike T, is called ‘I’ Shaped valley. These are very deep compared to gorges.

d. Canyon: It is a wide, deep and steep valley almost with vertical walls like feature found in the arid or semi arid regions is called ‘Canyon’ eg. Grand Canyon of River Colorado in USA.

e. Potholes: These are the small depressions in the rocky beds of other river valley. They are formed by corrosion. Pebbles, sand and small rocks carried by the river swirled around on the river bed. This action erodes the rock on the river bed forming potholes.

f. Waterfalls: Huge volume of water falling from a great height along the course of a river is called “Waterfalls’. They are formed when the hard and soft rocks come in the way of flowing river. The soft rock gets eroded faster and hard rock does not erode easily. Therefore huge amount of water falls from great height and creates waterfalls. Eg. The Jog falls, The Angel falls, The Victoria falls.

g. River Capture: It is formed mainly due to head-ward erosion by the river near its source. When the source of a river is captured by another major and strong river it is called‘River Capture’.

2. Transportational work: The process of carrying away the eroded materials is known as ‘Transportation’. The rock materials and eroded particles carried by a river is called its Load. The transportation capacity of a river is based on velocity of water, volume of water, load, slope, smooth valley floor etc.

The major landforms associated with the transportational work of the river are:

a. Alluvial fans: The term alluvium refers to the debris transported and deposited by rivers. When the fast flowing river enters the plateau or plain region, it experience sudden decline in gradient and obstruction in its path. Due to obstruction of the river spreads and deposits many of its light materials in fan shape known as ‘alluvial fans’.

b. Alluvial cones: In the plateau and foot hill region when the river spreads out, the eroded materials carried by the river is deposited in conical shape called ‘Alluvial cones’.

3. Depositional work: The process of carrying and accumulating the eroded materials by the river at the lower course is called ‘deposition’. In the lower course due to gentle slope the river slows down and deposits most of its materials on the banks, course and the mouth.

The important landforms resulting from depositional work of the river are:

a. Meanders: In the lower course, river flows slowly in zig zag or curved manner due . to smaller obstruction in its path. A curve or loop formed by the river in its path is called ‘Meander’. When the river course formed by such crescent shaped loops due to continuous lateral deposition it is called meandering course.

b. Ox-bow Lakes: The ox-bow lakes are formed by depositional and erosional actions taking place simultaneously and they are a result of excessive meandering. The River which flows through the shorter route leaving the curve of the meander cut off and crescent shaped lake is formed known as‘Ox-bow lakes’.

c. Flood Plains: When the river is in floods the water overflows on its bank and spreads in the surrounding regions. The silt carried by the water gets deposited in these areas and creates flat plains on both the banks of the rive known as ‘Flood Plains’.

d. Delta: A triangular shaped alluvial deposition forced at the mouth of the river is called ‘Delta’. Important types of deltas are

a. Arcuate or Common delta
b. Bird-foot delta

e. Distributaries: As the river approaches the sea or Ocean, due to reduction in gradient, joining of tributaries, its volume increases, speed decreases hence, the rivet begins to break up into a number of branches from the main river called ‘Distributaries’.

f. Estuary: Estuaries are the tidal mouth of a river having a narrow, gradually widening lay at the mouth. In Estuary River water is mixed with seawater. Eg. The Narmada estuary, The Kali estuary.

Question 27.
Briefly explain the factors affecting the distribution of temperature.
Answer:
The distribution of temperature on the surface of the earth is not uniform. It varies from. region to region due to various factors. The various factors affecting the distribution of atmospheric temperature are:

a. Latitude or distance from the equator: Places close to the equator have higher temperature and are warmer than places awaylfom the equator This is because the Sun rays reach the Earth after passing rays reach the Earth after passing through the layers of the atmosphere. In the low latitudes the Sun rays are direct and have to travel a lesser extent through the atmosphere. Hence, the heat of these rays is more intense. But in high latitudes the Sun rays are slanting and have to passes through a greater extent of atmosphere.

b. Altitude: Temperature decreases with altitude. This is because the heat absorbing elements are found in lower altitude. So the places near the Earth’s surface are warmer than places higher up. This is because air near the surface is denser and contains gases like carbon dioxide, water vapour and other gases. Temperature decreases with increase in height at an average rate of l°C/165m or 6.4°C/1000m.

c. Distance from the sea: this factor also influence on the distribution of temperature and differential heating of land and water. Land gets heated faster compared to water. Water takes longer time to get heated and to cool than land. Hence during the day when the land gets heated quickly, water takes longer time and remains cool. Therefore, during the day time a land gets more heat than the surrounding water bodies.

d. Ocean currents: It increase or decrease the temperature of the Earth’s surface. Warm ocean currents along the coast make the coastal areas warmer and cold currents reduce the temperature and cool the coastal areas.’ Warm currents can be noticed on the eastern margins of the continents in the middle latitude, while .it is the concurrents flow at the western margins of the continents. Gulf stream a warm currents increases the temperature in the eastern coast of U.S.A and California bold current decreases the temperature of the western coast of U.S.A.

e. Winds: Winds that blow from the lower latitudes are warm and make the places warmer. On the other hand, winds that blow from the higher latitudes are cold and make the places cooler. Winds that blow from the sea bring plenty of rain especially if they are warm winds. While off shore winds hardly bring any rain.

f. Clouds: During the day clouds prevent Insolation from reaching the Earth’s surface. Clouds also prevent three escape of terrestrial’s radiation during the night. Clear sky Permits insolation readily during the day time and allow the rapid escape of terrestrial radiation during the night.

Question 28.
Explain the topography of the ocean floor with a diagram.
Answer:
On the basis of the depth, the ocean floor can be divided into four zones, parts or relief features. They are.

1. The continental Shelf: The gently sloping portion of the continent or land that lies submerged below other sea is called the continental shelf. The continental shelf has a very gentle slope. It extends form the shore line to depths between 180 and 200 meters. Average width of the continental shelves is about 48km. The extent of the continental shelf depends on the relief of the broadening land masses.

If the coastal area is a plateau area, the continental shelf will be very broad. On the other hand, if the coastal region is hilly or mountainous, the continental shelf will be very narrow or even absent for example the Atlantic Ocean has 2.3%, the Pacific Ocean has 5.7% and the India Ocean has 4.2%.

2. The continental slope: The zone of steep slope that descends from the edge of the continental shelf to the deep sea plains is called “continental slope”. It is the transitional zone lying between the continental shelf and the deep sea plains. The continental slope is very steep. It extends from 182 meters to 3.600 meters. The angle of the continental slope is 2 to 5 degre3es or even more. It occupies only 8.5% of the total area of the ocean floor. But it varies from ocean to ocean. The Atlantic Ocean has broader continental slopes and accounts for 12.4%. But it is 7% of the Pacific Ocean and 6.5% of the Indian Ocean.

3. The deep sea plains: The level and rolling areas of the ocean floor are generally called deep sea plains or abyssal plains or the ocean plains. They lie between 3,000 and 6,000 meters below other surface of the ocean. They occupy vast area of the ocean floor and account for about 82.7% of the total sea floor. They cover about 90% in the Indian Ocean. Their depth ranges from 5,000 to 6,000 meters. They are covered by oozes, which are the remains of deep sea creatures and plants, and of red volcanic dust.

4. The Ocean Deeps: The long narrow and deep troughs on the ocean floor are known as ‘ocean deep’ or ‘trough’. They cover only 1% of the ocean floor. They are most common neat the coasts where young fold mountains, volcanoes and earthquakes abound. Some they are tectonic in origin. They are the deepest portions of the ocean. Deeps may be caused due to tectonic forces, i.e. faulting earthquakes etc. There are 57known deeps. Of these 32 are found in Pacific Ocean, 19in the Atlantic Ocean and 6 in the Indian Ocean. The deepest trench in the world is Challenger deep located in Mariana Trench to the west of Philippines in the North Pacific Ocean.

Question 29.
What is conservation of ocean? Mention the important measures.
Answer:
Conservation of ocean means rational uses of ocean resources. So that a harmony between man’s ocean resource requirements and their availability could be maintained. The rational uses of ocean resources by the present generation and the preservation of ocean resources for the future generations, is known as conservation of ocean. It also means the protection of oceans and ocean resources against pollution caused by dumping of oceans and of industrial, agricultural and municipal wastes into oceans by man, oil spill from oil tankers, and nuclear explosions in sea and oceans.

Need for conservation of Oceans: There is a need for conservation of oceans due to the following reasons:

• If oceans are not conserved, all the living organism in the oceans either die or become unsuitable for human consumption.
• Oceans are the storehouse of pearls, corals and sponges. These resources have to be conserved.
• Oceans have oil and natural gas reserves. These reserves have to be conserved.
• Oceans are rich in minerals. These mineral resources have to be rationally exploited.
• Oceans allow the growth of innumerable species of plants. These plants have to be conserved.
• Oceans are the breeding centers of marine fisheries. Thousands of fishes are found in oceans. The marine fishery resources should be exploited rationally.
• Literacy and education programmes on marine features must be initiated and promoted.
• Proper law to be enacted to save sea and ocean.

World wise awareness programme must be arranged to show the pro and cons of the marine pollution etc.

Question 30.
Write the significance of Northern Plains.
Answer:

• The Northern Plain plays a very significant role in the life of the people and economy of the country.
• The Northern plains have high concentration of population 45% of India’s population.
• They are helpful for agro-based industries and urbanization.
• The northern plains have fertile soil, uniform surface and perennial rivers-suitable for agriculture.
• The plains have encouraged the development of transport and communication.
• The rivers in the plain help in the development of inland water transportation.
• It has rich underground water, useful for irrigation and other activities.
• It has cultural and traditional importance.
• They have great social, religious and political significance.

Question 31.
Compare the North Indian rivers with South Indian rivers.
Answer:

Question 32.
Briefly explain the factors that determine the climate of india.
Answer:
The average weather condition of place for a long period like 30-33 years in known in known as climate. India’s climate is said to be “Tropical Monson”.

The main factors are monsoon winds.

(i) Location: The northern part of India lies in sub-tropical and temperate zone and the part lying to the south of the tropic of cancer come under tropical zone. The tropical zone being nearer to the Equator, experiences high temperature throughout the year, with small daily and annual range. Tropic of Caner 23 1/2° N latitude passes through the centre of the country. So India is situated both in the tropical and temperate region.

(ii) Mountain Ranges: The lofty Himalayan Mountains have prevented the cold winds of central Asia, and keep India warm. They are also greatly responsible for the monsoon rains in the country.

(iii) Distribution of Land and Water: India is bounded by the Arabian Sea in the west and Bay of Bengal in the east, Indian Ocean in the south. These adjoining seas have influenced the climate of the country considerably. They influence the rainfall of the coastal region. Even the cyclones which originate from these seas regularly affect the weather condition.

(iv) The relief features of India also affect the temperature, air pressure, direction and speed of wind, the amount and distribution of rainfall. The windward side of Western Ghats and north east received high rainfall from June to September.

(v) Monsoon winds: The climatic conditions of other country are greatly influenced by monsoon winds. The winds blow in a particular direction during one season, but get reversed during the other season.

Question 33.
Describe the major types of forests in india.
Answer:
The peninsular region of India has the largest forest cover with around 57% of the total forest area.

According to geo-climatic conditions, forests are classified into:

a. Evergreen Forests: These forests are found in the regions of heavy rainfall and high temperature. Tall umbrella shaped trees with dense assemblage is a prominent feature of this forest. The eve4rgree forest always looks green because various species of trees are found here and they shed leaves in different seasons.

The hardwood trees, rose wood, white cedar, toon, gurjan, chaplash, ebony, Mahogany, canes, bamboo, shisham etc. These are found in North-east India, Western Ghats, Andaman and Nicobar islands, parts of Assam and some areas of Himalayan foot hills.

b. The Deciduous forests: The deciduous forest covers a wide range of rainfall regimes. The trees of these forests seasonally shed their leaves. The Indian deciduous forest is found in a range of landscapes from the plains to the hills. These forests provide shelter to most endangered wild life in the country, such as the Tiger, Asian Elephant, Bison, Gaur etc. The deciduous forest are two types

(i) Moist Deciduous forests: The moist deciduous forests are found in wet regions, receiving annual rainfall between 100cm to 200cam and temperature of 25° C to 30° C. The trees of these forests shed their leaves during spring and early summer. They are found on the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats, Chota Nagpur Plateau, the siwaliksetc.

(ii) The Dry Deciduous Forests: The dry deciduous forest are found I the areas where annual rainfall is between 50cm to 150 cm and temperature of 25° C to 30° C. Sal is the most significant tree found in this forest. Varieties of acacia and bamboo are also fund here. These forests are found in areas of central Deccan plateau, South-east of Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana and parts of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

(iii) The mountain forests: As the name indicates these forests are confined to the Himalayan region, where the temperature is less compared to other parts of the country. The trees in this forest are cone shape with needle like leaves. The important trees are oak, fir, pin e spruce, silver fir, deodhar, devdar, juniper, picea chestnut etc. They provide softwood for making country boats, packing materials and sport articles.

c. The Desert forests: These forests are found in the areas of very low rainfall. Thorny bushes, shrubs, dry grass, acacia, cacti and babul are the important vegetation found in these forests. The Indian wild date known as ‘Khejurs”, is common in the deserts. They have spine leaves, long roots and thick fleshy stems in which they store water to survive during the long drought. These vegetations are found in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab and Haryana.

d. The Mangrove Forests: These forests occur along the river deltas (Ganga, Mahanadi. Godavari and Krishna) of eastern coast and also concentrated in the coastal areas of Katchch, Kathiawar, and Gulf of Khambar. The mangrove forests in the Ganga delta are called Sunder bans because, they have extensive growth of Sundari trees. The trees in these forests are hard, durable and are used in boat making and as fuel. In the recent years mangrove vegetation is being grown I the coastal areas to control effects of tidal waves and coastal erosion.

Question 34.
Briefly explain the distribution of flood prone area of india.
Answer:
a. The Ganga basin: The badly affected states of the Ganga basin are U.P, Bihar and West Bengal. Besides the Ganga River, Sarada, Gandak and Ghagra cause flood in Eastern part of U.P. The Yamuna is famous for flooding Haryana, U.P and Delhi. Bihar experiences massive and dangerous flood every year by the Kosi. Rivers like the Mahanadi, Bhagirathi and Damodar also cause floods.

b. The Brahmaputra basin: The Brahmaputra along with its tributaries floods the areas of Assam and North West Bengal regions.

c. The Central India and Peninsular river basin: In odisha spilling over of river banks by the Mahanadi, Baitarnika and Brahmani causes havoc. Southern and central India experiences floods caused by the Narmada, Godavari, Tapti and Krishna during heavy rainfall. Cyclonic storms in the deltaic regions of the Godavari, Mahanadi and the Krishna flood the coastal regions of Andhra Pradesh.

IV. Answer any One of the following questions: (1 × 10 = 10)

Question 35.
What is Rock? Describe the different types of Rocks.
Answer:
Rock refers to the hard and resistant materials of the earth’s crust. But scientifically rock includes even soft and loose materials like chalk, clay, etc. So, rock refers to any solid materials, hard or soft of which the crust of the earth is formed. All rocks do not have the same chemical composition. But minerals have their own chemical compost in and physical prosperities. .The earth’s crust is made up of various types of rocks

Types of Rocks: Rocks can be classified into three major groups on the basis of their origin or mode of formation. They are:

A. Igneous rocks: The term Igneous is derived from the Latin word “Ignis”, means lire. Thus the igneous rocks are formed by the cooling and solidification of molten material which is called magma. Igneous rocks are also called primary rocks, because they were the firs to be formed. As they are the rocks from which all other types of rocks are derived, they are also called parent rocks.
Igneous rocks are commonly classified on the basis of mode of formation into two major types.

1. Intrusive rocks
2. Extrusive rocks.

1. Intrusive rocks: The magma cannot escape out to the earth’s surface, it cols slowly inside the earth’s crust and hardens into rock. This type of rock is known as Intrusive Igneous rock. E.g. Granite and dolerite. These rocks can be divided into two type’s a. Plutonic rocks and b. Hybabyssal rocks.

a. Plutonic rocks: The rocks which are formed due to cooling of magma at great depth inside the earth are called Plutonic igneous rocks.
b. Hybabyssal rocks: These are intermediate rocks between the extruded volcanic rocks and the deep plutonic rocks. They are formed due to cooling and solidification of magma in cracks, pores, crevices etc.

2. Extrusive rocks: Rocks formed by cooling and solidification of lava on the surface of the Earth is called extrusive igneous rocks. E.g. Basalt.

B. Sedimentary Rocks: These rocks which are formed due to aggregation and compactness
of sediments are known as sedimentary. In other words, sedimentary rocks are formed bye day the deposition of sediments derived form older rocks, planets and animals remains by river, winds, glaciers etc and these sediments are hardened into rocks by pressure. As they are formed by the consolidation of sediments. They are called sedimentary rocks. They are also called stratified rocks,

a. Mechanically-formed rocks: The rock which have been formed form the accumulation of rock materials, derived form other rocks and have been cemented together are known as “ Mechanically formed rocks.” The mechanically formed rocks consist of sediments which have been carried and deposited by rivers, glaciers, winds or waves and cemented together with clay or line. On the basis of rock materials. These rocks can be divided into three main categories. They are: Rudaceous rocks, Arernaceous rocks and Argilious rocks.

b. Chemically formed rocks: The chemical often settle down and hardened to form rocks known as chemically formed rocks. For example: Gypsum and rock salt, running water dissolves and carries chemicals and where evaporation takes place, these chemicals are deposited at the mouth of springs, caves or caverns or in lakes. Rock salt and gypsum are formed form deposit of salt in strata on the beds of lakes.

c. Organically formed rocks: Organic rocks are formed form the remains of organisms, i.e. of animals and plants. Examples: coal, limestone etc. On the basis of lime and carbon content, organically formed rocks can be divided into two kinds, namely.

(i) Calcareous rocks: Calcareous rocks are formed mostly from the remains of living organisms. These rocks contain calcium carbonate or lime. They include limestoneand chalk. They are porous and soluble.

(ii) Carbonaceous rocks: These are formed due to the transformation of vegetative matter. Under the impact of heat and pressure the remains of plants are turned into hard layers. E.g. coal.

C. Metamorphic rocks: Rock which has been changes either in form or in composition without disintegration is called metamorphic rocks. These rocks are metamorphosed from igneous sedimentary rocks. Igneous and sedimentary rocks may undergo chemical and physical changes because of pressure and heat and form metamorphic rocks. The intense heat and pressure in the earth’s curst alters the composition and appearance of rocks completely or partially to produce a new type of rocks. In this manner metamorphic. rocks are formed. Marble, Diamond, Quartzite, Ruby, Emerald are the examples of metamorphic rock.

Question 36.
Explain the major pressure belts of the world with neat diagram.
Answer:
The distribution of pressure is not equal on the earth’s surface. It changes from palace to place and time to time on the basis of air temperature and rotation of the earth. Any area in the atmosphere where air pressure is higher than in the surrounding areas is called “ High pressure”/ Thee are 4 high pressure belts and 3 low pressure belts on the earth’s surface.

Equatorial Low pressure belt: This belt lies between latitudes 5° N and 5° S. The Sun’s rays are almost vertical on the equator throughout the year. As a result, the temperature is uniformly high and pressure is low throughout the year. It is also known as “Doldrums”. The air gets warm and rises upward. Horizontal movement of air is absent and convectional currents occur. This is the zone of convergence of the trade winds.

Sub tropical high pressure belts: The air ascended in the form of convectional currents from the equatorial region partly descends in the between 30 to 40’ latitudes in both the hemispheres. The descending air has thus formed two high pressure zones known as subtropics high pressure belts. It is the zone from which trade and anti-trade winds originate. This belt is also known as “ horse altitudes’. It is dry and quite stable. The name horse latitude is given by the ancient sailors who used to transport horses on ships. Due to absence of strong winds, some times the ship could not move with horses. Hence sailors used to dump horses to make the ship move forward.

Sub Polar low pressure belts: In between polar high pressure knd sub-tropical high pressure belt, the sum-tropical low pressure belts are situated. They lies in between 60’ to 70’ latitudes in both the hemispheres. They are formed with spinning action of rotation of the earth and also uprising air as an effect of incoming cold polar winds.

Polar high pressure belts: The Polar Regions are characterized with low temperature. The air raised at the equator descends around the poles causing high pressure belts. The cold polar winds blow outward from this zone.

V. A. Answer any five of the following questions in a word or sentence each: (5 × 1 = 5)

Question 37.
What is a Map?
Answer:
A map is defined as a symbolical and conventional representation of the earth or a portion f it drawn to scale on a flat surface and bounded by the geographical co-ordinates as viewed from above

Question 38.
Name any two essential features of a Map.
Answer:
Title, Scale, Direction are essential features of a Map

Question 39.
What is Scale?
Answer:
A scale is the ratio of the distance between two points on the map and their corresponding distance on the ground

Question 40.
Draw the Geographical symbol of river.
Answer:

Question 41.
Give an example for small scale map.
Answer:
The Maos drawn on the scale below 1cm: 15Km or 1: 15,00,000 eg. Atlas and wall Maps. These maps show broad physical and cultural features.

Question 42.
What is Economic Map.
Answer:
Map reading means getting the correct visual image of the features shown on a Map

B. Identify the Latitudes and Longitudes for the given places from the given Karnataka map: (5 × 1 = 5)

Question 43.
Bengaluru
Answer:
13°N – 77°35’E

Question 44.
Mangalore
Answer:
12°51’N – 74°50’E

Question 45.
Haveri
Answer:
14°48’N – 75°24’E

Question 46.
Hubballi
Answer:
15°21’N – 75°10’E

Question 47.
Bidar
Answer:
17°54’N – 77°35’E

C. Draw a diagram of the following: (2 x 2 = 4)

Question 48.
Layers of Earth interior.
Answer:

Question 49.
Temperature or Ilwat Zones.
Answer:

Question 50.
Draw any two Geographical symbles.
Answer:

1. Road
2. Bridges.

D. Draw the outline map of India, mark and name the following: (3 × 2 = 6)

Question 51.
Outline Map of India.
Answer:

Question 52.
Any two ports of west coast.
Answer:
.

Question 53.
Cauvery and Narmada Rivers.
Answer:

Blind Candidates only

Answer the following question in 25 to 30 sentences each: (5 × 3 = 15)

Question 43.
What is Bio diversity? Briefly explain the three levels of study of Bio diversity.
Answer:
Bio-diversity means the diversity of variety of world’s living organism. In other words, the variety of species both flora and fauna present in an area is known as “bio-diversity”. According to the world resource institute: bio-diversity is a variety of the world’s organism’s including their genetic diversity and the assemblage they form.

The earth is endowed with a rich variety of living organisms. About 3,50,000 species of plants and 30, 00,000 species of animals have been identified so fat. India is one of the twelve countries of the world very rich in bio-diversity. India has about 46,000piant species and 81,000 animal species.
Types of Bio-diversity: Bio-diversity can be classified into there types. They are :

Genetic diversity, Species diversity and Eco-system diversity.

a. Genetic diversity: Genetic diversity refers to the variety of genes present in the members of species. This is basic level.

b. Species diversity: Species diversity refers to the variety of species in a specific place or among a specific group of organisms. This is the most familiar type and is found in the tropical zone that in cooler areas. India is rich in bio-diversity/. This is due to its tropical location, varied relief features and climate.

c. Eco-system diversity: Eco-system diversity refers to the variety of geographical situations on the earth such as lakes, forests, deserts etc, and the number of plants and animals found in each. Each type of ecosystem has a variety of species that differ from each other.

Conservation of bio-diversity: As loss of biodiversity is not desirable, there should be conservation of biodiversity. Effort should be made to maintain biodiversity.

The following steps may be taken for preserving biodiversity:

• The biological diversity should be identified and monitored.
• There should be the development of national strategies and programs for conserving biological diversity.
• National parks and sanctuaries must be developed for the protection and maintenance of plants and animals.
• Botanical gardens should be developed for the developed for the development and maintenance of new species of flower and other plants.
• Zoos should be developed for the protection and development of rare and new animal species.

Question 44.
What is Rainfall? Explain the types of Rainfall.
Answer:
Rainfall is the natural process of condensation through which gaseous form of water is converted into liquid water droplets. It occurs due to cooling of saturated air mass, warm and moist air mass rising upward, warm air rising over cold air, sufficient humidity in the air and condensation. Rain fall is classified on the basis of condition and mechanism of upward rise of air and its cooling. Therefore, there are three types rainfall. They are explained as follows:

1. Convectional Rainfall: Earth surface is heated by the solar radiation. Due to this the warm moisture-laden air becomes light and ascends upwards vertically and quickly. The warm and moist air cools below dew point and condensation takes place rapidly, and dense clouds are formed. This led to the heavy rain fall with thunder and lighting. For convectional rainfall, there is need for local heating which leads to excessive evaporation.

There should not be any strong winds to lesser the heat such a condition of great heat, excessive evaporation and stagnant air is found in the equatorial regions through out the year As such, the convectional rainfall occurs in the daily afternoon in the equatorial region. In other topical countries this type of rainfall occurs only during summer, if sufficient moisture for local evaporation is available.

2. Orographic rainfall: When the moisture laden air from the sea is obstructed by a mountain, it is forced to move up the slope. As it moves up, it expands. Expansions lead to fall in temperature and the air cools. When the cooling takes places below the dew. point, condensation results and clouds are formed. When there is heavy condensation, the droplets of water in the clouds join to find bigger drops and there is rainfall.

Orographic rains are caused by the relief of the land. This type of rainfall is common in region where the mountain ranges are parallel and close to the sea and winds blow on shore. Behind the leeward side of the mountain, there is an area which receives very little rainfall and is called the rain shadow. Orographic rain is important in the monsoon land in summer, when the wind blows from the sea to the land. Thunderstorms also accompany this type of rainfall. It may be noted that the bulk of rainfall received by most parts of the world is of this type.

3. Cyclonic rainfall: The cyclonic rainfall is most common in the temperate region. The rainfall caused with a cyclone or depression is known as cyclonic rainfall. The winds take a circular movement in the regions where warm and cold air masses meet.

Question 45.
Explain the significance of Himalayas.
Answer:
Significance Of Himalayas-
1. Strategic significance. A natural frontier of India with other countries(China, Pakistan, Afghanistan,etc)

2. Climatic significance. Prevent further northward movement of summer monsoon and also prevent cold northern winds from Siberia to enter into India.

3. Agricultural significance. Formation of Himalayas created a trough to its south which is later filled by. the sediments from the Himalayan rivers which is today known as northern plains- Indo-gangetic plains – Rich agricultural grounds.

4. Economic significance – Himalayan rivers have huge hydro-electric power potential. Moreover, Himalyan timber and medicinal plants have economic significance.

5. Tourist spot – large ecological diversity and hill stations

Students can Download 1st PUC Computer Science Previous Year Question Paper March 2014 (South), Karnataka 1st PUC Computer Science Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Computer Science Previous Year Question Paper March 2014 (South)

Time: 3:15 Hours
Max. Marks: 100

PART – A

I. Answer all the following questions. Each question carries one mark. (10 × 1 = 10)

Question 1.
Who invented Pascaline?
Answer:
A French philosopher Blaise Pascal invented “pascaline” the first mechanical calculator.

Question 2.
Expand OCR.
Answer:
Optical Character Reader/Recognition.

Question 3.
Define coding.
Answer:
The process of algorithmic solution or flowchart solution into a set of instructions in a programming language is called as coding.

Question 4.
What is the difference between = and == operators?
Answer:
The = is an assignment operator and == is a relational operator.

Question 5.
What is the purpose of end1?
Answer:
The purpose of end1 is to break the line in output statement.

Question 6.
What is a compound statement?
Answer:
A compound statement is a grouping of statements enclosed between the pair of flower braces ({}) in which each individual statement ends with a semi-colon.

Question 7.
What is the data type of an array subscript?
Answer:
The data type of array subscript is integer or int.

Question 8.
What are global variables?
Answer:
A variable that is declared outside any function is known as a global variable.

Question 9.
What is a header?
Answer:
A header in word processor is a special area at the top of every page, normally allocated in the top margin area.

Question 10.
What is the extension with which a work book is saved?
Answer:
The extension file name with which a work book is saved is *.XLS.

PART – B

II. Answer any Five of the following questions. Each question carries two marks: (5 × 2 = 10)

Question 11.
Write the important features of second generation computers.
Answer:
The two important features of the second generation computers are.

1. Use of symbolic or assembly language
2. Introduction of early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN high level languages

Question 12.
Name any two characteristics of impact printers.
Answer:
The two characteristics of impact printers are

1. Print quality is low in some types
2. Uses ink ribbon to print
3. Less expensive

Question 13.
Define object code and source code.
Answer:
1. Object code:
The object code is usually a machine code which can be understood directly by a specific type of CPU.

2. Source code:
The source code is any collection of computer instructions written using some human-readable computer language.

Question 14.
Write the syntax and example for WHILE loop.
Answer:
Syntax of while loop:

Question 15.
Mention any two advantages of OOP.
Answer:
Some of the advantages of object oriented programming are as follows: –

1. A clear modular structure can be obtained which can be used as a prototype and it will not reveal the details of the design.
2. Ease of maintenance and modification to the existing objects can be done with ease.
3. A good framework is provided which facilitates in creating rich GUI applications.

Question 16.
What is type casting? Give one example.
Answer:
Typecasting is making a variable of one type, such as an int, act like another type, a char, for one single operation.
Example:
void main ()
{
int a=5, b=2;
float c;
c = (float) a / b;
}

Question 17.
Mention any four string functions.
Answer:
The four string functions are strupr(), strlwr(), strcpy() and strrev().

Question 18.
What is a mail merge? Write the steps for mail merge.
Answer:
The mail merge helps to generate form letters by combining content of one document with content of address. In a situation where a letter is to be sent to address of many persons then mail merge is used.
The steps for mail merge is as follows;

• Step 1. Create a main document and type the letter.
• Step 2. Select data source document.
• Step 3. Insert merge field in the main document.
• Step 4. Select Finish and merge button.

PART-C

III. Answer any Five of the following Question. Each question carries three marks: (5 × 3 = 15)

Question 19.
Explain impact printers. Give an example.
Answer:
Impact printers forms characters or images by striking a mechanism such as a print hammer or wheel against an inked ribbon, leaving an image on paper. For example, dot matrix printer.
Explain the different types of ROM.

1. PROM:
PROM stands for Programmable Read Only Memory and is initially blank. The manufacturer can write data/program on it by using special devices. However, once the program or data is written in PROM chip, it cannot be changed.

2. EPROM:
EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory and is also initially blank. Unlike PROM, the data written in EPROM chip can be erased by using special devices and ultraviolet rays.

3. EEPROM:
EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. This kind of ROM can be written or changed with the help of electrical devices. So data stored in this type of ROM chip can be easily modified.

Question 20.
Write a note on ASCII code.
Answer:

• ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is the most widely used coding system to represent data.
• ASCII is used on many personal computers and minicomputers.
• ASCII is a 7-bit code that permits 2⁷ = 128 distinct characters. The 128 different combinations that can be represented in 7 bits are plenty to allow for all the letters, numbers and special symbols.
• An eight bit was added. This allowed extra 128 characters to be represented. The extra 128 combinations are used for symbols such as Ç, ü, è, ©, ®, Æ, etc.

Question 21.
Write any three features of windows operating system.
Answer:
General Features of windows operating system are

1. Fast start up and shutdown
2. Plug and play support for hardware devices
3. Supports all major networking protocols
4. Automatic updates

Question 22.
What is an algorithm? Name any two characteristics of an algorithm.
Answer:
An algorithm is defined as “step by step procedure to solve a given problem infinite number of steps”.

Characteristics of algorithm:

1. Every step should perform a single task
2. There should not be any confusion at any stage.
3. It must involve a finite number of steps.

Question 23.
What are pre-increment and post-increment operators? Give examples.
Answer:
The pre-increment operator is a unary operator and is used to increment the value of variable before using in the expression i.e. value is first incremented and then used in the expression.

Example:
Y = 5;
cout<< ++Y;
output: 6.
The post-increment operators is also unary operator and is used to increment the value of variable after the use of expression.
For example;
Y=5;
cout<< Y++;
output: 5.

Question 24.
Briefly explain the input and output operators in C++ with their syntax and example.
Answer:
1. Input Operator:
Syntax:
cin >> variable.
Example:
The statement cin>> num;
is an input statement and causes the program to wait for the user to type in a number. It takes the value from the keyboard and assigns it to the variable on its right.

2. Output Operator:
Syntax: cout<< expression or manipulator
Example:
The statement Cout<< “ the numbers”;
It is an output statement and causes the program to print the message on the standard output.

Question 25.
Define two-dimensional array. Write its declaration syntax and give one example.
Answer:
Two dimensional array is a collection of elements of similar type that share a common name, structured in two dimensions. Each element is accessed by two index values.
Syntax:
<data-type> <array-name> [<size1>] [<size2>];
Example:
int a [ 10] [ 10];

Question 26.
What is a structure? Write the syntax for structure definition.
Answer:
A structure is a collection of variable which can be same or different types.
Syntax for structure definition:

PART – D

IV. Answer any seven of the following questions. Each question carries Five marks: (7 × 5 = 35)

Question 27.
Explain the characteristics of computers in detail.
Answer:
The characteristics of computers are:
1. Speed:
Computers are fast in doing calculations. The speed of the computer is measured in terms of million instruction per second (MIPS).

2. Storage Capacity:
Computers come with large amount of memory. They can hold lot of data. Computers can show a particular piece of information from large amount of data in a short time.

3. Diligence:
After doing work for sometime, humans become tired but computers do not become tired. They work continuously. In fact, some computers which control telephone exchanges are never stopped. This is called diligence.

4. Accuracy:
The results that the computers produce are accurate provided data and programs are reliable.

5. Versatality:
We can use computer to perform completely different type of work at the same time.

6. Reliability:
Computers work for many years without any problem. Few computers in the world are never switched off.

Question 28.
1. Perform 14₍₁₀₎ + 18₍₁₀₎ using binary additions.
Answer:
The 14₍₁₀₎ = 1110₍₂₎ and 18₍₁₀₎ = 10010₍₁₀₎.

2. Subtract ₍₁₀₎ from 15₍₁₀₎ using 2’s complement method.
Answer:
1 1 1 1 – minuend
0 1 1 1 – subtrahend

The subtrahend 0 1 1 1 one’s complement is 1 0 0 0
Two’s complement =

Now add this to minuend i.e.,

Answer is: 1 0 0 0₍₂₎

Question 29.
Explain the various types of errors detected during testing.
Answer:
The different program errors are as follows;
1. Synta’x error:
It occurs when there happens to be a misuse of a programming language’s instructions. It happens at the time of compilation. Such errors need to be rectified before proceeding further.

2. Semantic errors:
An error, which occurs due to the incorrect logic and a solution called semantic error. It also occurs due to wrong use of grammar in program.

Runtime Error occurs at run-time. Such error cause a program to end abruptly or even cause system shut-down. Such errors are hard to detect.

3. Logical Error:
It may happen that a program contains no syntax or run-time errors but still it doesn’t produce the correct output. It is because the developer has not understood the problem statement properly. These errors are hard to detect as well.

Question 30.
What are relational operators? Explain any four relation operators in C++.
Answer:
The operators which perform operation of relation between two operands called relational operators.
The > (greater than) operator: if (10 > 5)? Output: True. If ( 5 > 10)? Output: False
The < (lesser than) operator: if (15 < 25)? Output: True. If ( 56 < 26)? Output: False
The >= (greater than or equal to) : if (10 >= 10)? Output: True. If (5 >= 10)? Output: False
The <= (Lesser than or equal to): if (6 <= 10)? Output: True. If ( 16 <= 10)? Output: False

Question 31.
Explain if-else-if statement with general syntax and give one example.
Answer:
The if else if statement is an extension of the “if else” conditional branching statement. When the expression in the “if’ condition is “false” another “if else” construct is used to execute a set statements based on expression.
Syntax:

Result:
Enter your Percentage : : 60
First Class

Question 32.
Draw a flowchart to find the factorial of a number.
Answer:

Question 33.
Write a C++ program to find the sum and average of n numbers.
Answer:


Question 34.
Explain the working of functions with arguments and no return values.
Answer:
The calling function main() gives the function call to the called function by passing arguments or values. Then the called function takes the values and performs the calculations and gives the output in itself but no value will be sent back to the calling function.
For example,

In the above example, sum() is a user defined function. main() is a calling function gives a function call sum (a, b); with actual arguments a, b. The copy of values of a and b are sent to formal arguments x and y in the called function stim().

The function sum() perform addition and gives the result on the screen by itself. Here no value is sent back to calling function main() can be observed. These kinds of functions are called “Function with argument but no return values”.

Question 35.
What is a worksheet? Explain the steps used to change the size of rows and columns in a worksheet.
Answer:
An Electronic spreadsheet is application software and worksheet is divided into rows and columns to store items like student marks, stocks, income and expenses, debits and credits.

The steps used to change the row size and columns width in a work sheet.
Select cell → format → row height → height in numbers
Select cell →format → column height → height in numbers

Question 36.
Explain the various options of the formatting toolbar in the spreadsheet.
Answer:
It is a toolbar that has the icons that provide the various formatting settings for cells, columns, rows and data in Excel. For example, it can allow to change the colours of rows, cells and columns. It allows to change fonts. It allows to set the alignment for data in cells. It allows to apply borders to cells.

It allows to change the format of numbers, like adjusting the amount of decimals they have or changing them to percentage format. All of these and other things can be done with it.

1. Format Cells Dialog Box:
For a complete list of formatting options, right-click on the highlighted cells and choose Format Cells from the shortcut menu or select Format > Cells from the menu bar.

2. Number tab:
The data type can be selected from the options on this tab. Select General if the cell contains text and numbers, or a different numerical category if the cell is a number that will be included in functions or formulas. The number tab can be used to limit the number decimal places,

3. Alignment tab:
These options allow you to change the position and alignment of the data within the cell. For example, right, left, center, vertical alignments, text wrap, etc.,

4. Font tab:
All of the font attributes are displayed in this tab including font face, size, style, and effects. For example, bold, italicize, underline, increase/decrease the font size, changing the color of font, fill, etc.,

5. Border and Pattern tabs:
These tabs allow us to add borders, shading, and background colors to a cell.

Question 37.
Explain the various benefits of email.
Answer:
The various benefits of email are:

1. Emails are easy to use. One can send and receive electronic messages and save them on computers.
2. Emails are fast. They are delivered at once around the world. No other form of written communication is as fast as an email.
3. It can be used 24/7 and is free of cost.
4. While reply to an email one can attach the original message and answer. This is important if one get hundreds of emails a day.
5. It is possible to send automated emails with a certain text. These emails are called auto responders.
6. Emails do not use paper. They are environment friendly and save a lot of trees from being cut down.
7. Emails can also have pictures in them. One can send birthday cards or newsletters as emails.
8. Products can be advertised with emails. Companies can reach a lot of people and inform them in a short time.

Students can Download 1st PUC Geography Previous Year Question Paper March 2016 (South), Karnataka 1st PUC Geography Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Geography Previous Year Question Paper March 2016 (South)

Time: 3 Hrs 15 Min
Max. Marks: 100

Instructions:

1. Answer All the questions.
2. Draw map and diagrams wherever necessary.
3. Question No. V is on cartography
4. Blind students attempt only VA, 52, 53 and 54 instead of V – B, C and D.

Section – A

I. Answer the following questions in one sentence each:  ( 10 x 1 = 10 )

Question 1.
What is the total Geographical area of the earth?
Answer:
510 Million sq.km.

Question 2.
Name any one Valcano of India.
Answer:
Narcondam in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Question 3.
What is weathering?
Answer:
The process if disintegration and decomposition of rocks is known as “Weathering”.

Question 4.
Which region is predominant in corbonation.
Answer:
Carbonation is very active in limestone regions.

Question 5.
Name the instrument used to measure speed of the wind.
Answer:
“Anemometer” is used to measure the speed of winds.

Question 6.
How many pressure belts are there in the globe?
Answer:
There are seven pressure belts on the globe.

Question 7.
What is the Hydrological cycle?
Answer:
The cyclic mevement of water between the atmosphere and the earth’s sunface is called ‘Hydrological cycle’.

Question 8.
What is the Environment?
Answer:
The whole sum of surrounding external conditions within which an organism, a community or an object exists is called Environment.

Question 9.
Mention the highest peak of penisular plateau.
Answer:
The highest peak of Penisular plateau is Anaimudi (2695m) situated in Annamalai hills of Kerala.

Question 10.
Mention the average forest area of the country.
Answer:
The average forest cover of the country is 22.50%

II. Answer any Ten of the following questions in 2 to 3 sentences each: ( 2 x 10 = 20 )

Question 11.
Mention the equatorial and polar diameter of the earth.
Answer:
Equatorial diameter of the Earth is 12,75tton and Polar diameter of the Earth is 12,714km

Question 12.
Mention any two causes of a valcano.
Answer:
A volcano is an opening in the crust of the Earth through which heated materials consisting of gases, hot water, lava and fragments of rocks are ejected from the interior of the Earth.

Question 13.
Give any two examples of metamorphic Rock.
Answer:
Marble, Diamond, Quartzite, Ruby, Emerald are the examples of metamorphic rock.

Question 14.
Name any two agents of denudation?
Answer:
The natural agents which are responsible for the modeling and shaping of the Earth’s surface are called “Agents of Denudation”.

• River-Its activity is common in the drainage regions
• Glaciers- Its activity is widespread in the polar and high mountain regions.

Question 15.
Mention the components of Atmosphere.
Answer:
Various gases, water vapour and dust particles

Question 16.
Differentiate between weather and climate?
Answer:
Weather is the average condition of the atmosphere at a particular place for short period. But climate is the average condition of the atmosphere over an area over a long period of time. Weather is described as sultry, cloudy, stormy, chilly, fine or mild etc. Climate is described as hot, cold, dry, humid and wet.

Question 17.
Mention any four dissolved minerals in the ocean water.
Answer:
The total amount of dissolved solids in the ocean water is called salinity. The ocean’s salinity consists of various elements. They are Sodium chloride, Magnesium chloride, Magnesium sulphate, Calcium sulphate, potassium sulphate, Calcium carbonate, Magnesium bromide etc.

Question 18.
Name the two types of ocean currents.
Answer:
On the basis latitude and temperature two types of ocean currents are ideñtified. They are:

• Warm Currents: These are the high temperature ocean currents flowing from the equatorial regions to Polar Regions.
• Cold currents: These are the cool ocean currents flowing from Polar Regions to equatorial regions.

Question 19.
Mention any two Ranges of Trans Himalayas.
Answer:
Karakoram range, Ladakh range and Zaskar range.

Question 20.
Write any four west flowing rivers of Penisular India.
Answer:
The Luni, Sabarmati, Tapi, Kali, Sharavathi, Netravati, Peryiar are the major west flowing rivers.

Question 21.
Name the states which have the highest and lowest forest area in the country.
Answer:
Madhya Pradesli (44.8%) is the highest and Haryana state 2.6% is the lowest forest areas in the country.

Question 22.
Why is India called ‘Meteorological unit?
Answer:
Monsoons are the periodic winds in which there is reversal of wind direction periodically. On account of the variability in climatic conditions, seasonally and regionally, India is called ‘Meteorological Unit’.

III. Answer any Eight of the following questions in 25 to 30 sentences each: ( 5 x 8 = 40 )

Question 23.
Explain the important branches of Geography.
Answer:
1. Physical Geography.
The field of physical geography is wide as it includes the study of the entire surface of the earth and also its physical and biological process as well as their morphology. Modern geography has witnessed the development of many branches and some of them even grown into separate disciplines.

Some of the important branches of physical geography are as follows:

• Geomorphology: It is a systematic study of landforms, such as mountains, plateaus, plains, valleys, etc.
• Climatology: Climatology encompasses the study of structure of atmosphere and elements of climates and climatic types and regions.
• Meteorology: The scientific study of atmosphere condition is called meteorology.
• Pedology: It is the scientific study of soil formation, structure, texture, chemical composition and their influence on plant growth.
• Hydrology: Hydrology studies the realm of water over the surface of the earth including oceans, lakes, rivers and other water bodies and its effect on different life.
• Seismology: It is the study of Earthquakes, their effects and distribution.
• Astronomical Geography: It is the study of heavenly bodies of the space like planets, satellites, stars etc in relation to the earth.
• Volcanology: It is the scientific study of tectonic process of volcanoes.
• Astronomical geography: It is the study of heavenly bodies of the space like planets, satellites, stars etc in relation to the earth.
• Bio-geography: It is the systematic study of the distribution of plants and animals.
• Hydrology: The study of water on the earth’s land is known as hydrology.
• Oceanography: The study of waves, tides and currents and the other characteristics of oceans, known as oceanography.

2. Human geography: It deals with man and his activities particularly cultural environment factors on man made factors, Important among them are culture, Society, agriculture, mining, industry, transport forming trade population etc.

Some of the important grander of Human geography are as fallows:

(1) Political geography: It deals with spatial unit, people distribution, political behavior, political divisions etc.

(2) Economic geography: It refers to basic attributes of the economy such as production, distribution exchange of goods and consumption. It deals with the spatial aspects of production, distribution and consumption and also helps on understanding the most proper location for establishing different human activities.

(3) Commercial Geography: It deals with the spatial distribution of trade and commercial practices etc.

(4) Population Geography: It helps to understand the distribution, growth density, migration and various other components of population.

Question 24.
Describe the special latitudes and Temperature zones of the globe with neat diagram.
Answer:
Due to the Earth’s inclination at 66 1/2°and revolution, we recognize a few special latitudes on the globe. The vertical rays of the Sun strike the Earth at different points at different times of the year. On March 21st and September 23rd it falls on the middle of the Earth i.e., Equator. On June 21st the vertical rays fall on 23 1/2° North – Tropic of Cancer and on December 22nd it falls on 23 1/2° South- Tropic of Capricorn. On June 21st the Sun’s rays reach 66 1/2° South Antarctic circle. The North Pole (90° south) is the two ends of the Earth’s axis.

On the basis of special latitudes the globe may be divided into ‘Temperature zones’ or ‘ Heat zones’. Direct rays of the sun produce more heat than the slanting rays. The region near the equator receives more direct rays of the Sun. These rays are intense over smaller areas and so it heats up the Earth more. As we go away from the equator, the sun’s rays strike the Earth’s surface with slanting rays, spreading over a larger area so, they do not heat as intensely as the direct rays. Therefore, when we go from the equator to the poles, we come across zones with varying temperatures.

The Torrid Zone The zone stretches between 231/2°N and south latitudes and more or less receives the vertical rays of the sun. As a result, this region experiences moderately warm climate throughout the year.

The Temperate zone: In between the Torrid and the frigid zones i.e., between 23 1/2°N and South and 66 1/2°N and S lies the Temperate Zone. In this zone the sun’s rays fall obliquely and hence the region experiences a moderate climate.

The Frigid Zone: This zone extends from Arctic Circle to North Pole (66 1/2°N to 90°N) in the Northern Hemisphere and the Antarctic circle to South Pole (66 1/2° S to 90° S) is known as ‘Frigid Zone’. Since the sun’s rays fall extremely obliquely in this region, the region experience extremely cold climate.

Question 25.
Explain the structure and composition of the Earth with neat diagram.
Answer:
On the basis of the physical and chemical properties of the earth’s surface, behavioral patterns of seismic waves of earthquakes and the lava erupted form volcanoes, it is generally held that the earth is composed of three layers or parts.

1. The crust: The outer or upper most layer of the earth is the crust. It is solid and is the thinnest and lightest part. It is 6to 60 kms thick. It has two layers.
a. Continental crust or sial: The upper part consist of sedimentary and granite rocks’ and forms the continents. Its major constituent elements are silica and aluminum. So, it is termed as sial. Its average thickness ranges between 10-12 km.

b. Oceanic crust or Sima: The lower part of other Crust is known as oceanic crust. Its thickness is around 5 km. This layer is rich in silica and Magnesium. Therefore, it is called Sima. The lower continuous layer is mostly composing of silica and magnesium and so it is termed as sima. The mean density of this layer is 2.95gm. Conrad discontinuity between Sial and Sima and Mohorovicic discontinuity between Crust and Mantle are the major discontinues in the crust.

2. The Mantle: The portion of the earth’s interior, lying beneath the crust and above the core is known as mantle. It is largely made up of basic silicates, rich in iron and magnesium. It extends from 60 to 2,900km. The density of this layer from 3.3 to 5.7gm. The mantle has two parts.

a. Upper Mantle: This is the outer layer of the Mantle known as Asthenosphre. Most of the earthquakes and volcanoes take birth due to disorder in this layer.

b. Lower Mantle: This is the lower layer of the Mantle known as Mesosphere and it is in solid form. Repetti discontinuity between Asthenosphere and Mesosphere and Gutenberg discontinuity between Mantle and Core are the major discontinues in the mantle

3. The core: The core is the central part of the earth’s interior. It extends from the lower boundary of the mantle to the centre of the earth for about 6,400 kms. The most important materials of core are nickel and ferrous (Nife). The core consists of two layers, namely.

a. Outer core: It is the outer layer of the Core consisting hard molten rocks. Most of the materials are in molten form. It extends from 2900km to 4980km.

b. Inner core: It is the lower layer of the Core with very high temperature and pressure. Most of the materials are in solid form therefore, it is called solid core. The average temperature of this layer is around 2900° C. Transition discontinuity is found between Outer. Core and Inner Core.

Question 26.
What is mineral? Explain the types of minerals.
Answer:
Mineral is a natural inorganic substance which has certain chemical and physical properties. The scientific study of minerals is called Mineralogy. Minerals are used by man for various human activities. Understanding them minerals their types and uses is very important as natural resources of the earth.

Types: Minerals are classified into different types on the basis of nature, texture, and sues. Important among them are,

1. Metallic Minerals: These minerals are not in metallic form and they do not contain metal. A few non-metallic minerals are Mica, Asbestos, Sulphur, lead, Zinc, Phosphate etc.
2. Non-Metallic Minerals: These minerals are not in metallic form and they do not contain metal. A few non-metallic minerals are Mica, Asbestos, Sulphur, Lead, Zinc, Phosphate etc.

Minerals are also classified into other types.
Ferrous minerals which contain Iron e.g. Iron Ore. Non-ferrous minerals – these minerals do not contain ferrous e.g. Bauxite, Mica. – A few minerals are used for making decorative, commercial and precious ornaments are called Precious minerals. E.g. Platinum, Diamond, Gold and Silver. Some minerals are use for the generation of energy. They are Nuclear or atomic minerals e.g. Uranium, Thorium etc.

Question 27.
Briefly explain the types of tides
Answer:
The regular and periodic fall and rise of the ocean water is called tides. The rising of water level is known as high tide or flood tide. The falling of water level is known as low tide or ebb tide. The difference between the high tide and low tide is called tidal range or range of tide.

Types of Tides:

There are different types of tides. The important types of tides are as follows:

1. Spring tides: Spring tides occur when the earth, sun and moon are more or less in a straight line. This happens on a full moon day. When the earth is between the sun and the moon or on a new moon day, when the moon is between the sun and the earth. The combined pull of the sun and moon on the earth is very great, and it produces very high tides and very low tides. Such tides are called spring tides.

2. Neap Tides: When the earth, sun and moon are not in a straight line, the sun and the moon are not exerting combined force.

3. So, the gravitational pull is much less. At half moon, the force exerted is the minimum. On the ocean water. Consequently the high tides are not very high and the low tides are not very low. They are called “Neap tides”.

Question 28.
Waht is Biomes? Breifly explain the types of Biomes.
Answer:
A distinct group of life forms and the environment in which they are found is called ‘Biomes’. In other words, Biome is a plant and animal community that covers a large geographical area. On the basis of the dominant life form, six major biomes are identified.

a. Forest biomes: Trees are the dominant life form of forest biome. High temperature, humid climate and soil moisture help for thick tree cover. Equatorial region is dominant with forest biome.

b. Savanna biome: It is the transitional biome between the forest biome and grassland biome. Savanna biome comprises of trees with grasses and herbs. It occupies areas of low and seasonal rainfall.

c. Grassland biome: in this biome grasses constitute the dominant vegetation. It is dominant in the moderate soil water deficit regions, semi-arid areas of dry tropical, sub-tropical and mid-latitude regions.

d. Desert biome: It includes organisms capable of surviving in moderate to severe water deficit for most of the year. In this region temperature may range from hot to cool. Most common plants found in this belt are xerophytes.

e. Tundra biome: It includes small plants that can grow quickly during a short warm to cool summer season, in the low temperature and high latitudinal areas.

f. Aquatic biome: Aquatic regions house numerous species of plants and animals, both large and small. This is where life began billions of years ago. Without water, most life forms would be unable to sustain themselves and the Earth would be a barren, desert-like place. Ponds, lakes, rivers, wetlands and oceans are sources of aquatic biomes.

Question 29.
Explain the location size and frontiers of India.
Answer:
Location: The main land oflndia extends between 8°4’ N to 37°6’N latitude and 68° 7’ Eto 97°23 E longitude. The latitudinal and longitudinal extent oflndia is around 30° The country stretches to 3214 km from North to South and 2933 km from West to East. The northern tip of India is recognized as ‘Indira Col’ in Jammu & Kashmir while, the southern tip (main land) is ‘Kanyakumari’ or ‘Cape Camorin’ in Tamilnadu. In the same way the western and eastern tips of the country are ‘Rann of Kutch’ in Gujarat and ‘Luhit’ in Arunachal Pradesh respectively.

The territorial limit oflndia extends up to 6° 45’ N latitude. ‘Indira point’ situated at this latitude in Great Nicobar Islands. As a peninsular country India has both land and water frontiers. The total length of land frontier of the country is 15,200 km. The mainland of the country has a coast line of 6,100km including the islands. The total length of the coast line of the country is about 7516km. The territorial water extends into the sea to a distance of 12 nautical miles (22.2km) from the coastal baseline.

India is a peninsula, located at the north tip of the Indian Ocean. It is bordered by the Arabian Sea in the west, Indian Ocean in the south and Bay of Bengal in the east and covered by land in the north – China, Nepal, Bhutan etc.

The Tropic of Caner 23 1/2° N latitude passes through the middle of lndia and divides the country into almost two equal halves. Indian Standard Time – 82 1/2° E longitude passes through the middle of India (through Allahabad) is recognized as standard longitude of the country two keep standard time.

Size: India is the 7th largest country in the world next to Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil and Australia. It has a total geographical area of 32, 87,263 sq.km. This constitutes about 2.4% of the total land area of the Earth. India is the second most populous country in the world next to China. According to 2011 census the total population of the country was 121.6 crore which accounts for about 17.45% of the total world’s population. India has 28 states, 6 union territories and one national capital region (New Delhi).

Frontiers: India has 15,200km long land frontier extending from west to east running from Gujarat in the west to West Bengal in the east. The Himalayas for a natural boundary in the north, between India and China. Similarly, Thar Desert in the west & northwest and eastern hills acts as boundary between India & Pakistan and India & Myanmar respectively. India share land frontier with seven countries, they are Pakistan and Afghanistan to the northwest, China, Nepal and Bhutan to the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the-East.

The important international boundary lines demarcated between India and neighbouring countries are:

The Durand line- India and Afghanistan (80Km) by Mortimer Durand The Me Mahon line- India and China (PRC) (3488Km) by Henry Me Mahon.
The Radcliff line – India and Pakistan (2910km) by Sir Cyril Radcliff.
India and Bangladesh (4097km).
Sri Lanka, an island country, situated to the southeast, is separated by Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannar.

Question 30.
Briefly explain the Regional divisions of the Himalayas.
Answer:
The Himalayas are also classified into Regional and Longitudinal divisions. They are:
The Kashmir Himalayas The Himachal Himalayas The Kumaun Himalayas The Central or Sikkim Himalayas The Eastern Himalayas.

a. The Kashmir Himalayas: They are spread over in Jammu and Kashmir for about 700sqkm. The important parallel ranges in the Kashmir Himalaya are Karakoram, Ladak, Zaskar and Pirpanjal. They are characterized by high snow covered peaks, largest number of glaciers, deep valleys and High Mountain passes. The north-eastern part of the Kashmir Himalayas is a cold region and it lies between the Grater Himalayas and the Karakorum ranges. A special feature of the Kashmir valley is the Karewas. The important mountain passes are Banihal, zoji-la, Chang-la, Khardung-la etc.

b. The Himachal Himalayas: It is found in Himachal Pradesh and parts of Punjab, comprising of all the three ranges. The beautiful valleys of Kullu, Kangra, Lahul and Spiti known for orchards and scenic beauty are found here. Shipkila, Rohtang, bara- lacha la are the famous mountain passes and Kullu manali, shimla, Dalhousie, Chama etc.

c. The Kumaun Himalayas: This section extends from Sutlej to kali river valleys and has distance of320kms. The pilgrimage centers like Badrinath and Gangothri are located in this section of Himalayas.

d. The Central or Sikkim Himalayas: This section extends from kali to Tista and has a distance of about 800kms. It is also called as Nepal Himalaya. Mount Everest is located in this 3sectino of Himalaya. This section is further divided for the study into Sikkim, Darjeeling and Bhutan Himalayas.

e. The Eastern Himalayas: This range extends from Tista to Brahmaputra valley covering the states of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh. The width is about 730 kms Naga and Patkaibhum hills are located in this section. This region is very important for tea cultivation.

Question 31.
Briefly explain the coastal plains of India.
Answer:
This is the region all along the Indian coastline, lying between the coast and the mountain ranges of the peninsular plateau. India has 6100 km from Gujarat in the west to West Bengal in the east. The average width is 10-25 kms. The coastal plain of India is divided into two parts.

The West Coastal plains: It is extends between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats. It is narrower than the east coastal plains, stretching to a length of about 1400km and width of 10 to 80km from the Rann of katchchh to Kanyakumari. The west coastal plains have Gujarat, Konkan, Karnataka and Malabar Coasts.

The Gujarat Coast comprises of Rann of Kachchh and Cambay coasts. It is formed by the alluvial deposits of Sabarmati, Mahi, Luni and other small streams. Gujarat has the longest coastline in India Kandla and okha are famous sea ports and along is the biggest ship breaking center. It produces highest salt in the country.

Konkan Coast lies to the south of Gujarat coast and extends line which provides suitable site for natural seaports. Eg: Mumbai, Navasheva, Marmagoa, Karwar, New Mangalore etc., this coast records highest coastal erosion. It is very rich in Petroleum and natural gas. Karnataka coast: it is a part of Konkan coast.

It extends from karwar in the north to Mangalore in the south. It is the narrowest part of west coastal plains. Karwar and New Mangalore are important ports in this belt. Sea Bird, the naval base near Karwar is the largest naval base in India.

The Malabar Coast extends from Mangalore to Kanyakumari, Sand dunes, lagoons and backwaters are the important features of this coast. Cochin or Kochi is the biggest seaport in this coast. Backwaters of Kerala facilitate navigation and tourists enjoy traveling though small country boats. The first south west monsoon rainfall is received in this coast.

East coastal Plains: It lies between the Ea’stern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal stretching from the delta of Hooghly in the North to Kanyakumari in the south. Compared to the west coastal plains the east coastal plains are broader.

The Tatkal Coast: It is the coastal plain of Orissa state. It extend for about 400kmms, north from Subarnarekha river to south of the Rushikulya river. It has a chilka lake, which is the largest salt water lake in India, Para deep is the important horbour located here.

Coromandel Coast: The southern part of east coast is known as the Coromandel Coast. It gets more rainfall from the north east monsoons and it is highly affected by cyclones. The oldest harbor Chennai located here.

Question 32.
What is soil? Explain the major types of soil in india.
Answer:
Soil is the minute or finer rock particles found on the surface of the Earth. It is formed naturally, due to the weathering of rocks, under the influence of climate.

The main types of soil in India are:

1. Alluvial soil: This soil is formed by depositional work of rivers and they are mainly found in the flood plains and deltas. Alluvial soil covers largest geographical are in the country. They are mainly distributed in the river plains of the Ganga, Brahmaputra and the Indus. Uttar Pradesh has the largest area under alluvial soil. It is also found in the deltas of east flowing rivers. Alluvial soils are classified into two types.

• Bhangar: Older alluvium, coarse and pebble like in nature, found at the lower depths of the plain.
• Khadar: New alluvium, finer in nature, found in the low lying flood plains and rich in fertility

2. Black soil: The black soils covered more area in peninsular plateau. This soil is also called ‘Cotton soil’ or “Regur soil”. It is derived from the weathered basalt rocks. This soil holds water from long period and become hard whenever it is dry. It is light-black to dark-black in colour. Maharashtra and Gujarat Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu. Black soils are good for Cotton, Sugarcane, Tobacco, Pulses, Millets, Citrus fruits, etc.

3. Red soil: This soil is formed by the weathered granite rocks. It is red in colour and rich in ferrous content. Red soil covers the second largest area in the country. Largest parts of peninsular region are covered with red soil. TamilNadu has the largest distribution of this soil in the country. Rice, Ragi, Jowar, Groundnut, Tobacco, Millets are the major crops cultivated in this soil.

4. Laterite soil: The hot and humid tropical regions of India are rich in laterite soil. This soil is derived from the fragmentation and disintegration of rocks in the mountain ranges. It is mainly found in the Western Ghats, parts of Eastern Ghats and Northeastern hills of India. Plantation crops like Tea, coffee, Rubber, Cashew nut are cultivated in this soil.

5. Desert soil: This soil is also called arid soil. They are mainly found in the desert and semi-desert regions of Western and North western parts of India. This soil has the least water holding capacity and humus content. Generally it is not suitable for cultivation of crops. This soil is mainly found in Rajasthan, parts of Gujarat and Haryana. With water facility crops like Bajra, Pulses and Guar ar cultivated in this soil.

6. Mountain Soil: The Himalayan mountain valleys and hill slopes are covered with Mountain or Forest soil. It is found in the mountain slopes of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Utarkhand regions, Crops like Tea, Almond, saffron are cultivated in this soil.

Question 33.
Briefly explain the importance of forests.
Answer:
Forests are the one of the important natural resources. They provide various benefits to mankind and environment.

The important benefits are:

1. Forests supply fresh air, food and fodder.
2. Forests are the rain bearers, help in causing good rainfall.
3. They control soil erosion and desertification.
4. Forest provides various products like bamboo, timber, resin, lac, gum cane, fuel, wood etc.
5. They provide medicinal trees and plants used in ayurvedic medicines Eg.Neem tree. Basil, Brahmi etc.
6. They provide shelter to various birds and animals.
7. They absorb much of the rainwater and control floods and safeguards against drought.
8. They act as wind breakers and protect the agricultural crops.
9. The forest soils are rich in humus and thereby maintain the fertility of the soil.
10. They provide raw materials to paper, match box, plywood and sports articles industries and they provide pastures for grazing animals.

Question 34.
Explain the Major seismic zones of India.
Answer:
Zone V: This is the most severe seismic (intensity above 7 in Richter scale) seismic zone and is referred as Very High Damage risk zone. The areas are. Northeastern states, parts of Jammu Kashmir, Uttarkhand, and Bihar and Kutch region.

Zone IV: This zone is second in severity (intensity between 5 and 7 in R.S) to zone VG. This is referred to as High Damage Risk zone. Northern regions of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Parts of Bihar, UP, Gujarat, West Bengal lie in this region zone. Northern regions of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, parts of Bihar, UP, Gujarat, West Bengal.

Zone III: This is termed as Moderate Damage (very strong) Risk zone (intensity between 3 and 5 in R.S). The areas are Gujarat, Madya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Maharashtra, Northern Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West coastal region etc.

Zone II: This zone is referred to as low Damage (strong) Risk Zone (intensity 2 to 3 R.S). The areas are Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Parts of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha etc.

Zone I: This zone is termed as Very Low Damage (Slight-tremor) Risk Zone. The left out parts of India and Deccan Plateau region.

IV. Answer any One of the follow ing: ( 10 x 1 = 10 )

Question 35.
What is chemical weathering? Explain the chemical weathering with examples.
Answer:
Disintegration and Decomposition of rocks by chemical processes is called “Chemical weathering”.
In this process secondary or new minerals are developed from the original minerals of the rocks. The rain water and atmospheric gases are the main agents of chemical weathering. It is vey common in humid regions.

There are four types of chemical weathering process. They are:

a. Oxidation: The rain water with oxygen reacts on rocks containing iron and produce oxides. This chemical reaction is known as “oxidation”. The common process of rusting of iron is an example of oxidation. .

b. Carbonation: The rain water with carbon-di-oxide becomes a weak carbonic acid and it reacts with calcium carbonate or limestone to form calcium bicarbonate, which dissolves easily. This process is called “Carbonation”. It is very active in limestone regions.

c. Hydration: The rock minerals take up water the increased volume creates physical stress within the rock. As a result certain minerals like feldspar and gypsum are reduced into powder. This process is called “Hydration”.

d. Solution: The rain water is able to dissolve some of the soluble minerals, such as rock- salt, gypsum, potash. This process is called “Solution”.

Question 36.
Explain the structure of the Atmosphere.
Answer:
The distribution of temperature is not uniform at different height of the atmosphere. Along with the variation of temperature, there are unique features at different heights. Based on these characteristics atmosphere is divided into four parallel zones.

1. Troposphere: It is the lowest layer of the atmosphere and less closer to the earth. The word ‘Tropos’ means ‘turn’ It extends up to 18km at the equator and 8km at poles. Thus the average height is about 10-12km. The important feature of the troposphere are:

Hydrological cycle: It is confined to troposphere. The water evaporates and raised up, formation of clouds takes place. Later it is precipitated in various forms like rain, snow and hailstone. These processes are known as evaporation, condensation and precipitation.

Lapse rate: In this layer the temperature decreases at the rate of 6,5’ Celsius per every 1000 meters of height which is known as ‘lapse rate’.

Clouds: It is characterized with formation of clouds, thunder storms and lighting.
Gaseous Mass: The troposphere has about 75 percent of the total gaseous mass, The upper part of troposphere is known ‘Tropopause’.

2. Stratosphere: It lies above the tropo-sphere and extends up to 50km from the earth. The temperature is also most uniformly distributed. Hence it also known as isothermal zone. At a height of 22kms. There is a thin layer of ozone which absorbs ultraviolet rays of the sun. So it is called as ozOnosphre. The name staratopause is given to the upper part of the stratosphere.

3. Mesosphere: It extends from 50 to 80kms. It is an intermediary zone between the lower and upper layers of the atmosphere. A thin layer of air separating mesosphere from the other upper layers in named as‘Mesopause’.

4. Ionosphere: It extends from 90 to 500km. It consists of atoms of air ionized due to intensive temperature. So it is also known as‘Ionosphere’or Thermosphere. The radio waves of different length are reflected back from this layer.

5. Exosphere: The region beyond the Thermosphere is called Exosphere. It extends to about 1,000 km and the gravity of the Earth s too weak in this layer. Magnetosphere is found above this layer. Atmospheric layer in between 500-700kms is known as Exosphere and the atmosphere lying beyond is called‘Magnetosphere’.

V. A. Answer any five of the following questions in a word or a sentence each: ( 1 x 5 = 5 )

Question 37.
What is Cartography?
Answer:
The science and art of making maps, charts, globes and rile models is known as Cartography.

Question 38.
Name any two essential features of a map.
Answer:
Title, Scale, Direction are essential features of a Map.

Question 39.
What is map reading?
Answer:
Map reading means getting the correct visual image of the features shown on a map.

Question 40.
Give an example for large scale maps.
Answer:
(a) Large Scale Maps: The Maps drawn on the scale of lcm=lkm or 1:1, 00,000 and 1 inch = 1 mile or 1:63,360 eg. Cadastral maps (Village, Town and City maps).

Question 41.
What is scale?
Answer:
A scale is the ratio of the distance between two points on the map and their corresponding distance on the ground.

Question 42.
Mention any two uses of maps.
Answer:
The distribution maps, where the dot method is applied to show the distribution of economic phenomena e.g. population, agricultural crops, industries etc. Dots of uniform size are used where each dot represents a certain number or quantity.

B. Identified the Latitudes and Longitudes for the given places in supplying Karnataka

Question 43.
Mysore
Answer:

Question 44.
Tumkur
Answer:

Question 45.
Madikeri
Answer:

Question 46.
Bellary
Answer:

Question 47.
Belgaum
Answer:

C. Draw a diagram to the following:

Question 48.
Bottom relief of the ocean floor.
Answer:
On the basis of the depth, the ocean floor can be divided into four zones, parts or relief
features. They are,
1. The continental Shelf: The gently sloping portion of the continent or land that lies submerged below other sea is called the continental shelf. The continental shelf has a very gentle slope. It extends form the shore line to depths between 1 80 and 200 meters.
Average width of the continental shelves is about 48km. The extent of the continental shelf depends on the relief of the broadening land masses. If the coastal area is a plateau area, the continental shelf will be very broad. On the other hand, if the coastal region is hilly or mountainous, the continental shelf will be very narrow or even absent for example the Atlantic Ocean has 2.3%, the Pacific Ocean has 5.7% and the India Ocean has 4.2%.

2. The continental slope: The zone of steep slope that descends from the edge of the continental sheifto the deep sea plains is called ‘continental slope”. It is the transitional zone lying between the continental shelf and the deep sea plains. The continental slope is very steep. It extends from 182 meters to 3,600 meters. The angle of the continental slope is 2 to 5 degre3es or even more. It occupies only 8.5% of the total area of the ocean floor. But it varies from ocean to ocean. The Atlantic Ocean has broader continental slopes and accounts for 12.4%. But it is 7% of the Pacific Ocean and 6.5% of the Indian Ocean.

3. The deep sea plaitis: The level and rolling areas of the ocean floor are generally called deep sea plains or abyssal plains or the ocean plains. They lie between 3.000 and 6.000 meters below other surface of the ocean. They occupy vast area of the ocean floor and account for about 82.7% of the total sea floor. They cover about 90% in the Indian Ocean. Their depth ranges from 5.000 to 6,000 meters. They are covered by oozes, which are the remains of deep sea creatures and plants, and of red volcanic dust,

4. The Ocean Deeps: The long narrow and deep troughs on the ocean floor are known as ‘ocean deep’ or trough’. They cover only 1% of the ocean floor. They are most common neat the coasts where young fold mountains, volcanoes and earthquakes abound. Some they are tectonic in origin. They are the deepest portions of the ocean. Deeps may be caused due to tectonic forces, i.e. faulting earthquakes etc.-There are 57known deeps. Of these 32 are found in Pacific Ocean, 19m the Atlantic Ocean and 6 in the Indian Ocean. The deepest trench in the world is Challenger deep located in Mariana Trench to the west of Philippines in the North Pacific Ocean.

Question 49.
Ox-bow lakes
Answer:

Question 50.
Volcano
Answer:

D. Draw the outline Map of India, mark and name the following: ( 2 x 3 = 6 ) 

Question 51.
Outline map of India
Answer:

Question 52.
23\(\frac{ 1 }{ 2 }\)° North latitude and 82\(\frac{ 1 }{ 2 }\)° East lingitude
Answer:

Question 53.
Mahanadi and Krishna Rivers. (2)
Answer:

Blind Candidates only

Answer any three of the following: ( 5 x 3 = 15 )

Question 54.
Explain the process of heating and cooling of Atmosphere. 5
Answer:
Atmospheres do not get its temperature directly by the short waves of the sun but through the long waves of the earth. The atmosphere is transparent to the solar radiation which is in the form of short waves. It allows them to reach the earth.
The four processes of heating and cooling of atmosphere are radiation, conduction, convection and advection.

Radiation: Radiation is the process of heating an object by the transmission of heat waves. The earth surface gets temperature through solar radiation. It radiates energy in the form of long waves which is absorbed by the atmosphere.

Conduction: Transfer of heat by molecular activity is known as Conduction. The atmospheric layer closer to the surface gets heat in this process with contact.

Convection: Transfer of heat through the movement of mass is called Convection. The lower layer of the atmosphere gets temperature and become lighter. So it moves upwards. The dense air in the upper layer being dense descends downwards. With this cyclic movement temperature is distributed in the lower layers of the atmosphere.
Advection: Temperature is also transferred by large scale movement of air. When warm air moves of cold regions temperature of the air increases and is contrast cold reduces heat. This phenomena is called advection.

Question 55.
expalain the types of maps. (5)
Answer:
Maps may be broadly divided into two types.
A. On the basis of Scale Maps are classified into three types.

(a) Large Scale Maps: The Maps drawn on the scale of 1 cm= 1 km or 1:1, 00,000 and 1 inch=1 mile or 1:63,360 eg. Cadastral maps (Village, Town and City maps).

(b) Medium Scale Maps: the Maps drawn on the scale of 1 cnm=1 Km to 1 cm=10 km or 1:1,00,000 and 1:10,00,000 eg. Topographical Maps (Mountains, Plateaus, plains).

(c) Small Scale maps: The Maps drawn on the scale below 1 cm: 15Km or 1:15,00,000 eg. Atlas and Wall Maps. These maps show broad physical and cultural features.

B. On the basis of purpose various types of Maps are prepared.

(i) Topographical maps: To show relief features, forests, land use, river system, roads, railways, pipelines, distribution of rural and urban settlements etc.

(ii) Cadastral maps: The Cadastral maps are drawn to register the ownership of field, farm, building, firm etc.

(iii) Economic Maps: These maps provide information about human economic activities eg. Agriculture, mining, industry, marketing, trade etc.

(iv) Population Maps: These maps show the information about distribution, growth, density, migration, age and sex composition of population. These maps are also drawn to show the distribution of occupational structure, language, social groups of people etc.

(v) Weather Maps: These are useful to analyzed weather condition and distribution of temperature, pressure, humidity, winds, rainfall etc.

Question 56.
Expain the majar drought prone areas of India. (5)
Answer:
On the basis of severity of droughts, India can be divided into three drought prone areas.
a. The Extreme drought prone areas: This is the most important drought prone areas of the country which has been recording continuous drought for many years. The regions are western parts of Rajasthan, Kutch regions of Gujarat and semi-arid regions of Western and North western parts of India.

b. The Severe drought prone areas: This is the second important drought prone areas of the county. The eastern parts of Rajasthan, western parts of Madhya Pradesh, Parts of Maharashtra, interior parts of Andhra Pradesh. North and northeastern parts of Karnataka and Tamil nadu.

c. The Moderate drought prone areas: This region is mainly found in regions of U.P, parts of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Jharkhand, Tamil Nadu and interior parts of Karnataka.

Students can Download 1st PUC Statistics Model Question Paper 1 with Answers, Karnataka 1st PUC Statistics Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Statistics Model Question Paper 1 with Answers

Time: 3 Hrs 15 Min
Max. Marks: 100

Note :

1. Graph sheets and statistical tables will be supplied on request.
2. Scientific calculators may be used.
3. All working steps should be clearly shown.

Section-A

I. Answer any TEN of the following questions. (10 × 1 = 10)

Question 1.
How did the world statistics originate
Answer:
The word statistics originates from the Latin word ‘status’ or a German word ‘statistik’.

Question 2.
Define the term statistical enquiry.
Answer:
Search for the knowledge through statistical methods is Statistical enquiry.

Question 3.
What is classification?
Answer:
Classification is the process of arranging the data into groups or classes according to common characteristics of the data.

Question 4.
What is the correction factor used in the formation of frequency distribution?
Answer:

It is used to convert in elusive, classes into exclusive closses.

Question 5.
Which measure of control tendency is located from Histogram?
Answer:
Mode is located from histogram.

Question 6.
What is frequency density?
Answer:
The frequency per unit of class interval is the frequency density

Question 7.
Find the mode: 4, 8, 5, 6, 4, 9, 3, 4.
Answer:
Here mode(Z) = 4. Repeated more number of times.

Question 8.
Write down the formulae of Q₃ for a continuous data.
Answer:

Question 9.
What is correction between variables.
Answer:
Correlation is said to exists between two variables, if they vary directly or indirectly together.

Question 10.
What is extrapolation?
Answer:
Extrapolation is a procedure of estimating the unknown value of dependent variable for a given value of independent variable which is outside the limits or the range of the independent variable.

Question 11.
Define equally likely events in Probability.
Answer:
Outcomes of a random experiments are said to be equally likely if they have equal chance of occurrence.

Question 12.
If E(x) = 3, Find E(3x)
Answer:
E(3x) = 3, E(x) = 3 × 3 = 9.

Section- B

IV. Answer any TEN of the following questions. (10 × 2 = 20)

Question 13.
Define discrete variable and given example.
Answer:
A variable which assumes a specific values in the given range discrete variable.
Ex: Number of children/number of rooms in a college.

Question 14.
Mention any two causes of errors in statistical investigation.
Answer:

1. Errors of origin
2. Errors of manipulation.

Question 15.
What do you mean by exclusive class intervals? Give an example.
Answer:
In a class, if in a class lower limit is included and upper limit is excluded but included in the next class is a exclusive class interval:
Ex: (0- 10), (10-20), (20-30).

Question 16.
What are source and foot notes of a table?
Answer:
Source is written just below the foot note in a table, which indicate the data obtained from publications, books, journals etc.
Footnote is to indicate the errors, ommissions, remarks, abrevations of the data in the table.

Question 17.
Mention any two rules of formation of a frequency distribution.
Answer:

1. The lower limit of the first class is either’O’or a multiple of 5.
2. Exclusive classes should be formed for better continuity.

Question 18.
Mention the different types of diagrams.
Answer:

• Simple Bar diagram
• Multiple Bar diagram
• Component Bar diagram
• Percentage Bar diagram.

Question 19.
Find the GM. of 4,25.
Answer:

Question 20.
For a data if Q₃ = 78 and = Q₁ Find Quartile deviation.
Answer:
Quartile deviation. = \(\frac{\mathrm{Q}_{3}-\mathrm{Q}_{1}}{2}=\frac{78-32}{2}=23\)

Question 21.
Writed down two properties of correlation coefficient.
Answer:
The coefficient of correlation is

1. Independents of units of measurement
2. Independent of orgin and scale.

Question 22.
If in a 2 × 2 contingency table the frequencis of first order (A) = 130 and (B) = 120 then find the total frequency.
Answer:
In a 2 × 2 contingeven table N – is frequency of zero order, is obtained as N = (A) + (B)
∴ N = 130 + 120 = 250

Question 23.
Find the probability of getting an even number when die is thrown once.
Answer:
P (getting anewen number) = \(\frac { m }{ n }\) = \(\frac { 3 }{ 6 }\) = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\)

Question 24.
If E(x) = 3.5 E(y) = 2 and E(xy) = 8 find cov (x, y).
Answer:
cov (x, y) = E(x y) – E(x). E(y) = 8 – 3.5 × 2 = 8 – 7= l

Section- C

IV. Answer any EIGHT of the following questions. (8 × 5 = 40)

Question 25.
Write the characteristics statistics.
Answer:
The characteristics of statistis are :

• Aggregates of facts
• Affected to a marked extent by multiplicity of causes.
• Numerically empressed.
• Enumerated or estimated according to a reasonable standards of accuracy.
• Collected in a systematic manner
• Collected for predetermined purpose
• Should be placed in relation to each other

Question 26.
Explain direct and indirect method of collection of primary data with relative merits and demerits.
Answer:
1. Direct personal observation; In this method the investigator, collects the required information by personal observation of the units, through the enumerator, from the informants. This methods is successively employed Where the field of enquiry is confidential, small, greater accuracy and sufficient time is available.

Merits: This method is most reliable, accurate and confidential.
Demerits: This method is expensive, time consuming and this method becomes difficult where the enquiry is field of large. In this method there is chance of personal bias in collection of data, needs trained and skilled personnel.

2. Indirect oral interview: This method is applied, where the required information from the informant is not possible to obtain by direct interview method. In this method the investigator/enumerator approaches the witnesses or third parties, who are capable to supply the necessary information about the first person/informant.

Merits: This method is simple, convenient, free from bias and successively employed by News paper, Broadcasting, Investigating agencies.
Demerits: In this method there is an ample scope of bias by influencing the enquiry by the third person.

Question 27.
Prepare a blanks table to show the population of a town according to
(i) Se.Y-men, women
(ii) Literacy – literates, illiterates
(iii) Employment – Employed, unemployed.
Answer:
Table showing the population of a town according to sex, literacy and employment

Foot Note: M – men, W – Women, T – Total
Source:

Question 28.
Following data relating to export and import (₹ in crores) for the year 2005-2006.

Answer:
Draw multiple bar diagram
Multiple bar diagram of export axed imports (₹ crores)

Question 29.
Compute Arithmetic mean for the following

Answer:
Let X (C.l) and f be the income and number of workers.


X̄ = \(\frac { 458 }{ 54 }\) = 10.409
Mean income of worker is 10.409 (000’s ₹)

Question 30.
Compute Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation from the following data

Answer:
Let X and Y be demanc and supply



There exists high degree positive correlation between demand and supply

Question 31.
Following data relates to a bivariate of x and y : n = 10; Σx = 25, Σy = 40, the regression coefficients of x on y and y on x are 1.203 and 0.42. Find the most probable value of x when y = 3.8.
Answer:

b_xy = 1.230, b_yx = 0.42
To find X when y = 3.8
Regression equation of x only is
(x.x̄) = b_xy (y – ȳ)
x – 2.5 = 1.203 (3.8 – 4)
x – 2.5 = 1.203 × (-0.2)
= -0.2406 + 2.5
x = 2.2594

Question 32.
In a class of 80 students, number of married were 32. But 24 of failed students 10 are married. Find whether marriage and failure of students are independent.
Answer:
Let A married and B failed students and α – unmarried β – passed students.
The 2 × 2 contingency table is :

There exists very low degree of association between marriage and failure, which means independent.

Question 33.
From the following table interpalate missing value:

Answer:

Since 4 known valus of y are given the binomial expansion 4th leading difference
Since 4 known valus of y are given the binomial expansion 4th leading difference
Δ⁴ = 0 ie., (y – l)⁶ = y₄ – 4₇₃ + 6y₂ – 47y₁+ 70 = 0
22 – 4 × 18 +6y₂ – 4 × 16+ 14 = 0
22 – 72 + 6y₂ – 64 +14 = 0
-100 – 6y₂ = 0
y₂ = \(\frac { 100 }{ 6 }\) = 16.7

Question 34.
State and prove the addition theorem of prabability forany two mutually exclusive events:
Answer:
Statement: Let A and B be two mutually exclusive events with respective probabilities P(A) and P(B). Then the probability of occurrence of atleast one of the events is
P (A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B)
Proof: Arandom experiment results ‘n’ exhaustive mutually exclusive out comes, of which m and m7 outcomes are favorable to events A and B.

Then P(A) = \(\frac{m_{1}}{n}\)
P(B) = \(\frac{m_{2}}{n}\) Results (1)
Here the favourable events to occur either A or B are (m₁ + m₂)

P (A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B)
Hence the proof.

Question 35.
If in a class of 4 boys and 3 girls, find the probability of selection 2 students are (i) boys and (ii) girls.
Answer:
n = 2 students can be selects from 4 boys and 3 girls = 7C, ways = 21 ways.
Let P(A) = P(Boys selected)
P(B) = P (girls selected)
(i) p(A) = \(\frac { m }{ n }\) = \(\frac { 412 }{ 712 }\) = \(\frac { 6 }{ 21 }\)

(ii) P(B) = \(\frac { 312 }{ 712 }\) = \(\frac { 3 }{ 21 }\)

Question 36.
A random varable x assumes the vallues 0, 1 and 2 with respective probabilities \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\), \(\frac { 2 }{ 4 }\) and \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\) Find E(x).
Answer:
The given probability distribution of x is

Section- D

IV. Answer any TWO of the following questions. (2 × 10 = 20)

Question 37.
From the following frequency distribution find the coefficient of variation.

Answer:
Let X (Cl) and f be the marks and number of students

Question 38.
Calculate Bowley’s coefficient of skewness for the following data

Answer:
Let X (C.I) and f be the profit and no of firms




The distribution is very low Negative skewness.

Question 39.
For the following Bivariate, frequence distribution compute the Karl person’s n t eg correction and interpret.

Answer:
Let x and y be the age and number of children



There exists a high degree positive correlations between age and number of children

Question 40.
For the following bivariate probability distribution find -γ_xy

Answer:

Section-E

V. Answer any TWO of the following questions. (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 41.
Intossing a coin game, person will get ₹. 5 if he get head other wise he loses ₹2. Find the expected amount.
Ans.
Let x denoted the amount which takes the values 5 and -2 with respective Probabilitis each:
His expceted amount is
E(x)=ΣxP(x) = 5 × \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) – 2 × \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) = ₹1.50/-

Question 42.
For the following ages of kg classchildren prepare a frequency table.
Age (in years) : 2.5, 3.2, 2.8, 2.4, 2.3, 2, 3.1, 3.6, 4.1, 4.9, 3,6, 4.2, 3.7, 3.5, 2.7, 2.8, 2.7, 2.9, 3.4, 4.5, 4.8, 4.6, 4.3, 3.2.
Answer:
The frequency table of ages of KG class children (in years)

Question 43.
Draw frequency polygon based on historgram for the following data.

Answer:
Histagram and frequency polygon

Question 44.
For the following data compute mean deviation from median.

Answer:

Students can Download 1st PUC Computer Science Model Question Paper 4 with Answers, Karnataka 1st PUC Computer Science Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Computer Science Model Question Paper 4 with Answers

Time: 3 Hours 15 Minutes
Max. Marks: 70

PART – A

I. Answer the following questions. (10 × 1 = 10)

Question 1.
Define computer memory.
Answer:
The working place in a computer where all the data and instructions are stored is called memory.

Question 2.
Expand the term OMR.
Answer:
Optical Mark Reader/Recognition.

Question 3.
Define algorithm.
Answer:
An algorithm is a “step by step procedure to solve a given problem in a finite number of steps”.

Question 4.
Who gave the name ‘C++’?
Answer:
The name C++ is given by Rick Mascitti.

Question 5.
What is an input stream?
Answer:
Input stream is a sequence of characters from any input device like a keyboard to the program of a computer.

Question 6.
Give the name of a multi-branch selection statement.
Answer:
The multi-branch selection statement is called as ‘switch-case’ statement.

Question 7.
What is the use of arrays?
Answer:
Use of arrays reduces the creation and use of more individual variables in a program. It also helps to reduce the program length.

Question 8.
Why are arguments used in functions?
Answer:
Arguments are the mechanisms that carry values from calling function to called function.

Question 9.
Define menu in a window.
Answer:
A menu is a collection of options that perform specific activities on document.

Question 10.
What is a filter in worksheet?
Answer:
A filter is an option that allows display of data of user’s choice, by hiding other nonrelevant data.

PART – B

II. Answer any Five of the following questions. (5 × 2 = 10)

Question 11.
What are the inventions of Prof. John Napier and William Oughtred?
Answer:
Prof. John Napier invented a calculating device which is a set of 9 marked rods called “Napier Bones” and the device invented by William Oughtred for computations is the “slide rule”.

Question 12.
What do you mean by soft copy and hard copy?
Answer:

• A soft copy is an electronic copy of data viewed on a computer’s display or transmitted as an e-mail attachment.
• A hard copy is a physical reproduction or representation of the data, such as a printed page or photograph.

Question 13.
Mention the different parts of machine language instructions.
Answer:
The two parts of machine language instructions are opcodes and operand codes.

Question 14.
How are flowcharts classified?
Answer:
Flowcharts are classified as system flow charts and program flowcharts.

Question 15.
Define encapsulation and polymorphism.
Answer:

• The method of combining data, attributes, and methods in the same entity is called encapsulation.
• Polymorphism is a Greek word that means many shapes. In OOP Polymorphism means the ability to take on many forms. The term is applied both to objects and to operations.

Question 16.
Explain lvalue and rvalue. Give example.
Answer:

• L value is the location value and the r-value is the data value of a variable, int age =16;
• L value is the location value of age and 16 is the r-value.

Question 17.
What is the use of isalnumO function?
Answer:
It returns true if the argument is a digit from 0 through 9 or an alphabetic character (either uppercase or lowercase) otherwise returns false.

Question 18.
What is the use of page setup option?
Answer:
The page setup option is used to select the paper size and paper orientation for document printing.

PART – C

III. Answer any Five of the following questions. (5 × 3 = 15)

Question 19.
Define track, sector, and cylinder.
Answer:
Tracks are concentric circles, and sectors are pie-shaped blocks on a track, where data is stored. The set of tracks of a hard disk drive which can be accessed without changing the position of the access arm are called cylinder.

Question 20.
Write the binary equivalent of decimal 28.25, octal equivalent of decimal 165 and hexadecimal equivalent of decimal 345.
Answer:
The binary equivalent of decimal 28.25 is 11100.01
28(, O)=11100(2)


The octal equivalent of decimal 165 is 245(g).

The hexadecimal equivalent of decimal 345 is 159(16).

Question 21.
What is a multitasking operating system? Give an example.
Answer:
In multitasking operating system, several applications may be simultaneously loaded and used in memory. While the processor handles only one application at a particular time, it switches between the applications and simultaneously executes each application. For example, Windows operating system is a multitasking operating System.

Question 22.
Write a flowchart to check whether a given year is a leap year or not.

Question 23.
What is typecast? Mention the types of typecasting.
Answer:
Typecasting is making a variable of one type, such as an int, act like another type, a char, for one single operation. The two types of typecasting are implicit conversion and explicit conversion.

Question 24.
What is cascading in I/O operations? How is cascading useful in output operations?
Answer:
Cascading is a way to extract/insert multiple values from/into more than one variable using one cin/cout statement. Cascading allows the user to use cout one time but use << operator several times, to output many values.

Question 25.
Give explanation of declaration of one-dimensional array with an example.
Answer:
int marks[6];

• Name of the array is marks.
• Type of the array is integer.
• Size of the array is 6. i.e., we can store up to 6 integer values in the array.

Question 26.
How is array of structures declared? Give an example.
Answer:
The array of structure is a collection of array elements in which each element is a structure in the array.

PART – D

IV. Answer any Seven of the following questions. (7 × 5 = 35)

Question 27.
Explain the role of computers in the education field.
Answer:
1. Students use computers for simple word processing that is, to type reports and other documents and to print out the results. This application allows students to revise and edit easily. A computer makes it much easier to redraft a sentence and produce a new printout when compared with producing a handwritten copy.

2. Encyclopedias and other reference works are available on CD-ROMs, which can be searched by the students using the computer in their classrooms or school libraries.

3. Computer-aided instruction (CAI). Interactive programs provide practice in such basic skills as spelling, math computation, and word recognition.

4. The Internet and World Wide Web is a source of information resource, that students may want to access, using their computer at school or home.

5. Computers are used in running school and college administrations, during the admission procedures, storing of official arid student records. They are also used in syllabus planning and decision-making, controlling.

6. Computers are helpful in directing aptitude tests and achievement tests, at the time of entrance exams. They also process records of salaries, examinations, schemes of examination, printing of papers and question papers, evaluation of answer sheets, mark sheets, and certificates.

Question 28.
Write a note on BCD and Excess-3 code.
Answer:
1. Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) code:
In this code, each decimal digit is represented by a 4- bit binary number. BCD is a way to express each of the decimal digits with a binary code. In the BCD, with four bits we can represent sixteen numbers (0000 to 1111). But in BCD code only first ten of these are used (0000 to 1001). The remaining six code combinations i.e. 1010 to 1111 are invalid in BCD.

2. Excess-3 code:
The Excess-3 code is also called an XS-3 code. It is a non-weighted code used to express decimal numbers. The Excess-3 codewords are derived from the 8421 BCD code words adding (0011)2 or (3)10 to each codeword in 8421. The excess-3 codes are obtained as follows:
Decimal Number—— >8421 BCD—> Excess – 3

Question 29.
Write a short note on structured programming.
Answer:
Structured ProgrammingrThe concept was contributed by Professor Dijkstra and other colleagues made it popular.
Structured Programming deals only with logic and code and suggests making use of programming structures such as sequence, selection, iteration and modularity in programs.
Features:

1. It focuses on techniques of developing good computer programs and problem solutions.
2. The structures can be repeated within each other.
3. It is most important to consider single-entry and single-exit control in programs and structures.
4. Structured cod – is like a page, which can be read from the top to bottom without any backward references.

Advantages:

1. Programs are easy to write because the programming logic is well organized.
2. Programs can be functionally divided into smaller logical working units (modularity).
3. Modularity helps to easily understand the program, test and debug.
4. Easy to maintain because of single entry and single exit.
5. Eliminates the use of undisciplined controls (GOTO, BREAK, etc.,) in the program.
6. Read from top to bottom makes the code easy to read, test, debug, and maintain.

30. Write the applications of C++.
Answer:

• It is a versatile language for handling very large programs
• It is suitable for virtually any programming task including development of editors, compil-ers, databases, communication systems and any complex real life application systems
• It allows us to create hierarchy-related objects, so we can build special object-oriented libraries which can be later used by many programmers
• While C++ is able to map the real-world problem properly, the C part of C++ gives the language the ability to get close to the machine – level details
• C++ programs are easily maintainable and expandable.

Question 31.
Write the syntax of if-else-if statement and the flowchart representation of if-else-if conditional structure.
Answer:

Question 32.
Write a program to check whether a given number is power of 2 using while state¬ment.
Answer:

Question 33.
Write a C++ program to find the sum of all the rows and sum of all the columns in a matrix.
Answer:

Question 34.
Explain function call using pass by reference technique with an example.
Answer:
Pass by reference is another way of passing parameters to the function. Pass by reference or call by reference is the method by which the addresses of the variables (actual arguments) are passed to the called function. The symbol is used to refer the addresses of the variables to the called function. The changes made to the formal parameter will change values in the actual arguments.
For example:


Before the function call, the values of a and b were 100 and 200 respectively. After the function, though no values are returned back to the main(), shows the value of a and b as 200 and 100 respectively. This is due to call by reference in which changes made in the formal argument will affect the values in the actual argument.

Question 35.
Write a short note on data menu options.
Answer:
The different options of data menu are sort, filter, validation, subtotal and pivot table options
1. Sort option:
It is used to organize the list of values either in ascending or in descending order. The custom sort allows the user apply multilevel sort to organize the data.

2. Filter option:
It is used to quickly extract certain data from the spreadsheet. It actually hides the rows or columns containing data that do not meet the filter criteria defined by the user. Excel has an AutoFilter feature that makes it very easy to extract data from the spreadsheet.

3. Validation option:
In Excel, the data validation feature helps to control what can be entered in worksheet. Users can use this option to define restrictions on what data can or should be entered in a cell. User can select range of cells and define the value that a cell can contain whether it is a whole number, or date values only, etc., User can also provide messages to define what input user expect for the cell, and instructions to help users correct any errors.

4. Subtotal option:
SUBTOTAL formula is used to find out subtotal of a given range of cells. User has to give SUBTOTAL two inputs

1.  a range of data
2. type of subtotal.
In return, SUBTOTAL will give the subtotal for that data.

5. Pivot table options:
Pivot tables in Excel are versatile reporting tools that make it easy to extract information from large tables of data without the use of formulas. They can be used to summarize, analyze, explore and present the data.

Question 36.
Write a short note on formatting toolbar.
Answer:
It is a toolbar that has the icons that provide the various formatting settings for cells, columns, rows and data in Excel.
For example:
it can allow the user to change the colors of rows, cells, and columns. It allows user to change fonts. It allows to set the alignment for data in cells. It allows to apply borders to cells. It allows user to change the format of numbers, like adjusting the amount of decimals they have or changing them to percentage format. All of these and other things can be done with it.

1. Format Cells Dialog Box:
For a complete list of formatting options, right-click on the highlighted cells and choose Format Cells from the shortcut menu or select Format > Cells from the menu bar.

2. Number tab:
The data type can be selected from the options on this tab. General is selected if the cell contains text and numbers, or a different numerical category if the cell is a number that will be included in functions or formulas. The number tab can be used to limit the number decimal places.

3. Alignment tab:
These options allow the user to change the position and alignment of the data within the cell. For example, right, left, center, vertical alignments, text wrap, etc.,

4. Font tab:
All of the font attributes are displayed in this tab including font face, size, style, and effects. For example, bold, italicize, underline, increase/decrease the font size, changing the color of font, fill, etc.,

5. Border and Pattern tabs:
These tabs allow users to add borders, shading, and background colors to a cell.

Question 37.
What is meant by webpage, web site, web browser, URL, and TCP/IP?
Answer:
1. A web page is a FITML document or resource of text, images, and videos that is suitable for the World Wide Web, whereas website is a collection of web pages.

2. Web browser is a software application program used to locate and display Web pages. The most popular browsers are google chrome, Microsoft Internet Explorer and Firefox.

3. URL is the global address of documents and other resources on the World Wide Web. For example, http://www.puc.com /index.html

4. TCP is one of the main protocols in TCP/IP networks, whereas the IP protocol deals only with packets, TCP enables two hosts to establish a connection and exchange streams of data. TCP guarantees delivery of data and also guarantees that packets get delivered in the same order in which they were sent.

 

Students can Download 1st PUC Sociology Model Question Paper 4 with Answers, Karnataka 1st PUC Sociology Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Sociology Model Question Paper 4 with Answers

Time: 3 Hrs 15 Min
Max. Marks: 100

I. Answer the following in one sentences each: ( 1 × 10 = 10 )

Question 1.
Mention any one specific literary source of ancient though.
Answer:
Vedas, Upanishads.

Question 2.
Define theological stage.
Answer:
Theological stage in this stage all human thoughts were guided by religious ideas and faith in the supernatural powers.

Question 3.
Name any one Book written by Spencer.
Answer:
’’Social Static”, “Principles ofEthics” etc.

Question 4.
Who introduced the Man is a social animal.
Answer:
Aristotle recognized the term man is a social animal.

Question 5.
Give an example of vertical group.
Answer:
Economic classes, upper, middle and lower classes and caste group.

Question 6.
Write the types of societies.
Answer:
There are two types 1. Pre-Modern and modern societies.

Question 7.
What is conflict?
Answer:
It is one of the forms of struggle between individuals or groups.

Question 8.
Who introduced the concept ‘Cultural day’?
Answer:
Cultural log was introduced by W. F. Ogburn.

Question 9.
State any one primary function of the family.
Answer:
Member replacement and physical maintenance.

Question 10.
Define Social Ecology.
Answer:
Social ecology to carryout studies on how living begins continuously adjust themselves to the environment around them.

Question 11.
What is folkways?
Answer:
According to Land bury says that the “folkways are the typical or habitual beliefs, attitudes and style of conduct observed within a group or community.

II. Answer any ten of the following in two sentences each: ( 2 × 10 = 20 )

Question 12.
Mention any two factors that led to the beginning of sociology.
Answer:

1. Sociology is a categorical and not a normative discipline.
2. Sociology is a pure and not a Applied science.

Question 13.
What are the two types of society introduced by Spencer?
Answer:

1. Militant Society
2. Industrial society.

Question 14.
Define society.
Answer:
According to Maclver and page “Society is the web of relationship”.
According to G. D. M. Cole; “society is a complex of organized association and institutions within the community”. ,

Question 15.
What is rural community?
Answer:
Rural community consist of people living in villages and depending mainly on agriculture and allied occupations. Rural community is homogeneous in nature relatively smaller in size and has a dominance of primary relations.

Question 16.
What is competition?
Answer:
According to Biesanz: “ competition is the stocking of two or more persons for the same goal which is limited so that all cannot share”.

Question 17.
How is socialization a process?
Answer:
The concept of socialization is one of the central concepts in sociology. It is a learning process by which an individual develops into a social being and is able to function in society. Child rearing, formal education, acculturation and role learning are all socializing processes that help to mould individuals to the ways of their society & culture.

Question 18.
List any two secondary function of family.
Answer:
The two functions of secondary family are:

• Economic function
• Educational function
• Religious function
• Recreational function.

Question 19.
State any two types of sources of primary data.
Answer:
The major sources of primary data are observation, interview, questionnaire, and social survey.

Question 20.
What is accommodation?
Answer:
According to Ogburn and Nimkoff: “Accommodation is a term used by sociologists to describe the adjustment of hostile individuals or groups”.

Question 21.
Give two examples for Cultural Change.
Answer:
Education and Family.

Question 22.
What is Bio diversity?
Answer:
It is the existence of a wide variety of species plants, animals and micro organisms in a natural habitat within a particular environment or of genetic variation with in a species. All living organism have maintained their specific quality all find air water and temperature on this earth including micro organisms birds and butterflies, aquatic plants and animals, wild animals like dinosaurs etc. all live on the earth.

Question 23.
What is meaning of Mores?
Answer:
The word “mores” is a Latin term and it represented the ancient Roman’s most respected and even sacred customs.

III. Answer any four questions in fifteen sentences each: ( 5 × 4 = 20 )

Question 24.
Explain the role of August Comte in the development of Sociology.
Answer:
Being one of the pioneers of Sociology, August Comte is the first who introduced the term “Sociology”. Therefore the credit of calling “Father of Sociology” goes to him. August Comte was the first to introduce a new science called “Sociology” and a brief note of his contribution confirms a new era for the study of Sociology.

He used the word “Sociology” for the first time in his famous work “positive Philosophy” during 1839. He called Sociology as the scientific study of society. He wanted that this science of society should explain the laws of the social world like natural sciences explain the laws of the physical world.

August Comte insisted that the study of society needs scientific method with objectivity. He believed that theoretical science of society and a systematic investigation of behaviour were needed to improve society.

August Comte divided Sociology into two parts. They are : (1) Social statics and (2) social dynamics. Social statics deals with major institutions such as family, economy, religion, etc. Social dynamics deals with the issue of social change and social progress. Now these words are called in the name of social structure and social change respectively.

According to August Comte, there is a direct relation between intellectual ity and social progress. Related to this he explains law of three stages. They are:

1. The Theological stage: During this stage all human thoughts were guided by religious ideas and faith in the supernatural powers. It emphasises the belief that everything is attributed to a particular God.

2. The metaphysical stage: During this stage, all human thought were guided by “abstract forces” like nature. It is almost like philosophical inquiry into the nature.

3. The positive or scientific stage: This is what the stage that everything based on intellectual way of thinking, looking the world. Through this theory Comte tried to establish the fact that man became more and more rational and scientific in his approach. Comte introduced a theory of classification of sciences. Through this theory, he emphasized that there is interrelation and interdependence of social sciences.

August Comte as a supporter of the moral order in the society says that sociologists have taken responsibility of priesthood of humanity and should solve the problems of the society. August Comte’s contribution to literature are “Positive Philosophy” and “Positive Polity”.

Question 25.
Explain the characteristics of community.
Answer:
Characteristics of community:

1. Stability or Relative Permanence: A community is not temporary group like a crowd or a mob. It includes a permanent life in a definite territory. As along as there is life on the earth, people continue to reside permanently all through their life in the communities.

2. Naturalness: Communities are normally established in a natural way. They are not deliberately created. They are not made by planned efforts. The members of a community are the individual who are born in a community. As people live over a period of time in a particular territory naturally the community feeling develops.

3. Size of the community: Community has no certain size. A community may be big or small. A village is small community where as a city is a big one. A city and a village may be included in a wider community called the district. Hence there are communities within communities. Nation as a big community, may include communities like, Village, towns cities etc.

4. Social Control: Every community has its own rules and regulations to control the relationship of its members. The nature of this regulation depends very much on the nature and type of the community. For example. In the rural and tribal communities informal means of regulations such as customs, folkways, mores, beliefs, rites and rituals etc are enough to exercise social pressure on the behavior of the people.

5. A Specific Name: Every community has some particular name, whether community is – a village or a city or a tribe it has its own name and identity, on the basis of these one community is distinguished from the other.

Question 26.
Co-operation has becomes an inseparable aspects of our modern social life ? Explain
Answer:
The importance of Co-operation are:

1. Co-operation is Universal and Continuous: It is a form of social process is not only universal but also continuous. Co-operation makes possible same understanding and adjustment between individuals and groups without which social life is impossible. Co-operation is hailed as the very basis of the communication life of men.

2. Perception of common goals: Individual indulging in Co-operative interaction are aware of some goals. The goal may be winning a victory in a battle, winning a hockey match, students making a combined study and so on perception of a common goal often draws people together.

3. Collective work for common rewards: Co-operation involves combined or collective efforts, rewards are normally shared by them, for example the reward may be match victory or profit shared in an industry.

4. Co-operation is not necessarily unselfish: It is generally believed to be unselfish, but men may also find that their selfish goals are best served by working together with their fellows. Groups may Co-Operate for self-advancement as in the case of a monopoly or mutual protection, or for the welfare of all groups.

5. Essential conditions of Co-operation:According to Young and Marck Co-operation takes under some conditions. They are as follows. Firstly, Co-operation requires a motivation to seek a goal. Secondly, people must have some knowledge of the benefits of Co-operative activity. This requires some kind of education and must have a favorable attitude towards sharing both the work and the rewards involved.

6. Psychological qualities necessary for the developing Co-operative attitudes: Co-operation requires sympathy and identification, Sympathy depends upon the capacity of the individual to imagine himself in the place of another, particular when the other person is in difficulties, Mutual aid is another name for Co-operation. Co-operation is possible only when there is like mindedness. Similarity of purpose, mutual awareness, mutual understanding, mutual helpfulness and selfless attitudes.

Question 27.
Explain the meaning of culture.
Answer:
Culture and human society are the two faces of the same coin. They always go together. Culture is the unique feature that differentiates human society from animals. Man is not only a social animal, but also a cultural animal, every man can be considered as a representative of the culture. Therefore culture can also be considered an important agency of social change.

According to Robert Bierstedt “ Culture is the Complex whole that consists of everything we think and do and have as members of society.

According to Malinowski: “culture is the handiwork of man and the medium through which he achieves his ends”.

According to Edward B.Tylor “Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom, language and any other capabilities acquired by man as a member of society”.

Question 28.
Examine socialization as a process.
Answer:
The concept of socialization is one of the central concepts in sociology. It is a learning process by which an individual develops into a social being and is able to function in society. Child rearing, formal education, acculturation and role learning are all socializing processes that help to mould individuals to the ways of their society & culture. Socialization begins almost at birth and continues throughout life.

The human infant comes into the world as a biological organism with animal needs. It is gradually moulded into social being and he learns the social ways of acting and feeling. Without this process of moulding the society could not continue itself, nor could culture exists, nor could the individual becomes a person. This process of moulding is called “Socialization”.

According to H. M. Johnson: “Socialization in the learning process that enables the learner to perform social roles”.

According to Ogburn & Nimkoff: “Socialization is the process by which the individual learns to conform to the norms of the group”.

On the basis of above given definition we can draw the fact that socialization is a learning process by which one acquires the culture of his group. This will help an individual to develop his ‘Self concept. He is converted into an active member of the community.

Question 29.
Explain types of Environment.
Answer:
The word Environment is derived from the French word “Environ” which means all that surrounds us.
Environment which is helpful to man’s existence and progress has been divided into physical, . biological and social environments.

1. Physical Environment: It consists of earth, water, mountains and hills, forests, planets, stars, lakes, minerals sources etc., This is called Physical or Natural Environment. The Physical Environment is not created by man: Hence it is called the Natural environment.

2. Biological Environment: This category of environment includes all living things on earth, for the production and growth of all living creatures, environment is complimentary and protecting.

3. Social Environment: Social Environment is man-made. Social environment is nothing but the collective and cooperative life of human begins. Sociologists feel that “man is a social animal and one cannot live without society”. For the survival of mankind there . must be a cordial relationship with environment.

IV. Answer any four questions in fifteen sentences each: ( 5 × 4 = 20 )

Question 30.
Consider sociology as a pure science.
Answer:
Pure science is a branch for knowledge, without primary concern for practical use. Knowledge for knowledge sake is the main aim of a pure scientist. Scientists, who seek knowledge for its own sake, no more moved by the question of its, utility like the mother and the father who v protect and.nourish their children without calculating their usefulness. Many students researchers of science feel much the same thing about their work. Pure sciences (physics, chemistry, biology, botany, physiology, psychology, anthropology, political science, sociology, etc) are concerned with the advancement of knowledge.

Their main aim is to investigate the underlined principles of the natural and social world which sustain and change in the natural and social order. They are not concerned with the practical applications of their results or curing the immediate ills of natural or social orders. The goal of each natural science, including Sociology, is the formulation of scientific laws.

Sociology is a pure science, not an applied one. The immediate goal of Sociology is the acquisition of knowledge about the human society, not the utilization of that knowledge.

Question 31.
Describe the classification of Co-operation.
Answer:
Types of Co-operation:
The types of co-operation can be discussed in the following ways:

1. Direct Co-operation: In the direct cooperation action the individual involved to do the identical function. Ex. Playing together worshiping together, tilling the field together, taking out a cut from the mud, etc., people do work in company with other members, performance of a common task with joint efforts brings them social satisfaction. ‘

2. Indirect Co-operation: In this case people work individually for the attainment of a common end. People do tasks towards a similar end. This is based on the principle of division of labor and specialization. For ex. Farmers, spinners, weavers, dyers, tailors are different and engaged in different activities. But their end remains the same, that of producing clothes. The modem technological age requires specialization of skill and functions, hence it depends on Co-operation.

Sociologist have also spoken of three other types of Co-operation, namely primary Co-operation Secondary Co-operation and tertiary Co-operation. These types are witnessed in primary groups, secondary groups and between two or more groups respectively.

Question 32.
Discuss the school as an agent of socialization.
Answer:
The School : School is also another important agent of socialization. Teachers in school play a decisive role in molding child’s personality. Since the family in itself is not fully equipped to prepare the child for adult roles, school has an important role to play. In the school the child gets his education which moulds his ideas and attitudes, school transmits not only required and knowledge but also important values such as cooperation, discipline, patriotism, friendship etc. it helps further development of intellectual, emotional and social development already begun in the family. It is a formal agency socializing the child authoritatively.

Question 33.
What do you mean by preservation?
Answer:
The educational system tries to embrace almost all people where they are young and equip them with at least the minimum skills of literacy and numeracy education.

Preservation function: As the transmission of culture is needed for the preservation of social order, it is also called the preservation function of education. Social structure persists only with the aid certain values and these values have to be handed down to the next generation. When the values and skills become absolute with the passage of time replacing them with new vistas is also a major function of education. With the growth of modem economy and the complexity of socio-economic structure.

This is usually achieved through the political and administrative apparatus. The knowledge, skill and values acquired through education not only meet the economic needs of society, but also permeated with a social ‘content corresponding to the existing socio-economic and political structure and the consequent social stratification and distribution of power in society.

Question 34.
Explain how desire for stability resist change.
Answer:
Desire for stability: Society and its functions go smooth with required stability. Individuals are safe in stable society. Change disturbs the balance in present society. Often change brings insecurity to people in society. Common men feel

1. No guarantee in new social system
2. New things may bring pain.
3. Pleasure and comforts may not exists in new
4. Wants to maintain present status

Therefore, members in stable conditions do not accept change. Desire for stability is guard against change.

Question 35.
What are the effects of Global warming?
Answer:
The effects of Global warming: Mother earth is the essence for the birth and fastening of all living creatures. The earth’s temperature increases when water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, other harmful gases get collected in environment and when these gases do not find, an outlet naturally increase the earth’s temperature.

The whole ecological system is endangered by global warming. Wind movement is affected untimely rains, increase in temperature are the changes that occur.

It is a serious responsibility of the civilized world to control global warming and green house effects. Preventive measures to be under taken to control warming to protect the environment from greenhouse effects should be impose strict laws on the excessive use of fuels. Use of chloro-phoro carbon chemicals should be banned totally.

V. Answer any two of the following in twenty-five sentences each: ( 2× 10 = 20 )

Question 36.
Examine the subject matter of Sociology.
Answer:
Alex Inkle’s in his book “what is Sociology?”-has provided a general outline of the fields of Sociology on which there is considerable agreement among sociologists. It could be presented in the following manner:

1. Providing a sociological analysis of human culture and society: The major concern of Sociology is human society and its culture. A sociologist seeks to provide an analysis of human society and culture with sociological perspective. He evinces interest in the evolution of society and tries to reconstruct the major stages in the evolutionary process. An attempt is also made to analyse the factors and forces underlying historical transformations of society. Due importance is given to the scientific method that is adopted in the sociological studies.

2. Analysing the primary units of social units of social life: s has given sufficient attention to the study of primary units of social life. In this area it is concerned with social acts and social relationships, individual personality, groups of all varieties, communities(urban, rural and tribal), association organisations and population. –

3. Studying the nature and functions of basic social institutions: Socia institutions constitute the basic fabric the society. Any social system is built on the foundation of social institutions. Institutions such as – the family and kinship religions and morality, economic and political, legal and educational, scientific and aesthetic, recreational and expressive, medical and welfare, etc., serve the most important needs of man. Sociology develops deep into the study of the origin and development, structure and function, changes and challenges of a wide variety of social institutions.

4. Sociology throws light on the fundamental social processes: Human society is neither static nor uniform. It is dynamic and diverse. This dynamic element in society is reflected by what are known as social processes. They reveal the way in which human interaction assume different patterns and courses in social life. The social processes such as co-operation and competition, accommodation, and assimilation, social conflict and communication, social differentiation and stratification, socialisation social control and deviance, social integration and social change, etc., assume prominence in sociological studies.

Question 37.
Define association. Explain its characteristics.
Answer:
In day to day life, associations and institutions are used very commonly, sometimes these words are used inter changeably to mean one and the same. But in Sociology these words have specific meaning.

Characteristics of association:

(a) Association – A Human Group: An association is formed by people. It is basically a social group. Without people there can be no association. However all groups are not associations. Because an association is basically an organized group. An unorganized group like a crowd or a mob cannot be an association.

(b) Specific Interest or Interests: An association is not only collection of individuals. But also consists of those individuals who have more or less the same interests. According those who have political interests may join political parties and those who have sports
interest may join sports association and so on.

(c) Co-operative spirit: An association is based on the co-operative spirit of its members, people work together to achieve common purpose. For example: Workers to work together on a co-operative basis in order to fulfill their objective of getting good working conditions.

(d) Organized Group: Association is not just a collection of individuals. It is an organized collections for some specific ends, organization gives stability and proper shape to an association, organization refers to the way in which the. status and roles are distributed among its members.

(e) Regulation of Relations: Every association has its own rules and regulation applicable to its members. These are called associational norms. Organization depends on this elements of regulation. Association reports to formal or informal means to regulate the relations of its members. For Example: Family through the institution of marriage controls the sexual behavior of its members, professional organization have formal norms to control members.

(f) Element of Stability:An association may be permanent or temporary, there are some long standing association like the political parties, trade union etc. some associations may be purely temporary in nature, Example: Association that are established to felicitate some great writers, scientists and religious leaders.

Question 38.
Briefly explain the general characteristics of family.
Answer:
The basic unit of the social structure in every society is the family. It associated with such
emotive issues as love, marriage, home and child bearing.

According to Macular and Page “Marriage is a durable association between husband and ‘ wife for procreation and upbringing of children and requires social approval”.

The characteristics of family are:

1. Family is an Universal: As stated earlier, the family is the most permanent and pervasive of all social institutions. All societies both large and small, primitive and civilized, ancient and modem, have institutionalized the process of procreation of the species and the rearing of the young. It is a permanent and universal institution and one of the constants of human life.

2. Biological Basis of the Family: The institution of the family is to be explained in terms of biological factor-the existence of two sexes and the sexual character of reproduction in the human species. It appears as s natural answer to the human sexual drive, a phenomenon solidly based in the biology of the human organism.

3. Limited size: Family is defined as a primary group. It may include parents and their unmarried children or parents and their children. The bonds that the together these limited number of members with limited common interests are the outcome of emotional factors such as love, mutual affection and solicitude. This emotional basis of the family makes it an ideally suitable primary social group in every society.

4. Common Residence and Nomenclature, satisfy basic needs: The family is one of the most durable of all social institutions. Each family has s residence, an address and a name, a family can mean two quite different things depending upon the vantage from which we view it. Each family has common habitation for its living. Without a dwelling place, place the task of child bearing and rearing cannot be adequately met. however, family has a wider meaning than mere household since a family can be spread out geographically sometimes but yet emotionally, socially and legally be known as a family.

Question 39.
Analyze the nature and importance of Competition.
Answer:
Competition plays an important role in social life. Competition pe functions in society.

The major types are:

(a) Social Competition: People always compete to get into higher status and position, competition of this kind is mostly observed in open societies. Wherever individual ability, merit, talents and capacities are recognized.
Seticiogy (I FUC) :

(b) Economic competition: the most important and at the same time the most vigorous forms of competition is the economic competition. It is witnessed in the processes of production, distortion and consumption of goods

(c) Political competition: In the modern world competition for political power is always present. Political parties are always engage in Competition to secure power. Such a competition becomes apparent especially during elections.

(d) Cultural competition: Some sociologists have also spoken of cultural competition. It may take place between two or more cultural groups. Human history provides various example of such a competition.

(e) Racial competition: Competition may also take place between racial groups such as the Blacks and the Whites, Aryans and Dravidians etc.

IV. Answer any two of the following in fifteen sentences each: ( 2 × 5 = 10 )

Question 40.
Explain functions of competition.
Answer:
Importance or function of competition
Competition plays an important role in social life. Competition performs a number of useful functions in society. Some of them may be noted here

1. Source of motivation: Competition is a source of motivation for the individuals. It makes the individual to show his ability and express the talent. It increases individual efficiency.

2. Assigns statuses to the individuals: Competition assigns individuals their respective place in the social system. Social status and competition are always associated.
Some people complete with others to retains their status, other complete to enhance their status.

3. Provides for new experiences: As Ogbum and Nimkoff has pointed the individuals better opportunities to satisfy their desires for new experiences and recognition. As far as the group is concerned competition means experimental charge.

4. Competition contributes to Socio-economic progress: Fair Competition is conductive to economic as well as social progress. It even contributes to general welfare because it spurns individuals and groups on to exert their best efforts. When the Competition is directed to promote the general interests of community as a whole, it can bring about miraculous results.

5. Provides for social mobility: As far as the individual is concerned. Competition implies mobility and freedom. The spirit of Competition helps the individual to improve his social status.

Question 41.
Explain the role of Herbert Spencer in the development of Sociology.
Answer:
Herbert Spencer is one of pioneers of Sociology and it has been described Herbert Spencer’s. Sociology as socially Darwinistic. Herbert Spencer has been called as “Second Father Sociology”.

Being a famous evolutionist, Spencer was very much influenced by Charles Darwin’s book “The origin of species”. He tried to apply the theory of Biological evolution to Sociology. Spencer used the concept of evolution of animals to explain the evolution of society and he compares the society to human organism. His theory of organic analogy was very much popular earlier even though it has been rejected now. Spencer claimed that man’s mind has evolved in the same way from the simple automatic responses of lower animals to the process of reasoning in the thinking of man.

Spencer believed in two kinds of knowledge: knowledge gained by the individual and knowledge – gained by the race. He also developed a theory of two types of society. They are (1) militant society (2) industrial society. These are corresponded to the evolutionary progression. Thus according to him society is changing from simple form to complex form. Spencer stressed that the whole society should be considered as a unit of society.

According to him the different parts of society are interrelated and interdependent, not only the parts influence the whole system, but also the whole system influences the parts. While explaining the stages of the development of society his attitude of comparison draws a special attention.

Major works of Herbert Spencer are “Social Statics”, “First Principles”, “Principles of Ethics”, “The Man Versus State”, “The study of Sociology”, Principles of Sociology”.

Question 42.
Analyze the consequences of social change.
Answer:
Change is inevitable. Both Man and society must agree to face the changes. Human history, explain the struggle of man and society against the consequences of social change. Social change bring two types of changes one is positive change, which helps human life. Other type is negative in direction for which man show his resistance. Social development, social progress, social reformations can be listed as positive changes. Threat by natural calamity, environmental imbalance Ecological crises, war, pests, famine are the examples for change in negative direction in society.

Change in one aspect bring change in another parts of society. Direct change can be observed immediately but indirect consequences in other part of society is to be studied. Extent of change may be small but its effect is wide, and slowly influences in future. Technological changes created an arena for industrialization urbanization and modernization. Such changes brought new social problems like, slums, housing, rural urban migration. Such new consequences are in India also.

Ogburn explains that material culture changes whereas non material culture changes slow, which bring the consequences like cultural lag society always such a-d by the problems of cultural lag, in simple we always talk about generation gap. After 1947 political changes in India brought many social changes. India accepted democracy.

Conclusion: All changes are not harmful and unjustifiable. Change and resistance to change both are advantageous and disadvantageous. Community should be cautious before it look to change. Specially in adopting new scientific inventions, there is need to study its effect on environment, pollution is a grave problem in modern world. Evaluation is always necessary before adopting artificial change. Change is meaningful and harmful. Society admits or rejects on its need.

Question 43.
Explain the types of Education.
Answer:
According to Durkheim “Education as the socialization of the younger generation and it is a continuous efforts to impose on the child ways of seeing feeling and acting which he could not have arrived at spontaneously. The types of Education Education is a process, as a process, education is a continuous activity that goes on all through one’s life-from birth to death.

This process of humanizing man, developing his personality, transmitting culture from one generation to other, a Spontaneous unfolding of human potentialities, is carried on in all social institutions like religion, peer grouped, neighborhood, family and community etc. on the other hand, what takes place in schools and colleges, the methodical socialization, designed instruction and interaction between socialize and the socializing agent for the education and the educator is what is called formal education. A brief description of types of education as follows:

1. Informal education:
It simply denotes the in deliberate, spontaneous, life long process of learning continuously and universally emanating from all most all social institutions. The process of informal training begins for every one of us in the family.

Family is the first school and the mother is the first teacher is the dictum that sufficiently explains the role of informal education in molding human nature and personality. “Peer Groups” means those groups made up of the age mates or contemporaries of the child, his associates in playground, neighborhood etc.,

2. Formal education:
On the other hand is designed, consciously and deliberately given with a planned pursuit what takes place within the four walls of the school, strictly officially in accordance with the curriculum is format instruction. Time table, syllabi, specialized and compartmentalized knowledge, authority pattern, official structure, by laws, disciplines, hierarchy of teachers and class grades, examination system all reflects the formal design of the school and colleges. As it is with the modem social structure characterized by formal institutions and relations in performing economic, industrial, legal and political regulative functions.