Prasanna

Students can Download 2nd PUC Statistics Previous Year Question Paper March 2016, Karnataka 2nd PUC Statistics Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Statistics Previous Year Question Paper March 2016

Time: 3 Hrs 15 Min
Max. Marks: 100

Section-A

I. Answer any TEN of the following questions: (10 × 1 = 10)

Question 1.
What is a life table?
Answer:
Life table is a tabular presentation of numerical data describing the mortality experience of a cohort.

Question 2.
Define an ‘Index number’.
Answer:
Index number is a statistical measure, designed to show an average change in a variable or group of related variables with respect to time, geographical area or income group etc.

Question 3.
Write the formula for computing Marshall-Edgeworth’s quantity Index number.
Answer:

Question 4.
What is a histogram?
Answer:
The graph of actual values of time series is called Histogram.

Question 5.
What are the values that a Bernoulli variate can take?
Answer:
0,1.

Question 6.
Name the distribution for which standard deviation and variance are equal.
Answer:
Standard Normal distribution.

Question 7.
What is confidence coefficient?
Answer:
The probabilty that the confidence interval contains the parameter is called confidence coefficient (1 – α).

Question 8.
Define critical region.
Answer:
The set of all those values of the test statistic, which leads to the rejection of the bull hypothesis, is called critical region (w).

Question 9.
Write the degrees of freedom while testing independence of attributes in a 2 x 2 contingency table.
Answer:
1 degrees of freedom.

Question 10.
What is chance cause of variation?
Answer:
A small amount of variation for which no specific cause can be observed in the quality of the product, this variation is called as ‘chance causes’.

Question 11.
Define ‘Solution’ in an LPP.
Answer:
A set of real value X = (x₁,x₂,……….x_n), which satisfies the constraints A X(≤ = ≥)b, is called a solution.

Question 12.
What is a two-person zero sum game?
Answer:
In a game of two players, the gain of one player is the loss of the other is called two – person zero – sum game.

Section – B

II. Answer any TEN of the following questions : (10 × 2 = 20)

Question 13.
There was a reord of 4000 live births in a city in a year. The number of neonatal deaths was 100. Calculate the neonatal mortality rate.
Answer:
Neo-natal mortality rate. (N. M. R)

N.M.R = \(\frac { 100 }{ 4000 }\) × 1000 = 25.

Question 14.
Write any two limitations of index numbers.
Answer:

• Many formulae are ased and they give different answers for the index.
• As the customs and habits change from time to time, the uses of commodities also vary.

Question 15.
If P^L₀₁ = 105 and P^P₀₁ = 125, then find P^DB₀₁.
Answer:

Question 16.
Mention all the components of a time series.
Answer:

• Secular trend
• Seasonal variation
• Cyclical variation
• Irregular/Random variation.

Question 17.
Define interpolation and extrapolation.
Answer:
‘Interpolation’ is the technique of estimating the value of the dependent variable (Y) for any intermediate value of the independent variables (X). Extrapolation is the technique of estimating the value of dependent variable (Y) for any value of the independent variable (X) which is outside the range of the given series.

Question 18.
For a chi-square variate with 9 degrees of freedom, obtain mean and mode of the distribution.
Answer:
Given : n = 9; Mean = n = 9; Mode = (n – 2) = 9 – 2 = 7.

Question 19.
Write the values of β₁, and β₂ in a t-distribution.
Answer:
For a t-distribution β₁, = 0 (Non – skewed) and β₂ > 3 (Lepto Kurtic).

Question 20.
Compute SE(p₁ – p₂), given n₁ = 80, n₂ = 40, P₁ = 0.8 and P₂ = 0.4
Answer:

Here P₁= P₀₁ ; P₂ = P₀₂ and Q₀₁ = 1 – P₀₁ = 1 – 0.8 = 0.2, Q₀₂ = 1 – P₀₂ = 1 – 0.4 = 0.6

Question 21.
Define Null and Alternative hypothesis.
Answer:
Null hypothesis is a hypothesis, which is being tested for possible rejection, assuming that it is true. (H₀) null hypothesis is rejected, is called alternative hypothesis (H₁).

Question 22.
Compute the lower and upper control limits for X̄-chart when X̄₁ =40, σ₁ = 6 and A = 1.342
Answer:
L.C.L = X̄¹ – Aσ¹ = 40 – (1.342 × 6) = 31.948 U.C.L = X̄¹ + Aσ¹ = 40 + (1.342 × 6) = 48.052

Question 23.
The objective function and two solutions of an LPP are Max Z = 200x: + lOOy and A(0,18); B (12,0). Find the optimal solution.
Answer:
Z_A = 200(0)+100(18)= 1800, Z_B = 200 (12)+100(4) = 400
Z_B is maximum and so, the optimal solution is at B: n = 12, y = 0.

Question 24.
Define pure and mixed strategy in a game.
Answer:
Pure strategy of a player is the pre-determined decision / Rule to adopt a specified course of action irrespective of the course of action of the opponent.

Mixed strategy of a player is his pre-decision to choose his course of action according to certain pre-assigned probabilities.

Section – C

III. Answer any EIGHT of the following questions : (8 x 5 = 40)

Question 25.
Compute the net reproduction rate from the following data :

Answer:

W.S.F.R – Women specific fertility rate

W.S.F.R(15 -19) = \(\frac { 1250 }{ 50,000 }\) × 100 = 25

N.R.R = 5 × 120 = 600.

Question 26.
Calculate weighted GM price index number for the year 2014 from the following data.

Answer:

Question 27.
What is a consumer price index number? Write any four of its uses.
Answer:
Cost of living index number/consumer price index number is the index number of the cost met by a specified class of consumers in buying a basket of goods and services.
Uses:

• It is commonly used in fixation of salary, dearness allowances to the employees.
• They are used by govt, in formulation of price policy, wage policy and general economic policies.
• They are used in evaluation of purchasing power of money and deflating the money.
• They are used for comparing cost of living of different classes of people.

Question 28.
Compute 4 – year moving averages from the following data :

Answer:
Let X and Y be the year and profit.

Here
4YMT-4 yearly moving total.
4YCMT – 4 yearly centered moving total.
4YCMA – 4 yearly centered moving average.

Question 29.
Interpolate the number of workers earning wages Rs. 775 per day from the following table.

Answer:
Let X and Y Wages and no.of workers.
Here the no. of Known values of Y are n = 15 , so prepare leading differences upto Δ₄

Here ‘Y’ value to be determine for X = 775. The Newton’s formula of interpdation is.

= 50 + 125 + 46.875 + 4.6875 – 1.5625
Y₇₇₅ = 225 are the number of workers earns wages ₹.775 per day.

Question 30.
40% of the buttons manufactured by a firm are found to be defective. In a random sample of six buttons, find the probability of getting.
(i) exactly 4 defective buttons
(ii) more than one defective button.
Answer:
Let X be the number of buttons manufactured is a Binomial.
Variate with parameters n = 6 and p = 40% = 0.4, so q = 1 – p = 0.6. Then the probability mass function is:
p (x) = ⁿC_x p^x q^n-x= 0, 1, 2 ……. n.
= ⁶C^x (0.4)^x (0.6)^6-x; x = 0, 1, 2 6.
(i) P(exactly 4 defective buttons) = p(x = 4)
= ⁶C₄ (0.4)⁴ (0.6)^6-4 = 15 × 0.0256 × 0.36 = 0.1382

(ii) P(more than 1 defective button) =p(x > 1) = 1 -p(x = 0)
= ⁶C₀ (0.4)⁰ (0.6)^6-0 = 1.1. 0.466 = 0.0466.

Question 31.
There are 20 marbles in a box, out of which 12 are red coloured and the rest white coloured. A child picks 6 marbles at random. Find the probability that the child gets 4 red coloured marbles.
Answer:
Let x be the number of red coloured marbles picked is a Hypergeometric variate with the parameters a = 12 (Red), b = 20 – 12 = 8 (White) and n – 6 (picked, then the p.m.f is:-)

Question 32.
Among 400 randomly -selected persons of a city, 280 like ice-cream. Test at 1% level of significance that 50% of the people in that city like ice-creams.
Answer:
Linking ice-cream is an attribute, so use test for proportion.
Given: n = 400, x = 280 (ice cream liked)
∴ Sample proportion : p \(\frac{x}{n}=\frac{280}{400}\) and
P₀ = 0.5 (50% people like ice cream): α = 1%
H₀: 50% people like ice cream (i.e., P₀ = 0.5)

H₁ : people liking ice cream differ from 50% (i.e., P₀ ≠ 0.5 ) {two tailed test ±K)
under H₀ the test statistic is :

At α = 1% the two tail crtical values are ±K = ± 2.58
Here Z_cal lies in Rejection Region (R.R)
∴ H₀ is rejected and H₁ is aceepted.
conclusion: P₀ ≠ 0.5 : people liking ice cream differ from 50%.

Question 33.
From the following, test whether mean of the first population is greater than the mean of the second population. (Use α = 5%)

Answer:
Given: n₁ = 10, n₂ = 12, x̄₁ = 62, x̄₂ = 55, S₁² = 16 and S₂² = 25 (S² sample variance). Here n₁, n₂ < 30 use small sample, t-test for equality of means, α = 5%

H₀: Means of first and second population are same (i.e., µ₁, = µ₂)
H₁ : Mean of first population is greater than mean of second population (i.e., µ₁ > µ₂) {upper tail test ±k}
under H₀ the t-test statistics is:-

At α = 5% for (n₁ + _2-2) = 10 + 12 – 2 = 20 d.f the upper tail critical value k = 1.73
Here t_cal lies in rejection region (R.R)
∴ H₀ is rejected and H₁ is accepted.
Conclusion: Mean of first population is greater than second population (µ₁ > µ₂)

Question 34.
Twenty rolls of different types of cloth contained the following number of defects in each roll : 2, 4, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 2, 3, 6, 4, 8, 2, 4, 5, 2, 3, 1, 2, 4.
Calculate the control limits for C-chart.
7; SC
Answer:
Standard is not known, for c-chort we need \(\overline{\mathrm{C}}=\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{C}}{k}\) = C – no. of defects and k = 20 rolls.
∴ C̅ = \(\frac { 75 }{ 20 }\) = 3.75. The control limits are:-
C.L = C = 3.75;
L.C.L = \(\overline{\mathrm{C}}-3 \sqrt{\overline{\mathrm{C}}}=3.75-3 \sqrt{3.75}\) = 3.75 – 5.8094 = -2.0594 = 0
U.C.L = \(\overline{\mathrm{C}}+3 \sqrt{\overline{\mathrm{C}}}=3.75+3 \sqrt{3.75}\) = 9.5594.

Question 35.
For the following transportation problem, find the initial basic feasible solution by Matrix Minima Method and obtain the cost associated with the solution.

Answer:
By matrix minimum method, the first allocation is made at the least cost cell as below:

Here Σa ₁ = 560 = Σb_j T.R is balanced.
Lest cost is 4 at (3, 3), allocated as: X₃₃ = min (110,330) = 110, ‘C’ is satisfied So, delete and replace 330 by (330 -110) = 220

Next least cost is 5 at (2, 1) allocate as: X₂₁ = min (100, 80) = 80. 1 is satisfied and delete. Replace 100 by (100 – 80) = 20.
Next reduced table is:

The least cost in the reduced cost matrix is 8. Allocate as:- X₂₂ = min (20, 150) = 20. B is satisfied and delete, replace 150 by (150 – 20) = 130.

Next allocate at (1,3) as X₁₃ = min (350,220) = 220. Ill satdisfied and the last allocation of the remaingcell is: X₁₂ = min (350-220,130) = min (130,130)= 130.
The suggested initial basic feasible solution and its cost is:-

Question 36.
A machine costs Rs. 8,000. Its maintenance cost and resale value per year are given

Determine the optimal replacement age of the machine.
Answer:
Given: P = 8000, the given data can be written as bellow:

From the above table the A(n) – Annual average maintenance cost is minimum for the year n = 5 is the optimal replacement age of the machine. A(5) = ₹ =2976.

Section – D

IV. Answer any TWO of the following questions : (2 × 10 = 20)

Question 37.
From the following data calculate the Standardised Death rate. Hence find the locality with healthier population.

Answer:
Let A, B – be the Age specific death rates of locality A and locality B and Ps be the standarc population.


For locality A: As (OR (< 20) = \(\frac { 81 }{ 9000 }\) × 1000 = 90, similarly can be calculated for other age groups.
For locality B: A.S.D.R (< 20) = \(\frac { 80 }{ 8000 }\) × 1000 = 10, similarly can be calculated for other age

groups.
Conclusion: Here S.D.R. (A) < S.D.R (B), so locality A is healthier population than localite B.

Question 38.
For the following data, compute Fisher’s price Index number. Show that Fisher’s Index number satisfies Time reversal and Factor reversal tests

Answer:
Expenditure – Base year = p₀ q₀, current year – p₁ q₁

Question 39.
Find a parabolic trend of the form Y = ax + bx + cx² for the following time series.

Answer:
Let x and y be the year and students strength.

Here X̄ = middle most year = 2012
From the normal equation: na + b Σx + c Σx² = Ey
5a + b.0 + c.10 = 53; 5a + 10c = 53 ………. (1)
From: a Σx + b Σx² + c Σx³ – Σxy; a.0 + b.10 + c.0 = 0
10 b = 0 ∴ b = 0.
And from: a Σx² + b Σx³ + c Σx⁴ = Σx²y; a. 10 + b.0 + c.34 = 120
i. e., 10a + 34c = 120 …….(2)
From (1) and (2)

∴ c = 1. put c = 1 in (1) we get 5a +10 (1) = 53, 5a = 53 – 10
a = \(\frac { 43 }{ 5 }\) = 8.6.
The fitted parabolic trend equation is: ŷ = a + bx + cx²
ŷ = 8.6 + 0x + 1x²; ŷ = 8.6 + x²

Question 40.
Fit a Poisson distribution to the following data and test the goodness of fit at 5% level of significance

Answer:
Let X be the number of mistakes is a poisson variate with λ is obtained as below:- let f be the no of pages, then from the frequency disribution:



The fitted theoretical and observed frequency distribution is:- (Approximated)

χ² -TEST: H₀: poisson distribution is good fit (0_i = E_i)
H₁: poisson distribution is not a good tit (0_i ≠ E_i
Under H₀, the χ²-test statistic is:-

Here λ is estimated from the data and so d.f. will be (n – 1 – 1) = (n – 2)

∴ χ_cal² = 1-8309
At α = 5% for (n – 2) = 6 – 2 = 4d.f the upper tail critical value k₂ = 9.49.
Here χ_cal² lies in acceptance region.
∴ H₀ is accepted
Conclusion: Poisson distribution is good fit (0_i = E_i).

Section – E

V. Answer any TWO of the following questions: (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 41.
The distribution of monthly income of Rs. 5,000 workers of a factory follows Normal distribution with mean Rs. 10,000 and standard deviation Rs. 1,000. Find the probability of the number of workers.
(i) having income more than Rs. 9,000
(ii) having income in between Rs. 8,500 and Rs. 12,000.
Answer:
Let x be the monthly income is a normal variate with the parameters μ= 10,000 and σ = 1,000 and N = 5000. Then S N.V is


(i) P(income more than ₹9000) = P(X > 9000)

No. of workers = 0.8413 × 5000 = 4206.5

(ii) P(income between ₹ 8500 and ₹ 12,000) = p(8500 < x < 12000)


= Area from (-1.5) to ∞ – Area from 2 to ∞
= 0.9332 – 0.0228 = 0.9104
No. of Workers = 0.9104 × 5000 = 455.2.

Question 42.
Samples of electric lamps manufactured by two firms gave the following results :

Test at 5% level of significance whether the average life of bulbs manufactured by firm A is les than the average life of bulbs manufactured by firm B.
Answer:
Given: n₁, = 120, n₂ = 160, x̄₁ = 2540, x̄₂ = 2600 S₁ = 96, S₂ = 108, α = 5%
H₀: average life of firm A and firm B is same (i.e., μ₁ = μ₂)
H₁ : Average life of firm A is less than firm B (i.e., μ₁ < μ₂) {Lower tail test}
Under H₀, the test statistic is:


At α = 5% the lower tail critical value -k = – 1.65
Here Zcal lies in rejection region (R.R)
∴ H₀ is rejected and H₁ is accepted.
conclusion: Average life of lamps of firm A is less than firm B lamps (i.e., μ₁ < μ₂).

Question 43.
A normal variate has variance 100. Twenty random observations of the variate has variance 144. Test at 1% level .of significance whether the variance of the population is 100.
Answer:
Given: σ² = 100: n = 20, S² = 144, a = 1%
H₀: population variance is 100 (i.e., σ² = 100)
H₁ : population variance differs from 100 {i.e., σ² ≠ lOO) (two tailed test)
Under H₀, the χ² – test statistic is:-


At α = 1% for (n – 1) = 20 – 1 = 19 d.f the two tail critical values are k₁ = 6.84 and k₂ = 38.6
Here χ_cal² lies in acceptance region (A.R)
∴ H₀ is accepted.
Conclusion: Population variance = 100 (i.e., σ² = 100).

Question 44.
The demand for an item is 7,000 units per year. The cost of placing an order is Rs. 300 per year. The holding cost is Rs. 10 per unit per year. The shortage cost is Rs. 3 per unit per year. Find
(i) Economic Order Quantity
(ii) Minimum annual average inventory cost.
Answer:
Given: R = 7000, c₃ = 3000, c₁ = 10 and c₂ = 3
c₂ is given, so use EOQ model II
(i) Economic Order Quantity: EOQ =

= 648.074 × 2.0816= 1349.03 items/year

(ii) Min. Annual average invertory cost:

= 6480.74 × 0.4804 = ₹ 3113.35 / year.

 

Students can Download 2nd PUC Political Science Model Question Paper 3 with Answers, Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Model Question Paper 3 with Answers

Time: 3 Hrs 15 Min
Max. Marks: 100

I. Answer the following questions in a sentence each. (10 × 1=10)

Question 1.
Which act transferred Power from Company to Crown?
Answer:
The Act of 1857 transferred Power from Company to Crown.

Question 2.
Who was the Chairman of Boundary Commission?
Answer:
The Chairman of Boundary Commission was Sir Cyril Radcliffe.

Question 3.
Expand EPIC.
Answer:
EPIC = Elector’s Photo Identity Card.

Question 4.
Where is the Lai Bahadur Shastri Academy of Administration situated?
Answer:
Lai Bahadur Shastri Academy of Administration is situated at Mussoorie.

Question 5.
Who appoints the members of State Public Service Commission?
Answer:
The concerned Governor appoints the members of the State Public Service Commission.

Question 6.
Who started the newspaper ‘Mooka Nayaka’?
Answer:
B.R. Ambedkar started the newspaper ‘Mooka Nayaka’.

Question 7.
When did the ‘Domestic Violence Act’ come into force?
Answer:
The Domestic Violence Act came into force in 2005.

Question 8.
What is Nation Building?
Answer:
Nation Building is the process of uniting people with a sense of Nationalism.

Question 9.
Mention the root word of ‘Coalition’.
Answer:
The term coalition is derived from the Latin word ‘Coalition’. ‘Co’ means ‘together and ‘Alescere’ means to grow up’.

Question 10.
When did the Constitution of Bhutan come into force?
Answer:
The Constitution of Bhutan came into force on 18^th.

II. Answer any 10 of the following in 2-3 sentences. (10 × 2 = 20)

Question 11.
When was Federal court established in India and where?
Answer:
Federal court was established in 1937 at Delhi.

Question 12.
What is Universal Adult Franchise? Give an example.
Answer:
It is the right to vote given to all citizens after attaining a particular age. e.g. In India, it is 18 years.

Question 13.
What is Single party system? Give an example.
Answer:
Existence of only a single political party in the country, e.g. China.

Question 14.
When is a Coalition Government formed?
Answer:
In the elections, if no single party obtains absolute majority, a few like minded, parties may come together on a common platform to form a Government which is called a coalition Government.

Question 15.
What was the slogan of Dr B.R. Ambedkar?
Answer:
‘Educate, Agitate and Organise’ was the popular slogan of Ambedkar.

Question 16.
What is good governance?
Answer:
Good governance ensures accountability, transparency, efficiency, responsibility and responsiveness.

Question 17.
What is compulsory education?
Answer:
Compulsory education means the obligation of the Government to provide free elementary education and compulsory admission.

Question 18.
Write the meaning of Illiteracy.
Answer:
Illiteracy means the inability of a person to read and write in any language.

Question 19.
What is Brain Drain?
Answer:
In most of the developing and underdeveloped nations, job opportunities are minimal. Educated persons, seeking better living conditions and earning options, migrate to developed countries. So the nations get drained of their intellectuals and face the problem of brain drain. These nations get deprived of their Scientists, Engineers and others.

Question 20.
Define International Relations.
Answer:
According to Ola Joseph- “International Relations are the study of all forms of interactions that exist between members of separate entities or nations within the international system”.

Question 21.
Name any two organs of UN.
Answer:

1. General Assembly.
2. Security Council.

Question 22.
Write any two member countries of NAM.
Answer:
India, Indonesia, Ghana, Egypt.

III. Answer any eight of the following questions in 15-20 sentences each. (8 × 5 = 40)

Question 23.
Write a note on Interim Government.
Answer:
The Interim Government of India was formed on 2^nd September 1946. The constituent Assembly had 389 members. It was drawn from the newly elected Constituent Assembly of India. It had the task of assisting the transition of India and Pakistan from British rule to independence.

It remained in force until 15^th August 1947, when India became independent. The Constituent Assembly became a sovereign body and performed the role of legislature for the new State. It was responsible for framing the constitution and making ordinary laws as well.

Question 24.
Explain the features of Civil Services.
Answer:
Features of Civil Services:-
1. Professional body:
As Herman Finer puts it, Civil Service is a professional body of officials who are, permanent, paid and skilled. It is a whole time job and career service.

2. Hierarchy:
As per the scaler system, each civil servant has to obey his immediate superior, where higher ranking administrative officers with discretionary powers supervise their subordinates. The authority runs from above and helps to make administration stable.

3. Political Neutrality:
Civil Servants refrain always from political activities. They perform their duties without being aligned to any one political regime.

4. Anonymity:
Civil servants work behind the screen and remain anonymous even though they work for the Government. Recognition for good work or censure for any omission goes only to the concerned minister and not to. the civil servants.

5. Impartiality:
The Civil Servants have to apply the laws of the state while performing the duties without showing any favour, bias or preference to any groups or sections of the society.

6. Service motto:
They have to work for the welfare of society. They must be humble and service minded towards the public and not authoritative.

7. Permanent:
Civil Servants are called permanent executives. They discharge duties until they attain the age of superannuation. Both at the central and in Karnataka State Services, the age of retirement is sixty years. Even though disciplinary action is taken as per rules, there is security of service.

8. Jurisdiction of Law:
Every Civil Servant has to function within the prescribed jurisdiction of law. If they cross the limit, they are met with disciplinary actions.

9. Special Training:
Once the candidates are selected for top civil services, they are deputed to in-service training to acquire special skills in administration, like the Lai Bahadur Shastry Academy of Administration located in Mussoorie for the training of the newly appointed IAS officers. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Police Academy located in Hyderabad trains the newly appointed IPS officers.

Question 25.
Write about the composition of Union Public Service Commission.
Answer:
Article 315 provides for the establishment of the Union Public Service Commission. UPSC is an independent constitutional body entrusted with the work of recruitment on the basis of merit.
1. Composition:
At present, the UPSC is composed of a Chairman and 10 members. Members are appointed by the President. It provides for half of the members of the Commission to be administrators with a minimum of the 10 years experience in government service. Nothing is mentioned regarding the qualifications of the remaining members.

2. Tenure:
A member of the Union Public Service Commission holds office for a period of 6 years or till he attains the age of 65 years, whichever comes earlier. Chairman or members of the commission are not eligible for re-appointment after retirement. The Chairman of the UPSC is also not eligible for further employment under Central or State Governments, however, a member of the UPSC may be appointed as a Chairman of the UPSC or the state Public Service Commission.

3. Removal:
The Chairman and members of the UPSC can be removed from the office only by on order of the President, on the ground of misbehaviour proved by the Supreme Court. All these provisions have been made to make the Commission an independent and impartial body.

Functions:
Article 320 of the Indian Constitution enumerates the. functions of the UPSC :

1. To conduct examinations for appointment to the services of the Union and All India Service.
2. To assist two or more states, on request for joint recruitment for any services.
3. To advise the government on matters relating to the methods of recruitment, promotions, transfers, disciplinary actions and inter service matters.
4. To present annual report regarding its working to the President.
5. To exercise such additional functions as provided by an act of Parliament.
6. To serve all or any needs of the State Government on request by the Governor and with the approval of the President.

Question 26.
What are the causes for the rise of identity politics?
Answer:
Identity politics is defined by one’s own identity based on race, ethnicity, gender, language religion. It is the politics of recognition and a movement to claim recognition. A person may have multiple identities but he perceives only a single identity at a time. Movements of lesbians, black civil rights, wave of feminists etc., have brought legitimacy to identity politics.

Causes for the rise of identity politics are as follows:

1. Maladministration leads to the poor economic growth of a particular region or geographical backwardness of the people of a particular ethnic identity.
2. The rise of regional parties has created the local awareness of language or region.
3. Extreme poverty, exploitation, lack of opportunity and threat to existing group privileges to the ethnic groups.
4. Ethnic groups’ fear of assimilation resulting in cultural dilution.
5. Rise in standard of living, literacy and aspiration, socio-political awareness have led to identity politics.
6. Lack of share in natural resources, fear of loss of land, political power and economic growth.
7. Fear of losing scope in educational employment fields.
8. Fear of losing ethnic identities like language and culture.

Question 27.
Describe the role of youth against Terrorism.
Answer:
1. Youth against Terrorism:
Terrorism is used in various forms like international terrorism, domestic terrorism, economic terrorism, cultural terrorism, cyber terrorism etc., Terrorism means deliberately and violently targetting civilians by inflicting physical or mental agony, wound or death that creates fear psychosis, for political gains.

2. Role of youth against terrorism:
The concept of minority leads to fear of attack and results in religious fundamentalism. Hence, both the youth and the society have to pressurise the Government concerned, to create awareness and educate those who are indulging in anti-national and inhuman terrorist activities. Particularly for the youth priority should be given to peace and security of the inhabitants of the country.

Youth have to develop patriotism that is national feeling and involve themselves in constructive activities like nation-building by helping the Government against terrorist and militant activities taking place in their neighbourhood which is their prime duty.

Youth have to take the initiative within the Jurisdiction of law, to fight against terrorism as it happened in Naxalite prone states like Bihar, Jharkhand and Chattisgarh, where Salwajudum (village army) fought against the Naxalites. Youth must understand the complicated and multi faceted terrorism rationally. They have to isolate the terrorism and inoculate their potential recruits.

A successful counter terrorism action requires a combination of coercive and conciliatory policies. It is the responsibility of the youth to spread the importance of education that saves the younger generation from the clutches of terrorism and communalism as it happened in the case of Ms Malala Yusufa Zai of Pakistan, who survived the terrorist attack.

Question 28.
Explain the nature of Crony capitalism.
Answer:
Crony capitalism is a negative term used to refer to the business dealings carried out by the Government officers in a capitalist economy.
Nature of crony capitalism are as follows:-
1. Favours political authorities:
Crony capitalism is a system in which, close associates of the people in power who enact laws and execute policies, get favours that have large economic impact.

2. Cronies are rewarded:
with the provision to charge higher prices for their output, than would prevail in a competitive market. Funds are funnelled to the enterprises of cronies through government controlled banks.

3. Protection of assets:
Crony capitalism allows Government to guarantee a subset of asset holders that their property rights are protected. As long as their assets are protected, these asset holders will continue to invest as if there were universal protection of property rights.

4. Share in the rents generated by the asset holders:
The members of the Government or members of their families, share the rents generated by the asset holders. This may take the form of jobs, co-investments or even transfers of stock. Crony capitalism goes hand in hand with corruption.

5. The concentration of economic Power:
A few business groups which are cronies, influence state policies and pool their assets in private corporate sectors. Such concentration gives birth to crony capitalism. Crony capitalism is an economic phenomenon with political consequences. In crony capitalism, the Government makes deals in closed doors, without public review and approval.

Question 29.
Explain the democratic movements in Nepal.
Answer:
21^st century is known as the era of democratic movements. These movements in Afro-Asian nations started to overthrow despotic, autocratic and other authoritarian governments. Nepal is a small landlocked kingdom in Southern Asia, lying between India to the south and Tibet to the North. Monarchy was prevalent in Nepal since the 18^th century.

During the rule of Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev, democratic Maoist movements started mainly because of the influence of India and China. Nepal’s democratic experiment suffered a serious setback in December 1960, when the first elected government led by National Congress leader Koirala was dissolved and the whole party activities were banned in Nepal in later parts of the decade which continued till 1979.

In 1980, limited democracy resulted in the creation of a multiparty parliamentary monarchy. The political war was launched by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) in 1996, with the overthrow of the Nepalese monarchy and establishing a people’s Republic. Maoist insurgency began in 1996 and ended with the Communist victory in 2001.

The comprehensive Peace Accord was signed on 21^st November 2006. The crown prince killed king Birendra and the royal family members, bringing the unpopular Gyanendra to the throne. Nepal witnessed a popular movement in 2006. The movement was aimed at restoring democracy.

At the same time, the king reinstated the old Nepal house of Representatives, with an assurance of permanent peace and the multiparty democracy. The king called upon the Seven party Alliance (SPA) to bear the responsibility of taking the nation on the path of national unity and prosperity. The popular Government assumed office on 18^th May 2006 and withdrew all the privileges given to the king unanimously.
The bill included the following.

• Imposing tax on the royal family and its assets.
• Ending the Raj Parishad, a Royal Advisory Council.
• Eliminating Royal references from army and Government titles.
• Declaring Nepal a secular country and not a Hindu kingdom.
• Scrapping the national anthem until a new one is composed.
• Eliminating the king’s position as the supreme commander of the army.

This is popularly known as the “Nepalese Magna Carta”.

Question 30.
Write about the principles and objectives of UN.
Answer:
The Basic principles mentioned in Article 2 of the Charter are:

1. The UN is based on the Sovereign equality of all its members.
2. All members shall fulfill in good faith the U.N Charter obligations.
3. They shall settle international disputes by peaceful means.
4. They have to retain their international relations from the threat or use of force against other states.
5. They have to extend all help to the actions being taken by UN.
6. The UN shall ensure that States who are not members, act in accordance with the principles of UN.
7. The Organisation shall not intervene in matters essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any State.

Question 31.
Describe the political implications of privatization.
Answer:
The political implications of privatisation are as follows:
1. Concentration of Wealth:
Privatisation encourages concentration of wealth in the hands of a few big business groups. It results in great disparities of income and wealth. It goes against the principle of egalitarian society.

2. More profits:
Corporate sectors generate more profits. But they share a meagre percentage with the shareholders. They enjoy the lion’s share out of the shareholders’ investment. As a result, the gap between the rich and the poor gets widened.

3. Bane to local industries:
Local people borrow money from indigenous banks and also get loans from government concerns with subsidised rates of interest to start an industry. Multi-national companies with good financial back up survive even in case of loss.

4. Threat to national interest:
Key areas of a Nation like Defence, Space, Science and Technology are to be retained with the Government: Assigning these areas to private sector may harm National interests.

5. Lack of service motto:
Private firms are concerned more about their profit rather than providing good service conditions to their staff and do not bother about extending welfare programmes to their employees and even to society.

6. No job security:
Private companies extract work from employees as long as they are fit. They ruthlessly sack them when they suffer from ill health or fitness problems. In the long run, they become a burden to the Government. The employees of private sectors suffer from job insecurity and this results in psychological disorders.

Question 32.
Write a note on BRICS.
Answer:
It is important to note that BRICS is the acronym for an Association of five major emerging national economies
like Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The grouping was originally known as “BRIC” before the inclusion of South Africa in 2010.

The BRICS members arc either developing or newly industrialized. They are distinguished by their large fast growing economies and significant influence on regional and global affairs. All five are G-20 members. Presently, South Africa holds the chair of the BRICS group.

Summit level , meetings:
The leaders of RIC Countries. Russian President Valdmir Putin, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Chinese President Hu-Jintao-held the first summit in St.Petersburg on July 17, 2006, as part of the G-8 Summit conference program. Later, Brazil jointed the summit meeting.

The Foreign Minister of the initial four BRIC states met in New York in September 2006. They singled out agriculture, prevention of natural calamities and elimination of their aftermath and promotion of healthcare as the promising areas.

A full fledged diplomatic meeting was held in Yekaterinburg Russia. The summit focussed on the means of improving the global economic situation and reforming financial institutions. In the aftermath of the Yekaterinburg summit, the BRIC nations announced the need for a new global reserve currency, which would have to be “diversified, stable and predictable”.

Question 33.
Write about the role of India in the establishment of SAARC.
Answer:
During 1960’s and 70s the tendency towards regional arrangements became much more prominent despite many hurdles. The emergence of Bangladesh and the Simla Agreement of 1972, became the turning points towards regional cooperation. President Zia-ur-Rahaman discussed the issue of regional co-operation with the new Indian Prime Minister, Moraji Desai.

He had also informally discussed the idea of regional co-operation with the leaders of South Asian countries during the regional and international meetings. Several factors seem to have influenced President Zia-Ur-Rahaman regarding the establishment of a regional organisation in South Asia during 1975-1979.

For Zia-Ur-Rahaman’s successful contribution in the process of Regional Organisations in South Asia, he is called as the founding father of SAARC. Between 1980 and 1983, four meetings at the Foreign Secretary level took place to establish the principles of organisation and identify areas for co-operation. Several Foreign Ministers level meetings were held between 1983 and 1985.

The first meeting of Foreign Ministers in New Delhi was held on 1^st and 2^nd of August 1983. In her inaugural address, the then Prime Minister of India Mrs Indira Gandhi described South Asia as a troubled region and said “I am glad we are making a beginning, we have our political differences, but economic co-operation will give a strong impetus to closer friendship and greater stability in South Asia.

With unity, we can hope to move ahead for future freedom, peace and prosperity.” She also warned that we should be ever vigilant against the attempts of external powers influencing our functioning. SAARC marks the establishment of an Association to promote and develop co-operation. Finally, the first Summit meeting of the Heads of States or Governments of South Asian countries was held at Dhaka on 7^th and 8^th of December 1985.

Its members are 8 countries of South Asia, namely Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Ip 2010, Afghanistan became the 8^th member of SAARC. Six observers of SAARC are China, Japan, European Union, Republic of Korea, United States and Iran.

Question 34.
What are the areas of disputes between India and Sri Lanka?
Answer:
From the mid 1950s to early 1980s, there was hardly any dispute between the two countries on matters of security
and sovereignty. There had been negotiated settlement of bilateral issues e.g. the question of jurisdiction over Kachathivu Island in the middle of the Palk Straits. One of the main disputes between India and SriLanka has been regarding the political status of Tamil people of Indian origin taken to SriLanka by the british as plantation labourers. There are four groups of Sri Lankan Tamil population,

• ancient Tamils in the Jaffna peninsula,
• professional elite Tamil in urban areas
• non-Hindu Tamils and
• Tamil immigrant labour.

The long standing problem of accepting the Tamil speaking population of Sri Lanka as its citizens and giving them
regional autonomy could not be solved. The majority of Sinhalese demanded that Tamils should return to India. They denie citizenship to Tamils by enacting the Ceylon Citizenship Act of 1948. This has disentitled them franchise and others rights.

In 1965 Indian Prime Minister Lai Bahadur Shastri and Sri Lankan Prime Minister Mrs. Sirimao Bandaranaike signed an agreement about Tamils citizenship, but in vain. In 1981, agreement between Indira Gandhi and Sirimao Bandaranaike was not implemented due to the Tamil people’s refusal to return to India.

IV. Answer any 2 of the following in 30 to 40 sentences: (2 × 10 = 20)

Question 35.
Explain the nature of party system in India.
Answer:
Nature :
The nature of Indian party system can. be traced back to the Indian National Movement. Indian National Congress (INC) was founded by A.O. Hume in 1885. It was a forum to unite the people of India to fight against the British Imperialism. Due to ideological differences, Muslim League was founded in 1906.

Other parties like Hindu Maha Sabha, Communist Party of India, Forward Block and Praja Socialist Party etc., emerged in the successive years. Later, in the post independence period, Jan Sangh, Janatha Party, Bharatiya Janatha Party, Janata Dal, Nationalist Congress Party, according to the needs of the time and they started to work to get power etc were floated.

1. Extra Constitutional growth :
There is no reference in the Constitution of India about M how many political parties are to exist in the country. According to Article 19 of the Constitution, all citizens can have the freedom to form associations or unions. Political parties are established on the basis of this liberty. Hence, political parties have no constitutional base.

2. Prevalence of Multi-party system:
India is a divergent country with many religions, tribes, languages, culture and traditions. This heterogeneity leads to the emergence of many political parties to protect their interests in the mainstream of the country.

3. Spilt and merger:
It is a common phenomenon in the Indian party system. Various reasons contributed for this split like ideological differences, egoism, power hunger, etc.

4. End of a single-party era:
India was under Congress rule till 1977. The happenings between 1975-1977, forced small parties to unite and fight against Congress and capture power and put an end to the single-party era.

5. Dissident activities:
Meanness of leaders like personal attitudes, favouritism, nepotism lead to dissident activities. Repetition of such happenings instigates leaders to go against the ideology of the party and paves way to political instability.

6. Defection:
Elected members of the Legislature change their parties often for personal benefits or differences of opinion and other reasons. It ruins the values of democracy and destabilizes the government.

7. Leader worship:
Most of the political parties in India emphasize the leaders rather than the ideologies of the parties. The leader decides the destiny of the political party e.g. Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi of Congress, A.B. Vajpayee of BJR Leaders with charisma dominate the whole party.

8. Alliances without principles:
Political parties are formed with principles of democracy and secularism but they ignore them for want of power and make unholy alliances.

9. Dominance of Regional parties:
The presence of regional parties during the first general elections did not influence the voters and they were rejected. During the 1980s, they emerged very strong and dominated the political scenario, e.g. DMK, ALADMK, Telugu Desam, Shiv Sena, National Conference, AGP, JD(S), RJD, SJP, BJD and other parties playing a significant role during the formation of Governments.

10. Religious, Lingual and Regionalism:
The basis of political parties in India is religion, language, regionalism and the like. e.g. Muslim league, Akalidal, Shiv Sena, DMK, AIADMK, Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti (MES) Telangana Rashtriya Samiti (TRS) and others. In spite of the rules of the Election Commission, such political parties exist.

11. Leftist and Rightist Parties:
Party system in India consists of Leftist and Rightist ideologies, e.g. CPI, CPI (M), Forward Block, RPI and Socialist parties who have belief in revolutionary ideology and drastic changes in the system form the left front. Parties like Congress, BJP, SP, NCP, BSP, RJD, JD (U), JD (S) and others who believe in moderate changes in the system form the right front.

12. The era of the coalition
When no single political party secures absolute majority like minded political parties come together and join as a single largest group to form a coalition Government. The era of coalition started during 1977 when Janata Party came to power headed by Sri Morarjee Desai as Prime Minister at the centre along with other parties. This was followed by National Front, United Front, NDA, UPA etc.

Question 36.
Describe the causes for Labour Movement and explain its political implications.
Answer:
Labourers are those workers who invest their physical labour either on agriculture or industries. The wages they get for their work is their livelihood. But in most of the cases, they are not getting the mininum wages and they work under hazardous conditions which many a times takes their lives as toll. For want of congenial working conditions and adequate wages, they unite together and go for agitations.
Causes:
1. Interest of Labourers:
Generally the industrialists concentrate on their profit rather than on workers and their welfare. Labourers are exploited by way of giving lesser wages, not declaring bonus, extended hours of work, denial of medical facilities, dismissal from service and the like. To overcome such situations, the affected labourers organize and voice their grievances through agitations which leads to labour movement. During 1920 All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) was organised and got legal recognition by the British Government.

2. Negligence towards employees:
The matters concerning to labourers were decided U unilaterally by the Apex body of the Company. Naturally, the interests of labourers were neglected. As a result, hostile relationship was the order of the day.

3. To get facilities:
As the labourers are engaged in monotonous physical strain they need to have a break in between. To get proper facilities for both male and female workers as per their requirements like potable water, cafeteria, toilet facilities, restrooms, creaches, medical facilities etc., movements have started.

4. Welfare programs:
The fate of the companies depends upon the welfare and well being of the workers. To get the social security measures like Bonus, Allowances, Loans, insurance, Free quarters, Transport and Educational facilities, workmen compensation, pension, family pension etc., they came together to form organisations that paved the way for labour movements.

Political Implications:
To meet the demands of work and to provide welfare programmes the Government has taken some measures and they are:-
1. Constitutional measures:
Part IV of the Indian Constitution which deals with the Directive Principles of State Policy directs State Government to adopt socialist measures like equal pay for equal work for both men and women and to provide leave facilities for pregnant women for both prenatal and postnatal care. The Concurrent list empowers the governments to legislate on workers welfare.

2. Government of India has made legislation on personal labour laws as follows:
The labour laws of 1970 have fixed the wages of workers appointed on contract basis. Workmen Compensation
Act of 1923, Salary payment Act of 1936, Weekly Holiday Act of 1942, Minimum wage Act of 1948, Employees State Insurance Act of 1948. Employees Provident Fund Act of 1952, Bonus Act of 1965 are some of the important labour acts.

Some prominent labour orgnisations are:
1. All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC):
With the belief in Socialistic pattern of Society, this started in 1920. It was working as a Labour Union and came under the grip of communists after independence. Its aim was nationalising the industries, protection of labour rights, labour welfare etc.,

2. Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC):
Because of ideological differences, some congressmen came out of AITUC and started INTUC in May 1947 with
the support of Congress party on non-violent philosophy.

3. Bharateeya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS):
Founded by Dattopanth Thengdi for upholding the patriotic spirit among the labour population during 1955 on the Birthday of Sri Bal Gangadhar Tilak. It is not affiliated to any International Trade Union Confederation. An estimated 5860 labour unions are affiliated to BMS and it is one of the largest central Trade Unions of India according to the 2002 statistics of Ministry of Labour.

4. Centre for Trade Union (CITU):
Communist leaders like S.A Dange and E.M.S. Namboodaripad took the stand to oppose the imperialistic attitude of the trade unions. In 1964, Marxists started CITU because of differences between leftist and rightist ideologies of AITUC. West Bengal, Kerala, Tripura are the Marxist strongholds.

5. Other major organisations:
Hindu Mazdoor Sabha (HMS), Hindu Mazdoor Panchayath (HMP), United Trade Union Congress (UTUC) and other organisations are also struggling hard to protect the interests of labourers.

In total, Labour Movements are trying to improve the welfare and standard of living of the workers. The success of these movements can be seen through Government programmes. As Karl Marx said, “Unite the workers of the world, you are going to lose shackles of slavery, but nothing else.”

The celebration of May Day throughout the world on 1^st May of every year proves the significance of labour force and the movement.

Question 37.
Explain the causes for the communalism and write about the measures to eradicate communalism.
Answer:
Communalism is an ideology of the followers of one particular religion, witnessed as a homogenous and distinct group, disrespecting other religions.
cases:
1. Policy of British India:
The discriminatory policies of the East India Company regarding divide and rule destroyed the unity between Hindus and Muslims. It manifested in the Sepoy Mutiny (1857). During the period of Viceroy Lord Curzon, Bengal was divided (1905) on the basis of religion. Communal electorate for Muslims was introduced during the period of Lord Minto. All these intensified the cause of communalism.

2. Hind-Muslim Nationalism:
Communal organizations were formed by separatists. In 1906, Muslim League and Hindu Mahasabha came into existence. Mohammad Ali Jinnah who was called as ‘Muslim Gokhale’ of India was brainwashed by the Britishers. He became the champion of the two nation theory based on religion. Extremists of the Indian National Congress began to assert their demands. These developments created suspicion and distrust between Hindus and Muslims before Independence.

3. Communal Riots:
Large scale communal riots took place in India after Independence. Religious minorities both in India and Pakistan became victims during this situation and were attacked and tortured. Later communal riots occurred in Bhagalpur, Meerut, Kanpur. Lucknow, Ayodhya, Ahmadabad, Mumbai and in many other places. The demolition of Babri Masjid at Ayodhya by a mob on 6th December 1992, largely contributed for the animosity between Hindus and Muslims and the successive events intensified the mistrust between these communities.

4. Politically manipulated:
In India, many issues are politically manipulated by leaders for their selfish gain. This leads to hatred among the communities.

5. Communality in organization:
Different communities in India have established their own organizations based on communality, to support particular political parties in their own interest.

Promotion of secularism and National integration as remedy:
1. Secularism:
The constitution makers adopted secularism in order to create sense of security and equality among different religious groups. The state also follows a policy of neutrality in religious matters. Article 26 provides that every religious denpmination or any section has the right to establish religious institutions and manage their affairs.

In December 2013, the Central Cabinet approved the “Prevention of Communal Violence (Access to justice and Reparations) Bill” to punish the offenders who instigate and indulge in communal riots. It is yet to be passed by parliament.

2. National Integration:
It is the process of uniting people emotionally and politically. India is a land of diversity. It is in a limited sense to call this a single nation because it has various religions, languages, castes cultures etc., So for the success of Indian democracy, promotion of national integration is necessary.

To preserve and sustain National integration many provisions have been adopted in the Constitution, like National integration Council, Zonal Councils, National security Council and armed forces play a greater role in the protection of National integration.

3. Neighbourhood Peace Committees:
The aftermath of Babri Masjid demolition and subsequent communal riots and social tensions in different places and ineffective Governmental measures has made it vital to establish Neighbourhood Peace Committees with eminent or.prominent people as its members. These members must be nominated from each community in riot prone or communally sensitive areas.

The main objectives are arresting and containing social tensions which may flare up communal riots in the neighbourhood areas, taking precautionary measures to prevent the eruption of communal clashes, in the aftermath of conflict restoring normalcy and pacifying affected people, establishing harmonious relationship between the communities and extending all possible help to affected people.

Question 38.
Explain the relationship between India and Russia.
Answer:
Russia is the world’s largest country extending halfway around the globe. To the west, it borders Finland, Norway, Estonia, Latvia and Belarus. The much longer southern frontier extends into Central Asia. India’s relation with the former USSR has been a part of history, but it developed rapidly after the visits of Khrushchev and Bulganin to India and Nehru’s visit to the Soviet Union.

Since 1955, Indo- Soviet relations have reached a new scale and dimension and regarded as a good example of bilateral and inter-state relations. The Soviets have openly declared that Indo-Soviet friendship has become a part of their ‘tradition’. People to people relationship is a comer stone of their foreign policy. Soviet Union contributed immensely for the development of industries and technology in India. The defence ties between the two countries helped India in building a credible defence structure.

Its steadfast diplomatic support in the UN, on the Kashmir and Goa issues, is commendable. The use of Veto-power in the Security Council to support India in 1971 war with Pakistan was crucial. Soviet Russia adopted the Communist ideology and India accepted Democratic Socialism. Despite the ideological differences, the two countries forged a long time Treaty of friendship for 20 years.

Factors of Indo-USSR close ties:

1. Both India and USSR consider that the peaceful settlement of disputes between states as most crucial for the future of human race.
2. Both believe in natural freedom and social equality as prerequisite of just world order.
3. Support to liberation movements across the world are recognized by both the countries.
4. Both Countries opposed all forms of colonialism, imperialism, and racial discrimination.

Thus, India and USSR have realized geopolitical significance and the need to strengthen bilateral ties. This is to ensure the settlement of regional problems and establishment of global peace and prosperity.

1. Disintegration of Soviet Union:
In 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev, the President of USSR introduced economic and political reforms of ‘Perestroika’(restructuring ) and ‘Glasnost (openness). That stopped the arms race with US, withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan, helped the unification of Germany, ended the cold war.

Other weaknesses inherent in the Soviet Union led to the disintergration of USSR and formation of 15 new countries in 1991. India recognized all of them as Sovereign states and established new diplomatic relations. Ten of them joined together to form a new associations with Russia called (CIS) (Commonwealth of Independent States).

2. Bilateral relations:
The new leadership in Russia and other Republics of the erstwhile Soviet Union hold India in high regard due to India’s secular approach to politics, its stable democratic system of assuring rights and equality to all its citizens, self reliant industrial and conomic base and its genuine concern for vital global issues e.g. peace, disarmament, economic development, human rights and democratization of international organization particularly of the UN and its agencies.

Russia continues its support to India to become a permanent member in UN Security Council. India and Russia both have multi faceted relationship involving strategic and high level cooperation. The process of bilateral annual summits has given great impetus to bilateral relations. Indo- Russia cooperation has continued to move stronger on the basis mutual interest, faith, friendship and past relations.

V. Answer any two of the following questions in 15-20 sentences each: (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 39.
List out the States of India. Write a note on Gandhi Jayanthi being celebrated as “Swachatha Divas”.
Answer:
Our Prime Minister, Sri Narendra Modi launched our country’s biggest ever cleanliness drive on Gandhiji’s birth anniversary in 2014. It is a well known fact that among other things Gandhiji advocated cleanliness in every walk of our lives, be it personal hygiene, behaviour in public places, public administration, political field or public life of our leaders.

This drive is a five year Abhiyan – a campaign to clean India at every level. It is expected to cost over two lakh crores. Sri Modi publicly acknowledged the fact that Gandhiji’s dream of a clean India – in more senses than one, has remained unfulfilled so far. It is the bounden duty of every citizen of our country to motivate themselves to stand behind our Prime Minister in carrying out this operation of cleaning up every comer of the country.

Instead of declaring Gandhi Jayanthi of 2014 a holiday as has been the practice till now, Sri Modi expressed the idea of making it a full working day for Government employees to carry out the Swachatha Divas in the correct sense. The bureaucrats were given instructions to lead their department staff in cleaning their offices and surroundings including toilets.

Question 40.
Corruption is a menace to Democracy
Answer:
1. Power Politics:
Today Nehru’s ‘Goodness Politics’ is replaced by ‘Power Politics’. Money power muscle power has become dominant. Politics has become a gainful profession to make money and to get publicity which is a prime example of political corruption.

2. Criminalization of Politics:
The prevalence of large scale criminalization of politics has increased illegal and illegitimate expenditure on elections. As the scenario is rampant, it has become a menace to democracy.

3.Demoralization of Bureaucracy:
Corruption takes the form of favouritism, red tapism and nepotism. Destabilization of governments due to illegal political operations and administrative corruption by bureaucracy has become a major threat to democracy.

4. Violations of Social Justice:
Accumulation of wealth through corruption getting concentrated in only a few people, violates the principle of socio- economic justice. Such people enjoy luxurious life, hence majority suffer from poverty due to deprivation. This creates socio-economic inequality and imbalance which is against democratic values.

OR

Write a note on “India Against Corruption” headed by Anna Hazare.
Answer:
Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan the pioneer of the total revolution, inspired youth during 1970’s to revolt against the corrupt administration and travelled all over India to fight against the evil. During 1980s, All Assam Student’s Union (AASU) fought against the corruption which threatened North Eastern States.

Today, the mood of the country especially the mood of youth is against corruption on war footing. The war against corruption is perceived the mother of all wars. Anti corruption movement gathered moment when Anna Hazare kick started the movement and gave a call to the youth to join him in a fight against corruption under the banner of India against corruption. (IAC)

Youth against corruption:
Independent India has seen scams like-Bofors, Fodder scam, Share Market scam etc., where billions of rupees of public money has been swindled by unscrupulous people. Inspite of exposure of these scams, corruption still persists in all walks of life including education, health, administration and politics.

The overall effect of the youth movement against corruption is the creation of the institution of Lokpal, passing of Acts like Right to Information (RTI), Right to Education (RTE), Sakaal, introduction of transparency in election funding etc.

Students can Download 2nd PUC Statistics Previous Year Question Paper March 2017, Karnataka 2nd PUC Statistics Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Statistics Previous Year Question Paper March 2017

Time: 3 Hrs 15 Min
Max. Marks: 100

Instructions:

1. Statistical table and graph sheets will be supplied on request.
2. Scientific calculators may be used.
3. All working steps should be clearly shown.

Section – A

I. Answer any ten of the following questions: ( 10 × 1 = 10 )

Question 1.
Define fertility.
Answer:
Fertility refers to the births occurring to women of child bearing age.

Question 2.
Does Marshall-Edgeworth’s Index number satisfy factor reversal test?
Answer:
No

Question 3.
Which price of the commodities is used in the construction of cost of living index number?
Answer:
Retail/consumer prices.

Question 4.
Give an example for seasonal variation.
Answer:
Incease in employement during harvest season in agriculture sector.

Question 5.
In which distribution mean and variance are equal?
Answer:
Poisson distribution.

Question 6.
Write the mean of /-distribution.
Answer:
Mean = 0.

Question 7.
What is point estimation?
Answer:
‘While estimating the unknown parameter, if a specific’value is proposed as an estimate, which is called Point estimation’.
‘While estimating the unknown parameter instead of a specific value, an interval is proposed, which is likely to contain the parameter is called Interval estimation’

Question 8.
What is power of a test?
Answer:
It is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is not true. (1 – β ),
Here β = P (Type II Error) which is referred as ‘consumers risk

Question 9.
When is the pooling of the frequencies done in testing of goodness of fit?
Answer:
When expected frequencies are less than 5.

Question 10.
What is defect?
Answer:

• A defect is a quality characteristic, which does not conform to specifications.
• The presence of one or more defects in a product/article is a defective.

Question 11.
Mention a need of replacement of an item.
Answer:

• As the equipment grow older, its maintenance cost would be costlier.
• Production cost would be lesser in new equipments.

Question 12.
What is meant by inventory?
Answer:
An Inventory is a physical stock of goods, which is held for the purpose of future production or sales.

Section – B

II. Answer any ten of the following questions: ( 10 × 2 = 20 )

Question 13.
Mention two uses of life table.
Answer:

They are used in computation of actuarial of premium, bonus etc, of policies by Insurance Agencies. OR

• Life Tables are used in research activities in Biology, Medicine, Pharmacology, Demography, Psychology, Sociology etc.
• They are used to study population growth and forecast the size and sex distribution of the
  Population. OR
• Life Tables give Mortality and Survival ratios at different ages.
• Life tables give the life expectancy at different age. OR
• These are useful in public administration, heath care, planning and population control

Question 14.
Why is Fisher’s index number called as an ‘Indeal Index Number’?
Answer:
Fisher’s Index Number is called as ideal because, it is free from bias in use of weights ie. it takes both current and base year quantities as weights.

• It is based on geometric mean which is considered as best average
• It satisfies both time reversal tests and factor reversal tests

Question 15.
If Iptq = 600 and Epgq = 500 then, find suitable price index number.
Answer:
Kelly’s P.I.No.

Question 16.
What are the different phases in a business cycle?
Answer:
(1) Prosperity (2) Decline (3) Depression and (4) Improvement.

Question 17.
Write down the assumptions of interpolation and extrapolation.
Answer:

• The assumptions made in interpolation and extrapolations are:
• There are no sudden jumps in the values of dependent variable(Y) from one period to another(X).
• The rate of change of figures (Y) from one period to another(X) is uniform.
• There will be no consecutive missing values in the series.

Question 18.
Write down the p.m.f. of Bernoulli distribution with parameter p = 0.4.
Answer:
p(x) = p^x q^{1 – x}; x = 0,1, : p(x) = 0.4^x 0.6^{1 – x}; x = 0,1
Here = 1 – p = 1 – 0.4 = 0.6

Question 19.
If Z₁ and Z₂ are two independent SNV’s, then name the distribution of Z₁² + Z₂² and find its mean.
Answer:
It is a chi-square distribution with 2 d.f. Mean = n = 2.

Question 20.
Define type – I and type – II errors.
Answer:
Type I Error is taking a wrong decision to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually true.
Type II Error is taking a wrong decision to accept the null hypothesis when it is actually not true.3

Question 21.
If n = 10, s² = 20 and σ² = 25, find chi-square test statistic.
Answer:

Question 22.
What do you mean by process control and product-control?
Answer:

• Controlling the quality of the product during the manufacturing process itself is called process control.
• Controlling the quality of the finished products/manufactured products is called product control.

Question 23.
If the depreciation and the cumulative maintenance costs of an equipment for the third year are Rs. 10,000 and Rs. 10,400 respectively, find the annual average cost.
Answer:

Question 24.
Given R = 3600 units/year, C₃ = Rs. 50 and C₁ = Rs. 4/unit/year, find Q⁰.
Answer:

Section – C

III. Answer any eight of the following questions: ( 8 × 5 = 40 )

Question 25.
Find standardized death rate for the follwoing data:

Answer:
Let A be ASDRS and P_s be the standard population.

Question 26.
Mention any five steps involved in the construction of Index number.
Answer:
Any two of the following :

1. Purpose and the scope
2. Selection of base period or
3. Selection of commodities or items
4. Obtaining price quotations
5. Choice of an average
6. 6. Selection of weights
7. Selection of suitable formula

Question 27.
Find cost of living index number for the following data.

Answer:
Weights – W are given, use family budget method.

Question 28.
Find five yearly moving average for the following data.

Answer:

Question 29.
Following is the data regarding annual nt life insurance premium. Using binomial expansion method estimate the premium at the age 30 and 45.

Answer:
Let X and Y be the age and premium. The number of known values of y : n = 4, the Binomial exponsion (y – 1)⁴ = 0. .

y₄ – 4y₃ + 6y₂ – 4y₁+ y₀ = 0 ……………(1)
By increasing sufficiences of y by T we get
y₅ – 4y₄ + 6y₃ – 4y₂ + y₁ = 0 …………. (2)
From (1) 2256 – 4(1996) + 6y₂ – 4(1581) +1426 = 0.
2256 – 7984 + 6y₂ – 6324 + 1426 = 0 ,
6y₂ – 10626 = 0
∴ y₂ = Rs.1771
From (2) y₅ – 4(2256) + 6(1996) -4(1771)+ 1581 =0
y₅-9024 + 11976 – 7084 + 1581 =0
∴ y₅ = Rs. 2551

Question 30.
On an average a typist makes 2 mistakes per page. Find the probability that a page types by him has (i) 2 mistakes (ii) at most 1 mistake.
Answer:
Let X be the number of typing mistakes is a poisson variable with the parameter λ = 2.

(i) P(2 mistakes) =p(x = 2) = \(\frac{e^{-2} 2^{x}}{2 !}=\frac{0.1353 \times 4}{2}\) = 0.2706
(ii) P(at most 1 mistake) =p(x ≤ 1) – p(x = 0) + p(x = 1)

Question 31.
A box contains 8 red and 4 white balls. From this box 5 balls are drawn at random What is the probability that the sampel contains 3 red balls?
Answer:
Let X be the number of red balls is a Hypergeometric variate then : a(x) = 8, b = 4 and n = 5.

Question 32.
Following is the data regarding mean weights of randomly selected boys and girls of PUC students. Test whether, mean weight of boys is less than mean weight of girs. [Use 5% I.o.S]

Answer:
Given: n₁ = 64, n₂ = 48, x̄₁ = 50, x̄₂ = 54, S₁ = 8, s₂ = 12.
H₀ : Mean weight of Boys and Girls is same (µ₁ = µ₂)
H₁ : Mean weight of Boys is less than Girls (µ₁ < µ₂) {Lower fail test -k}
Under H₀ the test statistic is:

At a = 5% the lower critical value -k = – 1.65
Here Z_cal lies in rejection region (RR).
∴ H₀ is rejected and H₁ accepted.
Conclusion: Mean weight boys is less than girsl.

Question 33.
A specified brand of automobile tyre is known to have average life of 40000 km. A random sample of 10 types of this brand, when tested resulted in the average life 39000 km and S.D 1200 km. At 1% I.o.s what is your conclusion regarding average life of tyres?
Answer:
Given : µ = 40,000, n = 10, x̄ = 39,000, s = 1200, α = 1%
H₀: Mean life of tyres is 40,000 kms(µ = 40,000)
H₁: Mean life of tyres differs from 40,000 kms/(µ ≠ 40,000) (two tailed test)
Under H₀ the t-test statistics is :-

At α = 1.1 the two tail critical values for (n – 1) = 10 – 1 = 9 d.f are ±k = +3.25
Here t_cal lies in Acceptance region (A.R).
∴ H₀ is accepted
Conclusion: Mean life of tyres is 40,000 kms

Question 34.
For the following data find control limits of X̄ chart. (Given A₂ = 0.729]

Answer:
Standards are not known, for x̄ – chart

The control limits are:
C.L = X̿ = 50,
L.C.L= X̿ – A₂ R̄ = 50 – (0.729 × 5) = 46.355
U.C.L= X̿ + A₂ R =50+ (0.729 × 5) = 53.645

Question 35.
Solve the following LPP graphically.
Maximize Z = 100X + 170Y ‘
s.t 2X + 3Y ≤ 36
X + 2T ≤ 20 and X,Y ≥ 0.
(For visually challenged students only)
A tailor gets a profit of Rs. 100 from a shirt and Rs. 170 from a pant. In a week of 56 hours, he uses 36 hours for cutting and 20 hours for stitching. For cutting he requires tw0 hours for a shirt and three hours for a pant. He, requires one hour to stitch a shirt and two hours to stitch a pant, formualte L.P.P.
Answer:
Consider the constraints as equalities (i.e., as equaion).
2x + 3y = 36 Co-ordinates (x, y)
put x = 0: we get y = \(\frac{36}{3}\) = 12: (0,12) .
put y = 0; we get x = \(\frac{36}{2}\) = 18; (18 , 0)
and x + 2y = 20
put x = 0 ; y = \( \frac{20}{0}\) =10; (0, 10)
put y = 0; x = 20 (20 , 0)
Also x = 0, y = 0

From the graph teasible region exhists at the corner points 0(0,0), A(0, 10), B( 12,4), C( 18,0) optimum value of the objective function is:

From the above table the objectivity of an L.P.P maximises at the corner point B(12,4). The optimum solution is: x= 12, y = 4 and the optimum value Z_B= 1880.
For visually challenged students.
(OR)

The L.P.P is : objective function : Max z = 100x + 170y
Subject to constraints : Cutting: 2x + 3y ≤ 36
Stiching: x + 2y ≤ 20
and x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0

Question 36.
Solve the following game by dominnance rule.

Answer:
By dominance rule, all the pay-off of B₁ less than all the pay-offs of B₁ B₃ [B₁ < B₂, B₃]

B₁ dominates B₂, B₃, So delete B₂, B₃

Pay-ofFof A2 is more than, A₁, A₃, A₄, A₂ dominates A₁, A₃. So, delte A₁, A₃
A₂[7] Saddle point occurs at (2, 1)
The suggested best strategies are : for player A: A₂: for player B : B₁
The value of the game : V = 7

Section – D

IV. Answer any two of the foilwing questions: ( 2 × 10 = 20 )

Question 37.
Calculate GRR and NRR for the following data and comment on the result.

Answer:

G. R.R = (i) \(\sum_{i=15}^{49}\) W.S.F.R = 5 × 220 = 1100 female
Children born per 1000 women
N.R.R = (i) \(\sum_{i=15}^{49}\) (W.S.F.R × S) = 5 × 194.6 = 973
Female children bom per 1000 women.

Question 38.
For the following data find Laspeyer’s, Paasche’s and Dorbish-Bowley’s price index numbers.

Answer:

Question 39.
For the following data fit a straight line trend and find trend values also estimate the production of 2017.

Answer:
Let x and y be the year and production

Here x̄ = 2013
From the normal equaiton na + bΣx = Σy
From Σa + bΣx² = Σxy b = \(\frac{\Sigma x y}{\Sigma x^{2}}=\frac{84}{28}=3\)
Since Σx \(\frac{\Sigma y}{n}=\frac{630}{7}\) = 90 and
The fitted straight line trend equation is
y = a + bx : ŷ = 90 + 3x
Trend values : (2010) = 90 + 3(-3) = 81
ŷ(2011) = 90 + 3(-2) = 84.
Similarly all remaining trend values can be compated.
Estimation of production for 2017; x = 4
ŷ (2017) = 90 + 3(4) = 102 Tons.

Question 40.
(a) Five unbiased coins are tossed 128 times. Calculate the expected freuencies for the number of heads obtained. .
Answer:
Let x be the number of heads obtained is a Binomial variate is with the parameters n = 5
and p = 1/2 = 0.5 [coin is unbiased] N = 128. Then the p.m.f is :
p(x) = nc_xp^xq^{n – x}; x = 0,1,2, …… n
p{x) =5c_x 0.5^x 0.5^{5 – x}; x = 0,1,2, …… 5
Theoretical/Expected frequency : T_x = p(x) N
T₀ = p(x = 0) N = 5c₀0.5⁰0.5^{5 – 0} × 128 = 4

The expected frequencies of number of heads is:

(b) Seventy accidents that have occurred in a state in a week are tabulated as follows:

Test whether accident occurs uniformly throughtout the week.
[Given K₂ = 16.81].
Answer:
H₀ : Accidents occur uniformly throughout the week
H₁ : Accidents does not occur uniformly throughout the week…(upper tail test)
The test statistic is :

Let ‘O’ and ‘E’ be the observed and expected number of accidents.
Since accidents occur uniformly throughout the week.
Expected frequencies each is \(\frac { 70 }{ 7 }\) = 10


∴ χ²_cal= 6.8
For (n – 1) = (7 – 1) = 6 degrees of freedom at 1% level of significance, the upper tail critical value given k₂= 16.81 (χ²_tab)
Here χ²_cal < k₂/χ²_cal lies on (AR-) acceptance region.
∴ H₀ is accepted.
Conclusion: Accidents occur uniformly throughout the week.

Section – E

V. Answer any two of the following questions: ( 2 × 5=10 )

Question 41.
X is a normal variate with mean 100 and standard deviation 5. Find the probability
that (i) X ≥ 105 (ii) 90 ≤ X ≤ 110.
Answer:
X is a normal variate with the parameters

µ = 100 and σ = 5. Then S.N.V.Z = \(\frac{x-\mu}{\sigma}\) N(0,1);
\(\mathrm{z}=\frac{\mathrm{X}-100}{5}\)
(i)

= p(z > 1) = Area from 1 to ∞ = 0.1587

(ii)

= p(-2 < Z < 2)
= Area from (-2) to 2 = Area from (-2) to
= Area from (-2) to ∞ = 0.9772 – 0.0028 = 0.9544.

Question 42.
In a sample of 400 people ¡n Kerala 220 are tea drinkers and the rest are coffee drinkers. Can we assume that both tea and coffee are equally popular in this state?
Use 5% level of significance.
Answer:
Given : n 400, x – Tea drinkers 220, p_o = 0.5 [equally popular].
Sample proportion p = \(\frac{x}{n}=\frac{220}{400}\) = 0.55
H₀: Tea and coffee drinkers are equally popular [Po = 0.5]
H₁ : Tea and coffee drinkers are not equally poular [P_o ≠ 0.5] {Two tailed test)

At α = 5% the two tail critical values are ±k = ±1.96
Here z_callies in Rejection Region (R.R). Therefore-H₀: is rejected and H₁: is Accepted. Conclusion: Tea and coffee drinkers are not equally popular (p₀: ≠0.5)

Question 43.
For the following data test whether the attributes ‘smoking’ and literacy’ are independent. Use 1% level of significance.

Answer:
H₀: Literacy and smoking are independent.
H₁ : Literacy and smoking are dependent {upper tail test)
The 2 × 2 contingency table is:

Under H₀ the χ² – test statistic is

At α = 1% for 1 .d.f. the uppertail critical value k₂ = 6.65
Here χ² lies in acceptance Region (A.R)
.’. H0 is accepted
Conclusion: literacy and smoking are independent.

Question 44.
For the following transportation problem find initial basic feasible solution by NWCR method. Compute transportation cost. Is the solution degenerate?

Answer:
Here Σa_i = Σb_j the T.P is balanced
By NWCR first allocation is made at the cell (1, 1) as :
X₁₁ min (a₁ b₁) = min (500,400) = 400
D₁ is satisfied and replace 500 by (500 – 400) = 100

Next allocate in the same row at (1, 2).
Similarly allocations can be made.
The suggested I.B.F.S and the total transporation lost is:

Here no. of allocation = 5 = m + n- l= Origin + Destinations = 3 + 3 – 1 = 5: Solution is Non-degenerate.

Students can Download 2nd PUC Political Science Previous Year Question Paper March 2016, Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Previous Year Question Paper March 2016

Time: 3 Hrs 15 Min
Max. Marks: 100

I. Answer the following questions in a word or a sentence each. (10 × 1 = 10)

Question 1.
What is Dyarchy?
Answer:
Diarchy is Dual government.

Question 2.
Who was the Vice-President of the Viceroy’s Executive Council?
Answer:
Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru was the Vice President of the Viceroy’s Executive council.

Question 3.
Who appoints the Election Commissioners of India?
Answer:
The President of India appoints the Election Commissioners of India.

Question 4.
When did the Anti-Defection law come into existence?
Answer:
Anti defection law came into existence on 1^st April 1985.

Question 5.
Who started the newspaper ‘Mooka Naika’?
Answer:
Dr. B.R Ambedkar.

Question 6.
Which day is celebrated as Labours day?
Answer:
May 1^st is celebrated as Labour day.

Question 7.
Write the meaning of coalition.
Answer:
According to F.A.Ogg “Coalition is a system where members of multiple political parties unite to form a government or Ministry”.

Question 8.
What is the root word of corruption?
Answer:
The word corruption comes from the latin ‘cor’ which means – altogether or with together and ‘rumpere’ which means to break Corruption can break or destroy one’s trustworthiness.

Question 9.
What is Liberalisation?
Answer:
Liberalization is the “Willingness to respect or accept behaviour or opinions different from one’s own, being open to new ideas”.

Question 10.
Expand NAM.
Answer:
Non-Aligned movement.

II. Answer any ten of the following questions in two words or two sentences each: (10 × 2 = 20)

Question 11.
How many states was Punjab divided into? Which are they?
Answer:
Two – Punjab and Haryana.

Question 12.
What is ‘Anonymity’ in Civil Services?
Answer:
Civil Servants work behind the screen and remain anonymous even though they work for the Government. Recognition for good work or disrepute for any omission goes only to the concerned minister and not to the civil servants.

Question 13.
What is environment?
Answer:
Environment is the sum total of all biotic and non-biotic (living and non-living factors) and conditions that surround and potentially influence organisms without becoming their constituent part.

Question 14.
What is National Integration?
Answer:
It is the process of uniting the people emotionally, psychologically and politically. Sardar Vallabh Bai Patel, Vinoba Bhave, Lai Bahadhur Shastri, J.B. Kriplani and Achaiya Narendra Dev played a key role in the National Integration. November 19^th is being observed as National integration day.

Question 15.
Write the meaning of Identity Politics.
Answer:
Identity politics is a pattern of belongingness, a search for comfort, an approach to community, to attain empowerment, representation and recognition of the social groups.

Question 16.
What is Common Minimum Programme?
Answer:
When the partners of an alliance who have formed a Government, set aside their political ideologies to run a coalition Government on some common policies, it is called Common Minimum Programme.

Question 17.
What is Brain drain?
Answer:
In most of the developing and underdeveloped nations, job opportunities are minimal. Educated persons, seeking better living conditions and earning options, migrate to developed countries. So the nations get drained of their intellectuals and face the problem of brain drain. These nations get deprived of their Scientists, Engineers and others.

Question 18.
Name any two organs of the UN.
Answer:

1. General Assembly
2. Security Council.

Question 19.
Name any two members of the SAARC.
Answer:
Bangladesh, Bhutan, India.

Question 20.
Write any two principles of Panchsheel.
Answer:

1. Mutual Non-aggression
2. Peaceful co-existence.

Question 21.
Name any two military alliances.
Answer:
SEATO ANZUS, NATO.

Question 22.
Who were the signatories of Simla Agreement?
Answer:
Simla Pact was signed in 1972 at Simla. The signatories of this pact (agreement) were Smt. Indira Gandhi – Indian Prime Minister and Pakistan Prime Minister, Z.A. Bhutto.

III. Answer any eight of the following questions in 15-20 sentences ehch: (8 × 5 = 40)

Question 23.
Explain the provisions of Indian Independence Act, 1947.
Answer:
1. The Act Provided that on 15^th August 1947, the appointed date, two independent dominions, India and Pakistan, would be set up and the Act provided for complete transfer of power.

2. The dominion of India got the territories of Bombay, Madras, UP, Central Provinces, Bihar, Assam, Delhi, Ajmer, Coorg etc., and the rest of India except Sindh, Baluchistan, West Punjab, East Bengal, North West Frontier Province and Sylhet in Assam, which became the territories of Pakistan. For demarcating the boundaries, a Boundary Commission was formed with Sir Cyril Radcliffe as the Chairman.

3. The Crown was no longer the source of authority.

4. The Governor General and provisional Governors were to act as constitutional heads. They lost extra-ordinary powers to legislate.

5. The office of the Secretary of State was abolished.

6. From 15^th August 1947, the British Crown lost all rights of Paramountcy over India and the Indian states were free to join either Indian Union or Pakistan.

7. The power in each dominion was transferred to the Constituent Assembly which became fully sovereign from 15^th August 1947 and were absolutely free to frame the constitution. The Constituent Assemblies had a dual role i.e. Constituent and Legislative. They functioned as Central Legislature, till the new Legislatures were formed.

8. Until the new Constitution was framed, the Act of 1935 would govern the Centre and the Provinces with necessary modifications.

Question 24.
Explain the features of Indirect Election.
Answer:
Features of Indirect Elections are:
1. Selection of best candidates:
In this method, candidates are elected by intelligent voters. At the first instance General public elect their representatives to the electoral college and at the second instance the elected representatives in turn judiciously elect the final representatives of legislature or head of the nation. This method involves double election. Elected representatives act wisely with political acumen.

2. Prevents unhealthy campaigning:
It avoids all sorts of evils like dirty propaganda tricks and instigation of people lover petty issues to divide them. For example in the election of the President of India, the average voters are kept outside but only elected members of both the Houses of the Parliament participate. These intelligent and responsible members keep away from all sorts of party gimmicks.

3. Peaceful voting:
In this method, there is no scope for illegal activities or fights during the election as it happens in the direct election. In the electoral process only small members of enlightened voters peacefully exercise their votes judiciously. The elections are conducted according to well defined norms and values.

4. Little scope for emotions:
Elected representatives are not carried away by passions or sentiments nor can be influenced like an average voter. There is no chance for misusing sensitive issues for political gains. The higher level leaders are elected by people’s representatives who act with a sense of responsibility.

5. Suitable to developing nations:
Since majority of the voters are ignorant, not educated and intelligent, only a small group of politically educated and wise voters elect responsible and public spirited representatives.

Question 25.
Write a note on Central Services.
Answer:
India is a Union of States and hence it provides for division of powers. Subjects mentioned in the union list are to be managed by a separate body of officials under central services. Art. 312 of the Constitution empowers the Parliament to create Central Services.

The officials appointed to these services come under the exclusive control of the Central Government. The Central Services are classified into Class-I, Class-II, Class-Ill and Class-IV:
Some of the Central Services are:

1. Indian Foreign Services.
2. Indian Audit & Accounts Sendees.
3. Indian Revenue Services.
4. Indian Railway Services
5. Indian Defence Services
6. Indian Information Services
7. Indian Postal Services
8. Indian Engineering Services
9. Indian Economic Services.

Question 26.
Write a note on Chief Secretary.
Answer:
Chief Secretary is the head of the Secretariat in every state. He is in charge of the administrative setup. His authority includes all departments of the Secretariat. By reason of his experience and standing, he is able to ease out difficulties and frictions to give general guidance to other officers. Thus he gives leadership to the administrative set up of the state. He maintains rapport between the State government and the Union government and other State governments.
Functions:
The Chief Secretary performs the following functions:

1. He is the Principal Adviser to the Chief Minister.
2. He acts as the Cabinet Secretary and attends cabinet meetings.
3. He exercises general supervision and control over the entire Secretariat.
4. He looks after all matters beyond the purview of other secretaries.
5. As chief of all the secretaries, he presides over a large number of committees and is a member of many others.
6. He is the secretary by rotation, of the zonal council of which the state is a member.
7. He has control over the staff attached to the ministers.
8. He is the bridge between that State and Central or other state Governments.
9. He receives confidential communication from the Government of India and conveys them to the Chief Minister.

As the head of the administrative Machinery, Chief of the Civil Services, Mentor and conscience keeper of Civil services, he plays a significant role in the state administration.

Question 27.
Explain the causes of Dalit movement,
Answer:
Causes for Dalit Movement are as follows:
1. Social injustice:
As per the law of nature, all men are born equal. But in practice, equal treatment and equal opportunities have been denied. Exploitation in society was widespread. To get their legitimate rights and opportunities, dalits rebelled under the leadership of many reformers which took the form of movement against the injustice.

2. Economic inequality:
Dalits worked in the lands of high caste Elindus and were responsible for the wealth of the feudalist upper castes. Inspite of it, they were treated inhumanly and were not given proper share of wealth. Hence, their position was pathetic. Added to the this, they were victims of exploitation, atrocity, harassment and other heinous Acts. Their opposition was expressed in the form of agitations.

3. Discrimination:
Discrimination was rampant in all walks of life. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar himself was the victim of such discrimination. He dared to enter the Kalaram Temple of Nasik against all opposition with his fellow dalits. He publicly used the water of Mahad tank. With this, he started democratic struggle against discrimination to attain social equality. This became the stepping stone for Dalit Movement.

4. Lack of awareness:
Dalits were deprived of educational facilities which lead to lack of awareness. Hence, exploitation atrocities mounted up. To get relieved of such situations and to create awareness, movements like Bahishkrith Hitakarini Sabha (1924), Dalit Sangharsh Samiti (1974) and others were initiated nationwide.

5. Political Backwardness:
Basically Dalits were kept away from political participation and decision making processes due to denial opportunities. Social boycott, exploitation and subordination were responsible for political backwardness. To come out of these barriers, Dalits were forced to organise agitations and protests which finally got converted into movements.

6. Political implications:
Dalit movement is named as Dalit Andolan in Karnataka, Asprushya (untouchable) Aandolan in Maharashtra, Adi Dravida Andolan in Tamilnadu, Pulaya Aandolan in Kerala, Adi Dharma Andolan in Punjab and Namasudra Aandolan in West Bengal.

As a result of Dalit Movements, in the post Independence period, several measures were taken to improve the status of Dalits. The Constituation of India has provided many provisions for the upliftment of Dalits to bring them into the main stream. Many rights have been incorporated to empower Dalits.

Question 28.
What are the causes of Feminist Movement?
Answer:
The causes for Feminist Movement are as follows.
1. Inequality:
It is evident that Indian society is male dominated and preference is given to the male members. Though men and women are born equally and the Consitution also upholds the equality between the two, women are deprived of education, employment, decision making, and property rights. This has led to agitations.

2. The evils of dowry:
The evils of dowry have forced parents to become debtors, the girls to brothels and uneven ratio through female foeticide and infanticide. As a result of this uneven ratio of men and women in the society, rape and other heinous crimes are on the rise.

3. Denial of human rights:
The attrocities on women have denied them human rights and other rights like right to life, liberty, freedom of expression and others. Their existence and survival depends upon the mercy of the male members. Decision making is the birth right of men in matters of education, marriage, property rights and family issues.

4. Social strata based on gender:
Men have not spared any of the fields including cultural, social, religious, political and exercise their monopoly and continue their attrocities on women. Women are treated as slaves and bonded labourers. This has made the women to organize themselves and start an agitation.

5. Sexual abuse and molestation:
Irrespective of the age, time and place, the above heinous crimes are taking place. To regain the right to decide about children or to get aborted without the interference of husband or politicians through governmental policies, women are uniting together and fighting for justice.

6. Domestic violence:
Women shoulder the entire household responsibilites like raring and caring of children, domestic work and the related tasks. The cohabitants of the family become the victims of domestic violence because of irresponsible, illiterate and drunkard husbands who lack discreation. This may take the form of physical, mental, sexual harassment and finally it may take women’s life as toll. To avoid such violence, women organisations are established.

Question 29.
Explain briefly the various components of Nation building.
Answer:
Nation building is the process whereby the State becomes a true nation-state, its people become a well organised, united and cohesive group and the society becomes democratic and developed. It also involves the process of making the political system autonomous and legitimate to meet the demands and aspirations of the people and overcome threats, crises and all other challenges. Thus, nation building is the transformation of a country into a great society or a powerful nation.

Components:
1. Community support:
To realize the process of nation building, collective support and endeavour of people are essential. The quality of the people reflects the quality of a nation. Disciplined work culture and patriotic feeling also contribute for nation building.

2. Good Governance:
Good governance ensures accountability, transparency, efficiency, responsibility and responsiveness. In addition, the use of technology has given rise to e-Governance.

3. Committed Leadership:
History depicts many examples of committed leadership. The US President F.D Roosevelt solved the crisis of Economic depression by adopting the new deal policy. In India, Nehru’s leadership largely contributed to the process of nation building.

4. Political Culture:
Political culture constitutes a set of values, attitudes and behaviour towards political system. It requires an ideal political behaviour for national reconstruction.

5. Power sharing:
To realize the goal, political power needs to be shared among all sections of society. The consentration of political power in the hands of a few people and some families, leads to the emergence of authoritarianism and dictatorship.

6. Universal education:
For the development of a Nation universal education is of paramount importance. It enables a person to understand their potentiality and strengthens dignity. As Gandhi said ‘Education is the light of life’, it encourages people to develop the spirit of enquiry, the ability to analyze the nation’s problems and to work for national progress.

7. National Character:
Nationalism and patriotism are the foundations to build a national character. Each country has its distinct national character which denotes one’s nativity as the conservatism of UK, ‘Land of Liberty’ of US, ethnic city of Africa, Aborigines of Australia and cultural diversity of India. Love and respect for one’s country and national symbols such as national flag, national anthem and national monuments are the prerequisites.

8. Mass Media:
Mass Media is regarded as the Fourth Estate in Democracy as it plays a vital role in nation building. It highlights the omissions and commissions of the Government and acts as a bridge between the Government and the public.

9. Responsible Intelligentsia:
The contribution of intellectuals is recognized all over the world. Research and innovations in important areas of human life have contributed to the national development. In India, the development in the field of social sciences by M.N. Srinivas, Amarthya Sen, Gail, Vandana Shiva, Ashish Nandy, and others and in science and technology, Sir M. Vishveshwaraiah, Sir C.V. Raman, Dr. Raja Ramanna, Dr. M.G.K. Menon, Dr. C.N.R. Rao, Dr.U.R. Rao, Dr. A.PJ. Abdul Kalam and others have greatly contributed for India’s present position at global level.

10. National Integration
It is process of uniting the people emotionally, psychologically and politically. SardarVallabhaBai Patel, Vinoba Bhave, Lai Bahadhur Shastri. J.B. Kriplani and Acharya Narendra Dev have played a key role in the National Integration. November 19^th is being observed as National integration day.

Question 30.
Socio-economic development is a remedy to terrorism. Discuss.
Answer:
1. Socio-Economic Measures:
Socio economic development in the terrorist prone areas would provide a long-lasting solution to the problem.

2. Social acceptance:
Measures have to be taken to bring the terrorists back to the mainstream of social life. They should not be made to suffer the stigma of a terrorist.

3. Education:
Lack of nation oriented and moral education at the young age is a must youth are lured by terrorist adventurism. Providing proper education would help them to realize that there are other rational and human values to achieve their goals.

4. Employment opportunities:
Generation of employment at the right age to everyone avoids undemocratic and anti-national activities. By providing proper employment opportunities, youth can be effectively prevented from embracing terrorism.

5. Financial Assistance:
More and more youth should be encouraged to become self employed by financial assistance through banks and other non-banking financial institutions. Fundamentalists cannot achieve success in capturing the employed youth for their selfish motto.

6. Economic equality:
Government has to take initiatives, to formulate large scale economic measure to eliminate extreme poverty and exploitation and ensure economic equality.

7. Rehabilitation:
Government has to undertake measures to immediately compensate the uprooted and evacuated people while executing large scale national policies and programmes.

8. Removal of Regional disparity:
Not all parts of the nation are equality developed. Government should take special measures and legislative actions to remove the regional disparity. Many terrorists originate from the regionally imbalanced and underdeveloped areas.

Question 31.
Explain various emergency provisions in our Constitution.
Answer:
Part XVIII of the Constitution of India deals with three types of emergency provisions.
1. National Emergency:
Act 352 empowers the President to declare National emergency when there is threat of external aggression. Till now, it has been imposed thrice. In such circumstances, individual rights are suspended except Art. 21 (protection of life and personal liberty) and Art. 22 (protection against arrest and detention in certain cases).

2. State Emergency:
Art 356 authorise the President to declare President’s rule in a state on the recommendation of as Governor during the breakdown of the constitutional machinery in that state. Hitherto, it has been implemented.

3. Financial Emergency:
Article 360 empowers the President to declare financial emergency if the financial conditions of the nation are precarious.

Question 32.
Explain the importance of privatisation.
Answer:
The political implications of Privatisation are as follows:
1. Concentration of Wealth:
Privatisation encourages concentration of wealth in the hands of big business groups. It results in great disparities of income and wealth. It goes against the principle of egalitarian society.

2. More profits:
Corporate sectors generate more profits. But they share a meagre percentage with the shareholders. They enjoy the lion’s share out of the shareholders’ investment. As a result, the gap between the rich and the poor gets widened.

3. Bane to local industries:
Local people borrow money from indigenous banks and also get loans from government concerns with subsidised rates of interest to start an industry. Multi-national companies with good financial backup, survive even in case of loss.

4. Threat to national interest:
Key areas of Nation like Defence, Space, Science, and Technology are to be retained with the Government. Assigning these areas to the private sector may harm National interests.

5. Lack of service motto:
The private firms are concerned more about their profit rather than providing good service conditions to their staff and do not bother about extending welfare programmes to their employees and even to the society.

6. No job security:
Private companies extract work from employees as long as they are fit. They ruthlessly sack them when they suffer from ill health or fitness problems. In the long run, they become a burden to the Government. The employees of private sectors suffer from job insecurity and this results in psychological disorders.

Question 33.
Bring out the importance of International Relations.
Answer:
1. The study of International relations enables us to understand the basic policies and principles which contribute the international sphere.

2. It provides concrete solutions for international problems, by means of dialogues, bilateral, multilateral, mutual cooperations and the like.

3. It substitutes internationalism to narrow nationalism which delimits the boundaries of States.

4. It avoids war, military actions or alliances, and international conflicts.

5. It considers the acceptance of the principles of collective security and disarmament, world peace and progress. It creates a global feeling among the citizens of the world and promotes universal brotherhood.

Question 34.
Explain briefly the basic principles of Indian Foreign Policy.
Answer:
The foreign policy of a nation represents its external sovereignty and freedom. India adopted its own foreign policy after the emancipation from British colonialism and emerged as a sovereignty nation in the world.

India’s foreign policy is born of a country’s principles, interests and objectives. It is the result of interplay of complex forces like History, Geography, Domestic environment, Ideology and the influence of National Leaders. It emphasizes the glory of Indian freedom struggle, importance of India’s geographical location for its economic
development and patriotism.

An important fact of India’s foreign policy is the concern for Gandhian ideas of peace and non violence. India achieved its independence by using these weapons and succeeded in inspiring the world.

India’s foreign policy comprises of economic developments and political stability to ensure the unity and integrity of the country. National security was conceived to present aggression or threat of aggression to protect the independence, territorial integrity, self reliance and promote economic independence.

India belived in fostering friendly relations with her neighbours. She promotes good will, friendship and co-operation in the South Asian region for mutual benefit. India opposes big power intervention or interference in the internal affairs of South Asian region. India calls for making Indian ocean a peaceful zone to avoid big power naval confrontation.

India supports liberation on movements, democratic struggles for national independence and right of self determination. She is opposed to imperialism, colonialism, racism, authoritarianism and militarism in the world.

India supports the Human Rights as a basic condition for democratic world and for an egalitarian world. India believes in promotion of the principle of Panchasheel and strengthening of Non Align Movement (NAM) and UN for easing global tension. This is to build a world free from fear, hate, scarcity and inequality.

IV. Answer any two of the following in 30 to 40 sentences: (2 × 10 = 20)

Question 35.
Explain the nature of party system in India.
Answer:
Nature:
The nature of Indian party system can . be traced back to the Indian National Movement. Indian National Congress (INC) was founded by A.O. Hume in 1885. It was a forum to unite the people of India to fight against the British Imperialism. Due to ideological differences, Muslim League was founded in 1906. Other parties like Hindu Maha Sabha, Communist Party of India, Forward Block and Praja Socialist Party etc., emerged in the successive years.

Later, in the post independence period, Jan Sangh, Janatha Party, Bharatiya Janatha Party, Janata Dal, Nationalist Congress Party, according to the needs of the time and they started to work to get power etc were floated.

1. Extra Constitutional growth:
There is no reference in the Constitution of India about M how many political parties are to exist in the country. According to Article 19 of the Constitution, all citizens can have the freedom to form associations or unions. Political parties are established on the basis of this liberty. Hence, political parties have no constitutional base.

2. Prevalence of Multi party system:
India is a divergent country with many religions, tribes, languages, culture and traditions. This heterogeneity leads to the emergence of many political parties to protect their interests in the main stream of the country.

3. Spilt and merger:
It is a common phenomenon in the Indian party system. Various reasons contributed for this split like ideological differences, egoism, power hunger, etc.

4. End of single party era:
India was under Congress rule till 1977. The happenings between 1975-1977, forced small parties to unite and fight against Congress and capture power and put an end to the single party era.

5. Dissident activities:
Meanness of leaders like personal attitudes, favouritism, nepotism lead to dissident activities. Repetition of such happenings instigates leaders to go against the ideology of the party and paves way to political instability.

6. Defection:
Elected members of the Legislature change their parties often for personal benefits or differences of opinion and other reasons. It ruins the values of democracy and destabilizes the government.

7. Leader worship:
Most of the political parties in India emphasize on the leaders rather than the ideologies of the parties. The leader decides the destiny of the political party e.g. Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi of Congress, A.B. Vajpayee of BJR Leaders with charisma dominate the whole party.

8. Alliances without principles:
Political parties are formed with principles of democracy and secularism but they ignore them for want of power and make unholy alliances.

9. Dominance of Regional parties:
The presence of regional parties during the first general elections did not influence the voters and they were rejected. During 1980s, they emerged very strong and dominated the political scenario, e.g. DMK, ALADMK, Telugu Desam, Shiv Sena, National Conference, AGP, JD(S), RJD, SJP, BJD and other parties playing a significant role during the formation of Governments.

10. Religious, Lingual and Region alism:
The basis of political parties in India is religion, language, regionalism and the like. e.g. Muslim league, Akalidal, Shiv Sena, DMK, AIADMK, Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti (MES) Telangana Rastriya Samiti (TRS) and others. In spite of the rules of the Election Commission, such political parties exist.

11. Leftist and Rightist Parties:
Party system in India consists of Leftist and Rightist ideologies, e.g. CPI, CPI (M), Forward Block, RPI and Socialist parties who have belief in revolutionary ideology and drastic changes in the system form the left front. Parties like Congress, BJP, SP, NCP, BSP, RJD, JD (U), JD (S) and others who believe in moderate changes in the system form the right front.

12. The era of coalition:
When no single political party secures absolute majority, like minded political parties come together and join as a single largest group to form a coalition Government. The era of coalition started during 1977, when Janata Party came to power headed by Sri Morarjee Desai as Prime Minister at the centre along with other parties. This was followed by National Front, United Front, NDA, UPA etc.

Question 36.
Explain the causes of illiteracy. How does it threat Indian Democracy?
Answer:
Illiteracy means inability of a person to read and write in any language. Amartya Sen described illiteracy as one of ‘unfreedoms’. According to the census report of 2001, a person who can read and write with understanding in any language may be called a literate person and a person who can only read but cannot write is not a literate person.

Illiteracy is both a curse and an impediment to democracy. Illiterates are easily exploited and mislead by politicians and vested interests to realize their goals. The successful working of democracy depends upon political awareness which can be acquired only through education.

The 2011 census report records the literacy rate in Kerala as 94%, Karnataka at 75.36% and Bihar at 61.80%.

1. Lack of Political Awareness:
Illiteracy contributes for political apathy. Illiterate masses due to their ignorance and indifferences do not take part in political process. They are not able to understand the importance of vote, they do not understand the idealogies of political parties, their manifestos and the performance of ruling party, election rules, and process.

2. Low Percentage of votes:
Since the first general election, the percentage of polling has not crossed 60%. This is due to illiteracy and lack of political awareness. Political legitimacy cannot be achieved to a full extend by low percentage of polling.

3. Money and Muscle Power:
The nexus between politicians and businessmen is noticeable. The politicians are tactful enough to get votes from the poor people who are illiterate through dubious means like rigging and booth capturing and threatening the voters using muscle power. This has led to criminalization of politics.

4. Politics of Populism:
The voters in India are attracted by politics of populism. Illiteracy and poverty force them to depend upon the facilities of the Government. They fail to understand that the populist programmes bring them into mainstream of the Society. Indulgence in politics of populism makes the people to depend on the Government for everything without becoming creative individuals. This becomes an impediment to national development.

5. Emergence of Dictatorship:
When people are not politically conscious, show apathy to vote, an ambitious leader transforms democracy into a dictatorship.

Question 37.
Explain the importance of globalisation and bring out its political implications.
Answer:
Globalisation is the process of intergrating the economy of the country with world economy. It is a movement towards greater interaction. Integration and interdependence among people and organisation across borders. The strongest manifestion of Globalisation has been the increasing economics intergration among the countries in trade and investment.

An important attribute of globalization is the increasing degree of openness, which has three dimensions, ie. international trade, international investment and international finance. It involves creation of networks and activities transcending economic, social and geographical boundaries. The Economy of India had undergone significat policy shifts in the beginning of the 1990’s. This new model of economic reforms is commonly known as the liberalization, privatizaton and globalisation(LPG) model.

The chain of reforms that took place with regard to business, manufacturing and financial industries targeted at the strengthening the economy of the country to a more proficient level. These economic reforms had influenced the overall economic growth of the country in a significant manner.
In brief the salient points of Globalisation are

1. Efficiency
2. Transfer of technology
3. Concept of a global village
4. Mobility of labour force
5. Global competion resulting in better performance
6. Outsourcing and
7. Optimum utilization of human resources.

The political implications of globalisation are as follows:
1. Power subjugation:
The effects of globalisation has brought a lot of changes in the world economy. For small countries, it is inevitable to accept the economic decisions of big countries, which leads to power subjugation.

2. Affects the sovereignty:
As a result of globalisation in the fields of economy, trade, transportation, etc., the sovereign countries are bound by the decisions of stronger countries. Hence it affects the sovereignty of a country in totality.

3. Cultural invasion:
Culture is a complex, wholesome and exclusive to each country. The influence of globalisation in the name of cultural exchange not only invades but also degenerates the youth who are the architects of the future.

4. Enslavement of lifestyle:
Globalisation has largely affected the younger generation. Food habits, general behaviour, mutual relationship, respect to elders, human values and ultimately the whole generation has become slave in the clutches of globalisation.

5. Elimination of subsidies:
The major impact of globalisation is the curtailment of subsidies to all sectors including agriculture, in a phased manner. The worst hit are the peasants who are the backbone of the country.

6. Political Instability:
The impact of globalisation mainly is economic depression, boom or even recession which directly affects the political stability of a country. Hence development comes to a stand still. Thus globalisation as a process of integrating the economy of the country with world economy has gone a long way.

Question 38.
Discuss the concepts of International Relations.
Answer:
The core concepts of International Relations pertaining to politics are as follows:
a. State Sovereignty:
Jean Bodin has described the concept of Sovereignty in his work “De Republica”. He emphasizes on the state Sovereignty within their territorial jurisdiction. No State can dictate others and all States are equal in matters of status, dignity and honour. For instance, India under the British imperialism lost its sovereignty and gained its state hood only in 1947. Iraq during the Gulf war in 1990, is an example for aggression on the Sovereignty.

b. National Interests:
It is the action of the State in relation to other States. As Frankel opined, it refers to the aspiration of the state. The determinants of national interest are qualities of personalities and ideals of the decision makers.

c. Power Blocs:
With the beginning of the cold war, two power blocs emerged, i.e., USA and USSR. President of U S. Harry S. Truman believed in the spread of democracy whereas the Warsaw Pact under Soviet policy sought the spread of Communism. Capitalistic ideology spread in UK, France, Germany and Communist ideology spread in Poland, Bulgaria, Rumania and Hungery.

d. Polarity:
Polarities in international relations refer to the arrangement of power within the international system. The concept arose from bi-polarity during the cold war between the two super powers. The disintegration of the USSR has led to uni-polarity with the United States as the superpower.

With rapid economic growth in 2010, China became the world’s second largest economy. Combined with the respectable international position, China has emerged as a major power in the multi-polar world.

e. Balance of Power:
The concept of Balance of Power refers to relative power position of States as actors in international relations, with its emphasis on the cultivation of power and the utilization of power for resolving the problems. Morgenthau used the term ‘Balance of Power’ as an approximately equal distribution of power. It is an inseparable part of the power politics.

V. Answer any two of the following questions in 15-20 sentences each: (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 39.
Write a note on ‘Kannada Rajyotsava’ day celebration of your college.
Answer:
November 1^st, every year is a great day. At the time of independence, there were more than 500 provinces in India ruled by rebellious kings and nawabs. Sardar Patel persuaded them to form states based on their native languages. In that way Kannada speaking people residing in the areas called Kannada Nadu or Mysore together to from the Mysore state, which was then only 9 or 10 districts came to be formed.

Later other areas were also added. Now there are 29 districts. On 1973 November 1^st Mysore was renamed as Karnataka. From that day onwards, every November 1^st Rajyotsava is celebrated. This is an official programme. All schools and colleges in Karnataka, celebrate this function. In Bengaluru, capital of the state, the celebration extends for the whole month.

In colleges, students celebrate with the photo on idol of Sri Bhuvaneshwari. Kannada flag (yellow-red) is hoisted and cultural programmes are conducted. After speeches and distribution of sweets, the function comes to an end.

OR

What is Patel scheme?
Answer:
Sardar Patel took charge of the Indian states Department and V.P. Menon became secretary on 5^th July 1947. They dealt with matters arising between central Government and the Indian states. The biggest individual factor in the above spectacular event was the personality of Sardar Patel. The success of Integration is attributed to his astute statesmanship, intense patriotism and great administrative skill. He handled the Kings of Princely states with patience, tact and sympathy. He was a man of Iron will. The integration of states is his greatest contribution to independent India.

Question 40.
Write a note on any Indian political leader.
Answer:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is acknowledged as the leader of the untouchables and underprivileged in the Indian social strata. For his work in piloting the Constitution of Independent India through the Constituent Assembly, he is also hailed as the Modem Manu.

Dr. Ambedkar was the 14^th child of Ramaji Sakpal and Bhimabai of the Mahar community in Maharashtra. He was born on 14^th April 1891. He lost his mother when he was only six and was brought up by his aunt. He had his school education in Satara. He completed his graduation in Bombay with the support of the Maharaja of Baroda. He did his M.A. and Ph.D degrees from Colombia University in 1915 and 1916 respectively.

Later he got his Law and D.Sc degrees also. In 1924, he started an asspciation for the welfare of the depressed classes. He also started the newspapers ‘Bahiskrit Bharat’ in Hindi and ‘Mooka Nayaka‘ in Marathi. These were to motivate the people to fight for independence and also to champion the cause of the depressed classes for social reforms. His important works were ‘Administration and Finance of the East India Company’, ‘Buddha and Karl Marx’ and ‘Caste in India’ among others.

He was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee for framing our Constitution. In the Interim government, he was the Law Minister in Nehru’s cabinet. He renounced active politics and embraced Buddhism. He spent the rest of his life propagating the message of Buddhism. He passed away on 6^th December 1956. Dr. Ambedkar’s memory will remain long in our hearts.

OR

Describe the similarities in Indo-USSR relations.
Answer:
Russia is the world’s largest country extending half way round the globe. To the west it borders Finland, Norway, Estonia, Latvia and Belarus. The much longer southern frontier extends into Central Asia.

India’s relation with the former USSR has been a part of history, but it developed rapidly after the visits of Khrushchev and Bulganin to India and Nehru’s visit to Soviet Union. Since 1955, Indo- Soviet relations have reached a new scale and dimension and regarded as a good example of bilateral and inter-state relations. The Soviets have openly declared that Indo-Soviet friendship has become a part of their ‘tradition’. People to people relationship is a comer stone of their foreign policy.

Soviet Union contributed immensely for the development of industries and technology in India. The defence ties between the two countries helped India in building a credible defence structure. Its steadfast diplomatic support in the UN, on the Kashmir and Goa issues is commendable.

The use of Veto-power in the Security Council to support India in 1971 war with Pakistan was crucial. Soviet Russia adopted Communist ideology and India accepted Democratic Socialism. Despite the ideological differences, the two countries forged a long time Treaty of friendship for 20 years.

Factors of Indo-USSR close ties:
1. Both India and USSR consider that the peaceful settlement of disputes between states as most crucial for the future of human race.

2. Both believe in natural freedom and social equality as pre-requisite of a just world order.

3. Support to liberation movements across the world are recognized by both the countries.

4. Both Countries opposed all forms of colonialism, imperialism, and racial discrimination.

Thus, India and USSR have realized geo-political significance and the need to strengthen bilateral ties. This is to ensure the settlement of regional problems and establishment of global peace and prosperity.

Disintegration of Soviet Union:
In 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev, the President of USSR introduced economic and political reforms of ‘Perestroika’(restructuring ) and ‘Glasnost (openness). That stopped the arms race with US, withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan, helped the unification of Germany, ended the cold war.

Other weaknesses inherent in the Soviet Union led to the disintergration of USSR and formation of 15 new countries in 1991. India recognized all of them as Sovereign states and established new diplomatic relations. Ten of them joined together to form a new associations with Russia called (CIS) (Commonwealth of Independent States).

Bilateral relations:
The new leadership in Russia and other Republics of the erstwhile Soviet Union hold India in high regard due to India’s secular approach to politics, its stable democratic system of assuring rights and equality to all its citizens, self-reliant industrial and economic base and its genuine concern for vital global issues e.g. peace, disarmament, economic development, human rights and democratization of international organization particularly of the UN and its agencies.

Russia continues its support to India to become a permanent member in UN Security Council. India and Russia both have multi-faceted relationalship involving strategic and high-level cooperation. The process of bilateral annual summits has given great impetus to bilateral relations. Indo-Russia co-operation has continued to move stronger on the basis mutual interest, faith, friendship and past relations.

Students can Download 2nd PUC Political Science Previous Year Question Paper June 2018, Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Previous Year Question Paper June 2018

Time: 3 hrs 15 min
Max. Marks: 100

I. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentence each: (10 × 1 = 10)

Question 1.
Who was the Vice President of Viceroy’s Executive Council?
Answer:
Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru.

Question 2.
When was the State Reorganisation Committee formed?
Answer:
The State Reorganisation Committee formed in 1953.

Question 3.
What is the minimum age of voter in India?
Answer:
18 years.

Question 4.
Expand NOTA.
Answer:
None Of The Above.

Question 5.
Who was the first Dalit leader to enter Nasik Kalarama temple?
Answer:
Dr B. R. Ambedkar.

Question 6.
When was the Domestic Violence Act enforced?
Answer:
2005.

Question 7.
What is post-poll alliance?
Answer:
Coalition government will be formed by the opportunist political leaders after elections it is called post-poll alliance.

Question 8.
What is the root word of terrorism?
Answer:
The word Terrorism is derived from the Latin word “terrere”.

Question 9.
What is meant by crony capitalism?
Answer:
A close relationships between business people and government officials to get benefit is called crony capitalism.

Question 10.
Who were the signatories of Simla Agreement?
Answer:
Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and Pakistan Prime Minister Z.A. Bhutto.

II. Answer any ten of the following questions in two words or two sentences each: (10 × 2 = 20)

Question 11.
How many state was Punjab divided into? Which are they?
Answer:
Punjab was divided into two states. They are Punjab and Haryana.

Question 12.
What is central services? Given an example.
Answer:
A group of officials who are appointed by the central government, working and regulated by the central government is called central services.
Example: Indian Railway Services, Indian Foreign Services.

Question 13.
What is “Maryada Hatya”?
Answer:
Due to modernisation youth are heading towards inter-caste and inter-religion marriages. Elders of tradition-bound families to maintain family honour and values, go even to the extent of killing the parties involved and their supporters. This honour killing is called Maryada Hatye’.

Question 14.
What is National Integration?
Answer:
A process of uniting the people emotionally, psychologically and politically is called National Integration.

Question 15.
Mention any two coalition partners of National Democratic Alliances.
Answer:

1. BJP
2. Shivasena.

Question 16.
What is Common Minimum Programme?
Answer:
The partners of the alliance set aside their political ideologies and accept one programme to run the coalition, it is called common Minimum Programme.

Question 17.
Mention any two terrorist groups of Afghanistan.
Answer:
Taliban and A1-Qaeda.

Question 18.
What is a power block? Given an example.
Answer:
After the second world war two blocks emerged on the basis of democracy and communism, it is called power block.
Example: America and USSR.

Question 19.
Name two members states of SAARC.
Answer:

•  India
• Srilanka.

Question 20.
Write any two causes for the liberation of Bangladesh.
Answer:

1. Ignores the interests of East Pakistan.
2. Not allow Mujibur Rehman to become Prime Minister.

Question 21.
What is “Perestroika” and “Glasnost”?
Answer:
Perestroika means economic rehabilitation and Glasnost means openness in administration.

Question 22.
Write any two principles of Indian Foreign Policy.
Answer:

• Policy of non-alignment.
• Anti-apartheid and racial discrimination.

III. Answer any eight of the following questions in 15-20 sentences each: (8 × 5 = 40)

Question 23.
Write a short note on interim government.
Answer:
The interim government of India was formed on 2^nd September 1946. The Constituent Assembly had 389 members. It was drawn from the newly elected Constituent Assembly of India. It had the task of assisting the transition of India and Pakistan from British rule to Independence.

It remained in force until 15^th August 1947, India became Independent. The Constituent Assembly become a sovereign body and performed the role of legislature for the new state. It was responsible for framing the constitution and making ordinary laws as well.

Question 24.
Describe the accession of Junagadh, Hyderabad and Kashmir.
Answer:
1. Junagadh:
The Nawab of Junagadh declared accession to Pakistan much against the wishes of the people of the state. They were in favour of joining India. After the declaration of accession, they rose in rebellion against the Nawab. As a result, he fled to Pakistan. A Plebiscite was held in which the people voted to accede to Indian Union. Later Junagadh was merged with Saurashtra.

2. Hyderabad:
Hyderabad, the largest of the Princely States was surrounded by Indian Territory. Its ruler the ‘Nizam’ wanted an independent status. He made a ‘Standstill Agreement’ with India in November 1947 to maintain the status quo which existed before 1947. But the Indian Government felt that an independent Hyderabad would pose security threat.

In the meantime, there was a movement against the oppressive rule of the nizam. The peasantry and the women joined in large numbers. His paramilitary forces named Razakars, raped, maimed, looted, murdered and targeted the non-Muslims.

To end this anarchy, the Indian army entered into Hyderabad in September 1948. This police action is known as ‘Operation Polo’. The Nizam surrendered and it was followed by complete accession of Hyderabad into Indian Union.

3. Kashmir:
Jammu and Kashmir was a Princely State. Its ruler Hari Singh, was a Hindu and the population was largely Muslims (77%). They did not merge with India or Pakistan but wanted an independent status for the state. There was a popular movement led by Sheikh Abdullah. They were against joining Pakistan also. They thought of themselves as Kashmiris.

In October 1947, Kashmir was invaded by tribal infiltrators of Pakistan. This forced the Maharaja to seek Indian military help. India reacted positively after ‘Instrument of Accession’ was signed on 26^th October 1947. To resolve the crisis, the Constituent Assembly of India made a special provision through Art. 370, to provide a separate constitution to the state along with other provisions.

In 1951, the Constituent Assembly met in the state to frame a Constitution. In February 1954, the accession of the state to India was ratified by the constitution, legalising it. In November 1956, it adopted a constitution legalising the status of J & K as a unit of the Indian Union.

Question 25.
Describe the powers and functions of Election Commission.
Answer:
Powers and functions:
According to Art. 324

1. The Election Commission:

• Prepares electoral roll and its periodical revision.
• Holds elections to Parliament, State Legislatures and offices of President and Vice President.
• After the announcement of elections, it decides the time table.
• It conducts by-election to vacant seats.
• It grants recognition to political parties as National and State level parties.

According to Election Emblem Act 2000.

2. For National Party:

• 6% of casted valid votes in 4 more states in Lok Sabha or Vidhana Sabha election and 4 Loka Sabha seats in any state or states (or)
• Minimum 2% of Lok Sabha seats in 3 states.

3. For State Party:

• 6% of valid votes in the Lok Sabha or Vidhana Sabha elections form the state and 2 Vidhana Sabha seats (or)
• 3% seats of total Vidhana Sabha seats in the states or success at least in the 3 constituencies.
• It scrutinizes the nomination papers.
• It allots symbols to political parties and independent candidates.
• It appoints officers and other staff members to conduct elections and make necessary arrangements.
• It can order for re-poll in any constituency or any polling booth.
• It can withhold the election results on valid grounds.
• The President or the Governor acts on the advice of the election commission at the time of disqualification of members of the house.
• It enforces the code of conduct for the candidates and political parties, i.e. the elections expenses and submission of accounts after elections environmental protection against noise pollution, etc. during elections.
• As per the Representation of People Act (RPA) of 1950 and 1951 Election Commission of India conducts the process of election.

Question 26.
Discuss the features of Civil Service.
Answer:
Features of civil services are:-

1. Professional body:
As Herman Finer puts it, civil service is a professional body of officials who are, permanent, paid and skilled. It is a whole-time job and career service.

2. Hierarchy:
As per the scaler system, each civil servant has to obey his immediate superior, where higher-ranking administrative officers with discretionary powers supervises their subordinates. The authority runs from above and helps to make administration stable.

3. Political neutrality:
Civil servants refrain always from political activities. They perform their duties without being aligned to any one political regime.

4. Anonymity:
Civil servants work behind the screen and remain anonymous even though they work for the government. Recognition for good work or censure for any omission goes only to the concerned minister and not to the civil servants.

5. Impartiality:
The civil servants have to apply the laws of the state while performing the duties without showing any favour, bias or preference to any groups or sections of the society.

6. Service motto:
They have to work for the welfare of the society. They must be humble and service-minded towards the public and not authoritative.

7. Permanent:
Civil servants are called permanent executives. They discharge duties till they attain the age of superannuation. Both at the central and in Karnataka State Services, the age of retirement is sixty years. Even though disciplinary action is taken as per rules, there is security of service.

8. Jurisdiction of Law:
Every civil servant has to function within the prescribed jurisdiction of law. If he crosses the limit, he is met with disciplinary action.

9. Special training:
Once the candidates are selected for top civil services, they are deputed to in-service training to acquire special skills in administration, like the Lai Bahadur Shastry Academy of Administration located in Mussoorie for the training of the newly appointed IAS officers. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Police Academy located in Hyderabad trains the newly appointed IPS officers.

Question 27.
What are the powers and functions of Union Public Service Commission?
Answer:
Article 315 provides for the establishment of the Union Public Service Commission. UPSC is an independent constitutional body entrusted with the work of recruitment on the basis of merit.

1. Composition:
At present, the UPSC is composed of a Chairman and 10 members. Members are appointed by the President. It provides for half of the members of the Commission to be administrators with a minimum of the 10 years experience in government service. Nothing is mentioned regarding the qualifications of the remaining members.

2. Tenure:
A member of the Union Public Service Commission holds office for a period of 6 years or till he attains the age of 65 years, whichever comes earlier. Chairman or members of the commission are not eligible for re-appointment after retirement.

The Chairman of the UPSC is also not eligible for further employment under central or State Governments, however, a member of the UPSC may be appointed as a Chairman of the UPSC or the state Public Service Commission.

3. Removal:
A Chairman and members of the UPSC can be removed from the office only by on order of the President, on the ground of misbehaviour proved by the Supreme Court. All these provisions have been made to make the Commission an independent and impartial body.

4. Functions:
Article 320 of the Indian Constitution enumerate the functions of the UPSC:

• To conduct examinations for appointment to the services of the Union and All India Service.
• To assist two or more states, on request for joint recruitment for any services.
• To advise the government on matters relating to the methods of recruitment, promotions, transfers, disciplinary actions and inter-service matters.
• To present annual report regarding its working to the President.
• To exercise such additional functions as provided by an act of Parliament.
• To serve all or any needs of the state government on request by the Governor and with the approval of the President.

Question 28.
What are the main causes for peasants movements?
Answer:
The main causes for peasants movements are as follows:

1. Feeling of deprivation:
Peasants are deprived of the facilities when compared to organized sectors like industry. They face problems like shortage of quality seeds, fertilizers and pesticides, lack of adequate price and support price, waiving of loans, subsidies for agricultural implements insurance for crops and the like. The demand for these have made farmers to unite together to agitate.

2. Negligence of farmers’ problem:
The British government neglected the problem of agriculture sector and peasants. At the same time, the Bengal Government banned the blue crop and acquired farmers lands. In addition to this, they imposed heavy taxes and enhanced the prices. Ail these caused for Kheda
Movement.

3. Unbearable debts:
Peasants raise loans from Bank and financial institutions but they are not in a position to repay it for reasons like market fluctuation, the tactics of brokers, etc. This intensifies the burden of debts and interest. All these force them to commit suicide. This adversely affects the family. Incidents like this creates horror among others and leads to protests.

4. Natural calamity:
Peasants depend more on monsoon which are usually irregular. Hence it is popularly known as ‘Indian agriculture is playing gamble with monsoons’. As a result floods and famine, diseases to crops, soil erosion leads to infertility of the soil. These situations force them to become victims and they go for agitation.

5. Unscientific Land acquisition:
In the wake of urbanization and industrialization, the governments are acquiring cultivable land of farmers. Many times, proper compensation is not given and they are not provided any alternate-, As a result, they become landless and unemployed. Such measures of government leads to movement.

6. Support price:
Amidst innumerable problems, farmers do not get adequate price to their, produce. At that time, the government has to intervene and announce support price to the farmers produce. When the government fails to do so, they intensify agitation.

Question 29.
Discuss the political implications of labour movement.
Answer:
1. Political implications:
To meet the demands of work and to provide welfare programme, the government have taken measures. They are:

2. Constitutional measures:
Part IV of the Indian Constitution which deals with the Directive Principles of State Policy directs state governments to adopt socialist measures like equal pay for equal work for both men and women, to provide leave facilities for pregnant women for both prenatal and postnatal care. The concurrent list empowers the governments to legislate on the workers welfare.

3. Government of India have made legislation on personal labour laws as follows:
The labour laws for 1970 have fixed the wages of workers appointed on contract basis. Workmen Compensation Act of 1923, Salary Payment Act of 1936, Weekly Holiday Act of 1942, Minimum Wages Act of 1948, Employees Provident Fund Act of 1952, Bonus Act of 1965.

Some Prominent Labour Organisations are :

1. All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC):
With the belief in socialistic pattern of society, it was started in 1920, It was working as a Labour Union and came under the grip of Communist after independence. It aims at nationalization of industries, protection of labour rights and labour welfare, etc.,

2. Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC):
Because of ideological differences, some congressmen came out of AITUC and started INTUC in May 1947, with the support of Congress Party on non-violent philosophy.

3. Bharateeya Mazdur Sangh (BMS):
Founded by Dattopanth Thengdi for upholding the patriotic spirit among the labour population during 1955 on the birthday of Sri Bal Gangadhar Tilak. It is not affiliated to any international trade union confederation. An estimated 5860 labour unions are affiliated to BMS and it is one of the largest central Trade Union of India according to the statistics of Ministry of labour in 2002.

4. Centre for Trade Union (CITU):
Communist leaders like S.A. Dange and EMS. Namboodiripad took the stand to oppose the imperialistic attitude. In 1964, Marxists started CITU because of the difficulties raised out of leftists and rightists in AITUC. West Bengal, Kerala and Tripura are the strong belt of Marxists.

5. Other major organizations:
Hindu Mazdoor Sabha (HMS), Hind Mazdoor Panchayath (HMP), United Trade Union Congress (UTUC) and other organization are struggling hard to protect the interest of labourers. Totally, Labour Movement are trying to improve the welfare and standard of living of workers. The success of these movements is seen through governmental programmes.

As Karl Marx said, “Unite the workers of the world, you are going to lose shackles of the slavery, but nothing else”. The celebration of May day throughout the world on the 1^st of May every year proves the significance of labour force and the movement.

Question 30.
What are the causes of Casted based inequality?
Answer:
1. Caste-based inequality:
Inequality means denying opportunities and privileges to some classes, making discrimination on the basis of caste, religion, gender, birthplace etc., Discriminating people on the grounds is prevalent of caste is caste-based inequality. From the ancient period, caste-based inequality in Hindu Society.

Hindu society was divided into four vamas and the contents of Manu Smriti were followed. In modern society, inequality is based on the available privileges for upper and lower castes, which also has contributed to social inequality.

Varna System was based on the professions such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vysyas and Sudras. Gradually it got converted into caste-based discrimination by the law of Manu. Later on, inequality prevailed in Hindu society.

2. Social Distance:
Due to lack of interaction individual among different castes, their cultures, traditions, folkways, mores, food habits, social intercourse and so on are not known to others and not appreciated or acknowledged. Hence, it is called a closed society. It has leads to strong caste bias amongst them.

3. Illiteracy and conservation:
Illiteracy and ignorance among people make them conservative and moulds them to narrow mindedness and superstitions. They believe in old customs and traditions. Such people are very orthodox in their nature. They oppose strongly to any change in society and consider their own caste as superior and others as inferior.

4. Sense of prestige:
The strong desire of the people belonging to a particular caste enhances the prestige of their own, to get benefits and privileges from the society. Other castes which get neglected remain unprivileged and suffer from social status inequality.

5. Marriage restrictions:
In this closed society, only endogamous marriages are accepted. Elders do not honour marriages fixed outside their subsects. In such a situation, strong caste feeling develops and leads to inequality.

Question 31.
Explain the organisation and functions of Lokayukta.
Answer:
Though the institution of Lokayukta was introduced for the first time in Odisha it was not able to implement. Maharashtra was the first state to implement in 1973 and Karnataka in 1984. It investigates the allegation against officials like corruption, favouritism, nepotism, injustice and other grievances.

It does not include Judges, Speaker, Chairman, Accountant General, Chairman and Members of State Public Service Commission, Judges of civil and criminal court. The Lokayukta receives the petition from the public and conducts enquires. It has power to raid on the houses and offices of the corrupt officials.

Lokayukta in Karnataka:
The Government headed by Sri Ramakrishna Hegde adopted the institution of Lokayukta in 1984. It comprises of retired judge of the Supreme Court or Chief Justice of the High. Court is Upa Lokayukta.

The committee consisting of Chief Minister, Chief Justice of High Court, Speaker of the Assembly, Chairman of the Council and leaders of opposition are consulted by the governor regarding the appointment. They are appointed for 5 years. They can be removed from the office by the governor, on the charge of misbehavior or incapacity proved in the state Legislature.

Question 32.
What are the causes for the raise of identity politics?
Answer:
Identity politics is defined by one’s own identity based on race, ethnicity, gender, language religion. It is the politics of recognition and a movement to claim recognition. A person may have multiple identities but he perceives only a single identity at a time. Movements of lesbians, black civil rights, wave of feminists etc., have brought legitimacy to identity politics.
Causes for the rise of identity politics are as follows:

1. Maladministration leads to the poor economic growth of a particular region or geographical backwardness of the people of a particular ethnic identity.
2. The rise of regional parties has created the local awareness of language or region.
3. Extreme poverty, exploitation, lack of opportunity and threat to existing group privileges to the ethnic groups.
4. Ethnic groups’ fear of assimilation resulting in cultural dilution.
5. Rise in standard of living, literacy and aspiration, socio-political awareness have led to identity politics.
6. Lack of share in natural resources, fear of loss of land, political power and economic growth.
7. Fear of losing scope in educational and employment fields.
8. Fear of losing ethnic identities like language and culture.

Question 33.
What are the principles of United Nations Organisations?
Answer:
The basic principles mentioned in Article 2 of the Charter are:

1. The UN is based on the sovereign equality of all its members.
2. All members shall fulfill in good faith the UN charter obligations.
3. They shall settle international disputes by peaceful means.
4. They have to retain their international relations from the threat or use of force against other states.
5. They have to extend all help to the actions being taken by the UN.
6. The UN shall ensure that states who are not members, act in accordance with the principles of the UN.
7. The organisation shall not intervene in matters essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state.

Question 34.
Write about Non-Alignment Policy of India.
Answer:
The basic principles of Indian Foreign Policy are Non-Alignment. After the II World War, the world was divided into two military blocs,
one led by USA and another by USSR. Many countries of the world became the allies of these two military blocs. But India was not aligned to any of the military blocs. India was the first country to speak of non-alignment and major contributor to the emergene of Non- Align Movement.

Jawaharlal Nehru Prime Minister of India, Gen. Sukarno President of Indonesia, Josif Broz Tito President of Yugoslavia, Kwame Nkrumah Prime Minister of Ghana and Gamal Abdel Nasser leader of Egypt were the founders of this movement. This first summit of NAM which was held at Belgrade, Yugoslavia in 1961 with 25 member countries. At present, it has 128 members. Recent NAM summit concluded in August 2012 at Tehran, Iran Venezuela will host the next 17^th summit in 2015.

IV. Answer any two of the following questions in 30 to 40 sentences: (2 × 10 = 20)

Question 35.
Explain the functions of political party.
Answer:
Functions:

1. Preparation of election manifesto:
The election agenda is arranged through a manifesto. Its main intention is capturing power with popular support. It reflects the ideological commitments of the party, which include voter’s requirements like good governance through infrastructure development.

2. Selection of the candidate:
The selection of the best candidate is made on the basis of popularity, acceptability and responsiveness to the grievances of people. Usually, all parties prepare a list of such candidates, to win the elections.

3. Political education and awareness:
Political parties impart political education to the people and make them realize their responsibilities. The ideologies along with the previous achievements are highlighted to attract the voters during electioneering. Through this, voters compare and contrast and decide their future course of action. Thus, the people have an opportunity to get political education and awareness about national and regional issues.

4. To contest elections:
Through proper filing of nominations and getting ‘B form’, it is ascertained that the candidature is official. It is filed in the respective offices of the Returning officers of the concerned constitutencies.

5. Election campaign:
The candidates who are in the fray are supported by their parties in all possible ways. Provision for election expenses, using public platform by speeches from the leaders of parties, and through electronic and mass media to win the election.

6. Formation of the government:
After the declaration of the results, the party which secures majority will form the government. The administration is carried on within the constitutional framework along with implementing the assurances mentioned in the manifes to at the time of elections. At the same time, it maintains discipline within the party by imposing party norms.

7. Acts as opposition party:
The political parties which fail to secure majority in the election, act as opposition parties. They apply the brake to the unconstitutional decisions and policies of the ruling party and help to streamline the administration. The opposition party is always ready to step into the shoes of the ruling party by highlighting the wrongdoings in the administration. It acts as the ‘watch dog’ of democracy.

8. Formation of Public opinion:
The political party acts as the best agency in formulating the public opinion. The achievements of the ruling party are published and highlighted through media and public platforms. Opposition parties organize rallies, conduct road shows and seminars to expose the failures of ruling party. Such activities of the parties enlighten the masses and lead to the formation of healthy public opinion.

9. Bridge between the government and the people:
Political parties act as bridge between the government and the people. The leaders of the parties try to reach the people through policies and programmes. They draw attention of the government towards the problems of the people and get remedies.

10. Promotes the National Interest:
It is the task of all the political parties to protect the unity and integrity of the nation. Whenever there is threat from internal violence and external aggression the parties have to unite themselves keeping aside their ideological and parochial differences.

Question 36.
Describe the hindrances and remedial measures to eliminate nation-building.
Answer:
1. Poverty:
Large sections of our societies live in the villages and their major occupation is agriculture. They rely upon monsoon which is quite irregular. Hence, the output is very low. As a result, more than 1 /5^th of total population is living below poverty line. Poverty denies access to good health, sanitation facilities and basic infrastructure necessary for personalities development.

2. Population explosion:
Census Reports of 2011 prove that India is overpopulated (1.2 billion). Though a resource, it is not properly utilized to strengthen the nation. Population explosion has led to unemployment, housing shortage, shortage of food and other basic amenities.

3. Regional imbalance:
All the regions of our country are evenly developing. This leads to separatist tendencies that curbs national development. e.g. Marathawada and Vidharbha in Maharashtra, Telangana region in Andhra Pradesh, Korapaf and Kalahandi region in Odisha, North Eastern region and Gorkha hill areas.

4. Social and political disturbances:
In India, social and political disturbances have become common in recent years causing tension. Assam, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Kerala have become communally sensitive states. Likewise, caste conflicts, terrorism, the centre-state and inter-state disputes have affected nation’s march towards development.

5. Political crisis:
The coalition politics and the emergence of too many political parties, regional and sectarian feelings have created political parties, regional and sectarian feelings have created political crises on many occasions.

The vested interests have prevented the parliament and state legislatures to enact necessary laws for the development of nation. Money power and muscle power have led to the growth of leaders without principles and it has become a gainful employment.

Remedies

1. Political stability:
The government elected by the people has to continue for the full term so as to adopt and implement the policies for development. Frequent changes in government result in slow development and political uncertainty. In order to maintain political stability. The Constitution Review Commission headed by Justice M.N. Venkatachalaiah suggested the adoption of constructive vote of no-confidence system in 2002.

2. Selection of priorities:
The government has to choose the areas of priority necessary for nation-building. These priorities are to be decided on the basis of the needs of the people. Infrastructure, education, transport, employment, agriculture, industries and health services may be accorded priorities for national development.

3. Effective implementation of plans:
Since April 2012, Twelfth Five Year Plan is under progress. To fill gap of the previous plans, it is aimed at channelising the sources and implementing effectively.

4. Mixed economy:
Public and private partnership not only strengthens the economy but also contributes for its substance. The contribution of the private enterprises has been phenomenal in the economic front. Eg. Tata’s Birla’s Wipro, Infosys and other have not only generated employment but also contributed for economic progress.

5. Implementation of Directive Principles of State Policy:
Part IV of the Indian Constitution emphasizes the establishment of socio-economic democracy through the adoption of revolutionary policies. Concentration of wealth in a few hands is an obstacle for the development of SCs, STs and backward classes to implement the ideals of egalitarian type of society. Hence, implementation of Directive principles of State Policy is necessary at this juncture.

6. Role of civil society:
In India civil society organization are playing an important role in nation-building. They are fighting against political and administrative corruption, Red Tapism, political apathy and anti-people polices. These activities need to be strengthened to hasten the process of national development.

Movements like India against corruption, association for democratic reforms. Election watch and other NGOs are playing constructive role in this direction. Nation-building is a long and challenging process. It requires charismatic and dynamic political leadership, competent civil services, active participation of the people and vigilant media.

Question 37.
Explain the importance of globalization and its political implications.
Answer:
Globalisation is the process of inter grating the economy of the country with world economy. It is a movement towards greater interaction. Integration and interdependence among people and organisation across borders. The strongest manifestion of Globalisation has been the increasing economics inter gration among the countries in trade and investment.

An important attribute of globalization is the increasing degree of openness, which has three dimensions, ie., international trade, international investment and international finance. It involves creation of networks and activities transcending economic, social and geographical boundaries.

The Economy of India had undergone significant policy shifts in the beginning of the 1990’s. This new model of economic reforms is commonly known as the liberalization, privatizaton and globalisation(LPG) model.

The chain of reforms that took place with regard to business, manufacturing and financial industries targeted at the strengthening the economy of the country to a more proficient level. These economic reforms had influenced the overall economic growth of the country in a significant manner.

In brief, the salient points of Globalisation are

1. Efficiency
2. Transfer of technology
3. Concept of a global village
4. Mobility of labour force
5. Global competition resulting in better performance
6. Outsourcing and
7. Optimum utilization of human resources.

The political implications of globalisation are as follows.

1. Power subjugation:
The effects of globalisation brought lots of changes in the world economy. For small countries it is inevitable to accept the economic decisions of strong countries. Hence it affects the soverignty of a country in totality.

2. Affects the Soverignty:
As a result of globalisation in the fields of economy, trade, transportation etc., the sovereign countries are bound by decisions of strong countries. Hence it affects the soverignty of a country in totally.

3. Cultural Invasion:
Culture is a complex whole and exclusive to each country. The influence of globalisation in the name of cultural exchange not only invades but also degenerates the youth who are the architects of the future.

4. Enslavement of Lifestyle:
Globalisation has largely affected the younger generation. Food habits, general behaviour, mutual relationships, respect to elders, human values and ultimately the whole generation has become slave in the clutches of globalisation.

5. Elimination of subsidies:
The major impact of globalisation is the curtailment of subsidies to all sectors including agriculture in a phased manner. The worst-hit are the peasants who are the back bone of the country.

6. Political Instability:
The impact of globalisation mainly is economic depression, boom or even recession which directly affects the political stability of a country. Hence development comes to a standstill.

Thus globalisation as a process of integrating the economy of the country with world economy has gone a long way.

Question 38.
Define International relations and its importance.
Answer:
International relations is a dynamic discipline which tries to explain political activities across the state boundaries. According to Ola Joseph, “ International relations are the study of all forms of interactions that exist between members of separate entities or nations within the international system”.

International relations is concerned with all the exchange transactions, contracts, flow of information and the resulting behavioural response between and among separate organised societies. International relations could encompass many different activities such as social, economic, religious and others.

According to H.J. Morgenthau, Power is the key to international relations. He viewed that international relations are the subjects that deal with those relations among nations which involve power status. External developments constantly influence the domestic policies. Nations are compelled to enter into dialogues, form alliances with Other nations. This is to ensure the power and prestige of nations in the international system.

It is of immense importance for the student of international relations to understand that the world of today is marked by two factors. One is to do with the nature of power in the nuclear age and the other concerned with the interdependence of mankind.

V. Answer any two of the following questions in 15-20 sentences each: (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 39.
Prepare a report on “Karnataka Rajyotsava” celebration in your college.
Answer:
November 1^st, every year is a great day. After independence, there were more than 500 provinces in India ruled by rebellious kings and nawabs. Sardar Patel persuaded them to form state according to their native language. In that way, Kannada speaking people residing in area called Kannada Nadu or Mysore State which was only 9 or 10 districts then came to be formed.

Later other areas were also added. Now 30 districts are there. In 1973, November 1^st, Mysore was renamed to Karnataka. From the day onwards every November 1st Rajyotsava is celebrated. This is an official programme. Every school and college in Karnataka celebrate this function. In Bangalore, capital of the state, the celebration extends for the whole month.

In colleges, students celebrate with photo of Bhuvaneshwari. Kannada flag (yellow-red) will be hoisted and cultural programmes will be conducted. After distribution of sweets function will come to an end.

OR

Explain the importance of liberalisation.
Answer:
Liberalization is the “willingness to respect or accept behaviour or opinion different from one’s own; open to new ideas”. Liberalization is the process of liberating the economy from various regulatory mechanisms and elimination of customs and tariffs. Economic liberalization is the policy of relaxation over economic and trade policies.

Importance of liberalization are as follows:

1. Consumer-friendly:
This leads to lower costs and prices for consumers to get the goods and services according to their wishes. There are many number of companies which bring lots of quality products to suit the consumer’s interests and demands. In liberalised economy, consumer gets more benefits.

2. Free from government regulations:
Government provides free movement of ‘ trade and commerce where any private company can easily carry on their business activities without any restrictions. The companies need not undergo any procedural delay by the government.

3. Promotes competition:
Liberalisation extends competition within different company’s trade firms. Basically, they maintain the. standards but offer lower prices for the consumers. Competition promotes efficiency and avoids wastage of resources.

4. Promotes world business class:
Liberalization provides the business class and opportunity to share their knowledge and exchange technology with confidence at the international level. Business firms can learn and earn at global level. They can enrich their knowledge by equipping new machinery and tools for better performance as per international standards.

5. Provides for more private funding agencies:
Liberalization allows financial markets to provide loans to companies which previously were not able to access, loans that they can pay off, and it allows more financial private funding agencies like ICICI, HDFC and HSBC.

6. Improve the economy: ‘
Liberalization is expected to improve nation’s GDP growth. It helps nation’s economic development and improves the standard of living in a shorter period. Most of the developing nations adopt liberalised economy.

7. Promotes technological advancement:
Liberalisation makes new changes in an advanced technology and logistics for better services. That can be useful to save time, energy and money. It promotes for high quality of products and making the supplies in time.

Question 40.
Write about disintegration of USSR and bilateral relations in Indo-Russian relation.
Answer:
In 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev, the President of USSR introduced economic and political reforms of ‘Perestroika’ (restructuring) and ‘Glasnost’(openness). That stopped the arms race with US, withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan, helped the unification of Germany, ended the cold war.

Other weaknesses inherent in the Soviet Union led to the disintegration of USSR and formation of 15 new countries in 1991. India recognized all of them as sovereign states and established new diplomatic relations. Ten of them joined together to form new associations with Russia called CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States).

Bilateral relations:-
The new leadership in Russia and other Republics of erstwhile Soviet Union hold India in high regard due to India’s secular approach to politics, its stable democratic system assuring rights and equality to all its citizens, self-reliant industrial and economic base, and its genuine concern for vital global issues, e.g. peace disarmament, economic development, human rights and democratization of international organizations particularly of the UN and its agencies.

It continues its support to India to become permanent member in UN Security Council. India and Russia both have multifaceted relationship involving strategic and high-level co-operation. The process of bilateral annual summits has given great impetus to bilateral relations. Indo-Russia co-operation has continued to move stronger on the basis mutual interest, faith, friendship and past relations.

OR

Write a note on anyone Karnataka political leader.
Answer:
Sri Siddaramaiah:
Sri Siddaramaiah is acknowledged as the leader of the backward class and minorities in the Karnataka social strata. He was born on 12^th August 1948 and was the 22^nd Chief Minister of Karnataka from 2013 to 2018. He was the first Chief Minister to complete a full 5-year term in the top post in Karnataka in 40 years.

Siddaramaiah was a member of various Janata Parivar fuctions for several years. Earlier as a Janatha Dal (Secular) leader, he was Deputy Chief. Minister of Karnataka on two occasions. On 13^th May 2013, he was sworn in as the Chief Minister of Karnataka.

Siddaramaiah is also regarded as the leader of ‘Ahinda’. His programmes are most popular and familar with relates to the sections of below poverty line. During the time of his rule as a Chief Minister, his main popular programmes are Anna Bhagya, Ksheera Bhagya, Shaadi Bhagya, Mythri Bhagya, Indira Canteen, Arogya Bhagya, etc. still he remained as an unquestionable leader in Indian National Congress.

Students can Download 2nd PUC Political Science Model Question Paper 2 with Answers, Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Model Question Paper 2 with Answers

Time: 3 Hrs 15 Min
Max. Marks: 100

I. Answer the following questions in a sentence each. (10 × 1=10)

Question 1.
What is Operation Polo?
Answer:
Indian army entering Hyderabad to stop the oppressive rule of the Nizam is called Operation Polo.

Question 2.
When was the States Reorganization Commission formed?
Answer:
States Reorganization Commission was formed in 1953.

Question 3.
What is a Regional party?
Answer:
Regional party is a party that fights for Regional language, religion, water and border disputes, regionalism and other burning problems, e.g. Akali Dal, DMK, Shiv Sena, MES, Raita Sangha etc. These parties fight safeguard the interest of the local people.

Question 4.
Expand EPIC?
Answer:
lector’s Photo Identity Card.

Question 5.
When was Miller Committee formed?
Answer:
In 1918.

Question 6.
Which day is celebrated as ‘World Environment Day’?
Answer:
5^th June.

Question 7.
Mention the root word of coalition.
Answer:
It is derived from the Latin word ‘Coalition’ ‘Co’ means ‘together’ and ‘Alescere’ means to ‘grows up’.

Question 8.
Can the states levy taxes on import and export?
Answer:
Yes.

Question 9.
Where do Cronies accumalate the wealth?
Answer:
In Private corporate sectors.

Question 10.
When did India conduct its first Nuclear test?
Answer:
In 1974.

II. Answer any ten of the following in 2 to 3 sentences: (10 × 2 = 20)

Question 11.
When was Federal court established and where?
Answer:
In 1937 in Delhi.

Question 12.
Write any two functions of UPSC.
Answer:
To assist two or more states, on request for joint recruitment for any services. To conduct examinations for appointment to the services of the union and All India Services.

Question 13.
What is ‘Maryada Hate’?
Answer:
Due to modernisation youth are heading towards inter-caste and inter-religion marriages. Elders of tradition bound families to maintain family honour and values, go even to the extent of killing the parties involved and their supporters. This honour killing is called Maryada Hatye’.

Question 14.
What do you mean by corruption?
Answer:
According to David. H. Bayley “It is the misuse of authority for the consideration of personal gains.”

Question 15.
In which areas can Central government advice the states during normal times?
Answer:

• Union government legislates on any matter while executing internal Treaties.
• It can direct the states on any matter.
• Executive powers of the State should not infringe upon the Union jurisdiction.

Question 16.
What is Common Minimum Programme?
Answer:
The partners of any Alliance when they come together to form the Government set aside their ideological differences and agree upon some basic common points. This is called Common Minimum Programme.

Question 17.
Name any two Global Banks.
Answer:

1. World Bank,
2. IMF & BklCS Bank

Question 18.
Name any two SAARC Summits which were held in India.
Answer:
2^nd SAARC summit was held at Bangalore during Nov 1986. 8^th SAARC meet was held at Delhi during May 1995.

Question 19.
When and where was the BRICS countries first summit meeting held?
Answer:
The first summit was held in St. Peters burg on July 17 2006.

Question 20.
Name any two founders of NAM?
Answer:
Josef Broz Tito President of Yugoslavia, Jawaharlal Nehru PM of India and Gen.Sukamo President of Indonesia.

Question 21.
Who signed the Panchasheel Agreement?
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru and Chinese PM Zhou- en-Lai signed Panchasheel on 29^th April 1954.

Question 22.
Name any two countries of Nuclear suppliers Group.
Answer:
Japan, Australia.

III. Answer any 8 of the following in 15 to 20 sentences: (8 × 5 = 40)

Question 23.
Explain ‘Provincial autonomy’ conferred by the act of 1935.
Answer:
The Act introduced provincial Autonomy. It was introduced in 11 provinces viz. Madras, Bombay, Bengal, the United Provinces, Punjab, Bihar, Central Provinces, Assam, The North Western Frontier province, Orissa and Sind.

The provinces were administered by the ministers. The difference between the reserved and transferred subjects was dropped. All subjects were placed under the charge of Ministers who were made responsible to and removable by the legislative Assembly.

Thus the executive was responsible to legislature. The Legislature relations between the Central government and the Provinces were regulated according to three lists of subjects provided under the Act.

1. However, Dominion status which was promised by the Simon Commission in 1929, was not conferred by this Act.

2. The intention to establish “Federation of India” did not materialize because of the opposition for merger from the rulers of the Princely States.

3. The degree of Provincial Autonomy introduced at the provisional level was limited as Central government retained important powers and control. The Governor was given pivotal position, with discretionary powers on important matters. He was not bound by the advice of ministers. Thus the claim of conferring provincial autonomy was very, limited.

Question 24.
Write the importance of elections.
Answer:

• Election is the foundation for a democratic government.
• It is the key component to provide justice and freedom to all without any discrimination.
• It is designed to create a popular government.
• It gives a citizen an opportunity to have one’s voice heard and a choice by which one should be governed. This enhances the self respect and dignity of citizens to realize their importance in forming the government.
• It is the Barometer of democracy and serves as forum for the discussion of public issues and facilitates the expression of public opinion.
• It imparts political education and training to voters to actively participate in the activities of the nation.
• It protects the interests of the minorities by providing representation in the legislature.
• Election reinforces the stability and legitimacy of the political community by bringing together citizens of the nation and helps to facilitate socio-political integration.
• It makes the representatives be accountable for their performance in office and conduct.
•  It contributes to the continuation of democratic government and enables the peaceful transfer of power.

Question 25.
Write about Anti defection law.
Answer:
Defection is change of loyalty to another party, without resigning from his elected post for benefits. Defector gets elected on one party’s ticket and tries to enjoy power in another party.

The word defection is also called as ‘Floor Crossing in UK and ‘Carpet Crossing’ in Nigeria. The term ‘Defection’ is used in India. Defection is commonly known as ‘House funding’. Defectors are called as ‘Fence-sitters’ or Turn Coats.

Sri Rajiv Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India decided to remove the evils of defection. Hence, Anti defection Act came into force on 1^st April through the 52^nd Constitution Amendment. The main intention of the law was to combat “The evils of political defections”. The provisions are:

1. A member of Parliament or state legislature belonging to any political party shall be disqualified if he voluntarily quits his party.
2. He will be disqualified from his membership if he votes against his party whip in the session.
3. A member of Parliament or state Legislature belonging to any political party shall be disqualified from his membership, if he votes in the session without prior permission of his party.
4. A nominated member shall be disqualified from his membership in the upper house, if he joins any political party after six months from the date on which he assumes his position.
5. If l/3^rd strength of any political party merges with another political party, it shall be considered as defection.
6. A person disqualified under this Act shall not be provided any office of profit.
7. The Anti-defection law determines the size of the council of Ministers. The size of the council of Ministers of Union shall exceed 15% of the total members of the Lok Sabha and similar to that of state legislative Assembly.
8. Speaker can initiate action against the members under Anti-defection law.
9. The Chairpersons of Legislative are permitted to frame the rules to implement this law.

Question 26.
Discuss the features of Civil Service.
Answer:
The term civil service refers to the permanent executive which means Head of State and cabinet and includes large number of administrative officials. Features of civil service is as follows:

Features of Civil Services:
1. Professional body:
As Herman Finer puts it, Civil service is a professional body of officials who are, permanent, paid and skilled. It is a whole time job and career service.

2. Hierarchy:
As per the staler system, each civil servant has to obey his immediate superior, where higher ranking administrative officers with discretionary powers supervise their subordinates. The authority runs from above, and helps to makeadminis tration stable.

3. Political Neutrality:
Civil Servants always refrain from political activities. They perform their duties without being aligned to any one political regime.

4. Anonymity:
Civil servants work behind the screen and remain anonymous even though they work for the Government. Recognition for good work or censure for any omission goes only to the concerned minister and not to the civil servants.

5. Impartiality:
The Civil Servants have to apply the laws of the state while performing the duties without showing any favour, bias or preference to any groups or sections of the society.

6. Service motto:
They have to work for the welfare of society. They must be humble and service-minded towards the public and not authoritative.

7. Permanent:
Civil Servants are called permanent executives. They discharge duties until they attain the age of superannuation. Both at the central and in Karnataka State Services, the age of retirement is sixty years. Even though disciplinary action is taken as per rules, there is security of service.

8. Jurisdiction of Law:
Every Civil Servant has to function within the prescribed jurisdiction of law. If he crosses the limit, he is met with disciplinary action.

9. Special Training:
Once the candidates are selected for top civil services, they are deputed to in-service training to acquire special skills in administration, like the Lai Bahadur Shastry Academy of Administration located in Missouri for the training of the newly appointed IAS officers. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Police Academy located in Hyderabad trains the newly appointed IPS officers.

Question 27.
Write a note on Domestic violence.
Answer:
Women shoulder the entire household responsibilities like rearing and caring of children, domestic work and the related tasks. They become the victims of domestic violence because of irresponsible, illiterate and drunkard husbands who lack discretion. This may take the form of physical, mental, sexual harassment and finally, it may take the women’s life as toll.

Question 28.
What are the causes for Human Rights Movement?
Answer:
Human Rights are those rights which are inherent to human beings and entitled to enjoy without distinction of race colour, religion, language, gender, birthplace, social, economic, political and another status.

The main causes for Human Rights Movements are:
1. To protect civil liberty:
All men are born equal and they have the liberty to shape their lives. Constitution of India guaranteed these rights in the part in, to all citizens. But in actual practice, Dalits, women and children are being suppressed and exploited. To avoid such atrocities, human rights activists are struggling hard to create awareness.

2. To remove slavery:
Slavery is constitutionally banned but is active in many parts of the country. Instance like child labour, bonded labour etc., are seen frequently. Hence agitations become inevitable.

3. To protect family life:
Every citizen has the right to family life. Due to modernisation youth are heading towards intercaste and inter honour religious marriages. Elders of families to maintain family and values go even to the extent of Maiyada hatye. Dowry harassment many times ends up in either suicide or murder.

4. To protect the rights of Dalits:
Dalits are subject to injustice, atrocities, social ostracism, made-snana etc., Dalits are forced to carry night soil, by upper castes. This is a clear violation of, human rights.

5. Refusal to file cases:
Though the aggrieved dalits approach the authorities to file the cases against upper caste people, it does not get filed due to the interference of some politically dominant castes. Even when physically abused, medical aid and police protection are denied.

Question 29.
Describe the causes for gender-based inequality.
Answer:
Discriminations made on the basis of gender, denying equal opportunities to the fairer sex are called gender based inequalities. It is the result of gender bias favouring male throughout the ages. The prevalence of gender based inequality in family, economic, cultural, educational and political fields are seen.

Causes:
1. Manu Smriti:
Earlier the Hindu society followed ‘Manu Smriti’ which asserted that women should always be under the guardianship of men at different stages of her life. He wanted her to be within the four walls, restricting her from the happenings of the society.

2. Male domination:
The society is based on physical strength of man where he dominates the female. He does not want that female should take over his responsibility and authority at home as well as in society.

3. Denial of education:
Male domination is reflected in the field of education too. Denying education for girls for many centuries has made them incapable in many fields. Men occupied major jobs and secured well and dominating positions in the entire society.

4. Dowry system:
The practice of dowry system contributes for inequality of gender. Boys are treated as assets and girls as burden. The attitude also intensifies the discrimination between men and women.

5. Inadequate representation:
Women constitute 50% of the total population. They ate inadequately represented in the field of politics and economics. Even though women are as capable as men, they are not allowed in these fields. Women have little or no opportunities in participating in public life.

Question 30.
Explain five remedies of communalism.
Answer:
Promotion of secularism and National Integration as remedies for communalism are a must.
1. Secularism:
The constitution makers adopted secularism in order to create sense of security and equality among different religious groups. The state also follows a policy of neutrality in religious matters. Article 26 provides that every religious denomination or any section has the right to establish religious institutions and manage their affairs.

In December 2013 the Central Cabinet approved prevention of Communal Violence (Access to Justice and Reparations) Bill to punish U the offenders who instigate and indulge in communal riots. It is yet to be passed by Parliament.

2. National Integration:
It is the process of uniting the people emotionally and politically. India is a land of diversity. It makes only a limited sense to call it a nation because it has various religions, languages, caste and culture etc. So for the success of Indian democracy, promotion of national integration is necessary.

To preserve and sustain national integration, many provisions have been adopted in the constitution. Like National integration Council, Zonal Councils, National Security Council and Armed forces play a great role in the protection of National integration.

3. Neighbourhood Peace Committees:
The aftermath of Babri Masjid demolition and subsequent communal riots and social tensions in different places and ineffective Governmental measures has made it vital to establish Neighbourhood Peace Committees with eminent or prominent people as its members. These members must be nominated from each community in riot prone or communally sensitive areas.

The main objectives are arresting and containing social tensions which may flare up communal riots in the neighbourhood areas taking precautionary measures to prevent the eruption of communal clashes. In the aftermath of conflict, restoring normalcy and pacifying affected people. Establishing harmonious relationship between the communities and extending all possible help to affected people.

Question 31.
Explain the Democratic Movement in Nepal.
Answer:
21^st century is known as the era of democratic movements. These movements in Afro-Asian nations started to overthrow despotic, autocratic and other authoritarian governments. Nepal is a small landlocked kingdom in Southern Asia, lying between India to the south and Tibet to the North. Monarchy was prevalent in Nepal since the 18^th century.

During the rule of Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev, democratic Maoist movements started mainly because of the influence of India and China. Nepal’s democratic experiment suffered a serious setback in December 1960, when the first elected government led by National Congress leader Koirala was dissolved and the whole party activities were banned in Nepal in later parts of the decade which continued till 1979.

In 1980, limited democracy resulted in the creation of a multiparty parliamentary monarchy. The political war was launched by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) in 1996, with the overthrow of the Nepalese monarchy and establishing a people’s Republic. Maoist insurgency began in 1996 and ended with the Communist victory in 2001. The comprehensive Peace Accord was signed on 21^st November 2006.

The crown prince killed king Birendra and the royal family members, bringing the unpopular Gyanendra to the throne. Nepal witnessed a popular movement in 2006. The movement was aimed at restoring democracy. At the same time, the king reinstated the old Nepal house of Representatives, with an assurance of permanent peace and the multiparty democracy.

The king called upon the seven party alliance (SPA) to bear the responsibility of taking the nation on the path of national unity and prosperity. The popular Government assumed office on 18^th May 2006, and withdrew all the privileges given to the king unanimously.

The bill included the following:

1. Imposing tax on the royal family and its assets.
2. Ending the Raj Parishad, a Royal Advisory Council.
3. Eliminating Royal references from army and Government titles.
4. Declaring Nepal a secular country and not a Hindu kingdom.
5. Scrapping the national anthem until a new one is composed.
6. Eliminating the king’s position as the supreme commander of the army.

This is popularly known as the “Nepalese Magna Carta”.

Question 32.
Explain India’s contribution on UNPKF.
Answer:
India is committed to assist the UN by providing military troops for the maintenances of interna¬tional peace and security to the UNPKF. India has deputed more than one lakh troops to participate in plenty of Peacekeeping Missions since 1950. eg. Korea (1950-54), Middle East (1956-67), Congo (1960-64).

Somalia (1993-94), Afghanistan (1993), Haiti (1993), Angola (1989-1999), Ethiopia-Eritrea (2006-08), Lebanon (1998), Ivory Coast (UNOCI) (2004), Liberia (2007), South Sudan (2013-14). The high standards of performance maintained consistantly by the Indian troops and policeman deployed on UN Missions under challenging circumstances have won them high regard worldwide.

Question 33.
What are the causes of dispute between India and Srilanka?
Answer:
From the mid-1950s to early 1980s, there was hardly any dispute between the two countries on the matters of security and sovereignty. There had been negotiated settlement of bilateral issues eg. the question of jurisdiction over Kachathivu Island in the middle of the Palk Straits. One of the main disputes between India and SriLanka has ‘ been regarding the political status of Tamil people of Indian origin taken to SriLanka by the British as plantation labourers. There are four groups of Sri Lankan Tamil population,

1. ancient Tamils in the Jaffna peninsula,
2. professional elite Tamil in urban areas
3. non-Hindu Tamils and
4. Tamil immigrant labour.

The long standing problem of accepting the Tamil speaking population of Sri Lanka as its citizens and giving them regional autonomy could not be solved. The majority of Sinhalese demanded Tamils should y’ return to India, they deny the citizenship to Tamils by enacting the Ceylon Citizenship Act of 1948. This was disentailed them franchise and other rights.

In 1956, Indian Prime Minister Lai Bahadur Shastri and Sri Lankan Prime Minister Mrs Sirimao Bandara Naike signed an agreement about to Tamil population citizenship, but in vain. In 1981 agreement between Indira Gandhi and Sirimao Bandara Naike was not implemented due to Tamil’s refusal to return to India.

34. Explain the importance of India’s Foreign Policy.
Answer:
The foreign policy of a nation represents its external sovereignty and freedom. India adopted its own foreign policy after the emancipation from British colonialism and emerged as a sovereignty nation in the world. India’s foreign policy is born of a country’s principles, interests and objectives.

It is the result of interplay of complex forces like History, Geography, Domestic environment, Ideology and ‘ the influence of National Leaders. It emphasizes the glory of Indian freedom struggle, importance of India’s geographical location for its economic development and patriotism. An important fact of India’s foreign policy is the concern for Gandhian ideas of peace and non violence.

India achieved its independence by using it these weapons and succeeded in inspiring the world. India’s foreign policy comprises of economic developments and political stability to ensure the unity and integrity of the country. National security was conceived to present aggression or threat of aggression to protect the independence, territorial integrity, self reliance and promote economic independence.

India believed in fostering friendly relations with her neighbours. She promotes goodwill, friendship and co-operation in the South Asian region for mutual benefit. India opposes big power intervention or interference in the internal affairs of South Asian region. India calls for making Indian ocean a peaceful zone to avoid big power naval confrontation. India supports liberation on movements, democratic struggles for national independence and right of self-determination.

She is opposed to imperialism, colonialism, racism, authoritarianism and militarism in the world. India supports the Human Rights as a basic condition for democratic world and for an egalitarian world. India believes in promotion of the ‘ principle of Panchasheel and strengthening of Non Align Movement (NAM) and UN for easing global tension. This is to build a world free from fear, hate, scarcity and inequality.

IV. Answer any 2 of the following in 30 to 40 sentences: 2×10 = 20

Question 35.
Explain the nature of party system in India.
Answer:
Nature :
The nature of Indian party system can. be traced back to the Indian National Movement. Indian National Congress (INC) was founded by A.O. Hume in 1885. It was a forum to unite the people of India to fight against the British Imperialism. Due to ideological differences, Muslim League was founded in 1906.

Other parties like Hindu Maha Sabha, Communist Party of India, Forward Block and Praja Socialist Party etc., emerged in the successive years. Later, in the post independence period, Jan Sangh, Janatha Party, Bharatiya Janatha Party, Janata Dal, Nationalist Congress Party, according to the needs of the time and they started to work to get power etc were floated.

1. Extra Constitutional growth :
There is no reference in the Constitution of India about M how many political parties are to exist in the country. According to Article 19 of the Constitution, all citizens can have the freedom to form associations or unions. Political parties are established on the basis of this liberty. Hence, political parties have no constitutional base.

2. Prevalence of Multi party system :
India is a divergent country with many religions, tribes, languages, culture and traditions. This heterogeneity leads to the emergence of many political parties to protect their interests in the mainstream of the country.

3. Spilt and merger :
It is a common phenomenon in the Indian party system. Various reasons contributed for this split like ideological differences, egoism, power hunger, etc.

4. End of single-party era:
India was under Congress rule till 1977. The happenings between 1975-1977, forced small parties to unite and fight against Congress and capture power and put an end to the single party era.

5. Dissident activities:
Meanness of leaders like personal attitudes, favouritism, nepotism lead to dissident activities. Repetition of such happenings instigates leaders to go against the ideology of the party and paves way to political instability.

6. Defection:
Elected members of the Legislature change their parties often for personal benefits or differences of opinion and other reasons. It ruins the values of democracy and destabilizes the government.

7. Leader worship:
Most of the political parties in India emphasize the leaders rather than the ideologies of the parties. The leader decides the destiny of the political party e.g. Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi of Congress, A.B. Vajpayee of BJR Leaders with charisma dominate the whole party.

8. Alliances without principles:
Political parties are formed with principles of democracy and secularism but they ignore them for want of power and make unholy alliances.

9. Dominance of Regional parties:
The presence of regional parties during the first general elections did not influence the voters and they were rejected. During 1980s, they emerged very strong and dominated the
political scenario, e.g. DMK, ALADMK, Telugu Desam, Shiv Sena, National Conference, AGP, JD(S), RJD, SJP, BJD and other parties playing a significant role during the formation of Governments.

10. Religious, Lingual and Regionalism:
The basis of political parties in India is religion, language, regionalism and the like. e.g. Muslim league, Akalidal, Shiv Sena, DMK, AIADMK, Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti (MES) Telangana Rashtriya Samiti (TRS) and others. In spite of the rules of the Election Commission, such political parties exist.

11. Leftist and Rightist Parties: Party system in India consists of Leftist and Rightist ideologies, e.g. CPI, CPI (M), Forward Block, RPI and Socialist parties who have belief in revolutionary ideology and drastic changes in the system form the left front. Parties like Congress, BJP, SP, NCP, BSP, RJD, JD (U), JD (S) and others who believe in moderate changes in the system form the right front.

12. The era of coalition:
When no single political party secures absolute majority like minded political parties come together and join as a single largest group to form a coalition Government. The era of coalition started during 1977 when Janata Party came to power headed by Sri Morarjee Desai as Prime Minister at the centre along with other parties. This was followed by National Front, United Front, NDA, UPA etc.

Question 36.
Terrorism is posing a threat to democracy Substantiate.
Answer:
Terrorism is an act of vengeance, which is intended to create fear among the people, is perpetrated for an ideological goal and deliberately targeted by disregarding the safety of non combatants. It is an evil ideology which is the embodiment of brutalism and in humanism. The word “terrorism” can be traced in the Latin word “Terrere”.

Terrorism as a threat to Democracy:-
1. Disruption of Governance:
Terrorist organizations are disrupting democratic governance in the nation. They are indulging in violent and insurgent activities which target the government, top political leaders and officers and thereby erode the legitimacy of the elected Government.

2. Disrespect of Constitution:
Though the Constitution is the fundamental law of the nation, the terrorist groups and organizations are violating its purview by engaging in violent activities. Sometimes, the Constitutional Government succumbs to the threats and pressures of terrorists where the Government compromises with their demands. It is dangerous to the integrity and sovereignty of the nation.

3. Violation of Human Rights:
Terrorists have no respect for the rule of law and democratic order. They kill and injure innocent people by violating human rights. They attack the leaders and their families, target the public places like Railway stations, Airports, Hotels, Bus station and kill innocent people to attract the attention of the world towards their unlawful demands.

4. Anti-democratic activities:
Terrorists are always bent upon destabilizing the democratic process, threatening and kidnapping polling officials, voters and candidates, booth capturing and rigging the electoral process. Due to terrorist attacks, several times periodical elections could not be conducted. The anti-democratic activities create fear psychosis and insecurity in the minds of the public.

5. Obstacle to Economic Growth:
The Governments are compelled to spend huge amount of money for the modernization and up-gradation of military and police forces to curb terrorism. It also destroys the economic development of the nation by diverting the fund meant for social welfare. Threat of terrorism affects tourism. Foreigners and native people feel insecure. Thus, terrorism is an obstacle to economic growth.

Question 37.
Give an assessment of democratic movements in Afghanistan.
Answer:
Afghanistan is a landlocked country in the mountains of South Central Asia, sharing borders with Pakistan to the South East and Iran to the West. The Government of Mohamed Daoud was overthrown and he was assassinated by a group of Nur Mohamed Taraki, Babrak Karmol and Amin Taha in a miliary coup in April 1978.

Mohamed Taraki became the President, Prime Minister and General Secreatry of People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) in 1978 and the country was renamed as Democratic Republic of Afghanisthan(DRA). As per Peshawar Accord, Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA) became Islamic State of Afghanistan (ISA) and an Interim government was set up for the purpose of transition.

In the meanwhile Taliban the Islamic fundamentalist group bombed Kabul in 1995. The UN interactions with the Afghan delegation lead to Bonn Agreement of 2001. It was intended for a broad based, gender sensitive, multi-ethnic and fully representative government. The 11^th September 2001, attack on World Trade Organisation (WTO) by Taliban led by A1 -Qaeda leader Osama Bin laden attracted the attention of the whole world.

As a result, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) alliances rushed towards Afghanisthan to hunt for Talibanis with the support of the US Government. The democratic process began with the adoption of new constitution in 2004 and later Presidential elections were held. In 2005 election was held to Paliament and provinces. The New National assembly was inaugurated in December 2005.

The NATO allies were able to prevent the Al- Qaeda and Talibanis to come to power and strengthened democracy within the framework of Islamic Republic. As a result of these developments, in 2009 elections, Dr Hamid Karzai became the President. Afghanistan is continuing ‘ the democratic process.

Question 38.
Discuss the developments of International Political Systems.
Answer:
International relations are the study of all forms of interactions that exist between members of separate entities or nations within the international system. The history of international political system is traced back to the Peace of West Phalia (1648) and the treaty of Utrecht (1713). In 19^th century, the European Countries set the platform to understand the need for international political system.

It gradually spread to other parts of the world. This development led to the establishment of International Organisations. In the meanwhile, the ‘ outbreak of first world war intensified the need for international political system. As a result, the League of Nations was conceived and it came 5 into existence in 1920.

League of Nations:
To protect the world from self destruction of war and restoration of peace, the League of Nations came into existence. It was founded on the heritage of ideas and experience. of world leaders. The League was a real organisation with a legal entity, organs and agencies of its own. President Woodrow Wilson was the architect of this organisation. The league had three organs:

1. Assembly
2. Council
3. International Secretariat.

It was an organised Association of States for the purpose of international co-operation, settlement of disputes and prevention of future wars. Its covenant provided a number of agencies for the promotion of health, education and economic development as means to cement international cooperation and goodwill and thereby preventing wars.
But the League failed in its mission and closed in 1924.

V. Answer the following in 15 to 20 sentences: (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 39.
Explain the structure of State Administration.
Answer:
The State Administration consists of the Governor, the Chief Minister, the Council of Ministers and Secretaries to these offices.
State Secretariat:
For the sake of administrative convenience, the structure of the government of the state is divided into many departments, A ministry may consist of two or more Departments and a Minister is in charge of all of them. The Minister is the political head of the Department whose administrative head is the Principal Secretary, a career civil servant.

The Secretariat is located in the state capitals and consists of offices of Ministers, Secretaries, Departments and Sections. The Secretariat is the Highest office of the government. It is the Principle Executive instrument as well. The Secretariat ensures ‘Objectivity, continuity and constituency’ in the administration. If is the main authority to frame rules and principles of procedure for the functioning of the government.

The primary responsibility of the Secretariat is to assist the ministers in the following matters.

1. Formulating and modifying legislation from time to time.
2. Planning and budget formulation.
3. Co-ordinating with the centre and other states.
4. Promoting organizational competency.
5. Answering questions in the Assembly.

The Secretariat is divided into a number of administrative departments. It consists of Principal Secretary, Secretary, Joint Secretary, Deputy Secretary and Under Secretary. The number of Secretariat departments differ from state to state. Departments common to most of the states, the following are :

1. Departments of Personnel and Administrative Reforms (DPAR)
2. Home and Transport.
3. Finance and Planning.
4. Education.
5. Revenue and Excise.
6. Public Works Department (PWD)
7. Forests.
8. Agriculture
9. Energy
10. Co-operation
11. Labour and Employment.
12. Food and Civil Supplies.
13. Rural Development and Panchayat Raj (RDPR)
14. Law and Parliamentary affairs.
15. Social Welfare etc,

OR

(b) List out the States and Union territories in India.
Answer:
At present there are 29 States and 7 Union territories in India.
States:

 

Sr. No.	State.
1.	Andhra Pradesh
2.	Arunachal Pradesh
3.	Assam
4.	Bihar
5.	Chhattisgarh
6.	Goa
7.	Gujarat
8.	Haryana
9.	Himachal Pradesh
10.	Jammu & Kashmir
11.	Jharkhand
12.	Karnataka
13.	Kerala
14.	Madhya Pradesh
15.	Maharashtra
16.	Manipur
17.	Meghalaya
18.	Mizoram
19.	Nagaland
20.	Odisha
21.	Punjab
22.	Rajasthan
23.	Sikkim
24.	Tamil Nadu
25.	Telangana
26.	Tripura
27.	Uttar Pradesh
28.	Uttarakhand
29.	West Bengal

Union Territories:

Sr. No.	Union Territories
1.	Andaman and Nicobar Islands
2.	Chandigarh
3.	Dadra and Nagar Haveli
4.	Daman and Diu
5.	Delhi (NCT)
6.	Lakshadweep
7.	Puducherry

 

Question 40.
What are the hurdles for the youth to take leadership in Indian politics?
Answer:
There are politicians who do not allow the youth to enter politics. The entry of the youth to politics is curbed by systematic suppression. They do not exercise their franchise because of Political apathy. Many of them do not perceive politics in a right perspective. They are not ready to participate in mudslinging acts during the elections. Women who constitute almost half the population do not adequately participate either in national or state politics because of male domination and influence,

OR

Describe the similarities in India – USSR relations.
Answer:
Russia is the world’s largest country extending halfway round the globe. To the west, it borders Finland, Norway, Estonia, Latvia and Belarus. The much longer southern frontier extends into central Asia. India’s relation with the former USSR has been a part of history, but it developed rapidly after the visits of Khrushchev and Bulganin to India and Nehru’s visit to Soviet Union.

Since 1955, India- Soviet relations have reached a new scale and dimension and regarded as a good example of bilateral and inter-state relations. The Soviet openly declared that Indo-Soviet friendship had become a part of their ‘tradition’, ‘people to people relationship’, ‘a comer stone’ of their foreign.

policy Soviet Union contributed immensely for the development of industries and technology in India. The defence ties between the two countries helped India in building a credible defence structure. Its steadfast diplomatic support in the UN, on the Kashmir and Goa issues, is commendable.

The use of Veto Power in the Security Council to support India in 1971 war with Pakistan was crucial. Soviet Russia adopted Communist ideology and India accepted Democratic Socialism. Despite the ideological differences, the two countries forged a long time treaty of friendship for 20 years.

Factors for Indo-USSR close ties:
1. Both India and USSR consider the peaceful settlement of disputes between states as most crucial for the future of the human race.

2. Both believe in national freedom and social equality as pre-requisite of just world order.

3. Support to liberation movements across the world is recognized by both countries.

4. Both Countries oppose all forms of colonialism, imperialism and racial, discrimination.
Thus India and USSR realized geopolitical significance and the need to strengthen bilateral ties. This is to ensure the settlement of regional problems and establishment of global peace and prosperity.

 

Students can Download 2nd PUC Political Science Previous Year Question Paper March 2017, Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Previous Year Question Paper March 2017

Time: 3 hrs 15 min
Max. Marks: 100

I. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentence each: (10 × 1 = 10)

Question 1.
When was the Indian National Congress formed?
Answer:
The Indian National Congress was formed in 1885.

Question 2.
Which country is considered as the world’s largest democracy?
Answer:
India is considered as world’s largest democracy.

Question 3.
What is Election?
Answer:
The process of choosing representatives to public office is called election.

Question 4.
Expand EPIC.
Answer:
Electors Photo Identity Card.

Question 5.
Which day is celebrated as the ‘World Environment Day’?
Answer:
5^th of June is celebrated as the World Environment Day.

Question 6.
Which is the native district of Saalumarada Thimmakka?
Answer:
Ramanagara is the native district of Saalumarada Thimmakka.

Question 7.
Mention the root word of ‘coalition’.
Answer:
The word coalition is derived from Latin world ‘coalitio’.

Question 8.
Who identified identity politics?
Answer:
L.A. Kauffman identity politics.

Question 9.
What is Globalisation?
Answer:
The process of integrating the economy of a country with world economy is called Globalisation.

Question 10.
Who was called as ‘Banga bandhu’?
Answer:
Shaik Mujibur Rehman is called as ‘Banga Bandhu’.

II. Answer any ten of the following questions in two words or two sentences each: (10 × 2 = 20)

Question 11.
When was the Federal court established and where?
Answer:
The Federal Court was established in New Delhi in 1937.

Question 12.
Name two functions of UPSC.
Answer:

1. To conduct examinations for appointment to the services of Union and All India Services,
2. To submit the annual report to the President.

Question 13.
When did the ‘Hindu Widow’s Home’ established and where?
Answer:
The Hindu Widow’s Home was established in Poona in 1899.

Question 14.
What is the meaning of nation-building?
Answer:
The process of uniting of people with a sense of nationalism is called nation-building.

Question 15.
What do you mean by corruption?
Answer:
Misuse of one’s position directly or indirectly for personal benefit in the form of money or material is called corruption.

Question 16.
What is coalition government?
Answer:
Various political parties with different ideologies forms the government, it is called coalition government.

Question 17.
What is crony capitalism?
Answer:
A close relationship between business class and official class in a capitalist economy is called crony capitalism.

Question 18.
Define International Relations.
Answer:
According to Ola Joseph ‘International Relations are the study of all forms of interactions that exist between members of separate entities or nations within the International System.

Question 19.
Name any two members of the SAARC.
Answer:
The two-member countries of the SAARC are India and Sri Lanka.

Question 20.
Who have signed the Tashkent Agreement?
Answer:
The Tashkent Agreement was signed between Lai Bahadur Shastri of India and Ayub Khan of Pakistan.

Question 21.
Write any two principles of Panchasheel.
Answer:
The two principles of Panchasheel are :

1. Mutual non-aggression.
2. Peaceful co-existence.

Question 22.
Name any founder nation of NAM.
Answer:
The two founder nations of NAM are India and Egypt.

III. Answer any six of the following questions in 15-20 sentences each: (8 × 5 = 40)

Question 23.
Explain briefly the Government of India Act 1935.
Answer:
The reforms of 1919, failed to fulfil the aspirations of the people of India. The Congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi started agitation for ‘Swaraj’ to be attained through ‘Non-co-operation’.

As per the Government of India Act 1919, a statutory commission was to be appointed at the expiration of ten years after the passing of the Act for the purpose of inquiring into the working of the system and the development of representative institutions in India.

The British Government appointed a Statutory Commission (Simon Commission) in 1927, to enquire into the report of the 1919 Act. This was done as a concession to the Indian demand for an early revision of the Act. The commission headed by Sir John Simon consisted of 7 members from the British Parliament.

It did not have a single Indian as a member. It was taken as an insult to the self-respect of India and hence was boycotted. Amidst protests of, “Simon, go back”, the commission visited India. It announced in 1929, that ‘Dominion status’ was the goal of Indian developments.

Gandhi lead the 1^st Round Table Conference held in 1930. Dr. Ambedkar lead the 2^nd in 1931 and again the 3^rd Round table Conference in 1932. The outcome of these conferences was announced in the form of ‘white paper’. It provided for –

1. Educational facilities and reservation in politics for depressed classes.
2. Universal Adult Franchise.
3. Prohibition of social boycott.
4. Communal representation.
5. Separate electorate for the untouchables. Simon commission brought the report of the resolutions of the conferences, but Gandhi opposed the separate electorate for untouchables and decided to fast unto death.

Congress leaders met Gandhi in his regard, and he was convinced. The resolution was modified by providing reservations for depressed classes instead of separate electorate for the untouchables. This was popularly known as ‘Poona pact’ signed by Gandhi and Ambedkar.

A White paper was prepared on the results of these conferences. It was examined by the Joint select committee of the British Parliament and in accordance with its recommendations, the Government of India Act 1935 was passed.

The act contained 321 Articles and 13 schedules. The important provisions of the Act are:

1. Federation:
The Act provided for the establishment of ‘Federation of India’. It consisted of provinces of British India and the Princely states as units. For the first time, an attempt was made to establish a Federal Government.

2. Distribution of power:
It divided legislative powers between the Central and Provincial legislatures. There was a threefold division.

a. Federal list:
It consisted of 59 subjects like external affairs, currency, defense, etc., over which the federal legislature had legislative power.

b. Provincial list:
It consisted of 54 subjects like police, education, etc., over which provincial legislatures had jurisdiction.

c. Concurrent list:
This consisted of 36 subjects like criminal law, civil procedures, marriage, and divorce, etc., over which both the federal and provincial legislatures had competence.

d. The Residuary powers were vested with the Governor-General.

3. Diarchy at the centre:
The Diarchy which was established in the provinces by the Act of 1919 was now adopted at the centre. The executive authority vested with the Governor-General included the following:

a. The administration of reserved subjects like defence, external affairs, etc. was done by Governor-General with the help of ‘Councilors’, who were appointed by him and not responsible to the legislature.

b. In the matters of transferred subjects, Governor-General acted, on the advice of ‘Council of Ministers’, who were responsible to the legislature.

4. The Federal Legislatures:
The central legislature was bi-cameral consisting of Federal Assembly and the Council of States.

a. The Council of States consisted of 260 members, of which 156 (60%) were elected from British India and 104 (40%) were nominated by the Princely States.

b. Federal Assembly consisted of 375 members, of which 250 (67%) were elected by the legislative Assemblies and 125 (33%) nominated by the Rulers of the Princely States.

The Council was to be a permanent body 1/ 3^rd of its members were to retire after 3 years. The term of House of Assembly was 5 years. Indirect method of election was prevalent for the House of Assembly. There were Bi-cameral legislatures in Bengal, Bombay, Bihar and Madras and rest of the provinces had Unicameral legislatures.

5. Federal Court:
It provided for the first time, the establishment of Federal Court of India in Delhi. It was established in 193 7 and consisted of a Chief Justice and 6 additional Judges appointed by his Majesty’s Government on the basis of high legal qualifications.

• It had original jurisdiction to decide disputes between the Centre and the Provinces.
• Appellate Jurisdiction over decisions of the High courts.
• Advisory Jurisdiction to advice the Governor-General on any point of Law.

It was the highest court in India. The Federal court functioned in India for about 12 years, till its transformation into Supreme Court of India in 1950, under the present constitution. The credit for its excellent works goes to Sir Maurice Gwyer, who guided the court in its formative years as its first Chief Justice.

6. Provincial Autonomy:
By this act, the provinces no longer remained as delegates of Central Government but became autonomous units of administration. The act introduced Provincial Autonomy. It was introduced in 11 provinces viz, Madras, Bombay, Bengal, the United Provinces, Punjab, Bihar, Central Provinces, Assam, the North Western Frontier Province, Orissa, and Sind.

The provinces were administered by the ministers. The differences between the reserved and 0- transferred subjects were dropped. All subjects were placed under the charge of ministers who were made responsible and removable by the Legislative Assembly. Thus, the executive was responsible to legislature.

The legislative relations between the Central Government and the Provinces were regulated according to three lists of subjects provided under this Act.

a. However, ‘Dominion status’ which was promised by the Simon Commission in 1929 was not conferred by this Act.

b. The intention to establish Federation of India did not materalize because opposition for the merger from the rulers of Princely states.

c. The degree of provincial autonomy introduced at the provincial level was limited as Central Government retained important powers and control. The Governor was given pivotal position, with discretionary powers on important matters. He was not bound by the advice of ministers. Thus, the claim of conferring provincial autonomy was very limited.

Question 24.
Write a short note on first general elections.
Answer:
India became a Sovereign Democratic Republic after the constitution was adopted on 26^th January 1950. General elections to the first Lok Sabha were held in India from October 1951 to February 1952, on the basis of. Universal Adult Franchise. With this India emerged as the world’s largest Democracy.

The holding of General elections was a bold implementation of that faith in man and democracy. The first general elections was the most gigantic political experiment in the history of democracy. It was world’s largest free elections.

Question 25.
Explain the advantages of Electronic Voting Machine.
Answer:
The Electronic Voting Machine(EVM) is one of the important innovations of modern technology. It has replaced the system of ballot box and ballot papers with most effective Electronic Voting Machine.

EVM consists of controlling Unit and Balloting Unit and both are interconnected with a cable. The balloting unit is kept in the place where voters exercise votes. The controlling unit is with the polling officer. After the voter proves his identity, by pressing the blue button on the balloting unit against the candidate’s symbol he casts his vote. With the beeping sound, the voting procedure will be completed.

Uses of EVM:

1. EVM can be easily operated and saves time.
2. It is simple to operate by the voter to cast vote.
3. Quick and accurate results.
4. Economic and Eco-friendly.
5. Avoids invalid votes.
6. Control of irregularities.
7. NOTA option is provided

Question 26.
Discuss the features of civil services.
Answer:
Features of Civil Services:-

1. Professional body:
As Herman Finer puts it, Civil service is a professional body of officials who are, permanent, paid and skilled. It is a whole-time job and career service.

2. Hierarchy:
As per the scaler system, each civil servant has to obey his immediate superior, where higher-ranking administrative officers with discretionary powers supervises their subordinates. The authority runs from above and helps to make administration stable.

3. Political Neutrality:
Civil Servants refrain always from political activities. They perform their duties without being aligned to any one political regime.

4. Anonymity:
Civil servants work behind the screen and remain anonymous even though they work for the Government. Recognition for good work or censure for any omission goes only to the concerned minister and not to the civil servants.

5. Impartiality:
The Civil Servants have to apply the laws of the state while performing the duties without showing any favour, bias or preference to any groups or sections of the society.

6. Service motto:
They have to work for the welfare of the society. They must be humble and service-minded towards the public and not authoritative.

7. Permanent:
Civil Servants are called permanent executives. They discharge duties till they attain the age of superannuation. Both at the central and in Karnataka State Services, the age of retirement is sixty years. Even though disciplinary action is taken as per rules, there is security of service.

8. Jurisdiction of Law:
Every Civil Servant has fo function within the prescribed jurisdiction of law. If he crosses the limit, he is met with disciplinary action.

9. Special Training:
Once the candidates are selected for top civil services, they are deputed to in-service training to acquire special skills in administration, like the Lai Bahadur Shastry Academy of Administration located in Massourie for the training of the newly appointed IAS officers. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Police Academy located in Hyderabad trains the newly appointed IPS officers.

Question 27.
Write the functions of chief secretary.
Answer:
Chief Secretary is the head of the Secretariat in every state. He is in charge of the administrative setup. His authority includes all departments of the Secretariat. By reason of his experience and standing, he is able to ease out difficulties and frictions to give general guidance to other officers.

Thus he gives leadership to the administrative setup of the state. He maintains rapport between the State government and the Union government and other State government.

Functions:
The Chief Secretary performs the following functions:

1. He is the Principal Adviser to the Chief Minister.
2. He acts as the Cabinet Secretary and attends cabinet meetings.
3. He exercises general supervision and control over the entire Secretariat.
4. He looks after all matters beyond the purview of other secretaries.
5. As chief of all the secretaries, he presides over a large number of committees and is a member of many others.
6. He is the secretary by rotation, of the zonal council of which the state is a member.
7. He has control over the staff attached to the ministers.
8. He is the bridge between that State and Central or other state Governments.
9. He receives confidential communication from the Government of India and conveys them to the Chief Minister.

As the head of the administrative Machinery, Chief of the Civil Services, Mentor and conscience keeper of civil services, he plays a significant role in the state administration.

Question 28.
What are the causes for Backward class movement?
Answer:
1. Social discrimination:
These communities faced social discrimination like superior and inferior throughout the years. They were not allowed to come to the mainstream. Hence they started agitation to get the facilities and their due share in the post-independence period.

2. Economics Exploitation:
Exploitation leads to economic inequality among the backward classes. Many of these communities were Below Poverty Line (BPL) and were poverty-stricken. To get these facilities, they united together and started agitation.

3. Educational backwardness:
Upper caste monopolised the field of education and denied access to these communities. As education is fundamental for self-development these backward communities are against the upper caste and organised agitation.

4. Denial of Political representation:
A few communities dominated political field and other backward classes were totally neglected. During 1920, the agitation started in Mysore Province by Backward classes to get political participation to Non-Brahmins led by Sri Kantharaje Urs.

5. Unification:
It is difficult to achive anything without any unity and integrity. Hence Backward classes who are more than 350 in number were unorganised and scattered. To unit them and to fight for their cause, movement was started.

Question 29.
Explain the political implications for Human Rights Movement.
Answer:
Human Rights are those rights which are inherent to the Human beings and which they are entitled to enjoy without distinction of race, colour, religion, language, gender, birthplace, social, economic, political and other status.

The rights relating to life, liberty, equality, and dignity of the individuals guaranteed under the Constitution or embodied in the international convenants and enforceable by courts.

But violations of human rights in many of the countries have led a international orgnaisations to take measure to protect them at global level. Hence Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was accepted on 10^th December 1948 by the U.N. through its resolutions. The basic purpose behind this is general interest.

The practice of Natural rights encompasses political, economic, social justices, freedom of speech, equality, respect to all, right against exploitation, right against gender-based inequality, religious faith without interference.

The violation of human rights is multifarious. They are:

1. To protect civil liberty:
All men born equally and they have the libery to shape their lives. Constitution of India guaranteed these rights in the part III to citizens. But in actual practice dalits, women and children are being supressed and exploited.

2. To remove slavery:
It is constitutionally banned. But it is active in many parts of the country. Hence agitations become inevitable.

3. To protect family:
Every citizen has the right to family life. Due to modernisation, youth are heading towards inter-caste and inter-religious marriages. Dowry harassments end up in either suicide or murder.

4. To protect the rights of dalits:
Injustice, attrocities, social ostracism, Made-snana, dalits being forced to carry night soil by upper caste people, etc are clear violations of human rights.

5. Refusal to file cases:
Though the aggrieved dalits approach the authorities to file the cases against upper caste people, it does not get filed due to the interference of some politically dominant castes. Even when physically abused, medical aid and police protection are denied.

Political Implications:

1. National Human Rights Commission:
The Commission came into existence on 8th January 1994 consisting of a Chairman who is retired or sitting Chief Justice of India along with the members. The Commission has to prepare a list of human rights and get the approval by the government.

Whenever a violation is committed, systematic enquiries are to be conducted and transparency should be maintained with the help of judiciary. The commission has to enact new laws whenever the existing laws do not cater to the needs of the inquiry. While doing so, it has to respect the prevailing international laws, contracts, and resolutions.

2. State Human Rights Commission:
As per the Human Rights act of India, each state is authorized to establish a State Human Commission consisting of a Chairman who is retired or sitting Supreme Court judge or Chief Justice of High Court along with memebrs. As per the direction of the Act, the Commission was set up in Karnataka in 2005 in the same model to that of national level.

3. Child rights:
Violation of Human rights particularly on child rights are seen everywhere. The Deputy Commissioner is authorized to look into the details of exploitation on children. Measures are to be taken to register the complaints through child helpline in matters related to child labour, child abuse, encouraging begging and others.

4. Creating Awareness:
Speedy disposal of the grievances registered in the commission at the different levels prove that people are definitely aware of the movements and its achievements. Human Right Movements have gone a long way in providing peaceful and happy life by creating awareness and remedies for the grievances.

Question 30.
Explain the causes of caste-based inequality.
Answer:
1. Caste Based Inequality:
Inequality means denying opportunities and privileges to some classes, making discrimination, on the basis of caste, religion, gender, birthplace, etc., Discriminating people on the grounds of caste is caste-based inequality. From the ancient period, caste-based inequality prevailed in Hindu Society.

The Hindu society was divided into four varnas and the contents of Manu Smriti were followed. In modern society, inequality is based on the available privileges for upper and lower castes, which also contributed to social inequality. Since ancient period, Varna System is prevalent.

It is based- on their professions such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vysyas and the Sudras. Gradually it was converted into caste-based discrimination by the law of Manu. Later on, inequality prevailed in Hindu society.

2. Social Distance:
Due to lack of mobility among different castes, the culture, traditions, folkways, mores, food habits, social intercourse and so on are not known and practiced. Hence, it is called closed society. It leads to strong caste bias among them.

3. Illiteracy and conservation:
Illiteracy and ignorance among people make them conservative, it motivates them to narrow mindedness and superstition. They believe in old customs and traditions. Such people are very orthodox in their nature. They oppose strongly to any change in society and consider their own caste as superior and others as inferior.

4. Sense of Prestige:
The strong desire of the people belonging to a particular caste t’ enhances the prestige of their own, to get benefits and privileges from the society. Other castes which are neglected and unprivileged will suffer from social status.

5. Marriage Restrictions:
In this closed society, only endogamous marriages are accepted. Elders do not honour marriages fixed outside their subsects. In such a situation, a strong caste feeling develops and leads to inequality.

Question 31.
How is illiteracy an impediment to democracy?
Answer:
Illiteracy means the inability of a person to read and write in any language. Amartya Sen described illiteracy as one of ‘unfreedoms’. According to the census report of 2001, a person who can read and write with understanding in any language may be called a literate person and a person who can only read but cannot write is not a literate person. Illiteracy is a curse on human development.

Illiteracy is both a curse and an impediment to democracy. Illiterates are easily exploited and abused by politicians and vested interests to realize their goals. The successful working of democracy depends upon political awareness which can be acquired through education.
The % of literacy in 1951 and 2011 overall.

2011 census report recorded the literacy rate in Kerala at 94%, Karnataka at 75.36% and Bihar at 61.80%.

1. Lack of Political Awareness:
Illiteracy would contribute for political apathy. Illiterate masses due to their ignorance and indifferences do not take part in the political process. They are not able to understand the importance of vote, they do not understand the idealogies of political parties, their manifestos and the performance of ruling party, election rules, and process.

2. Low Percentage of votes:
Since the first general election the percentage of polling has not crossed 60%. This is due to illiteracy and lack of political awareness. Political legitimacy cannot be achieved to a full extend by low percentage of polling.

3. Money and Muscle Power:
The nexus between politicians and businessmen is noticeable. The politicians are tactful enough to get votes from the poor people who are illiterate through dubious means Rigging and booth capturing and threatening the voters using muscle power have led to criminalization of politics.

4. Politics of Populism:
The voters in India are attracted by politics of populism. Illiteracy and poverty force them to depend upon the facilities of the Government. They fail to understand that the populist programmes bring them into mainstream of the Society.

Indulgence in politics of populism makes the people to depend on the Government for everything without becoming creative individuals. This becomes an impediment to national development.

5. Emergence of Dictatorship:
When people are not politically conscious, show apathy to vote, an ambitious leader transforms democracy into dictatorship.

Question 32.
Explain the political implications of privatisation.
Answer:
The political implications of privatisation are as follows:

1. Concentration of Wealth:
Privatisation encourages the concentration of wealth in the hands of big business groups. It results in great disparities of income and wealth. It goes against the principle of egalitarian society.

2. More profits:
Corporate sectors generate more profits. But they share a meagre percentage with the shareholders. They enjoy the lion’s share out of the shareholders’ investment. As a result, the gap between the rich and the poor gets widened.

3. Bane to local industries:
Local people borrow money from indigenous banks and also get loans from government concerns with subsidised rates of interest to start an industry. Multi-national companies with good financial back up survive even in case of loss.

4. Threat to national interest:
Key areas of Nation like Defence, Space, Science and ‘ Technology are to be retained with the Government. Assigning these areas to private sector may harm National interests.

5. Lack of service motto:
The private firms are concerned more about their profit rather than providing good service conditions to their staff and do not bother about extending welfare programmes to their employees and even to the society.

6. No job security:
Private companies extract work from employees as long as they are fit. They ruthlessly sack them when they suffer from ill health or fitness problems. In the long run, they become a burden to the Government. The employees of private sectors suffer from job insecurity and this results in psychological disorders.

Question 33.
Write about the principles of UNO.
Answer:
The Basic principles mentioned in Article 2 of the Character are:

1. The UN is based on the Sovereign equality of all its members.
2. All members shall fulfill in good faith the U.N Charter obligations.
3. They shall settle international disputes. by peaceful means.
4. They have to retain their international relations from the threat or use of force against other states.
5. They have to extend all help to the actions being taken by the UN.
6. The UN shall ensure that States who are not members, act in accordance with the principles of the UN.
7. The Organisation shall not intervene in matters essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any State.

Question 34.
Explain briefly the basic principles of Indian Foreign Policy.
Answer:
1. Non-Alignment:
The basic principles of foreign policy are Non-Alignment. After the II World War, the world war divided into two military blocs, one led by the USA and another by USSR. Many countries blocs. But India was not aligned to any of the military blocs. India was the first country to speak of non-alignment and major contributor to the emergence of the Non-Align Movement.

Jawaharlal Nehru Prime Minister of India, Gen. Sukarno President of Indonesia, Josif Broz Tito President of Yugoslavia Kwame Nkrumah Prime Minister of Ghana and Gamal Abdel Nasser Leader of Egypt were the founders of this movement. The first summit of NAM which was held at Belgrade, Yugoslavia in 1961 with 25 member countries. At present, it has 128 members. Recent NAM Summit concluded in August 2012 at Tehran Iran. Venezuela will host the next 17^th NAM Summit in 2015.

2. Opposition of Imperialism and colonialism:
As a colony of the British over 200 years, India firmly stood in opposition to any form of imperialism and colonialism. India. played a major role in liberating the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa from colonial shackles.

3. Faith in the UN:
As a founding members of 6N, India has played a major role in achieving world peace. India as a major democratic country in the world is collaborating with UN agencies viz: UNESCO, UNICEF, UNDP, UNIDO. Indian foreign policy supports and reguards the UN as an agency for world peace.

It has always advocated for peaceful settlement of international disputes within the purview of the UN. India has contributed its troops to the UN peacekeeping force operations in the tense and conflicated areas and different regions, especially in diffcult missions of the world.

4. Fairness of means:
With the inspiration of Gandhian ideas, India has always emphasized fair means in resolving international disputes. India has supported peaceful and non-violent methods and opposed the war, aggression and power politics anywhere in the world. In the Asian relations conference, New Delhi on 2^nd April of 1947.

Indian foreign policy expresses full faith in peaceful means for the settlement of dispues. India repudiates the use of force, it belives in peace achieved through peaceful means a good end through right and just means.

5. Anti – aparthied and racial discrimination:
India has stood by the principles of racial equality and opposes discrimination on the basis of race, regligion caste, colour and sex. India opposed and rejected the doctrine of white supremacy, it has been the most outspoken critic of racism.

Equal and honourable treatment of all in the world in India’s goal. India is always against of the policy of apart heid followed in the South Africa and it’s broke off diplomatic relations with it as a protest to social discrimination.

6. Panchasheel:
Panchasheel continues to be another fundamental principle of Indian foreign policy. An agreement signed between Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Chinese Prime Minister Zhou-en-Lai on April, 29^th 1954, sought to govern the relationship between India and China on the basis of five principles.

• Mutual respect for each others territorial integrity and sovereignty.
• Mutual non-agression.
• Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs.
• Equality and mutual benefits.
• Peaceful co-existence.

It is a principle of peaceful co-existence with other nations, it guided the basis of relationship between 1954-57 marked by numerous visits and exchanges. This period is described as the Sino-Indian honeymoon.

7. Tie with the commonwealth:
Although India gets its independence from British imperalism she decided to remain within the common-wealth of Nations. The British Queen is the Head of the Commonwealth, it is made up of Britain and other countries which had once been her colonies, Traditionally India had many economic ties with the UK and other member countries of the Commonwealth Association.

In many commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings (CHOGM) strident declarations were passed regarding the problem of social discrimination, apartheid, violation of human rights and other issues of democracy in the member countries and the world. The 23^rd CHOGM was held in Colombo, Sri Lanka in November 2013. Next Summit will be designated at Tanzania in 2015.

8. Disarmament:
Major concern of India’s foreign policy in the post-cold war period is disarmament and arms race in the world. As a leader of NAM, India established beyond doubt that arms race is at the expense of human development. Expenditure on arms and ammunitions depletes distorts economic progress, programs for removal of poverty, eradication of diseases spread of education and easy availability of basic needs.

9. Sympathy towards divided Countries:
Partition of India and Pakistan due to divide and rule policy of British in 1947, resulted in terrible communal riots, emormous sufferings of people who moved out of their homes and had to begin their life again as refugees.

Because of the bitter experience of this incident. India is sympathetic towards the bifurcation of Palestine in Arab, South and North Korea, East and West Germany (Now unified) and Vietnam.

10. Concern towards small countries:
India’s foreign policy emphasizes its conem towards small countries of the world. India supported Malasia (1948), Ghana (1957) and Bangladesh (1971) to encourage and emerge as independent nations. Most of the decolonized territories are mini and microstates, small both in area and popultion, got the membership in NAM because of India’s support.

Since its independence, India is extending economic assistence to small countries in the world and always in the forefront of reconstruction and rehabilitation of the war-torn or small nations affected by natural disasters.

11. Affinity towards Afro-Asian Countries:
Though India has the relations with all countries of the world, she has special affinity towards the countries in Asia and Africa which are very near and following the principles followed by her.

India supported at the freedom struggle of African countries e.g. Namibia became independent in March 1990, Nelson Mandela the first black leader became the President of South Africa in May 1994. In the first Afro-Asian countries summit at Bandung in 1955.

12. Against Cold War:
Cold war began with the formation of two power blocs at the end of II world war viz. US and USSR. Rivalry between them resulted in the emergence of many military alliances eg: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) ANZUS (Austrialia New Zealand United States alliance) SEATO (South East Asian Treaty Organisation). Bagdad Pact, CENTO (Cen-tral Treaty Organization). As a leader of NAM, it stayed away from the two blocs.

India’s policy was neither negative nor passive, as Pandit Nehru declared to the world that NAM was notapolicy of ‘fleeing away!’ India tried to reduce the rivarly between two blocs and chose to involve other members of the non-aligned group, in this mission. With the disintegration of USSR the cold war ended.

IV. Answer any two of the following in 30 to 40 sentences: (2 × 10 = 20)

Question 35.
Explain the nature of party system in India.
Answer:
Nature:
The nature of the Indian party system can be traced back to the Indian National Movement. Indian National Congress (INC) was founded by A.O. Hume in 1885. It was a forum to unite the people of India to fight against the British Imperialism.

Due to ideological differences, Muslim League was founded in 1906. Other parties like Hindu Maha Sabha, Communist Party of India, Forward Block, and Praja Socialist Party, etc., emerged in the successive years.

Later, in the post-independence period, Jan Sangh, Janatha Party, Bharatiya Janatha Party, Janata Dal, Nationalist Congress Party, have grown according to the needs of the time and they started to work to get power.

1. Extra Constitutional growth:
There is no reference in the Constitution of India about how many political parties are to be existed in the country. According to Article 19 of the Constitution, all citizens can have the freedom to form associations or unions. Political parties are established on the basis of this liberty. Hence, political parties have no constitutional base.

2. Prevalence of Multi-party system:
India is a divergent country with many religions, tribes, languages, culture, and traditions. This heterogeneity leads to the emergence of many political parties to protect their interests in the mainstream of the country.

3. Spilt and merger:
It is a common phenomenon in the Indian party system. Various reasons contributed for this split like ideological differences, egoism, power hunger, etc.

4. End of single-party era:
India was under Congress rule till 1977. The happenings between 1975-1977, forced small parties to unite and fight against Congress and capture power and put an end to the single-party era.

5. Dissident activities:
Meanness of leaders like personal attitudes, favouritism, nepotism lead to dissident activities. Repetition of such happenings instigates leaders to go against the ideology of the party and paves was to political instability.

6. Defection:
Elected members of the Legislature change their parties often for personal benefits or differences of opinion and other reasons. It ruins the values of democracy and destabilizes the government.

7. Leader worship:
Most of the political parties in India emphasize on the leaders rather than the ideologies of the parties. The leader decides the destiny of the political party e.g. Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi of Congress, A.B. Vajpayee of BJP. Leaders with charisma dominate the whole party.

8. Alliances without principles:
Political parties are formed with principles of democracy and secularism but they ignore them for want of power and make unholy alliances.

9. Dominance of Regional parties:
The presence of regional parties during the first general elections did not influence the voters and they were rejected. During the 1980s, they emerged very strong and dominated the political scenario, e.g. DMK, A1ADMK, Telugu Desam, Shiv Sena National, Conference, AGP, JD(S), RJD, SJP, BJD and other parties playing a significant role during the formation of Government.

10. Religious, Lingual and Regionalism:
The basis of political parties in India is religion, language, regionalism and the like. e.g. Muslim league, Akalidal, Shiv Sena, DMK, A1ADMK, Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti (MES) Telangana Rastriya Samiti (TRS) and others. In spite of the rules of the Election Commission, such political parties exist.

11. Leftist and Rightist Parties:
Party system in India consists of Leftist and Rightist ideologies, e.g. CPI, CPI (M), Forward Block, RPI and Socialist parties who have belief in revolutionary ideology and drastic changes in the system form the left front. Parties like Congress, BJP, SP, NCP, BSP, RJD, JD (U), JD (S) and others who believe in moderate changes in the system form the right front.

12. The era of coalition:
When no single political party secures absolute majority like-minded political parties come together and join as a single largest group to form a coalition Government. The era of coalition started during 1977 when Janata Party came to power headed by Sri Morarjee Desai as Prime Minister at the centre along with other parties. This was followed by National Front, United Front, NDA, UPA, etc.

Question 36.
Discuss the various components of nation-building.
Answer:
The process of Nation-building started with the attainment of independence. The leaders of modern India initiated the process in the right direction as they worked out the details in an orderly and systematic way. However, during implementation, they had to face numerous problems associated with national reconstruction resulting in a slow process.

The process of nation-building is an offshoot of the concept of nation-states. The idea of nation-states emerged after the signing of the treaty of West Phalia (1648) by Western Countries. The people of the common religious and traditional backgrounds living in a definite territory with like-mindedness and ‘we’ feeling form the nation. Common language, culture, and history aspirations help the common people to form nationality.

1. Components to community support:
To realise the process of nation-building, collective support and endeavour of the people are essential. The quality of the people reflects the quality of a nation. Disciplined work culture and patriotic feeling also contribute for nation-building. In a democracy, people are the kingmakers.

Hence, they are expected to elect competent and honest representatives. They formulate a sound public opinion on important national issues. As J.S. Mill said ‘Eternal vigilance is the price of democracy’.

2. Good Governance:
Good governance ensures accountability, transparency, efficiency, responsibility, and responsiveness. In addition, the use of technology has given rise to e-Governance. India is one of the leading countries in the world in the adoption of the system-of e-governance.

3. Committed Leadership:
History depicts many examples of committed leadership. Eg.: the US President F. D. Roosevelt solved the crisis of Economic depression by adopting the New Deal Policy and US became a superpower at global level after the II World War. In India Nehru’s leadership largely contributed to the process of nation-building.

He formulated goals for nation-building and introduced planning system, adopted industrialization policy and socialistic pattern of society. He had vision and farsightedness for the transformation of India. Hence Nehru is called the Architect of Modern India.

4. Political Culture:
Political Culture constitutes a set of values, attitudes, and behaviour towards a political system. It requires an ideal political behaviour to national reconstruction. Leaders have to embody the principles of national interest, public service, probity, and statesmanship.

5. Power Sharing:
To realize the goal, political power needs to be shared among all sections of society. The concentration of political power in the hands of a few people and some families leads to the emergence of authoritarianism and dictatorship.

As H.J. Laski rightly puts it “A decision which affects all must be decided by all” To attain this reservation is provided to the SCs and STs and women at different levels of Government. It ensures social justice which is the foundation of socio-economic democracy.

6. Universal Education:
For the development of a nation universal education is of paramount importance. It enables the person to understand his potentiality and strengthens dignity. As Gandhi said, “Education is the light of life”. It encourages people to develop the spirit of enquiry the ability to analyze the national problems and to work for national progress. Education also equips the people to shun fanaticism, parochialism, communalism, casteism and religious fundamentalism. The Right To Education Act 2009 implemented in 2010 is a step in this direction.

7. National Character:
Nationalism and patriotism are the foundations to build a national character. Each country has its distinct national character which denotes one’s nativity-as the conservatism of UK, ‘Land of Liberty’ of US, Ethnicity of Africa, Aboriginal of Australia, cultural diversity of India. Love and respect for one’s country and national symbols such as national flag, national anthem, and national monuments are the prerequisites.

One has to a acquire knowledge about the history of his motherland and its contributions to human civilizations. Realizing the significance of national character, the makers of the Indian constitution have asserted the supremacy of popular sovereignty in the preamble reading with the expression.” We the people of India”.

8. Mass Media:
Mass Media is regarded as the Fourth Estate in democracy as it plays a vital role in nation-building. It highlights the omissions and commissions of the government and acts as a bridge between the government and the public. It . is an effective instrument of political socialization, modernization, and development. In India, the ‘Freedom of Expression’ is a fundamental right under Art. 19 of the Constitution.

9. Responsible Intelligentsia:
The contribution of intellectuals is recognized all over the world. Research and innovations in important areas of human life have contributed to the national development. In India the development in the field of social sciences, M.N. Srinivas, Amartya Sen, S. Shettar, Gail Omvedt, Kancha, Ilaya, Vandana. Shiva, S.N. Balagangadhara, AshishNandy, Rajiv Malhotra and others.

In Science and Technology Sir M. Vishveshwaraiah, Sir C.V. Raman, Dr. Raja Ramanna, Dr. M.G.K. Menon, Dr. CNR Rao. Dr. U.R. Rao, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, and others have greatly contributed for India’s present position at global level.

10. National Integration:
It is the process of uniting the people emotionally, psychologically and politically, Sardar Vallabha Bai Patel, Vinoba Bhave, Lai Bahadhur Shastri, J.B. Kriplani, Acharya Narendra Dev played a key role in the national integration. November 19th is being observed as National integration day, the birthday of Smt. Indira Gandhi.

Question 37.
Describe the importance and political implications of liberalisation.
Answer:
Liberalization is the “willingness to respect or accept behaviour or opinion different from one’s own; open to new ideas”. Liberalization is the process of liberating the economy from various regulatory mechanism and eleimination of customs and tariffs. Economic liberalization is the policy of relaxation over economic and trade policies.

Importance of Liberalization are as follows:

1. Consumer-friendly:
This leads to lower costs and prices for consumers to get the gods and services according to his wishes. There are many number of companies which bring lot of quantity products for consumer’s interests and demands. In liberalised economy, consumer gets more benefits.

2. Free from Government regulations:
Government provides free movement of trade and commerce where any private company can easily carry on their business activities without any restrictions. The companies need not undergo procedural delay by government.

3. Promotes competitions:
Liberalisations extends competition within different company’s trade firms. Basically they keep the standards and cheaper prices for consumers. Competition promoters efficiency and avoids wastage of resources.

4. Promotes world business class:
Liberalization makes new changes is an advance technology and logistics for better services. That can be useful to save time, energy and money. It promotes the high quantity of products and supplies the same in time.

Political implications of liberalization are as follows:

1. Risk of brain drain:
In the name of liberalised policy citizens knock at the door of international opportunities, with their knowledge and skill. The developing nations face lots of problem from such brain drain.

2. Reduces dependency on labour:
As the process itself is capital intensive, it reduces dependency on labour and cuts opportunities for jobs.

3. Risk of environmental degradation:
The incessant industrial activity at the global level generates lot of wastage leading to environmental degradation.

4. Regulates the price of certain commodities:
The price of certain commodities like-life saving drugs, fertilizers, etc., are automatically controlled by the world trade forums and associations.

5. Affects common man:
It affects the common man in his day-to-day life as he finds it’s difficult to earn his livelihood.

6. Risk of financial instability:
Flexibility (laxity) of monetary and fiscal policies of the Government may lead to financial crisis like recession and depression.

Question 38.
Discuss the concepts Of International Relations.
Answer:
The core concepts of International relations pertaining to politics are as follows:

1. State Sovereignty:
Jean Bodin has described the concept of Sovereignty in his work “De Republica”. He emphasizes on the state Sovereignty within their territorial jurisdiction. No State can dictate others and all States are equal in matters of status, dignity, and honour. For instance, India under the British imperialism lost its sovereignty and gained its statehood only in 1947. Iraq during the Gulf war in 1990, is an example for aggression on the Sovereignty.

2. National Interests:
It is the action of the State in relation to other States. As Frankel opined, it refers to the aspiration of the state. The determinants of national interest are qualities of personalities and ideals of the decision-makers.

3. Power Blocs:
With the beginning of the cold war, two power blocs emerged, i.e., USA and USSR. President of U.S. Harry S. Truman believed in the spread of democracy whereas the Warsaw Pact under Soviet policy sought the spread of Communism. Capitalistic ideology spread in UK, France, Germany, and Communist ideology spread in Poland, Bulgaria, Rumania, and Hungery.

4. Polarity:
Polarities in international relations refer to the arrangement of power within the international system. The concept arose from bi-polarity during the cold war between the two superpowers.

The disintegration of the USSR has led to uni-polarity with the United States as the superpower. With rapid economic growth in 2010, China became the world’s second-largest economy. Combined with the respectable international position, China has emerged as a major power in the multi-polar world.

5. Balance of Power:
The concept of Balance of Power refers to relative power position of States as actors in international relations, with its emphasis on the cultivation of power and the utilization of power for resolving the problems. Morgenthau used the term ‘Balance of Power’ as an approximately equal distribution of power. It is an inseparable part of the power politics.

V. Answer any two of the following questions in 15-20 sentences each: (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 39.
Write a note on ‘Independence Day’ celebration in your college.
Answer:
Independence day, a memorable occasion for the nation was celebrated in our college this year also. Under the guidance of the teachers, students had decorated the college grounds one day before and erected a podium, as well as a stage for the cultural programmes. Sri Seetharamaiah, the octogenerian freedom fighter was invited to be our chief guest and he was there right on time at 8.00 A.M.

Our Principal and senior staff members welcomed the Chief Guest and other dignitaries with garlands and bouquets. After the invocation and the prayer, the function took off on a smooth note.

After the hoisting of the Tricolour National flag by the Chief Guest, the President of the College Student Union read out the welcome speech. Our Principal presided over the function. Sri Seetharamaiah in his speech highlighted the great ideals and values and sacrifices of our freedom fighters.

There was a march-past by the NCC cadets, followed by the school band. There were some cultural programmes like singing, mime act, mono acting and a skit about the Jalianwalabagh massacre. The programmes were much appreciated. The function came to an end with the vote of thanks and sweet distribution. We all dispersed.

OR

Discuss the role of Youth against terrorism.
Answer:
1. Youth against Terrorism:
Terrorism is used in various forms like international terrorism, domestic terrorism, economic terrorism, cultural terrorism, cyber terrorism, etc., Terrorism means deliberately and violently targetting civilians by inflicting physical or mental agony, wound or death that creates fear psychosis for political gains.

2. Role of youth against terrorism:
The concept of minority leads to fear of attack and results in religious fundamentalism. Hence, both the youth and the society have to pressurise the Government concerned, to create awareness and educate those who are indulging in anti-national and inhuman terrorist activities. Particularly for the youth priority should be given to peace and security of the inhabitants of the country.

Youth have to develop patriotism that is national feeling and involve themselves in constructive activities like nation-building by helping the Government against terrorist and militant activities taking place in their neighbourhood which is their prime duty.

Youth have to take the initiative within the Jurisdiction of law, to fight against terrorism as it happened in Naxalite prone states like Bihar, Jharkhand, and Chattisgarh, where Salwajudum (village army) fought against the Naxalites.

Youth must understand the complicated and multi-faceted terrorism rationally. The have to isolate the terrorism and inoculate their potential recruits. A successful counter-terrorism action requires a combination of coercive and conciliatory policies.

It is the responsibility of the youth to spread the importance of education that saves the younger generation from the clutches of terrorism and communalism as it happened in the case of Ms. Malala Yusufa Zai of Pakistan, who survived the terrorist attack.

Question 40.
Write a note on any one Indian political leader.
Answer:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is acknowledged as the leader of the untouchables and underprivileged in the Indian social strata. For his work in piloting the Constitution of Independent India through the Constituent Assembly, he is also hailed as the Modem Manu.

Dr. Ambedkar was the 14^th child of Ramji Sakpal and Bhimabai of the Mahar community in Maharashtra. He was born on 14^th April 1891. He lost his mother when he was only six and was brought up by his aunt. He had his school education in Satara.

He completed his graduation in Bombay with the support of the Maharaja of Baroda. He did his M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the Colombia University in 1915 and 1916 respectively. Later he got his Law and D.Sc degrees also.

In 1924, he started an asspciation for the welfare of the depressed classes. He also started the newspapers ‘Bahiskrit Bharat’ in Hindi and ‘Mooka Nayaka‘ in Marathi. These were to motivate the people to fight for independence and also to champion the cause of the depressed classes for social reforms. His important works were ‘Administration and Finance of the East India Company’, ‘Buddha and Karl Marx’ and ‘Caste in India’ among others.

He was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee for framing our Constitution. In the Interim government, he was the Law Minister in Nehru’s cabinet. He renounced active politics and embraced Buddhism. He spent the rest of his life propagating the message of Buddhism. He passed away on 6^th December 1956. Dr. Ambedkar’s memory will remain long in our hearts.

OR

Write about Kashmir issue in India-Pakistan relations.
Answer:
Pakistan occupies the North-Western corner of the Indian subcontinent. To the West is Iran, to the North-west Afghanistan, to the Northeast, China and to East India.

India and Pakistan were part of British India before Independence. It was partitioned due to ‘divide and rule policy’ of British. Pakistan has close ethnic, cultural and historical links with India. Common blood flows across the land. The trauma, agony and fratricidal conflicts of partition of 1947 still haunt the relationship between the two countries. The mutual distrust and animosity affect Indo-Pak relations.

1. Causes for Dispute:
India and Pakistan represent not only different state systems but also different approaches towards society and polity. The undivided India was a nation many diversities and composite nationalism. During the struggle for liberation from British colonialism, Religious Communalism was promoted which spoiled the composite nationalism.

After the achievement of independence with partition of the country. India opted for Socio-cultural pluralism recognizing multi-religious, multi-lingual and multi-regional and multicultural diversities, while Pakistan opted for a Islamic Democratic style by emphasizing religion as the major and operative principle of its nation-building.

As a result, in India, the composite nationalism emerged with its secular overtones in Pakistan triumphant religious communalism with Islamic orientation emerged.

2. Kashmir Issue:
In India’s Perspective Kashmir is an integral part of the Republic of India and to Pakistan, it is a disputed territory. The argument of Pakistan on Kashhmir is that, since the partition of the country was done on religious basis and majority of populations are Muslims, Kashmir should be part of Pakistan. This argument failed to recognize the following facts:-

1. Partition was done of the British Indian provinces and not of the Indian princely states.
2. National Conference was the only major political party in Kashmir, which was affiliated to Congress, it was opposed to Pakistan and had faith in secular politics.
3. The Indian princely states had the freedom to join either India or Pakistan.
4. India is a secular state consisted of multi-religious population.

So, the Kashmiris formally decided to join India after the invasion of its territory by Pakistani tribals supported by the members of Pakistan Army.

3. Major Pacts:
After wars between India and Pakistan in 1966 and 1971, both the countries affirmed the need for negotiated peaceful settlement of disputes in the Tashkent Declaration of 1966 between Lai Bahadur Sastri and Ayub Khan. In 1988 both the countries signed the agreement not to attack nuclear installation and facilities of each other, but in May 1999, Pakistan conducted the nuclear test at the Chagai Hills Region.

Though this has been reiterated by successive governments in Indio and Pakistan, the infiltration by well-armed Pakistani troops across the line of control (LoC) continued. After the meeting in Lahore between the Indian Prime Minister, A.B. Vajpayee and Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in February 1999 with his historical bus journey to Pakistan the infiltration in the Kargil sector took place which cretated a war-like situation in Kashmir in June and July 1999.

There are indications that India and Pakistan are trying to overcome the past and build a future of mutual trust and understanding as independent countries with frequent visits of leaders of both countries, to discuss several bilateral issues. As a members of SAARC both countries are trying for solutions to their problems mutually and to establish peace in the South Asian region.

Students can Download 2nd PUC Political Science Previous Year Question Paper June 2015, Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Previous Year Question Paper June 2015

Time: 3 Hrs 15 Min
Max. Marks: 100

I. Answer the following questions in a word or a sentence each. (10 × 1 = 10)

Question 1.
When was the Indian National Congress formed?
Answer:
1885.

Question 2.
When was the interim Government formed in India?
Answer:
September – 2^nd 1946.

Question 3.
Expand – EPIC.
Answer:
Elector’s Photo Identity Card.

Question 4.
Give an example of All India Services.
Answer:
I.A.S., I.P.S and I.F.S.

Question 5.
Who started the newspaper ‘Mooka Nayaka’?
Answer:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

Question 6.
What is caste based inequality?
Answer:
Discriminating people on the grounds of caste is called as caste based inequality.

Question 7.
When did liberalisation start in India?
Answer:
1990.

Question 8.
Which is the root word of ‘coalition’?
Answer:
The term coalition is derived from the Latin word 18, ‘Coalitio’ which is the combination of ‘Co’ meaning together and ‘Alescere’ – meaning to grow up.

Question 9.
How many members are there in the SAARC?
Answer:
There are 8 member countries in SAARC.

Question 10.
When did South Africa become a member of BRICS?
Answer:
On 24^th December 2010.

II. Answer any ten of the following questions in two or three sentences each: (10 × 2 = 20)

Question 11.
How many states was Bombay divided into? Which are they?
Answer:
Two. Maharashtra and Gujarat.

Question 12.
What is a multi-party system? Give an example.
Answer.
Presence of more than two political parties in a democratic country, e.g. India.

Question 13.
What is Direct Election? Give an example.
Answer:
Voters directly elect their representatives through secret ballot papers, e.g. Lok Sabha Elections.

Question 14.
Name any two National Political Parties in India.
Answer:
Congress, BJP, CPI, CPI(M), BSP, JDS.

Question 15.
State any two functions of Chief Secretary.
Answer:
The Chief Secretary performs the following functions.

1. He is the principal adviser to the Chief Minister.
2. He acts as the Cabinet Secretary and attends the Cabinet Meetings.

Question 16.
When was the Hindu-Widows Home established and where?
Answer:
In 1899, the Hindu Widows Home was established at Poona.

Question 17.
Mention any two peasant movement leaders of Karnataka.
Answer:
Prof. M. D. Nanjunda Swamy, N. D. Sundaresh, A.Somalingaiah are the leaders of Karnataka Raitha Sangha Movement.

Question 18.
What is communalism?
Communalism is an ideology of the followers of one particular religion considering the followers of other religions as inferior to them. A particular religion is assumed as a homogenous and distinct group, disrespecting other religions.

Question 19.
What is coalition government?
Answer:
According to F.A.Ogg “Coalition is a system where members of multiple political parties unite to form a government or Ministry”.

Question 20.
Mention any two matters of concurrent list.
Answer:
It comprises Marriage and Divorce, Civil procedures and criminal laws. Preventive Detention etc.

Question 21.
Mention any two organs of the UN.
Answer:

1. General Assembly.
2. Security Council.

Question 22.
Who have signed the Tashkent agreement?
Answer:
Lai Bahadur Shastri and Ayub Khan in 1966.

III. Answer any 8 of the following questions in 15-20 sentences each: (8 × 5 = 40)

Question 23.
Write a short note on the Indian Government Act, 1935.
Answer:
The reforms of 1919, failed to fulfill the aspirations of the people of India. The Congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi started agitation for ‘Swaraj’ to be attained through ‘Non-co-operation’.

As per the Government of India Act 1919, a statutory commission was to be appointed at the expiration of ten years after the passing of the Act for the purpose of inquiring into the working of the system and the development of representative institutions in India.

The British Government appointed a Statutory Commission (Simon Commission) in 1927, to enquire into the report of 1919 Act. This was done as a concession to the Indian demand for an early revision of the Act. The commission headed by Sir John Simon consisted of 7 members from the British Parliament. It did not have a single Indian as a member.

It was taken as an insult to the self-respect of India and hence was boycotted. Amidst protests of, “Simon, go back”, the commission visited India. It announced in 1929, that ‘Dominion status’ was the goal of Indian developments.

Gandhi lead the 1^st Round Table Conference held in 1930. Dr. Ambedkar lead the 2^nd in 1931 and again the 3^rd Round table Conference in 1932. The outcome of these conferences was announced in the form of ‘white paper’. It provided for:

1. Educational facilities and reservation in politics for depressed classes.
2. Universal Adult Franchise.
3. Prohibition of social boycott.
4. Communal representation.
5. Separate electorate for the untouchables.

Simon commission brought the report of the resolutions of the conferences, but Gandhi opposed the separate electorate for untouchables and decided to fast unto death. Congress leaders met Gandhi in his regard, and he was convinced. The resolution was modified by providing reservations for depressed classes instead of separate electorate for the untouchables. This was popularly known as ‘Poona pact’ signed by Gandhi and Ambedkar.

A White paper was prepared on the results of these conferences. It was examined by the Joint select committee of the British Parliament and in accordance with its recommendations, the Government of India Act 1935 was passed. The act contained 321 Articles and 13 schedules. The important provisions of the Act are:

1. Federation:
The Act provided for the establishment of ‘Federation of India’. It consisted of provinces of British India and the Princely states as units. For the first time, an attempt was made to establish a Federal Government.

2. Distribution of power:
It divided legislative powers between the Central and Provincial legislatures. There was a threefold division.
a. Federal list:
It consisted of 59 subjects like external affairs, currency, defense, etc., over which the federal legislature had legislative power.

b. Provincial list:
It consisted of 54 subjects like police, education, etc., over which provincial legislatures had jurisdiction.

c. Concurrent list:
This consisted of 36 subjects like criminal law, civil procedures, marriage, and divorce, etc., over which both the federal and provincial legislatures had competence.

d. The Residuary powers were vested with the Governor General.

3. Diarchy at the centre:
The Diarchy which was established in the provinces by the Act of 1919 was now adopted at the centre. The executive authority vested with the Governor General included the following:
a. The administration of reserved subjects like defence, external affairs, etc. was done by Governor General with the help of ‘Councilors’, who were appointed by him and not responsible to the legislature.

b. In the matters of transferred subjects, Governor General acted, on the advice of ‘Council of Ministers’, who were responsible to the legislature.

4. The Federal Legislatures:
The central legislature was bi-cameral consisting of Federal Assembly and the Council of States.
a. The Council of States consisted of 260 members, of which 156 (60%) were elected from British India and 104 (40%) were nominated by the Princely States.

b. Federal Assembly consisted of 375 members, of which 250 (67%) were elected by the legislative Assemblies and 125 (33%) nominated by the Rulers of the Princely States.

The Council was to be a permanent body. 1/ 3^rd of its members were to retire after 3 years. The term of House of Assembly was 5 years. Indirect method of election was prevalent for the House of Assembly. There were Bi-cameral legislatures in Bengal, Bombay, Bihar and Madras and rest of the provinces had Unicameral legislatures.

5. Federal Court:
It provided for the first time, the establishment of Federal Court of India in Delhi. It was established in 1937 and consisted of a Chief Justice and 6 additional Judges appointed by his Majesty’s Government on the basis of high legal qualifications.

1. It had original jurisdiction to decide disputes between the Centre and the Provinces.
2. Appellate Jurisdiction over decisions of the High courts.
3. Advisory Jurisdiction to advice the Governor General on any point of Law.

It was the highest court in India. The Federal court functioned in India for about 12 years, till its transformation into Supreme Court of India in 1950, under the present constitution. The credit for its excellent works goes to Sir Maurice Gwyer, who guided the court in its formative years as its first Chief Justice.

6. Provincial Autonomy:
By this act, the provinces no longer remained as delegates of Central Government but became autonomous units of administration. The act introduced Provincial Autonomy. It was introduced in 11 provinces viz, Madras, Bombay, Bengal, the United Provinces, Punjab, Bihar, Central Provinces, Assam, the North Western Frontier Province, Orissa, and Sind.

The provinces were administered by the ministers. The differences between the reserved and transferred subjects were dropped. All subjects were placed under the charge of ministers who were made responsible and removable by the Legislative Assembly. Thus, the executive was responsible to legislature. The legislative relations between the Central Government and the Provinces were regulated according to three lists of subjects provided under this Act.

a. However, ‘Dominion status’ which was promised by the Simon Commission in 1929 was not conferred by this Act.

b. The intention to establish Federation of India did not materalize because opposition for the merger from the rulers of Princely states.

c. The degree of provincial autonomy introduced at the provincial level was limited as Central Government retained important powers and control. The Governor was given pivotal position, with discretionary powers on important matters. He was not bound by the advice of ministers. Thus, the claim of conferring provincial autonomy was very limited.

Question 24.
Give reasons for language as a basis for State re-organisation.
Answer:
Language as a basis for re-organisation is important because of the following reasons.

1. Language is closely related to culture and customs of people.
2. Spread of education and literacy can occur only through medium of mother tongue.
3. To a common man, democracy can be real only when politics and administration are conducted, in his language.
4. Linguistic states can provide education, administration and judicial activity in their mother tongue. Therefore, it was assumed that free India would base its boundaries on linguistic principles.

Question 25.
Discuss the features of Civil Services.
Answer:
Features of Civil Services:

1. Professional body:
As Herman Finer puts it, Civil service is a professional body of officials who are, permanent, paid and skilled. It is a whole time job and career service.

2. Hierarchy:
As per the scaler system, each civil servant has to obey his immediate superior, where higher ranking administrative officers with discretionary powers supervises their subordinates. The authority runs from above, and helps to make administration stable.

3. Political Neutrality:
Civil Servants refrain always from political activities. They perform their duties without being aligned to any one political regime.

4. Anonymity:
Civil servants work behind the screen and remain anonymous even though they work for the Government. Recognition for good work or censure for any omission goes only to the concerned minister and not to the civil servants.

5. Impartiality:
The Civil Servants have to apply the laws of the state while performing the duties without showing any favour, bias or preference to any groups or sections of the society.

6. Service motto:
They have to work for the welfare of the society. They must be humble and service minded towards the public and not authoritative.

7. Permanent:
Civil Servants are called permanent executives. They discharge duties till they attain the age of superannuation. Both at the central and in Karnataka State Services, the age of retirement is sixty years. Even though disciplinary action is taken as per rules, there is security of service.

8. Jurisdiction of Law:
Every Civil Servant has to function within the prescribed jurisdiction of law. If he crosses the limit, he is met with disciplinary action.

9. Special Training:
Once the candidates are selected for top civil services, they are deputed to in-service training to acquire special skills in administration, like the Lai Bahadur Shastry Academy of Administration located in Mussoorie for the training of the newly appointed IAS officers. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Police Academy located in Hyderabad trains the newly appointed IPS officers.

Question 26.
Explain any five functions of a Deputy Commissioner.
Answer:
The Deputy Commissioner. (DC) is the head of the District. He also acts as the District Magistrate, Superintendent of police (SP), District Treasury Officer. Deputy Director of Pre University Education, Social Welfare officer, Deputy Director of Public Instruction, District Medical Officer, Deputy Registrar and other functions under the jurisdiction of the Deputy Commissioner.

The Deputy Commissioner performs the following functions.
1. Law and order and Magisterial powers:
Deputy Commissioner enjoys magisterial powers. Being the District Magistrate, he maintains law and order and performs other judicial functions in the district.

2. Revenue functions:
It includes maintenance of Land Records and its assessment, collection of Land Revenue and other public dues and settlement of land disputes. Assistant Commissioners and Tahsildars work under the overall supervision and control of the Deputy Commissioner.

3. Development Functions:
It includes Public Health, Education, Rural Development, Social Welfare (Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe) and Welfare of Backward Classes and Minorities and Protection of Weaker sections of the Society.

4. Regulatory Functions:
It includes control, regulation, and distribution of Food and Civil Supplies and essential commodities. He also controls the matters relating to excise, stamps, and registration.

5. Electoral Functions:
Deputy Commissioner is the District Election Officer and he is in charge of elections to Parliament, State Legislature and Local bodies.

Question 27.
What are the causes for feminist movement?
Answer:
The causes for Feminist Movement are as follows.

1. Inequality:
It is evident that Indian society is male dominated and preference is given to the male members. Though men and women are born equally and the Consitution also upholds the equality between the two, women are deprived of education, employment, decision making, and property rights. This has led to agitations.

2. The evils of dowry:
The evils of dowry have forced parents to become debtors, the girls to brothels and uneven ratio through female foeticide and infanticide. As a result of this uneven ratio of men and women in the society, rape and other heinous crimes are on the rise.

3. Denial of human rights:
The attrocities on women have denied them human rights and other rights like right to life, liberty, freedom of expression and others. Their existence and survival depends upon the mercy of the male members. Decision making is the birth right of men in matters of education, marriage, property rights and family issues.

4. Social strata based on gender:
Men have not spared any of the fields including cultural, social, religious, political and exercise their monopoly and continue their attrocities on women. Women are treated as slaves and bonded labourers. This has made the women to organize themselves and start an agitation.

5. Sexual abuse and molestation:
Irrespective of the age, time and place, the above heinous crimes are taking place. To regain the right to decide about children or to get aborted without the interference of husband or politicians through governmental policies, women are uniting together and fighting for justice.

6. Domestic violence:
Women shoulder the entire household responsibilites like raring and caring of children, domestic work and the related tasks. The cohabitants of the family become the victims of domestic violence because of irresponsible, illiterate and drunkard husbands who lack discreation. This may take the form of physical, mental, sexual harassment and finally it may take women’s life as toll. To avoid such violence, women organisations are established.

Question 28.
Explain the causes of corruption.
Answer:
Corruption is as old as human history. It has existed in human society in one form or the other. Kautilya said that “As it is impossible not to taste the honey that one finds at the tip of the tongue, it is also impossible for a government official not to eat up at least a bit of King’s revenue”. He identified about 40 forms of corruption. This legacy has continued unabated after India’s Independence. Corruption is plaguing the Indian society and polity.
Causes:

1. Greediness:
Thomas Hobbes viewed man as selfish, acquisitive, aggressive and greedy. This encourages him to amass wealth whenever he gets an opportunity. Therefore people fight and compete for power and position. They make hay while the sun shines. In the land of Harishchandra, Buddha, Gandhi and Jayaprakash Narain, it is unfortunate that most of the politicians and bureaucrats have indulged in corrupt activities.

For them, end justifies the means. Nepotism, favouritism and cronyism are pervasive phenomena in India’s Public Administration. Conduct rules adopted for all India Services and Railway Services have not deterred the officials from corrupt practices.

2. Selfishness:
“Service to the people is Service to God” has been ignored by the people in power. They work for their benefit but not for the society though service is their motto.

3. Corrupt politicans:
Though the election system is flawless, the process of implementation is corrupted. Votes are being purchased and voters are driven to polling booths in order to get votes in their favour.

4. Lack of Morality:
Parents and elders at home, teachers in class rooms have to impart moral education. Because it is said that destiny of the country is shaped in class rooms. In case it is not done, it leads to deterioration of values which finally leads to corruption.

Question 29.
Describe the causes of gender based inequality.
Answer:
Discriminations made on the basis of men and women, denying equal opportunities to the fairer sex are called gender based inequalities. It is the result of gender bias favouring males throughout the ages. The prevalence of gender based inequality in family, economic, cultural, educational and political fields are seen.
Causes:

a. Manu Smriti:
Earlier the Hindu society followed ‘Manu Smriti’ which asserted that women should always be under the guardianship of men at different stages of her life. He wanted her to be within the four walls, restricting her from the happenings of the society.

b. Male domination:
The society is based on physical strength of man where he dominates the female. He does not want that female should take over his responsibility and authority at home as well as in the society.

c. Denial of education:
Male domination is reflected in the field of education too. Denying education for girls for many centuries, has made them incapable in many fields. Men occupied major jobs and secured well and dominating positions in the entire society.

d. Dowry system:
The practice of dowry system contributes for inequality of gender. Boys are treated as assets and girls as burden. The attitude also intensifies the discrimination between men and women.

e. Inadequate representation:
Women constitute almost 50% of the total population. But they are inadequately represented in the field of politics and economics. Even though women are as capable as men, they are not allowed in these fields. Women have little or no opportunities in participating in public life.

Question 30.
What are the merits of Coalition government?
Answer:
Coalition is an act of coalescing or uniting into one body or a union of parties. When different political forces join together, coalition is formed. Coalition politics is a system of governance of a group of political parties or by several political parties.
Merits of coalition are as follows:

1. It provides broader representation to the people as big and small parties join hands in the governance. It also enables them to have a share in policy making and eliminates regional disparities.

2. It provides an opportunity for the creation of consensus based politics which represents the public opinion in national politics, issues and programmes. As M.A. Jinnah said ‘a coalition is a device to provide a fair share to the minority

3. Coalition takes care of diversity and plurality in administration.

4. By feeling the pulse of people, it provides good governance.

5. The presence of various political parties provides broader choice for the people to elect.

6. Coalition does not allow the autocratic rule of a single dominant party. Ministers or members of Cabinet including Prime Minister cannot behave autocratically.

Question 31.
Describe the political implications of Privatisation.
Answer:
The political implications of Privatisation are as follows:

1. Concentration of Wealth:
Privatisation encourages concen-tration of wealth in the hands of big business groups. It results in great disparities of income and wealth. It goes against the principle of egalitarian society.

2. More profits:
Corporate sectors generate more profits. But they share a meagre percentage with the share holders. They enjoy the lion’s share out of the share holders’ investment. As a result, the gap between the rich and the poor gets widened.

3. Bane to local industries:
Local people borrow money from indigenous banks and also get loans from government concerns with subsidised rates of interest to start an industry. Multi-national companies with good financial back up, survive even in case of loss.

4. Threat to national interest:
Key areas of Nation like Defence, Space, Science, and Technology are to be retained with the Government. Assigning these areas to private sector may harm National interests.

5. Lack of service motto:
The private firms are concerned more about their profit rather than providing good service conditions to their staff and do not bother about extending welfare programmes to their employees and even to the society.

6. No job security:
Private companies extract work from employees as long as they are fit. They ruthlessly sack them when they suffer from ill health or fitness problems. In the long run, they become a burden to the Government. The employees of private sectors suffer from job insecurity and this results in psychological disorders.

Question 32.
Explain the importance of international relations.
Answer:

1. The study of International relations enables us to understand the basic policies and principles which contribute the international sphere.
2. It provides concrete solutions for international problems, by means of dialogues, bilateral, multilateral, mutual cooperations and the like.
3. It substitutes internationalism to narrow nationalism which delimits the boundaries of States.
4. It avoids war, military actions or alliances, and international conflicts.
5. It considers the acceptance of the principles of collective security and disarmament, world peace and progress.
6. It creates global feeling among the citizens of the world and promotes universal brotherhood.

Question 33.
Write a note on the UN Security Council.
Answer:
The Security Council is often described as the enforcement wing (world executive body). It is the most powerful organ of the UNO. Its main responsibility is to maintain world peace and security. It consists of 15 members. Five of them are permanent members (UK, USA, Russia, France, and China) while the other ten are non permanent members.

Permanent members have ‘Veto-Power’. Ten Non permanent members are represented by the elected representatives who are elected by the General Assembly for a term of two years.

The Security Council is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining international peace and security. It has the power to discuss, investigate and make recommendations in this regard. The member states are called upon to settle disputes by peaceful means. It is empowered to decide the measures to be taken to restore international peace.

It also recommends the person to be appointed as Secretary General to the General Assembly. A military committee has been set up to assist the Security Council. The UN has its own Peace Keeping Force. Each member of the Security Council has one vote. The decisions of the Security Council are binding on all UN members. Mr. Ban- ki-Moon took over office on 1^st January 2007. On 21^st June 2011, he was unanimously re-elected by the General Assembly and will continue to serve until 31^st December 2016.

Question 34.
Write a note on the Principles of Pancha Sheel.
Answer:
Panchasheel continues to be another fundamental principle of Indian foreign policy. An agreement signed between Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Chinese Prime Minister Zhow-en-Lai on April, 29^th 1954, sought to govern the relationship between India and China on the basis of five principles.

1. Mutual respect for each others territorial integrity and sovereignty.
2. Mutual non-aggression.
3. Mutual non-interference in each others internal affairs.
4. Equality and mutual benefits.
5. Peaceful coexistence.

It is a principle of peaceful co-existence with other countries, it guided the basis of relationship between 1954-57 marked by numerous visits and exchanges. This period is described as Sino-Indian honeymoon.

IV. Answer any 2 of the following in 30 to 40 sentences: (2 × 10 = 20)

Question 35.
Describe the functions of political parties in India.
Answer:
Functions:
1. Preparation of election manifesto:
The election agenda is arranged through a manifesto. Its main intention is capturing power with popular support. It reflects the ideological commitments of the party, which include voter’s requirements like good governance through infrastructure development.

2. Selection of the candidate:
The selection of the best candidate is made on the basis of popularity, acceptability, and responsiveness to the grievances of people. Usually, all parties prepare a list of such candidates, to win the elections.

3. Political education and awareness:
Political parties impart political education to the people and make them realize their responsibilities. The ideologies along with the previous achievements are highlighted to attract the voters during electioneering. Through this, voters compare and contrast and decide their future course of action. Thus, the people have an opportunity to get political education and awareness about national and regional issues.

4. To contest elections:
Through proper filing of nominations and getting ‘B form’, it is ascertained that the candidature is official. It is filed in the respective offices of the Returning officers of the concerned constitutencies.

5. Election campaign:
The candidates who are in the fray are supported by their parties in all possible ways. Provision for election expenses, using public platform by speeches from the leaders of parties, and through electronic and mass media to win the election.

6. Formation of the government:
After the declaration of the results, the party which secures majority will form the government. The administration is carried on within the constitutional framework along with implementing the assurances mentioned in the manifesto at the time of elections. At the same time, it maintains discipline within the party by imposing party norms.

7. Acts as opposition party:
The political parties which fail to secure majority in the election, act as opposition parties. They apply the brake to the unconstitutional decisions and policies of the ruling party and help to streamline the administration. The opposition party is always ready to step into the shoes of the ruling party by highlighting the wrong doings in the administration. It acts as the
‘watch dog’ of democracy.

8. Formation of Public opinion:
The political party acts as the best agency in formulating the public opinion. The achievements of the ruling party are published and highlighted through media and public platforms. Opposition parties organize rallies, conduct road shows ‘ and seminars to expose the failures of ruling party. Such activities of the parties enlighten the masses and lead to the formation of healthy public opinion.

9. Bridge between the government and the people:
Political parties act as bridge between the government and the people. The leaders of the parties try to reach the people through policies and programmes. They draw attention of the government towards the problems of the people and get remedies.

10. Promotes the National Interest:
It is the task of all the political parties to protect the unity and integrity of the nation. Whenever there is threat from internal violence and external aggression the parties have to unite themselves keeping aside their ideological and parochial differences.

Question 36.
What are the causes for illiteracy? And how it is a threat to Indian Democracy?
Answer:
Illiteracy means inability of a person to read and write in any language. Amartya Sen described illiteracy as one of ‘unfreedoms’. According to the census report of 2001, a person who can read and write with understanding in any language may be called a literate person and a person who can only read but cannot write is not a literate person.

Illiteracy is both a curse and an impediment to democracy. Illiterates are easily exploited and mislead by politicians and vested interests to realize their goals. The successful working of democracy depends upon political awareness which can be acquired only through education.

The 2011 census report records the literacy rate in Kerala as 94%, Karnataka at 75.36% and Bihar at 61.80%.

1. Lack of Political Awareness:
Illiteracy contributes for political apathy. Illiterate masses due to their ignorance and indifferences do not take part in political process. They are not able to understand the importance of vote, they do not understand the idealogies of political parties, their manifestos and the performance of ruling party, election rules, and process.

2. Low Percentage of votes:
Since the first general election, the percentage of polling has not crossed 60%. This is due to illiteracy and lack of political awareness. Political legitimacy cannot be achieved to a full extend by low percentage of polling.

3. Money and Muscle Power:
The nexus between politicians and businessmen is noticeable. The politicians are tactful enough to get votes from the poor people who are illiterate through dubious means like rigging and booth capturing and threatening the voters using muscle power. This has led to criminalization of politics.

4. Politics of Populism:
The voters in India are attracted by politics of populism. Illiteracy and poverty force them to depend upon the facilities of the Government. They fail to understand that the populist programmes bring them into mainstream of the Society. Indulgence in politics of populism makes the people to depend on the Government for everything without becoming creative individuals. This becomes an impediment to national development.

5. Emergence of Dictatorship:
When people are not politically conscious, show apathy to vote, an ambitious leader transforms democracy into a dictatorship.

Question 37.
Explain the meaning, importance and political implications of liberalisation.
Answer:
Liberalization is the “Willingness to respect or accept behaviour or opinion different from one’s own; open to new ideas”. Liberalization is the process of liberating the economy from various regulatory mechanisms and elimination of customs and tariffs. Economic liberalization is the policy of relaxation over economic and trade policies.

A. Importance of Liberalization are as follows:

1. Consumer friendly:
This leads to lower costs and prices for consumers to get the goods and services according to their wishes. There are many companies which bring a lot of quality products to satisfy consumers’ interests and demands. In a liberalised economy, consumer gets more benefits.

2. Free from Government regulations:
Government provides free movement of trade and commerce where any private company can easily carry on their business activities without any restrictions. The companies need not undergo procedural delay imposed by the government.

3. Promotes competitions:
Liberalisation extends competition within different company’s trade firms. Basically they keep the standards and cheaper prices for consumers. Competition promotes efficiency and avoids wastage of resources.

4. Promotes world class business:
Liberalisation encourages business class to share knowledge and implement latest technologies of international standards. This leads to high quality products and better logistics in sales and supplies.

B. Political implications of liberalization are as follows:

1. Risk of brain drain:
In the name of liberalised policy, citizens knock at the door of international opportunities, with their knowledge and skill. The developing nations face a lot of problems from such brain drain.

2. Reduces dependency on labour:
As the process itself is capital intensive, it reduces dependency on labour and cuts opportunities for low level or manual jobs.

3. Risk of environmental degradation:
The incessant industrial activity at the global level generates a lot of waste by products leading to environmental degradation.

4. Regulates the price of certain commodities:
The price of certain commodities like-life saving drugs, fertilizers, etc., are automatically controlled by the world trade forums and associations.

5. Affects common man:
It affects the common man in his day-to-day life as he finds its difficult to earn his livelihood.

6. Risk of financial instability:
Flexibility (laxity) of monetary and fiscal policies of the Government may lead to financial crisis like recession and depression.

Question 38.
Describe the Indo-US relations.
Answer:
India’s freedom movement had drawn much inspiration from the colonial History of US. President F.D. Roosevelt’s positive contribution to the 1942 Cripps Mission negotiations to help India proceed on the road to independence received a positive and grateful response from the Indian leaders. Pandit Nehru identified a number of positive factors that favoured the growth of Indo US relations during his visits to US.

Because of this historical background and shared democratic values of both countries, they acquired a pattern of good and positive relationalship. Both nations have a common faith in democratic institutions and way of life and are dedicated to the cause of peace and freedom.

1. Economic Relations:
After India’s Independence, US extended its economic aid under Truman’s Four Point Program of 1950, consisting of American technical skills, knowledge and investment capital. It provided wheat loan to India to mangage the famine in some parts of the country in 1951.

The major aid has been in the shape of surplus commodity assistance provided under Public Law 480 (PL 480) in 1956, that was repayable in rupees. Under the supervision of United States Agency for International Development (USAID), it gave development loans. With these aids and support, US topped the list of countries that gave economic aid to India.

In the recent years India has decided to liberalize its economy and integrate it with the global economy. India’s impressive economic growth rates have made the country an attractive economic partner for US. In the post cold war era, both countries find themselves closer and committed to extend their economic co-operation in other fileds. The Indian economy had close ties with US and its companies. US absorbed much of India’s total exports in the software sector and extended job opportunities to lakhs of Indians in its silicon valley.

2. Military Relations:
After the II World War US built many military alliances (NATO, ANZUS, SEATO, Baghdad Pact, and CENTO). As the leader of western bloc, it expects newly liberated countries which are not aligned with any of these military alliances, not to oppose US in any organization including UN. India keeping away from the military alliances, its principled support to the liberation movements and crusade against apartheid, racism and racial discrimination were interpreted by US as unfriendly acts.

Obviously, it led to misunderstanding between India and US relations. The US military support to Pakistan its military ally in 1954, created apprehensions in India regarding regional military balance and it widened the gap between India and Pakistan. When the liberation struggle was going on in Goa, the US supported Portuguese claims to keep Portugal as its ally in NATO, but victory of India was interpreted by US as ‘hypocrisy’ and ‘hollow moralist’.

As its global strategy to curb Communism, U S responded positively with military assitance to India in 1962 Indo-Chjna war. But it acted against India in Indo-Pak conflict in 1965 and Indo-Pak war on Bangladesh in 1971. The US has military bases in the Indian ocean in the Island called Diego Garcia.

India has opposed to these bases, because these can threaten any of the states which are on the banks of the Indian Ocean. Inspite of Indian protest, US has not taken off the bases from the Island. By minimizing our misunderstandings and by better appreciaiton of each other, there is a need to work out a pattern of mutually beneficial relationalship with the US.

3. Socio-cultural Relations:
India and US have close socio-cultural relations, e.g. Ford Foundation grants aid for scientific, technical, educational and cultural activities. The co-operation in the field of cultural exchange scientific and educational interaction and the large number of people of Indian origin living in the US all these hold potential for a greater co-operation. Thousands of Indian scholars acquired their advanced knowledge from the educational insitutions of US.

V. Answer any two of the following questions in 15-20 sentences each: (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 39.
Write a note on the Independence Day celebration of your college.
Answer:
Independence day, a memorable occasion for the nation was celebrated in our college this year also. Under the guidance of the teachers, students had decorated the college grounds one day before and erected a podium, as well as a stage for the cultural programmes.

Sri Seetharamaiah, the octogenerian freedom fighter was invited to be our chief guest and he was there right on time at 8.00 A.M. Our Principal and senior staff members welcomed the Chief Guest and other dignitaries with garlands and bouquets. After the invocation and the prayer, the function took off on a smooth note.

After the hoisting of the Tricolour National flag by the Chief Guest, the President of the College Student Union read out the welcome speech. Our Principal presided over the function. Sri Seetharamaiah in his speech, highlighted the great ideals and values and sacrifices of our freedom fighters.

There was a march-past by the NCC cadets, followed by the school band. There were some cultural programmes like singing, a mime act, monoacting and a skit about the Jalianwalabagh massacre. The programmes were much appreciated. The function came to an end with the vote of thanks and sweet distribution. We all dispersed.

OR

What are the causes of Environmental Movement?
Answer:
Causes for Environmental Movement are as follows:

1. To protect the Environmental degradation:
The Government of India has taken measures for economic development including industrial and technological development. This has led to industrialization, urbanization and their adverse effects like loss of cultivable land, and on the fertility of the soil.

2. To protect bio-diversity:
Deforestation for fuel and construction purposes has left the wildlife and birds to become orphan. Hence Chipco, Appico and save Western Ghats Movements started.

3. Environmental education and consciousness:
Living amidst environment, formal education in schools, colleges, and non-governmental organizations have created awarness and consciousness among human beings. Programmes, rallies and Jathras have gone a long way in this direction.

4. To curb environment decay:
The greed of people to excavate and exploit resources has resulted in soilerosion, drying up of rivers and reservoirs, pollution of air, water and sound, etc. To maintain equilibrium and to pressurize the people in power to take measures, these movements emerged.

Question 40.
Write a note on provisions of Anti-defection Law.
Answer:
Defection is change of loyalty to another party, without resigning from his elected post for benefits. Defector gets elected on one party’s ticket and tries to enjoy power in another party.

The word defection is also called as ‘Floor Crossing’ in UK and ‘Carpet Crossing’ in Nigeria. The term ‘Defection’ is used in India. Defection is commonly known as ‘Horse Trading’. Defectors are called as ‘Fence sitters’ or Turn Coats.

Sri Rajiv Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India decided to remove the evils of defection. Hence, Anti-defection Act came into force on 1^st April 1985 through the 52^nd Constitution Amendment.

The main intention of the law was to combat “the evil of political defections”. The provisions are:
1. A member of Parliament or State Legislature belonging to any political party shall be disqualified if he voluntarily quits his party.

2. He will be disqualified from his membership if he votes against his party whip in the session.

3. A member of Parliament or State Legislature belonging to any political party shall be disqualified from his membership, if he votes in the session without prior permission of his party.

4. A nominated member shall be disqualified from his membership in the upper house, if he joins any political party after six months from the date on which he assumes his position.

5. If less than 2/3 strength of any political party merges with another political party, it shall be considered as defection.

6. A person disqualified under this Act shall not be provided any office of profit.

7. The Anti-defection law determines the size of the council of Ministers. The size of the council of Ministers of Union shall not exceed 15% of the total members of the Lok Sabha and similar to that of State Legislative Assembly.

8. Speaker can initiate action against the members under Anti-defection law.

9. The Chairpersons of Legislative are permitted to frame the rules to implement this law.

OR

Write a note on any one Indian political leader.
Answer:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is acknowledged as the leader of the untouchables and underprivileged in the Indian social strata. For his work in piloting the Constitution of Independent India through the Constituent Assembly, he is also hailed as the Modem Manu.

Dr. Ambedkar was the 14^th child of Ramaji Sakpal and Bhimabai of the Mahar community in Maharashtra. He was born on 14^th April 1891. He lost his mother when he was only six and was brought up by his aunt. He had his school education in Satara. He completed his graduation in Bombay with the support of the Maharaja of Baroda. He did his M.A. and Ph.D degrees from Colombia University in 1915 and 1916 respectively.

Later he got his Law and D.Sc degrees also. In 1924, he started an association for the welfare of the depressed classes. He also started the newspapers ‘Bahiskrit Bharat’ in Hindi and ‘Mooka Nayaka‘ in Marathi. These were to motivate the people to fight for independence and also to champion the cause of the depressed classes for social reforms. His important works were ‘Administration and Finance of the East India Company’, ‘Buddha and Karl Marx’ and ‘Caste in India’ among others.

He was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee for framing our Constitution. In the Interim government, he was the Law Minister in Nehru’s cabinet. He renounced active politics and embraced Buddhism. He spent the rest of his life propagating the message of Buddhism. He passed away on 6^th December 1956. Dr. Ambedkar’s memory will remain long in our hearts.

Students can Download 2nd PUC Political Science Previous Year Question Paper June 2016, Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Previous Year Question Paper June 2016

Time: 3 Hrs 15 Min
Max. Marks: 100

I. Answer the following questions in a word or a sentence each. (10 × 1 = 10)

Question 1.
When did the Constitution of India come into force?
Answer:
Our constitution came into force on 26^th January 1950.

Question 2.
What is Operation Polo?
Answer:
Indian army entering Hyderabad to stop the oppressive rule of the Nizam is called as Operation Polo.

Question 3.
Name the Party System in India.
Answer:
Multi-party system.

Question 4.
Expand EVM.
Answer:
Electronic Voting Machine.

Question 5.
What is economic exploitation?
Answer:
Exploitation which leads to economic in-equality is called economic exploitation.

Question 6.
Which day is celebrated as ‘Labours Day’?
Answer:
May 1^st.

Question 7.
Who identified Identity politics?
Answer:
L.A Kauffman.

Question 8.
What is the root word of Terrorism?
Answer:
The world terrorism is derived from the Latin word Terrere.

Question 9.
What is privatisation?
Answer:
Privatization is the process of transferring ownership of a business, enterprise, agency, public service or public property from the public sector to private sector.

Question 10.
What is apartheid?
Answer:
Discrimination on the basis of colour is called Apartheid.

II. Answer any ten of the following questions in two or three sentences each: (10 × 2 = 20)

Question 11.
How many states were Bombay divided into? Which are they?
Answer:
Two. Maharashtra and Gujarat.

Question 12.
What is political neutrality?
Answer:
Political neutrality refers to Civil Servants staying away from political activities. They perform their duties without being aligned to any one political regime.

Question 13.
Name any two Acts which relates to women protection.
Answer:

1. Protection against Domestic Violence Act 2005.
2. Abolition of Child Marriage Act 2005.

Question 14.
What is inequality?
Answer:
Inequality means denying opportunities and privileges to some classes of people making discrimination on the basis of caste, religion, gender, birthplace etc.

Question 15.
Mention any two coalition partners of NDA.
Answer:
Telugu Desham (TDP), Shiv-Sena, Akali Dal.

Question 16.
What is corruption?
Answer:
Misuse of power or public office for personal motives is called corruption.

Question 17.
What is crony capitalism?
Answer:
Crony capitalism is a negative term used to refer to the business dealings carried out by the Government officers in a capitalist economy. Crony capitalism is an economic phenomenon with political consequences. In crony capitalism, the Government makes deals in closed doors without public review and approval.

Question 18.
Name any two organs of the UN.
Answer:

1. General Assembly
2. Security Council.

Question 19.
Name any two member countries of BRICS.
Answer:
Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa.

Question 20.
When and where did the 1^st NAM summit held?
Answer:
At Belgrade, Yugoslovia in 1961.

Question 21.
Name any two military alliances.
Answer:
NATO, SEATO, ANZUS.

Question 22.
Who have signed Panchasheel?
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru and Chinese PM Zhou-en-Lai signed Panchasheel on 29^th April 1954.

III. Answer any 8 of the following questions in 15-20 sentences each: (8 × 5 = 40)

Question 23.
Write a short note on Interim Government.
Answer:
The Interim Government of India was formed on 2^nd September 1946. The constituent Assembly had 389 members. It was drawn from the newly elected Constituent Assembly of India. It had the task of assisting the transition of India and Pakistan from British rule to independence. It remained in force until 15^th August 1947, when India became independent. The Constituent Assembly became a sovereign body and performed the role of legislature for the new State. It was responsible for framing the constitution and making ordinary laws as well.

Question 24.
Give reasons for language as a basis for state re-organisation.
Answer:
Language as a basis for re-organisation is important because of the following reasons.

1. Language is closely related to culture and customs of people.
2. Spread of education and literacy can occur only through medium of mother tongue.
3. To a common citizen, democracy can be real only when politics and administration are conducted, in their language.
4. Linguistic states, can provide education, administration and judicial activity in their mother tongue. Therefore, it was assumed that free India would base its boundaries on linguistic principles.

Question 25.
Explain the features of Direct Elections.
Answer:
Features of Direct Elections are:
1. More Democratic :
Eligible voters have wider choice to elect their representatives directly. It provides for direct relationship between the voter and their representatives.

2. Responsive:
Since there is a direct relationship between voters and the representatives, they are responsive to the needs and aspirations of the people. If they do not effectively respond to the needs of the people, they will be the way out in the next election.

3. Creates political awareness:
In the direct elections voters come in direct contact with their representatives. Voters are curious about them and gather information through mass media and print media about political parties, their manifesto and personality of the candidates. In this way it educates the voters

4. Selection of eligible candidates:
The voters test the capacities, capabilities of the candidates and finally elect them since there is rapport between the two.

5. Public relationship:
In view of the forthcoming elections, representatives keep regular contact with the constituency and people.

Question 26.
Write a short note on All India Services.
Answer:
The All India Services plays the most prominent role in civil service. The candidates to these services are recruited on all India basis and can be posted both at the centre or at the state. Presently India has three All India services.

1. Indian Administrative Services (IAS)
2. Indian Police Services (IPS)
3. Indian Forest Services (IFS)

These services are called as All India services as they belong both to the Central and State Governments. The services of these officers could be utilized by both the central and state governments and they can be transferred from central to state and vice-versa.

Article 312 (i) of the Indian Constitution states that, Rajya Sabhajnitiates a resolution supported by not less than 2/3^rd of the members present and voting. If necessary, in the national interest, Parliament may by law provide for the creation of one or more All India Services.

Question 27.
Explain any five functions of Deputy Commissioner.
Answer:
The Deputy Commissioner. (DC) is the head of the District. He also acts as the District Magistrate, Superintendent of police (SP), District Treasury Officer. Deputy Director of Pre University Education, Social Welfare officer, Deputy Director of Public Instruction, District Medical Officer, Deputy Registrar and other functions under the jurisdiction of the Deputy Commissioner.

The Deputy Commissioner performs the following functions.
1. Law and order and Magisterial powers:
Deputy Commissioner enjoys magisterial powers. Being the District Magistrate, he maintains law and order and performs other judicial functions in the district.

2. Revenue functions:
It includes maintenance of Land Records and its assessment, collection of Land Revenue and other public dues and settlement of land disputes. Assistant Commissioners and Tahsildars work under the overall supervision and control of the Deputy Commissioner.

3. Development Functions:
It includes Public Health, Education, Rural Development, Social Welfare (Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe) and Welfare of Backward Classes and Minorities and Protection of Weaker sections of the Society.

4. Regulatory Functions:
It includes control, regulation, and distribution of Food and Civil Supplies and essential commodities. He also controls the matters relating to excise, stamps, and registration.

5. Electoral Functions:
Deputy Commissioner is the District Election Officer and he is in charge of elections to Parliament, State Legislature and Local bodies.

Question 28.
What are the causes for Environment Movement?
Answer:
Causes for Environmental Movement are as follows.
1. To protect the Environmental degradation:
The Government of India has taken measures for economic development including industrial and technological development. This has led to industrialization, urbanization and their adverse effects like loss of cultivable land, and also on the fertility of the soil.

2. To protect Mo-diversity:
Deforestation for fuel and construction purposes has left the wildlife and birds to become orphan. Hence Chipco, Appico and Save Western Ghats Movements started.

3. Environment education and conscious- use:
Living amidst environment, formal education in schools, colleges and non-governmental organizations have created awarness and consciousness among human beings. Programmes, rallies and Jathas have gone a long way in this direction.

4. To curb environment decay:
The greediness of the people to excavate and exploit resources have resulted in soil erosion, drying up of rivers and reservoirs, pollution of air, water and sound etc. To maintain equilibrium and to pressurize the people in power to take measures, these movements emerged.

Question 29.
Explain the major hindrances of nation building.
Answer:
1. Poverty:
Large sections of our societies live in villages and their major occupation is Agriculture. They rely upon monsoon which is quite irregular. Hence the output is very low. As a result, more than 1X5* of the total population is living BPL. Poverty denies access to good health, sanitation facilities and basic infrastructure necessary for personality development.

2. Population Explosion:
Census reports of 2011 prove that India is overpopulated (1.2 billion). Though a resource, it is not properly utilized to strengthen the nation. Population explosion has led to unemployment, housing shortage scarcity of food and other basic amenities.

3. Regional Imbalance:
All the regions of our country are not evenly developed. This leads to separatist tendencies that curbs national development e.g. Marathawada and Vidharbha in Maharashtra, Telengana region in AP, Korapat and Kalahandi regions in Odisha, North Eastern Region and Gorkha hill areas are all under developed and people there have reason ted to agitations.

4. Social and political disturbances:
In India social and political disturbances have become common in recent years causing tension Assam, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Kerala have become communally sensitive states. Likewise, caste conflicts, terrorism, the centre-state and inter-state disputes have affected nation’s march towards development.

5. Political Crisis:
The coalition politics and the emergence of too many political parties, regional and sectarian feelings have created political crisis on many occasions. The vested interests have prevented the Parliament and State Legislatures to enact necessary laws for the development of the nation. Money power and muscle power have, led to the growth of leaders without principles for whom it has become a gainful employment.

Question 30.
What are the merits of coalition?
Answer:
Coalition is an act of coalescing or uniting into one body or a union of parties. When different political forces join together, coalition is formed. Coalition politics is a system of governance of a group of political parties or by several political parties.
Merits of coalition are as follows:
It provides broader representation to the people as big and small parties join hands in the governance. It also enables them to have a share in policy making and eliminates regional disparities.

1. It provides an opportunity for the creation of consensus based politics which represents the public opinion in national politics, issues and programmes. As M.A. Jinnah said a coalition is a device to provide a fair share to the minority.
2. Coalition takes care of diversity and plurality in administration.
3. By feeling the pulse of people, it provides good governance.
4. The presence of various political parties provides broader choice for the people to elect.
5. Coalition does not allow the autocratic rule of a single dominant party. Ministers or members of Cabinet including Prime Minister cannot behave autocratically.

Question 31.
Describe the political implications of liberalisation.
Answer:
Liberalization is the “Willingness to respect or accept behaviour or opinion different from one’s own; open to new ideas”. Liberalization is the process of liberating the economy from various regulatory mechanisms and elimination of customs and tariffs. Economic liberalization is the policy of relaxation over economic and trade policies.

A. Importance of Liberalization are as follows:
1. Consumer friendly:
This leads to lower costs and prices for consumers to get the goods and services according to their wishes. There are many companies which bring a lot of quality products to satisfy consumers’ interests and demands. In a liberalised economy, consumer gets more benefits.

2. Free from Government regulations:
Government provides free movement of trade and commerce where any private company can easily carry on their business activities without any restrictions. The companies need not undergo procedural delay imposed by the government.

3. Promotes competitions:
Liberalisation extends competition within different company’s trade firms. Basically they keep the standards and cheaper prices for consumers. Competition promotes efficiency and avoids wastage of resources.

4. Promotes world class business:
Liberalisation encourages business class to share knowledge and implement latest technologies of international standards. This leads to high quality products and better logistics in sales and supplies.

B. Political implications of liberalization are as follows:

1. Risk of brain drain:
In the name of liberalised policy, citizens knock at the door of international opportunities, with their knowledge and skill. The developing nations face a lot of problems from such brain drain.

2. Reduces dependency on labour:
As the process itself is capital intensive, it reduces dependency on labour and cuts opportunities for low level or manual jobs.

3. Risk of environmental degradation:
The incessant industrial activity at the global level generates a lot of waste by products leading to environmental degradation.

4. Regulates the price of certain commodities:
The price of certain commodities like-life saving drugs, fertilizers, etc., are automatically controlled by the world trade forums and associations.

5. Affects common man:
It affects the common man in his day-to-day life as he finds its difficult to earn his livelihood.

6. Risk of financial instability:
Flexibility (laxity) of monetary and fiscal policies of the Government may lead to financial crisis like recession and depression.

Question 32.
What are the concepts of International Relations?
Answer:
The core concepts of International Relations pertaining to politics are as follows:
a. State Sovereignty:
Jean Bodin has described the concept of Sovereignty in his work “De Republica”. He emphasizes on the state Sovereignty within their territorial jurisdiction. No State can dictate others and all States are equal in matters of status, dignity and honour. For instance, India under the British imperialism lost its sovereignty and gained its state hood only in 1947. Iraq during the Gulf war in 1990, is an example for aggression on the Sovereignty.

b. National Interests:
It is the action of the State in relation to other States. As Frankel opined, it refers to the aspiration of the state. The determinants of national interest are qualities of personalities and ideals of the decision makers.

c. Power Blocs:
With the beginning of the cold war, two power blocs emerged, i.e., USA and USSR. President of U S. Harry S. Truman believed in the spread of democracy whereas the Warsaw Pact under Soviet policy sought the spread of Communism. Capitalistic ideology spread in UK, France, Germany and Communist ideology spread in Poland, Bulgaria, Rumania and Hungery.

d. Polarity:
Polarities in international relations refer to the arrangement of power within the international system. The concept arose from bi-polarity during the cold war between the two super powers. The disintegration of the USSR has led to uni-polarity with the United States as the superpower.

With rapid economic growth in 2010, China became the world’s second largest economy. Combined with the respectable international position, China has emerged as a major power in the multi-polar world.

e. Balance of Power:
The concept of Balance of Power refers to relative power position of States as actors in international relations, with its emphasis on the cultivation of power and the utilization of power for resolving the problems. Morgenthau used the term ‘Balance of Power’ as an approximately equal distribution of power. It is an inseparable part of the power politics.

Question 33.
Explain the importance of Indian Foreign Policy.
Answer:
The foreign policy of a nation represents its external sovereignty and freedom. India adopted its own foreign policy after the emancipation from British colonialism and emerged as a sovereignty nation in the world.

India’s foreign policy is born of a country’s principles, interests and objectives. It is the result of interplay of complex forces like History, Geography, Domestic environment, Ideology and the influence of National Leaders. It emphasizes the glory of Indian freedom struggle, importance of India’s geographical location for its economic development and patriotism.

An important fact of India’s foreign policy is the concern for Gandhian ideas of peace and non violence. India achieved its independence by using these weapons and succeeded in inspiring the world.

India’s foreign policy comprises of economic developments and political stability to ensure the unity and integrity of the country. National security was conceived to present aggression or threat of aggression to protect the independence, territorial integrity, self reliance and promote economic independence.

India belived in fostering friendly relations with her neighbours. She promotes good will, friendship and co-operation in the South Asian region for mutual benefit. India opposes big power intervention or interference in the internal affairs of South Asian region. India calls for making Indian ocean a peaceful zone to avoid big power naval confrontation.

India supports liberation on movements, democratic struggles for national independence and right of self determination. She is opposed to imperialism, colonialism, racism, authoritarianism and militarism in the world.

India supports the Human Rights as a basic condition for democratic world and for an egalitarian world. India believes in promotion of the principle of Panchasheel and strengthening of Non Align Movement (NAM) and UN for easing global tension. This is to build a world free from fear, hate, scarcity and inequality.

Question 34.
Explain the role of India in resolving Sri Lankan ethnic problems.
Answer:
From the mid 1950s and to early 1980s there was hardly any dispute between the two countries on the matters of security and sovereignty. There had been negotiated settlements of bilateral issues, e.g. the question of jurisdication over Kachathivu island in the middle of the Palk Straits. One of the main disputes between India and Sri Lanka has been regarding the political status of Tamil poeple of Indian origin, who were taken to Sri Lanka by the British as plantation labourers.

There are four groups of Sri lankan Tamil population,

1. Ancient Familes in the Jaffna Peninsula
2. Professional elite Tamils in urban areas,
3. Non-Hindu Tamils and
4. Tamil immigrant labour.

The long-standing problem of accepting the Tamil speaking population of Sri Lanka as its citizens and giving them regional autonomy could not be solved. The majority of Sinhalese demanded Tamils should return to India, they deny citizenship to Tamils by enacting the Ceylone citizenship act of 1948.

This has disentalied Tamils franchise and other rights. In 1965, Indian Prime Minister Lai Bahadur Shastri and SriLankan Prime Minister Mrs. Sirimao BandaraNaike signed an agreement about Tamils citizenship but in vain. The 1981 agreement between Indira Gandhi and Sirimao Bandaranaike was not implemented due to Tamils refusal to proposals India.

Bilateral relations:
The Government of President Chandrika Kumaratunga (1994) strived to promote better relation between Sinhala and Tamil ethnic groups so as to find political solution to the Tamil demands. In December 1998, India and Sri Lanka signed the Free Trade Agreement. The Government of President Mahinda Rajapaksha also worked in this direction.

The bilateral trade agreements in 2000 resulted in a marked improvement in the Indo-Sri Lankan trade between 2004 and 2010. S.M. Krishna the then External Affairs Minister visited Sri Lanka in Januray, met the President and reviewed the comprehensive agenda of bilatral realtionalship.

The high level delegation led by the President of Sri Lanka visited India In the same year and laid the foundation to University of Buddhist and India studies at Sanchi. Again in 2013, a bilateral meeting was held and an agreement was signed to combat Inter National Terrorism and Illicit, drugs trafficking.

The ethnic conflict which continued for over 30 years and tom the island nation, ended in May 2009. As per the 13^th Amendment of the India Sri Lanka Accord of 1987 elections were held to the Northern Provincial Council in September 2013, and with this a new facet of Democracy has begun.

IV. Answer any 2 of the following in 30 to 40 sentences: (2 × 10 = 20)

Question 35.
Describe the functions of political parties in India.
Answer:
Functions:
1. Preparation of election manifesto:
The election agenda is arranged through a manifesto. Its main intention is capturing power with popular support. It reflects the ideological commitments of the party, which include voter’s requirements like good governance through infrastructure development.

2. Selection of the candidate:
The selection of the best candidate is made on the basis of popularity, acceptability, and responsiveness to the grievances of people. Usually, all parties prepare a list of such candidates, to win the elections.

3. Political education and awareness:
Political parties impart political education to the people and make them realize their responsibilities. The ideologies along with the previous achievements are highlighted to attract the voters during electioneering. Through this, voters compare and contrast and decide their future course of action. Thus, the people have an opportunity to get political education and awareness about national and regional issues.

4. To contest elections:
Through proper filing of nominations and getting ‘B form’, it is ascertained that the candidature is official. It is filed in the respective offices of the Returning officers of the concerned constitutencies.

5. Election campaign:
The candidates who are in the fray are supported by their parties in all possible ways. Provision for election expenses, using public platform by speeches from the leaders of parties, and through electronic and mass media to win the election.

6. Formation of the government:
After the declaration of the results, the party which secures majority will form the government. The administration is carried on within the constitutional framework along with implementing the assurances mentioned in the manifesto at the time of elections. At the same time, it maintains discipline within the party by imposing party norms.

7. Acts as opposition party:
The political parties which fail to secure majority in the election, act as opposition parties. They apply the brake to the unconstitutional decisions and policies of the ruling party and help to streamline the administration. The opposition party is always ready to step into the shoes of the ruling party by highlighting the wrongdoings in the administration. It acts as the‘watch dog’ of democracy.

8. Formation of Public opinion:
The political party acts as the best agency in formulating the public opinion. The achievements of the ruling party are published and highlighted through media and public platforms. Opposition parties organize rallies, conduct road shows and seminars to expose the failures of ruling party. Such activities of the parties enlighten the masses and lead to the formation of healthy public opinion.

9. Bridge between the government and the people:
Political parties act as bridge between the government and the people. The leaders of the parties try to reach the people through policies and programmes. They draw attention of the government towards the problems of the people and get remedies.

10. Promotes the National Interest:
It is the task of all the political parties to protect the unity and integrity of the nation. Whenever there is threat from internal violence and external aggression the parties have to unite themselves keeping aside their ideological and parochial differences.

Question 36.
How illiteracy is an impediment to democracy? Explain its remedies.
Answer:
Illiteracy means inability of a person to read and write in any language. Amartya Sen described illiteracy as one of ‘unfreedoms’. According to the census report of 2001, a person who can read and write with understanding in any language may be called a literate person and a person who can only read but cannot write is not a literate person.

Illiteracy is both a curse and an impediment to democracy. Illiterates are easily exploited and mislead by politicians and vested interests to realize their goals. The successful working of democracy depends upon political awareness which can be acquired only through education.

The 2011 census report records the literacy rate in Kerala as 94%, Karnataka at 75.36% and Bihar at 61.80%.

1. Lack of Political Awareness:
Illiteracy contributes for political apathy. Illiterate masses due to their ignorance and indifferences do not take part in political process. They are not able to understand the importance of vote, they do not understand the idealogies of political parties, their manifestos and the performance of ruling party, election rules, and process.

2. Low Percentage of votes:
Since the first general election, the percentage of polling has not crossed 60%. This is due to illiteracy and lack of political awareness. Political legitimacy cannot be achieved to a full extend by low percentage of polling.

3. Money and Muscle Power:
The nexus between politicians and businessmen is noticeable. The politicians are tactful enough to get votes from the poor people who are illiterate through dubious means like rigging and booth capturing and threatening the voters using muscle power. This has led to criminalization of politics.

4. Politics of Populism:
The voters in India are attracted by politics of populism. Illiteracy and poverty force them to depend upon the facilities of the Government. They fail to understand that the populist programmes bring them into mainstream of the Society. Indulgence in politics of populism makes the people to depend on the Government for everything without becoming creative individuals. This becomes an impediment to national development.

5. Emergence of Dictatorship:
When people are not politically conscious, show apathy to vote, an ambitious leader transforms democracy into a dictatorship.

Question 37.
Explain the importance of globalisation and bring out its political implications.
Answer:
Globalisation is the process of intergrating the economy of the country with world economy. It is a movement towards greater interaction. Integration and interdependence among people and organisation across borders. The strongest manifestion of Globalisation has been the increasing economics intergration among the countries in trade and investment.

An important attribute of globalization is the increasing degree of openness, which has three dimensions, ie. international trade, international investment and international finance. It involves creation of networks and activities transcending economic, social and geographical boundaries. The Economy of India had undergone significat policy shifts in the beginning of the 1990’s. This new model of economic reforms is commonly known as the liberalization, privatizaton and globalisation(LPG) model.

The chain of reforms that took place with regard to business, manufacturing and financial industries targeted at the strengthening the economy of the country to a more proficient level. These economic reforms had influenced the overall economic growth of the country in a significant manner.
In brief the salient points of Globalisation are:

1. Efficiency
2. Transfer of technology
3. Concept of a global village
4. Mobility of labour force
5. Global competion resulting in better performance
6. Outsourcing and
7. Optimum utilization of human resources.

The political implications of globalisation are as follows:
1. Power subjugation:
The effects of globalisation has brought a lot of changes in the world economy. For small countries, it is inevitable to accept the economic decisions of big countries, which leads to power subjugation.

2. Affects the sovereignty:
As a result of globalisation in the fields of economy, trade, transportation, etc., the sovereign countries are bound by the decisions of stronger countries. Hence it affects the sovereignty of a country in totality.

3. Cultural invasion:
Culture is a complex, wholesome and exclusive to each country. The influence of globalisation in the name of cultural exchange not only invades but also degenerates the youth who are the architects of the future.

4. Enslavement of lifestyle:
Globalisation has largely affected the younger generation. Food habits, general behaviour, mutual relationship, respect to elders, human values and ultimately the whole generation has become slave in the clutches of globalisation.

5. Elimination of subsidies:
The major impact of globalisation is the curtailment of subsidies to all sectors including agriculture, in a phased manner. The worst hit are the peasants who are the backbone of the country.

6. Political Instability:
The impact of globalisation mainly is economic depression, boom or even recession which directly affects the political stability of a country. Hence development comes to a stand still. Thus globalisation as a process of integrating the economy of the country with world economy has gone a long way.

Question 38.
Explain the India-ASEAN areas of cooperation in detail.
Answer:
The ASEAN was established on 8^th August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by the founding fathers of ASEAN.

Indian-ASEAN areas of co-operation are:
1. Functional Co-operation:
ASEAN-India functional co-operation is diverse and includes co-operation across a range of sectors, such as trade, science & technology, agriculture, environment, Human Resource development, space science, new and renewable energy, information and communication technology, telecommunications, transport and infrastructure, tourism, culture, health and pharmaceuticals.

2. Economic Co-operation:
The ASEAN- India FTA will see tariff liberalization of over 90 percent of products traded between the two dynamic regions including the so-called “special products” such as palm oil (crude and refined), coffee, black tea and pepper. Tariffs on over 4,000 product lines will be eliminated at the earliest by 2016.

ASEAN – India Trade in Goods Agreement was signed on 13^th August, 2009 at the ASEAN – India Economic Ministerial Meeting in Bangkok.

3. Peace and Security Co-operation:
ASEAN and India commemorated the 20^th anniversary of dialogue level partnership and the 10^th anniversary of Summit-level partnership with a Commemorative Summit in New Delhi under the theme ASEAN – India Partnership for peace and shared prosperity in December 2012.

4. Tourism Sector:
The 4^th ASEAN – India Tourism Ministers Meeting was held in Vietnam in January 2013. ASEAN-India tourism website (www. Indiaasean.org) was launched. ASEAN and India are also working on enhancing private sector engagements. Details on the re-activation of the ASEAN- India business Council (AIBC), the holding of the ASEAN-India Business Fair (AIBF) are being worked out by officials.

At the third ASEAN-India Summit, the parties concerned signed a partnership for peace, progress and shared prosperity. At the sixth Summit, India announced setting up of an India the ASEAN green fund. At seventh Summit, India announced contribution of US $ 50 million to ASEAN-India co-operation fund.

At the 11^th ASEAN – India summit, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, welcomed India’s ‘Look East’ policy and the decision to set up a separate mission for the Association of ASEAN. The past three years have witnessed remarkable progress in the implementation of the plan of Action.

V. Answer any two of the following questions in 15-20 sentences each: (2 × 5 = 10)

Question 39.
Write a note on Republic Day celebration of your college.
Answer:
Republic Day a memorable ocassion for the nation; was celebrated in our college this year also. Under the guidance of the teachers, students had decorated the college ground one day before and erected the podium as well as a stage for cultural programmes.

Sri Shankaranarayana – an eminent freedom fighter and politician was invited as Chief guest. As per schedule time at 9 a.m. the Chief guest arrived at our College premises. Our Principal welcomed the guest with honour, respect. After invocation and prayer, the function took off on a smooth note. The Chief guest hoisted the tricoloured national flag. President of our College Union read out the welcome speech. Principal of our College presided over the function.

The Chief Guest in his guest speech highlighted the significance of Republic day celebrations and what were the problems faced by Vallabhabhai Patel in uniting the 502 provinces and division of states according to basis of language and culture. He also explained patel’s bold steps taken to unite Hyderabad, Junagadh and Jammu and Kashmir while migrating people faced many problems. The speech was very interesting and very useful to Political Science students.

After the function was over, there were some cultural programmes like singing, dancing, mime, monoacting and skit about people migrating to India or Pakistan. Their problems were highlighed in the skit. The programme was much appreciated. The function came to an end with a vote of thanks and distribution of sweets.

OR

What are the causes for Human Rights Movement?
Answer:
Human Rights are those rights which are inherent to human beings and entitled to enjoy without distinction of race colour, religion, language, gender, birth place, social, economic, political and other status.

The main causes for Human Rights Movements are:
1. To protect civil liberty:
All men are born equal and they have the liberty to shape their lives. Constitution of India guaranteed these rights in the part in, to all citizens. But in actual practice, dalits, women and children are being suppressed and exploited. To aviod such attrocities, human rights activists are struggling hard to create awareness.

2. To remove slavery:
Slavery is constitutionally banned but is active in many parts of the country. Instance like child labour, bonded labour etc., are seen frequently. Hence agitations become inevitable.

3. To protect family life:
Every citizen has the right to family life. Due to modernisation youth are heading towards intercaste and inter honour religious marriages. Elders of familes to maintain family and values go even to the extent of Maiyada hatye. Dowry harassment many times ends up in either suicide or murder.

4. To protect the rights of Dalits:
Dalits are subject to injustice, atrocities, social ostracism, made-snana etc., Dalits are forced to carry night soil, by upper castes. This is a clear violation of human rights.

5. Refusal to file cases:
Though the aggrieved dalits approach the authorities to file the cases against upper caste people, it does not get filed due to the interference of some politically dominant castes. Even when physically abused, medical aid and police protection are denied.

Question 40.
Explain the various remedies of communalism.
Answer:
Promotion of secularism and National Integration as remedies for communalism are a must.
1. Secularism:
The constitution makers adopted secularism in order to create sense of security and equality among different religious groups. The state also follows a policy of neutrality in religious matters. Article 26 provides that every religious denomination or any section has the right to establish religious institutions and manage their affairs.

In December 2013 the Central Cabinet approved the Prevention of Communal violence (Access to Justice and Reparations) Bill to punish the offenders who instigate and indulge in communal riots. It is yet to be passed by Parliament.

2. National Integration:
It is the process of uniting the people emotionally and politically. India is a land of diversity. It makes only a limited sense to call it a nation because it has various religions, languages, caste and culture etc. So for the success of Indian democracy, promotion of national integration is necessary. To preserve and sustain national integration, many provisions have been adopted in the constitution. Like National integration Council, Zonal Councils, National Security Council and Armed forces play a great role in the protection of National integration.

3. Neighbourhood Peace Committees:
The aftermath of Babri Masjid demolition and subsequent communal riots and social tensions in different places and ineffective Governmental measures has made it vital to establish Neighbourhood Peace Committees with eminent or prominent people as its members. These members must be nominated from each community in riot prone or communally sensitive areas.

The main objectives are arresting and containing social tensions which may flare up communal riots in the neighbourhood areas taking precautionary measures to prevent the eruption of communal clashes. In the aftermath of conflict, restoring normalcy and pacifying affected people. Establishing harmonious relationship between the communities and extending all possible help to affected people.

OR

Write a note on anyone Indian political leader.
Answer:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is acknowledged as the leader of the untouchables and underprivileged in the Indian social strata. For his work in piloting the Constitution of Independent India through the Constituent Assembly, he is also hailed as the Modem Manu.

Dr. Ambedkar was the 14^th child of Ramaji Sakpal and Bhimabai of the Mahar community in Maharashtra. He was born on 14^th April 1891. He lost his mother when he was only six and was brought up by his aunt. He had his school education in Satara. He completed his graduation in Bombay with the support of the Maharaja of Baroda. He did his M.A. and Ph.D degrees from Colombia University in 1915 and 1916 respectively.

Later he got his Law and D.Sc degrees also. In 1924, he started an association for the welfare of the depressed classes. He also started the newspapers ‘Bahiskrit Bharat’ in Hindi and ‘Mooka Nayaka‘ in Marathi. These were to motivate the people to fight for independence and also to champion the cause of the depressed classes for social reforms. His important works were ‘Administration and Finance of the East India Company’, ‘Buddha and Karl Marx’ and ‘Caste in India’ among others.

He was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee for framing our Constitution. In the Interim government, he was the Law Minister in Nehru’s cabinet. He renounced active politics and embraced Buddhism. He spent the rest of his life propagating the message of Buddhism. He passed away on 6^th December 1956. Dr. Ambedkar’s memory will remain long in our hearts.

Students can Download 2nd PUC Statistics Previous Year Question Paper June 2015, Karnataka 2nd PUC Statistics Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Statistics Previous Year Question Paper June 2015

Time: 3 Hrs 15 Min
Max. Marks: 100

Section -A

I. Answer any TEN of the following questions: (10 x 1 = 10)

Question 1.
Define cohort.
Answer:
Cohort is a group of individuals who are born at the same time and who experience the same mortality conditions.

Question 2.
What is the value of index number for the base year?
Answer:
100

Question 3.
Which index number shows upward bias?
Answer:
Laspeyre’s index number.

Question 4.
Give an example for random variation.
Answer:
Shut down of production of a factory due to fire accident.

Question 5.
Write down the relationship between mean and variance of a Bernoulli distribution.
Answer:
Mean > Variance i.e. p > pq.

Question 6.
For a chi-square variate with 10 d.f., find the variance.
Answer:
If n = 10, then variance = 2n = 2 × 10 = 20

Question 7.
What is parameter space?
Answer:
The set of all admissible values of the parameter is called parameter space.

Question 8.
Given σ² = 16 cm2 and n = 49, calculate standard error of sample mean.
Answer:
σ² = 16;
∴ σ = \(\sqrt{16}\) = 4, n = 49
S.E (x̄) = \(\frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}=\frac{4}{\sqrt{49}}=\frac{4}{7}\) = 0.5714

Question 9.
What is type I error?
Answer:
Type I error is taking a wrong decision to reject the null hypothesis, when it is actually true.

Question 10.
Statistical quality control helps in detecting which type of variation?
Answer:
Assignable cause of variation.

Question 11.
What do you mean by a non degenerate solution in a transportation problem?
Answer:
If the number of non-zero allocation are equal to (m + n – 1) then, the solution is called non-degenerate.

Question 12.
Write down one advantage of inventory?
Answer:
Inventory facilitates bulk purchase of raw materials at discount rates.

Section-B

II. Answer any TEN of the following questions: (10 x 2 = 20)

Question 13.
In a locality out of 20,000 births 100 mothers died due to child birth complications. Calculate maternal mortality rate.
Answer:
Maternal mortality rate:

Question 14.
If Σ p₀q = 1200 and Σp₁q = 1500, compute suitable index number.
Answer:

Question 15.
Mention the steps involved in the construction of consumer price index number.
Answer:

1. Object and the scope
2. Conducting family budget survey.
3. Obtaining the price quatation.
4. Methods of constraction:

Question 16.
Write down the normal equations for fitting linear trend.
Answer:
Linear equation is: y = a + bx
Normal equations are : na + bΣx = Σ y
aΣx + bΣx² = Σ xy.

Question 17.
Write down the conditions for the application of binomial expansion method of interpolation and extrapolation.
Answer:
The conditions are:

• The values of the independent variable (x) should have a common difference, i.e., in A.P.
• The value of ‘X’, for which the value of’Y’ is tobe interpolated must be one of the value of x.

Question 18.
Write down the Bernoull distribution with parameter p = 0.25.
Answer:
The Bernoulli distribution is:-with p = 0.25
P(x) = (0.25)^x (1-0.25)^1-x ; x = 0, 1
= (0.25)^x (0.75)^1-x x = 0,1
OR

Question 19.
Mention two features of a student’s t-distribution.
Answer:

1. The parameter is ‘n’ called d.f.
2. Mean = E(x) = 0 and
   Var(x) = \(\frac{n}{n-2}\) for n > 2

Question 20.
What are point estimation and interval estimation?
Answer:
Estimation of unknown parameter by proposing a specific value as an estimate is called point estimation.
While estimating the unknown parameter by proposing an interval, which is likely to contain the parameter is called interval estimation.

Question 21.
Write down two utilities of standard error.
Answer:

1. It is used in interval estimation, to write down the confidence intervals.
2. It is used in testing of hypothesis totest whether the difference between the sample statistic and the population parameter is significant or not.

Question 22.
What do you mean by process control and product control in statistical quality control?
Answer:
Controlling the quality of the product during the manufacturing process itself is the Process control. Controlling the quality of the finished products/ manufactured products is called product control.

Question 23.
Mention two method of obtaining initial basic feasible solution for a transportation problem.
Answer:

1. Matrix-Minim method and
2. North-west corner rule.

Question 24.
Given R = 1000 units/month, C₃ = Rs. 350 and C₁ = Rs. 0.20/unit/months, find Q°.
Answer:

Section – C

III. Answer any EIGHT of the following questions : (5 x 8 = 40)

Question 25.
From the following data calculate GFR, ASFR(20 -24) and ASFR(30 – 39)

Answer:

Question 26.
Define index number. Mention three limitations of index numbers.
Answer:
Index number is a statistical measure designed to show an average change in a variable or group of related variables over a period.
The limitations are:

• Many formulae are used and they give different answers for the index.
• As the customs and habits change from time to time, the use of commodities also vary.
• There is an ample scope for bias in the construction of index number.

Question 27.
Compute cost of living index number.

Answer:
Weights are given, use family budget method: I₀₁ = \(\frac{\sum p w}{\sum w}\) P = \(\frac{p_{1}}{p_{0}} \times 100\)  ; w-weights

Consumer / cost of living index number:

There is net increase of cost of living by 39.96% in the current year as compared to base year.

Question 28.
Compute the trend values by finding five yearly moving averages for the following data.

Answer:

ŷ – trend values.
Overall trend in the values of times series shows upward trend.

Question 29.
Using Newton’s forward difference method to find the value of ‘y’ when x – 25.

Answer:
The number of known values ofy, n = 5, so prepare leading difference table up to A4.

Question 30.
The probability that a bomb hits the target is \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\) Five bombs are aimed at the target. Find the probability that:
(i) 3 bombs hit the target
(ii) at the most two bombs hit the target.
Answer:
Let x denote the number of bombs hit the target is a Binomial variate with the parameters
n = 5, P = \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 }\) = 0.25 and q= 1 – p= 1 – 0.25 = 0:75.
The p.m.f is:-
p(x) = ⁿc_x p^x q^n-x: x = 0,1,2 n
p(x)= ⁵c_x (0.25)^x (0.75)^5-x x = 0,1,2……..5
(i) p(3 bombs hit the target) =p(x = 3) = ⁵c₃ (0.25)³ (0.75)^5-3 = 10 × 0.015625 × 0.5625
= 0.08789.

(ii) p(at most two bombs hit the target) = p(x ≤ 2)
= p(x = 0) + p[x = l) + p(x = 2)
= ⁵c₀ (0.25)° x (0.75)^5-0 + ⁵c₁ (0.25)¹ (0.75)^5-1 + ⁵c₂ (0.25)₂ (0.75)^5-2
= 1 × 1 × 0.2373 + 5 × 0.25 × 0.3164 + 10 × 0.0625 × 0.4218
= 0.2373 + 0.3955 + 0.2637 = 0.8965.

Question 31.
In a Hyper-geometric distribution if a = 4, b = 6 and n = 4, find mean and variance.
Answer:
For Hyper-geometric distribution: a = 4, b = 6, n = 4

Question 32.
From the following data test whether mean daily wages of workers of Factory-A and Factory-B are equal. (Use 1% I.o.s.)

Answer: Given:
n₁=200, n₂ = 450, x̄₁=195, x̄₂ – 200, S₁ = 20, S₂ = 30, α = 1%
H₀ : Mean daily wages of workers of factory A and B are equal (H₀: μ₁ = μ₂)
H₁ : Mean daily Wages of workers of factory A and B are not equal (H₁ : μ₁ ≠ μ₂)

Under H₀, the test statistic is:-

Zcal = – 2.449.
At α = 1% the two tail critical values are ±K = ±2.58 Here Zcal lies in A.R (accepetance region), there fore H₀ is accepted.
Conclusion: Mean daily wages of workers of factory A and B workers are equal (i.e., µ₁ = µ₂)

Question 33.
From the following data, test whether literacy and smoking are independent at 5% level of significances.

Answer:
Chi-Square test for Independence of attribute
H₀: Literacy and smoking are independent.
H₁ : Literacy and smoking are dependent
The given data can be written in a 2 × 2 contingency table as below:


under H₀ the χ² – test statistic is:-

At α = 5% for 1 .d.f the upper tail critical value K₂ = 3.83. Here χ²_cal lies in A.R.
∴ H₀ is accepted
conclusion: Literacy and smoking are independent.

Question 34.
The following data relates to the number of knitting defects per unit length of cloth manufactured by a textile mill.

Draw control chart with λ¹ – 3.
OR
(For Visually Challenged Students Only)
Briefly explain single sample plan.
Answer:
Standand is known: given λ¹ = 3
Control limits for number of defects is C-chart
Central line: C.L = λ¹ = 3
Lower control limit: L.C.L = \(\lambda^{\prime}-3 \sqrt{\lambda^{\prime}}=3-3 \sqrt{3}\)= -2.196 = 0
Upper control limit: U.C.L =\(\lambda^{\prime}+3 \sqrt{\lambda^{\prime}}=3+3 \sqrt{3}\)= 8.2

Conclusion: All the sample points lies with in the control limits, so the production process is under control.
OR
For visually challanged students only

Question 35.
A tailor gets a profit of Rs. 100 from a shirt and Rs. 170 from a pant. In a week of 56 hours, he uses 20 hours for stitching and 36 hours for cutting. He requires one hour to stitch a shirt and two hours to stitch a pant. For cutting he requires two hours for a shirt and three hours for a pant. Formulate L.P.P.
Answer:
Let x and y the number of shirts and points
The objective function / L.P.P. is:-
Maximize z= 100 x + 170 y
Subject to constraints:
Stiching: x + 2y ≤ 20
Cutting: 2x + 3y ≤ 36 and x,y ≥ 0

Question 36.
The cost of a scooter is Rs. 36,000. Its resale value and maintenance cost at different years is given below:

Determine the optimal year for replacement of the scooter.
Answer:
P = 36,000 let s_n be the resale value and C_i be the maintenance cost. The Annual average cost:
A(n) = \(\frac { T }{ n }\) . Here T-total maintenance cost = (P-S_n) + ΣC_i; n-the year of service.

From the above table A(n) is least for the year n = 5 so, the scooter is replaced after use of 5 years, (is the optimal year for replacement of the scooter)

Section – D

IV. Answer any TWO of the following questions : 2 x 10 = 20

Question 37.
For the following data compute standardized death rates and comment.

Answer:


For locality A:
ASDR(0- 20) = \(\frac { 72 }{ 4000 }\) × 1000 = 18;
For locality B:
A. S.D.R(B) = \(\frac { 128 }{ 8000 }\) × 1000 = 16 similarly for other age groups can be calculated
Standardised death rates for the two localities are:

Comment: Here SDR(B) < SDR(A) and so, locality B is heather than locality A.

Question 38.
Compute Fisher’s price index number. Show that it satisfies time reversal test and factor reversal tests.

Answer:

Question 39.
Fit an exponential trend line of the form y = ab*. Also estimate the value for 2008.

Answer:

Here \(x=\frac{x-\bar{x}}{c}\); x̄ = 2003; c = 1
The normal equations: n log a + log b. Σx = Σlogy
since Σx = 0; loga = \(\frac{\Sigma \log y}{n}=\frac{7.853}{7}\) = 1.1218
∴ a = AL(loga) = AL(1.1218)
a = 13.2373
log a. Σx + log b Σx² = Σx. logy

log b = \(\frac{\Sigma x \log y}{\Sigma x^{2}}\) ; logb= \(\frac{4.2071}{28}\) =0.1502
∴ b = AL (log b) = AL (0.1502) = 1.4132 ; The fitted exponential trend line is: y = ab^x ;
ŷ = 13.2373(1.4132)^x.
Estimation for the year 2008; x = 5; ŷ = (2008) = 13.2373(1.4132)⁵ = 74.6135.

Question 40.
Consider the following data:

Fit a Poisson distribution to the data and test the goodness of fit. (Use 5% L.O.S.)
Answer:
The parameter of Poisson variate λ is:
From the distribution: Mean = x̄ = λ = \(\frac{\Sigma f x}{N}\)

λ = 0.99

T₀ = 0.3716 × 100 = 37.16 = 37

T₁ = \(\frac{0.99}{1}\)T₀ =0.99 × 37.16 = 36.7884 = 37
T₂ = \(\frac{0.99}{2}\) T₁ = 0.495 × 36.7884 = 18.2103 = 18
T₃ = \(\frac{0.99}{3}\)T₂ = 0.33 × 18.2103 = 6.0094 = 6
T = \(\frac{0.99}{4}\)T₃ = 0.2475 × 6.0094 = 1.4873 = 2
T ₅, = \(\frac{0.99}{5}\)T₄ 0.198 × 1.4873 = 0.2945=0
T ₆ = \(\frac{0.99}{6}\) T₅ = 0.165 × 0.2945 = 0.0486= 0
T_{7 or more} =N – T₆= 100 – 100 = 0.
The fitted observed and theoretial frequency distribution is:

H₀: Poisson distribution is good fit {i.e., O_i = E_i}
H₁: Poisson distribution is not good fit {i.e., 0_i ≠ E_i}
CHI – SQUARE TEST: Let 0≠ and E. be the observed (f) frequency and theoretical frequency (Tx)
Then the χ²-test statistic is:

λ is estimated from the data so (n – 2) d.f.

∴ χ²_cal= 11.0979; n = 4
At α = 5% for (n – 2) = 4 – 2 = 2 d.f the upper tail critical value K₂ = 9.49. Here χ²_cal lies in
R.R. ∴ H₀ is rejected and H₁ is accepted.
OR
Conclusion: 0_i ≠ E_i; i.e., P.D. is not a good fit.

Section-E

V. Answer any TWO of the following questions : 2 x 5 = 10

Question 41.
The weekly wages of workers are normally distributed with mean Rs. 3,000 and S.D. Rs. 500. Find the probability of workers whose weekly wages will be.
(i) More than Rs. 3,400
(ii) Between Rs. 2,500 and Rs. 3,500.
Answer:
Let A: be the weekly wages is a normal variate with the parameters mean : μ = 3,000 and
S. D: σ = 500.

= Area from (-1) to 1
= Area from (-1) to ∞ – Area from 1 to ∞
= 0.8413 – 0.1587 = 0.6826.

Question 42.
In a random sample of 1000 persons from a large population, 470 are females. Can it be concluded that males and females are in equal proportion in the population? (use a = 0.05).
Answer:
Given: n = 1000; x = 470; .v P = \(\frac { x }{ n }\) = \(\frac { 470 }{ 100 }\) 0.47 and P₀/P – population proportion = 0.5;
Q₀ = 1 – p₀ = 0.5 [male and female are in equal in proportion]
H₀: Male and female are in equal proportion [P₀ = 0.5]
H₁: Male and female are not in equal proportion [p₀ ≠ 0.5]

under H₀, the test statistic is:-

At α = 0.5 the two tail critical values are ±1.96 Here z_cal lies in A.R. ∴ H₀ is accepted.
Conclusion: P₀ = 0.5 [male and female are in equal proportion]

Question 43.
It is required to test whether those who practice yoga have average blood sugar less than 120. A sample consisting of 17 persons who practice yoga is observed. If their mean blood sugar is 108 and S.D. is 8, what would you conclude? (Use 5% level of significance).
Answer:
Given: µ = 120; n = 17, x̄ = 108; s = 8 α = 5% (n < 30 small samplet-test).
H₀ : The average blood sugar is 120 (µ = 120)
H₁ : Average blood sugar is less than 120 (µ < 120)

Under H₀, the t-test statistic is:-

At α = 5% for (n – 1) = 17 – 1 = 16 d.f. the lower tail critical value – K = – 1.75. Here t_cal lies in R.R.
∴ H₀ is rejected and H₁ is accepted.
Conclusion: Average blood sugar is less than 120.

Question 44.
Find the solution of the game by the principle of dominance for the following pay-off matrix of A.
Answer:

Answer:

By principle of dominance, all the payoffs of A₄ are more or equal to all the payoffs of A₁ and A₃. SO, A₄ dominates A₁ and A₃, delete A₁, A₃.

All the payoffs of B₂ are less than all the payoffs of B₁ and B₃. So B₂ dominates B₁ and B₃, delete B₁, B₃.

A₄ dominates A₂, delete A₂

B₂ dominates B₄, delete B₄.

Saddle point occurs at (4,2) / A₄, B₂.
Suggested optimal strategies are A₄, B₂ value of the game ν = 2 is the solution the game.