Prasanna

You can Download Chapter 8 Gravitation Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC Physics Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Physics Question Bank Chapter 8 Gravitation

1st PUC Physics Gravitation Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following:
1. You can shield a charge from electrical forces by putting it inside a hollow conductor. Can you shield a body from the gravitational influence of nearby matter by putting it inside a hollow sphere or by some other means?

2. An astronaut inside a small space ship orbiting around the earth cannot detect gravity. If the space station orbiting around the earth has a large size, can he hope to detect gravity?

3. If you compare the gravitational force on the earth due to the sun to that due to the moon, you would find that the Sun’s pull is greater than the moon’s pull, (you can check this yourself using the data available in the succeeding exercises). However, the tidal effect of the moon’s pull is greater than the tidal effect of the sun. Why?

Answer:
1. No, It is impossible to screen the influence of gravitational force. This is mainly because unlike other forces the gravitational force acts on a body independent of the material medium or the status of the body on which it is acting or that of the body due to which it is present.

2. Yes, If the mass of the space station is large enough then the astronaut can detect gravity acting on him.

3. The tidal effect is inversely proportional to the cube of the distance while the gravitational force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance. Since the distance between sun and earth is much greater than that between the moon and earth, the effect observed due to the moon is more that due to the sun.

Question 2.
Choose the correct alternative:

1. Acceleration due to gravity increases/decreases with increasing altitude.

2. Acceleration due to gravity increases/decreases with increasing depth (assume the earth to be a sphere of uniform density).

3. Acceleration due to gravity is independent of the mass of the earth/ mass of the body.

4. The formula – G Mm(1/r₂ – 1/r₁) is more/less accurate than the formula mg(r₂ – r₁) for the difference of potential energy between two points r₂ and r₁ distance away from the centre of the earth.

Answer:
1. Decreases.
The value of acceleration due to gravity at a height ‘h’ above the ground ‘g_h’ is given by,
g_h = \(g\left[1-\frac{2 h}{R_{e}}\right]\), where R_e is radius of Earth. Therefore g_h decreases with an increase in height.

2. Decreases.
The value of acceleration due to gravity at a depth ‘d’ below the ground (g_d), is given by, g_d = \(g\left[1-\frac{d}{R_{e}}\right]\), where R_e is the radius of earth. This shows that with an increase in the value of ‘d’ i the value of g_d decreases.

3. Mass of the body
The acceleration due to gravity of any planet of mass ‘M’ and radius ‘R’ is given by, g = \(\frac{G M}{R^{2}}\), where, G is the universal gravitational constant. So, the value of ‘g’ is dependent on the mass of the earth but independent of mass of the body.

4. More accurate
The gravitational potential energy of any point at a distance ‘r’ from the centre of the earth is
V (r) = \(-\frac{G m M}{r}\)
So, Potential Energy difference
= V(r₂) – V(r₁)

= gm (r₂ – r₁)
= mgr₂ – mgr₁
(Assuming r₂ – r₁ ≈ R²)
Thus -GmM \(\left(\frac{1}{r_{2}}-\frac{1}{r_{1}}\right)\) is a more accurate relation.

Question 3.
Suppose, there existed a planet that went around the sun twice as fast as the earth. What would be its orbital size as compared to that of the earth?
Answer:
Let T_E be the time taken for one revolution by earth and T_x be that by the planet. Similarly, let R_E be the orbital radius of earth and R_x be that of the planet.
From Kepler’s 3^rd Law of planetary motion, R³ ∝ T²
⇒ \(\frac{R_{x}^{3}}{R_{\varepsilon}^{3}}=\frac{T_{x}^{2}}{T_{E}^{2}}\)
R_x = R_E\(\left(\frac{T_{x}}{T_{E}}\right)^{2 / 3}\)
⇒ Rx = (0.5)^2/3 R_E
[∵ give that T_E = 2T_X]
⇒ R_x = (0.63) R_E
So, the orbital size of the planet is lesser by a factor of 0.63.

Question 4.
One of the satellites of Jupiter has an orbital period of 1.769 days and the radius of the orbit is 4.22 × 10⁸m. Show that the mass of Jupiter is about one-thousandth that of the sun.
Answer:
For the satellite around Jupiter
T₁₀ = 1.769 days
R₁₀ = 4.22 × 10⁸m
For earth around sun
T_e = 365.25 days
R_e = 1.496 × 10¹¹m
We know that,
M = \(\frac{4 \pi \mathrm{R}^{3}}{\mathrm{GT}^{2}}\)
⇒ \(\frac{M_{S}}{M_{J}}=\left(\frac{1.496 \times 10^{11}}{4.22 \times 10^{8}}\right)^{3} \times\left(\frac{1.769}{365.25}\right)^{2}\)
= 1045.039
= 1000
Thus mass of Sun is about thousand times Mass of Jupiter.

Question 5.
Let us assume that our galaxy consists of 2.5 × 10¹¹ stars each of one solar mass. How long will a star at a distance of 50,000 ly from the galactic centre take to complete one revolution? Take the diameter of the Milky Way to be 10⁵ ly.
Answer:
Number of stars in our galaxy = 2.5 × 10¹¹
Mass of each star = 1 solar mass
= 2 × 10³⁰ kg
⇒ Mass of our galaxy
= 2.5 × 10¹¹ × 2 × 10³⁶ kg
= 5 × 10⁴¹ kg
Diameter of milky way = 10⁵ ly
d = 10⁵ × 3 × 10⁸ ms^-1 × 1yr
The distance of the star = radius of its orbit = 5 × 10⁴ ly.
Therefore, the time period of the revolving star is given by,

T² = 1.259 × 10¹⁷ yr²
T = 3.549 × 10⁸ yrs
It takes about 3.55 × 10⁸ years to complete one revolution for a star around the milky way.

Question 6.
Choose the correct alternative:

1. If the zero of potential energy is at infinity, the total energy of an orbiting satellite is negative of Its kinetic/ potential energy.
2. The energy required to launch an orbiting satellite out of earth’s gravitational influence is more/less than the energy required to project a stationary object at the same height (as the satellite) out of earth’s influence.

Answer:
1. Kinetic energy
The potential energy of a satellite rotating in its orbit is zero. The total energy of a system is the sum of its kinetic energy (+ve) and potential energy. Since the earth satellite system is a bound system. The satellite has negative total energy. So, the energy of the satellite is the negative of its kinetic energy.

2. Less
An orbiting satellite has more energy than a stationary object at the same height. This additional energy is provided by the orbit. It requires lesser energy to make it move out of the earth’s influence than a stationary object.

Question 7.
Does the escape speed of a body from the earth depend on?

1. the mass of the body,
2. the location from where it is projected,
3. the direction of projection,
4. the height of the location from where the body is launched?

Answer:
Escape velocity of a body from earth is given by v = \(\sqrt{2 g R}\).
g = Acceleration due to Gravity.
R = Radius of earth.
1. No.
Escape velocity is independent of mass of the object.

2. No.
Assuming the value of g is the same in all the locations, it is independent of location of projection.

3. No.
The direction of projection is also immaterial as long as it is projected with the velocity above ground.

4. Yes.
It depends on the gravitational potential energy which depends on the height. Since g changes with height. The escape velocity also depends on height.

Question 8.
A comet orbits the sun in a highly elliptical orbit. Does the comet have a constant?

1. linear speed,
2. angular speed,
3. angular momentum,
4. kinetic energy,
5. potential energy,
6. total energy throughout its orbit?

Neglect any mass loss of the comet when it comes very close to the Sun.
Answer:

1. No, linear speed varies from point to point in the orbit.
2. No, angular speed varies from point to point in the orbit.
3. Yes, angular momentum is conserved at any point
4. No, kinetic energy varies as the speed varies.
5. No, potential energy varies as distance, from Sun varies.
6. Yes, the total energy of the system is always constant.

Question 9.
Which of the following symptoms is likely to afflict an astronaut in space

1. swollen feet,
2. swollen face,
3. headache,
4. orientational problem.

In the following two exercises, choose the correct answer from among the given ones:
Answer:

1. No, swollen feet will not affect the astronaut as the astronaut feels weightlessness and legs do not support the weight.
2. Yes, since most of the sense organs are on the face astronaut will feel its effect.
3. Yes, headaches are not affected by gravity.
4. Yes, orientation is necessary for doing any work, & without gravity also is necessary.

Question 10.
The gravitational intensity at the centre of a hemispherical shell of uniform mass density has the direction indicated by the arrow (see the following figure).
1. a,
2. b,
3. c,
4. 0

Answer:
The answer is (3) c.
The gravitational intensity at any point is defined as the negative of the potential gradient i.e., \(\left(-\frac{\mathrm{dv}}{\mathrm{dr}}\right)\)
At any point inside the spherical shell, the value of gravitational potential is constant implying the intensity is zero.

So, intensity at all points inside is zero. Since the upper half is cut off there is no attractive force on the upper portion to pull if upwards. So effectively the net force is downwards along c.

Question 11.
For the above problem, the direction of the gravitational intensity at an arbitrary point P is indicated by the arrow.

1. d,
2. e,
3.  f,
4. g

Answer:
Since, the gravitational intensity is defined as the negative of the gradient of gravitational potential i.e., \(\left(-\frac{\mathrm{dv}}{\mathrm{dr}}\right)\) and the value of gravitational potential inside the spherical shell is constant, the value of gravitational intensity is zero.

Consider any point p as shown, inside a sphere then the net gravitational intensity at that point is zero. If the upper half is cut off, the pull in the left and right side cancel each other just like the full sphere base but the pull upwards is missing. Thus the effective force is downwards along e.

Question 12.
A rocket is fired from the earth towards the sun. At what distance from the earth’s centre is the gravitational force on the rocket zero? Mass of the sun = 2 × 10³⁰ kg, mass of the earth = 6 × 10²⁴ kg. Neglect the effect of other planets etc. (orbital radius = 1.5 × 10¹¹ m).
Answer:
Let the distance from the earth to the point where gravitational force is to zero be x

Given that,
Mass of sum = M_s = 2 × 10³⁰ kg
Mass of Earth = M_e = 6 × 10²⁴kg
Orbital radius = r = 1.5 × 10¹¹ m
Now,
We know that, gravitational force ∝ \(\frac{M}{R^{2}}\)
Since the gravitational force of Earth = Gravitational force of Sun

x = 2.594 × 10⁸ m
At a distance of about 2.6 × 10⁵ km gravitational force is zero.

Question 13.
How will you ‘weigh the sun’, that is estimate its mass? The mean orbital radius of the earth around the sun is 1.5 × 10⁸ km.
Answer:
Given that
Orbital radius, r = 1.5 × 10⁸ km
= 1.5 × 10¹¹ m
We know that, Time for one revolution = 1 year
= 365.25 × 24 × 60 × 60s
Now,
M = \(\frac{4 \pi^{2} r^{3}}{G T^{2}}\)
G is universal gravitational constant.
⇒ M = \(\frac{4 \pi^{2} \times\left(1.5 \times 10^{8}\right)^{3}}{6.67 \times 10^{-11} \times\left(3.156 \times 10^{7}\right)^{2}}\)
= 2.005 × 10³⁰ kg
≈ 2 × 10³⁰ kg
The estimate mass of sun is 2 × 10³⁰ kg

Question 14.
A Saturn year is 29.5 times the earth year. How far is the Saturn from the sun if the earth is 1.50 × 10⁸ km away from the sun?
Answer:
Distance of earth from sun is the Earth’s orbital radius;
r_e = 1.5 × 10⁸ km
= 1.5 × 10¹¹ m
Time period of Earth = T_e
Time period of Saturn = (29.5 × T_e)
From Kepler’s 3^rd Law of planetary motion
T² ∝ R³
⇒ \(\frac{T_{s}^{2}}{T_{e}^{2}}=\frac{r_{s}^{3}}{r_{e}^{2}}\)
⇒ r_s³ = \(\left(\frac{T_{s}}{T_{e}}\right)^{2}\) re³
= (29.5)² × (1.5 × 10¹¹)³
r_s = (29.5)^2/3 × 1.5 × 10¹¹
= 1.432 × 10¹² m.

Question 15.
A body weighs 63 N on the surface of the earth. What is the gravitational force on it due to the earth at a height equal to half the radius of the earth?
Answer:
Weight of the body = 63 N = mg
Now at a certain height h, let the acceleration due to gravity be g_n.
So, New weight = mg_n
We know that g_n = \(\frac{g}{\left(1+\frac{h}{R_{e}}\right)^{2}}\)
at a height of R_e/2
g_n = \(\frac{g}{\left(1+\frac{R_{e} / 2}{R_{e}}\right)^{2}}\)
= \(\frac{g}{(3 / 2)^{2}}\)
g_n = \(\frac{4}{9}\) g
New weight = mg_n= (mg) × \(\frac{4}{9}\)
= 63 × \(\frac{4}{9}\)
= 28 N

Question 16.
Assuming the earth to be a sphere of uniform mass density, how much would a body weigh halfway down to the centre of the earth if it weighed 250 N on the surface?
Answer:
Weight of body = 250 N
Now, at a depth d, let acceleration due to gravity be g_d,

g_d = g(1-1/2)
= g/2
New weight = mg_d
= mg/2
= \(\frac{250 \mathrm{N}}{2}\)
= 125 N

Question 17.
A rocket is fired vertically with a speed of 5 km s^-1 from the earth’s surface. How far from the earth does the rocket go before returning to the earth? Mass of the earth = 6.0 × 10²⁴ kg; mean radius of the earth = 6.4 × 10⁶ m; G= 6.67 × 10^-11 N m² kg^-2.
Answer:
Initial velocity of the rocket,
V_i = 5 × 10³ m s^-1
Mass of the Earth, M = 6.0 × 10²⁴ kg
Radius of the Earth, R = 6.4 × 10⁶ m
Let the rocket be of mass, ‘m’ and reach an height ‘h’
Now, The initial energy of the rocket is given by,
Total initial energy (TE_i) = Initial Kinetic Energy (KE_i) + Initial Potential Energy (PE_i)
KE_i = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × m × V_i²
= \(\frac{m\left(5 \times 10^{3}\right)^{2}}{2}\) = 1.25 × m × 10⁷
PE_i = \(-\frac{G M m}{R}\)
⇒ TE_i = 1.25 × m × 10⁷ – \(\frac{\mathrm{GM}}{\mathrm{R}}\) × m
At the heighest point, the kinetic energy is 0. Total Energy at height ‘h’ (TE_n) = PE_n
⇒ TE_n = \(-\frac{\mathrm{GM}}{(\mathrm{R}+\mathrm{h})}\) × m
Since the total energy of system is conserved TE_i = TE_n


0.2 (R+h) = h
0.2 R = 0.8 h
h = (R/4) = 1.6 × 10⁶m
The rocket goes 1.6 × 10⁶ m from the surface of the Earth and (6.4 + 1.6) × 10⁶ = 8.0 × 10⁶ m from the center of the Earth.

Question 18.
The escape speed of a projectile on the earth’s surface is 11.2 km s^-1. A body is projected out with thrice this speed. What is the speed of the body far away from the earth? Ignore the presence of the sun and other planets.
Answer:
Escape velocity of projectile = 11.2 km s^-1
V_esc =1.12 × 10⁴ m s^-1
Initial velocity of the projectile,
V_i =3 V_esc
= 3.36 × 10⁴ m s^-1
Let m be the mass of the projectile and V_f be the final velocity after it has escaped from the Earth’s gravitational field.
Initial Energy = KE_i + PE_i
KE_i = \(\frac{1}{2}\) mV_i²
By definition of V_esc, PE_i = \(-\frac{1}{2} m V_{e s c}^{2}\)
Final Energy is = \(\frac{1}{2} m V_{f}^{2}\)
So, By conservation of energy
\(\left(-\frac{1}{2} m V_{e s c}^{2}\right)+\left(\frac{1}{2} m V_{1}^{2}\right)=\left(\frac{1}{2} m V_{f}^{2}\right)\)
⇒ V_f² = V_i² – V²_esc

≈ 3.17 km s^-1

Question 19.
A satellite orbits the earth at a height of 400 km above the surface. How much energy must be expended to rocket the satellite out of the earth’s gravitational influence? Mass of the satellite = 200 kg; mass of the earth = 6.0 × 10²⁴ kg; radius of the earth = 6.4 × 10⁶ m; G = 6.67 × 10^-11 N m² kg^-2.
Answer:
Mass of the satellite = 200 kg.
Mass of the Earth = 6.0 × 10²⁴ kg
Radius of Earth = 6.4 × 10⁶ m
Height of the satellite = 400 km
We knew that,
Orbital velocity of the satellite,
V_o = \(\sqrt{\frac{\mathrm{GM}}{(\mathrm{R}+\mathrm{h})}}\)
So, Initial KE = \(\frac{1}{2} m V_{0}^{2}\)

Now we need to apply (- TE_i) energy to force it out of the Earth’s influence.
So, Energy needed = \(\frac{\mathrm{GMm}}{2(\mathrm{R}+\mathrm{h})}\)

= 5.9 × 10⁹ J

Question 20.
Two stars each of one solar mass (2 × 10³⁰ kg) are approaching each other for a head-on collision. When they are a distance 10⁹ km, their speeds are negligible. What is the speed with which they collide? The radius of each star is 10⁴ km. Assume the stars to remain undistorted until they collide. (Use the known value of G).
Answer:
Mass of the Stars, M = 2 × 10³⁰kg
Radius of the Stars, R = 10⁴ km
= 10⁷ m
Distance between Stars, d = 10⁹ km
= 10¹² m
Initial velocity almost 0, So KE_i of each is 0. So, Initial potential energy
\(=-\frac{\mathrm{GMM}}{(\mathrm{d}+2 \mathrm{R})}=-\frac{\mathrm{GMM}}{\mathrm{d}}\)
[∵ d>>>R]
So, Initial Total Energy TE_i = \(-\frac{\mathrm{GM}}{\mathrm{d}}\)
When the two Stars are about to collide let their velocity be V and separation is 2R.
So, TE

By conservation of energy;

≈ \(\sqrt{6.67 \times 10^{12}}\)
v = \(\sqrt{6.67}\) × 10⁶ m s^-1

Question 21.
Two heavy spheres each of mass 100 kg and radius 0.10 m are placed 1.0 m apart on a horizontal table. What is the gravitational force and potential at the midpoint of the line joining the centres of the spheres? is an object placed at that point in equilibrium? if so, is the equilibrium stable or unstable?
Answer:
Mass of each sphere = 100 kg
Radius of each sphere = 0.1 m

At the midpoint M, the gravitational pull by each sphere is exactly the same since they are identical spheres.
So, The gravitational force is zero.
The potential at M = – \(\frac{\mathrm{GM}}{(0.5)}-\frac{\mathrm{GM}}{(0.5)}\)
= – 4GM
= – 4 × 6.67 × 10^-11 × 100
= – 2.668 × 10^-8 J/kg
So, the potential at ‘M’ is – 2.67 × 10^-8 J/kg
At object at M will be in equilibrium. Since mt force on it is zero. The equilibrium is unstable as a slight change in position of the mass, the net force becomes non zero and it will move.

Question 22.
It’s you have learned in the text, a geostationary satellite orbits the earth at a height of nearly 36,000 km from the surface of the earth. What is the potential due to earth’s gravity at the sit* of this satellite? (Take the potential energy at infinity to be zero). Mas of the earth = 6.0 × 10²⁴ kg, radius = 6400 km.
Answer:
Mass of the Earth = 6.0× 10²⁴ kg
Radius of Earth = 6.4 × 10⁶m.
Height of the satellite from surface of Earth is 36000 km = 3.6 × 10⁷m
Distance of the satellite from centre of Earth is d = (3.6 × 10⁷m + 6.4 × 10⁶ m)
= 4.24 × 10⁷ m
Gravitational potential due to Earth on the satellite is v = \(-\frac{G M}{d}\)
\(-\frac{6.67 \times 10^{-11} \times 6 \times 10^{24}}{4.24 \times 10^{7}}\)
= – 9.438 × 10⁷ J/kg
= – 9.4 × 10⁷J/kg.

Question 23.
A star 2.5 times the mass of the sun and collapsed to a size of 42 km rotates with a speed of 1.2 rev. per second. (Extremely compact stars of this kind are known as neutron stars. Certain stellar objects called pulsars belong to this category). Will an object placed on its equator remain stuck to its surface due to gravity? (mass of the sun = 2 × 10³⁰ kg).
Answer:
Since the Star is rotating, there is a force pushing it outward (centrifugal force) and a force pulling it inwards, (gravitational force).
If gravitational force (F_G) > Centrifugal force (F_c)
Then the object on the equator remains stuck on the star.
Mass of Star, M = 2.5 (M_Sun)
= 2.5 × 2 × 10³⁰ kg
= 5 × 10³⁰ kg
Radius of Star = 12 km = 1.2 × 10⁴ m
⇒ F_G = \(\frac{\mathrm{GMm}}{\mathrm{R}^{2}}=\frac{6.67 \times 10^{-11} \times 5 \times 10^{30}}{\left(1.2 \times 10^{4}\right)^{2}}\)
= \(\frac{6.67 \times 5}{1.44}\) × 10¹¹ × m
= 2.316 × 10¹² × m N
F_c = mr ω²
Where, r = radius of Star = 12 km
ω = angular speed = 2 × π × (1.2)
⇒ F_c = m × 1.2 × 10⁴ × (2.4π)²
= 6.82 × 10⁵ × m N
Since F_c < F_G the object is stuck to Star’s surface.

Question 24.
A spaceship is stationed on Mars. How much energy must be expended on the spaceship to launch it out of the solar system? Mass of the space ship = 1000 kg; mass of the sun = 2 × 10³⁰ kg; mass of mars = 6.4 × 10²³ kg; radius of mars = 3395 km; radius of the orbit of mars = 2.28 × 10⁸ km; G = 6.6 7 × 10^-11 N m² kg^-2.
Answer:
Mass of Spaceship, m_s = 1000 kg
Mass of mars M_s = 6.4 × 10²³ kg;
Radius of mars r_m = 3.395× 10⁶ m
Radius of the orbit of Mars
= 2.28 × 10⁸ km = 2.28 × 10¹¹ m
Initial velocity of spaceship is = 0
So, the Total Initial Energy is only potential energy.

= – 6.67 × 10^-8[1.88 × 10¹⁷ + 8.772 × 10¹⁸]
= – 6.67 × 8.96 × 10¹⁰
= – 5.976 × 10¹¹ = – 6 × 10¹¹ J

Question 25.
A rocket is fired ‘vertically’ from the surface of mars with a speed of 2 km s^-1. If 20% of its initial energy is lost due to martian atmospheric resistance, how far will the rocket go from the surface of Mars before returning to it? Mass of mars = 6.4 × 10²³ kg; radius of mars = 3395 km; G = 6.67 × 10^-11 Nm²kg^-2.
Answer:
Mass of Mars = 6.4 × 10²³kg
Radius of Mars, R = 3.395 × 10⁶ m.
Initial velocity of the rocket = 2 km s^-1
= 2 × 10³ ms^-1
Let the mass of the rocket be m, then the initial kinetic energy is, \(\frac{1}{2}\) mv²
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) × m × (2 × 103)²
= 2 m × 10⁶ J
Since 20% of the energy is lost due to atmost resistance, only 80% of energy is to be considered. Now,

Let the rocket reach a height ‘h’, at height h the velocity is 0. So, KE_f = 0
and PE_f = \(-\frac{\mathrm{GMm}}{(\mathrm{R}+\mathrm{h})}\)
TE_f = \(-\frac{\mathrm{GMm}}{\mathrm{R}+\mathrm{h}}\) ….(2)
By conservation of Energy , (1) = (2)


0.1872 (R + h)= h
0.1272 R = 0.878 h
⇒ h = \(\frac{0.1272 \times 3.395}{0.8728}\) × 10⁶
h = 0.495 × 10⁶ m
h = 495 km
So, the satellite reaches a height of 495 km.

1st PUC Physics Gravitation One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the acceleration due to gravity?
Answer:
The acceleration produced on a body falling freely under gravity is known as acceleration due to gravity.

Question 2.
Write the dimensional formula of G
Answer:
M^-1L³T^-2

Question 3.
What is the unit of G?
Answer:
Nm²kg^-2

Question 4.
What are the factors affecting the value of G?
Answer:
It is a universal constant and is not affected by any factors.

Question 5.
Give the SI unit and dimensional formula of ‘g’.
Answer:
SI unit – m s^-2, Dimensional formula LT^-2

Question 6.
Write the expression for acceleration due to gravity at a height (altitude) ‘h’.
Answer:
The acceleration due to gravity at a height ‘h’ from the surface of earth is given by, g¹= g \(\left[1-\frac{2 h}{R}\right]\) where g is the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of earth and R is the radius of the earth.

Question 7.
How does g vary with height above the surface of earth?
Answer:
g decreases with an increase in height.

Question 8.
Write the expression for acceleration due to gravity at a depth h below Earth’s surface.
Answer:
\(g^{\prime}=g\left[1-\frac{d}{R}\right]\), where g is the acceleration due to gravity and R is the radius of the Earth.

Question 9.
Where is the acceleration due to gravity on earth maximum?
Answer:
Acceleration due to gravity is maximum at the poles.

Question 10.
Where is the acceleration due to gravity on earth minimum?
Answer:
Acceleration due to gravity is minimum at the equator.

Question 11.
What is the orbital velocity of a satellite?
Answer:
The velocity with which a satellite revolves in its closed orbit is called orbital velocity.

Question 12.
Write the expression for the orbital velocity of the satellite.
Answer:
The expression for the orbital velocity of a satellite revolving round the earth in a closed orbit of radius ‘r’ is given by,
v = \(\sqrt{\frac{\mathrm{GM}}{\mathrm{r}}}\)
where G is the gravitational constant and M is the mass of the earth.

Question 13.
What is the escape velocity of a body?
Answer:
The minimum velocity with which a body must be projected such that it escapes from the earth’s gravitational pull is called escape velocity.

Question 14.
Give the expression for the escape velocity.
Answer:
Escape velocity is given by,
V_e = \(\sqrt{\frac{2 G M}{R}}\)
where G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of the earth and R is the radius of the earth.

Question 15.
What is a satellite?
Answer:
Satellite is an object moving round a planet in a closed and stable orbit.

Question 16.
What is a geostationary satellite?
Answer:
A satellite which revolves round the earth with the same angular speed and the same direction as that of the earth around its axis is a geostationary satellite.

Question 17.
What is the period of a geostationary satellite?
Answer:
24 hours

Question 18.
What is meant by remote sensing?
Answer:
Obtaining data about material from a distance using sensors is called remote sensing.

Question 19.
Mention the relation between escape velocity and Orbiting velocity.
Answer:
Escape velocity v_e = \(\sqrt{2}\) v_o

Question 20.
Assume a hole is made through the centre of the Earth along the diameter. What type of motion does the mass execute if it is dropped into the hole?
Answer:
Simple Harmonic Motion.

Question 21.
Is the potential energy of an object on the surface of Earth zero?
Answer:
No, It is given by \(-\frac{\mathrm{GM}}{\mathrm{R}}\).

Question 22.
What is basis for Kepler’s 2^nd Law of Planetary Motion?
Answer:
The law of conservation of angular momentum.

Question 23.
If the Earth stops rotating axis. What will happen to the value of
Answer:
Since the Earth stopped rotation the centrifugal force pushing the objects outside becomes zero. So the value of g increases.

Question 24
Write one most important application of geostationary satellite.
Answer:
Long-distance communication.

Question 25.
What is the effect of the Non-sphericity of Earth on the value of ‘g’?
Answer:
The value of g keeps varying with different places on Earth. It is maximum at poles and minimum at the equator.

Question 26.
What is the condition for a uniform sphere to be black hole?
Answer:
Condition is, \(\sqrt{\frac{2 \mathrm{GM}}{\mathrm{R}}}\) = c,
Where M is mass of the sphere,
R is radius of sphere,
C is velocity of light.

Question 27.
How does the Orbital velocity of a satellite depend on the mass of the satellite?
Answer:
It is Independent of mass of satellite.

Question 28.
What does a spring balance measure mass or weight?
Answer:
Weight.

Question 29.
The Gravitational Potential Energy of a body at a point in a gravitational field of another body is \(-\frac{G M m}{r}\) What does -ve sign show?
Answer:
The negative sign implies that the body is bound to the body of mass M.

1st PUC Physics Gravitation Two Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define the potential energy of a body. Give an expression for the gravitational potential energy of a body.
Answer:
The energy possessed by a body due to its position is called potential energy. Gravitational potential energy is = mg h.

Question 2.
State and explain Newton’s law of gravitation.
Answer:
Everybody in this universe attracts every other body with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. If m₁ and m₂ are the masses of two bodies separated by a distance ‘r’, then the gravitational force F between them is,
\(\mathrm{F} \propto \frac{\mathrm{m}_{1} \mathrm{m}_{2}}{\mathrm{r}^{2}}\) or
\(\mathrm{F}=\frac{\mathrm{Gm}_{1} \mathrm{m}_{2}}{\mathrm{r}^{2}}\)
Where ‘G’ is called the gravitational constant.

Question 3.
Define universal gravitational constant G. What is the dimensional formula of G?
Answer:
The gravitational constant is numerically equal to the force of attraction between two bodies of unit masses separated by unit distance.
Dimensional formula of G is [M^-1L³ T^-2]

Question 4.
Derive the relation between acceleration due to gravity (g) and the gravitational constant (G)
Answer:
Consider a body of mass ‘m’ on the surface of the earth of mass M. Let R be the radius of the Earth. The gravitational force exerted on the body according to Newton’s second law is,
F₁ = mg ……(1)
where ‘g’ is the acceleration due to gravity.
According to Newton’s law of gravitation, the force between the body close to the surface of the earth and the earth is,
F₂ = G. \(\frac{m M}{R^{2}}\) ………(2)
But F₁ = F₂
∴ mg = \(\frac{G m M}{R^{2}}\)
g = \(\frac{G M}{R^{2}}\).

Question 5.
Explain the variation of ‘g’ due to the shape of the earth?
Answer:
On the surface of the earth g = \(\frac{G M}{R^{2}}\)
Since G and M are constants g \(\propto \frac{1}{R^{2}}\)
Due to the ellipsoidal shape of the earth equatorial radius is greater than the polar radius. So ‘g’ is maximum at the poles than at the equator.

Question 6.
Mention the factors on which the orbital velocity and escape velocity depends.
Answer:
The orbital velocity and escape velocity depend on the mass of the planet and its radius.

Question 7.
State and explain Kepler’s law for planetary motion.
Answer:

• I Law: Every planet moves in an elliptical orbit around the sun with the sun at one of the focuses.
• II Law: The line joining the planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time.
• III Law: The square of the period of any planet about the sun is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of the ellipse.

Question 8.
Explain what is meant by weightlessness?
Answer:
The weight of a body is measured by the reaction of the surface which supports the body. When a person is standing on the lift the person presses the surface with a force equal to his weight. The equal and opposite reaction of the surface on the person gives the sensation of weight.
When the lifts start moving downwards with acceleration, the reaction on the person becomes less and he feels his weight to be less.

When the lift falls freely, both the person and the lift are moving downwards with equal acceleration. Thus the surface does not exert any force on the body. Such a state is called weightlessness. Similarly, the astronauts in a spacecraft orbiting round the earth experience weightlessness.

Question 9.
Give any two applications of remote sensing.
Answer:

1. remote sensing is used for mapping forests.
2. remote sensing is used for groundwater exploration.

Question 10.
How is a satellite launched?
Answer:
In order to launch a satellite, it is taken vertically upwards to the required orbit and then appropriate horizontal velocity is imparted to the satellite so that it revolves round the earth.

Question 11.
Distinguish between inertial mass and gravitational mass.
Answer:
Inertial mass of a body is a measure of its inertia. It is determined using Newton’s second law of motion. Gravitational mass is a measure of the gravitational pull acting on it. It is determined using Newton’s law of gravitation.

Question 12.
Find the expression for the weight of the body at centre of the Earth.
Answer:
We know that, the value of acceleration due to gravity at depth d is given by \(\mathrm{g}_{\mathrm{d}}=\mathrm{g}\left[1-\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{R}}\right]\) where R is radius of Earth.
At depth = R, g_d = g[1 – R/R] = 0
So, weight of the body at centre of Earth is 0.

Question 13.
Is it possible to keep a satellite, so that it is always over Kashmir? Why?
Answer:
No, It is possible to place a geostationary satellite on an equatorial plane. Since Kashmir is not on the equator it is not possible to place a satellite above it.

Question 14.
Find the height at which g is the same as that at depth R/2.
Answer:
The acceleration due to- gravity at depth R/2 is
g_d = g[1 – d/R] = g \(\left[1-\frac{\mathrm{R} / 2}{\mathrm{R}}\right]\)
= g/2
At height h

h = R/4

Question 15.
The mass of 2 bodies are tripled and distance is halved, how will the gravitational force change?
Answer:
We know that F_g = \(\frac{\mathrm{Gm}_{1} \mathrm{m}_{2}}{\mathrm{r}^{2}}\)
Now, m₁ and m₂ are made 3 m₁ and 3 m₂ respectively and r is made (r/2).
G (3m1)(3m2)
So, \(F_{g}^{\prime}=\frac{G\left(3 m_{1}\right)\left(3 m_{2}\right)}{(r / 2)^{2}}\) = 36 F_g
Gravitational force increases 36 times.

Question 16.
Define gravitational field strength. Find the field at a point distance ‘x’ form a mass ‘m₁‘.
Answer:
The gravitational field is defined as the gravitation force experienced by an object of unit mass at any point. The Gravitational force on an object of mass m due to mass ‘m₁‘ at a distance x.
F = \(\frac{\mathrm{Gm}_{1} \mathrm{m}}{\mathrm{x}^{2}}\)
Field = \(\frac{F}{m}=\frac{G m_{1}}{x^{2}}\)

Question 17.
A planet’s radius is reduced by 5%, with its mass unchanged. What is the percentage change in ‘g’?
Answer:
We know that g \(\propto \frac{1}{R^{2}}\)
So, \(\frac{\Delta g}{g}\) = – 2 \(\frac{\Delta R}{R}\)
⇒ \(\frac{\Delta g}{g}\) = – 2(5%) = – 10%

Question 18.
What is the gravitational force on a body inside a spherical shell? Why?
Answer:
Inside the shell, the net gravitational force is zero. This is because there is no mass inside, the gravitational field is zero, thereby force is zero.

Question 19.
The value of ‘g’ on the moon is 1/6^th of that of Earth and diametre of moon is 1/4^th that of Earth. Find the ratio of
escape velocities.
Answer:
We know that,

The escape velocity of moon is about 4.9 times that of Earth.

Question 20.
State universal law of gravitation. Establish the relation M_e = \(\frac{\mathrm{g} \mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{e}}^{2}}{\mathrm{G}}\), where M_e and R_e are the mass and radius of Earth respectively.
Answer:
The universal law of gravitation states that everybody in the universe attracts every other body with a force which is directly proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them.
F \(\propto \frac{m_{1} m_{2}}{r^{2}}\)
⇒ F = \(\frac{\mathrm{Gm}_{1} \mathrm{m}_{2}}{\mathrm{r}^{2}}\)
For the body of mass ‘m’ on earth.
F = mg = \(\frac{\mathrm{GM}_{\mathrm{e}} \mathrm{m}}{\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{e}}^{2}}\)
⇒ M_e = \(\frac{R_{e}^{2} g}{G}\)

Question 21.
The radii of 2 planets are R and 2R respectively and their elements e and e/2 respectively. What is the ratio of their acceleration due to gravity at their surface?
Answer:
We know that,
g ∝ M and g ∝ 1/R²
⇒ g ∝ \(\frac{\rho \mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{R}^{2}}\) (∵ M = ρV)
Since V ∝ R³
g ∝ \(\frac{\rho \mathrm{R}^{3}}{\mathrm{R}^{2}}\)
i.e.; g ∝ ρR
Given that, ρ₁ = ρ
ρ₂ = ρ/2
R₁ = R
R₁ = 2R
⇒ \(\frac{\mathrm{g}_{1}}{\mathrm{g}_{2}}=\frac{\rho_{1} \mathrm{R}_{1}}{\rho_{2} \mathrm{R}_{2}}=\frac{\rho \mathrm{R}}{(\rho / 2)(2 \mathrm{R})}=1\).

Question 22.
The change In the value of ‘g’ at a height ‘h’ and depth ‘d’ is same. Assuming h and d are both very small compared to radius of Earth. Find ratio of h with respect to d.
Answer:
We know that ‘g’ at a height ‘h’ is given by \(g^{\prime}=g\left[1-\frac{2h}{R}\right]\) …….(1)
g at a depth ‘d’ is given by,
\(g^{\prime}=g\left[1-\frac{d}{R}\right]\) ……..(2)
Comparing (1) and (2), we can write
2h = d
⇒ \(\frac{h}{d}=\frac{1}{2}\)

Question 23.
If the Earth’s mass is 9 times and radius is 4 times that of Mars. Find the escape velocity of Mars. If that of Earth is 11.2 km s^-1
Answer:
We know that, escape velocity is given by,
V_esc = \(\sqrt{\frac{2 \mathrm{GM}}{\mathrm{R}}}\)
Let V_m, V_e be escape velocity of mars and Earth then, V_m = \(\sqrt{\frac{2 \mathrm{GM}_{\mathrm{m}}}{\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{m}}}}\)
\(\sqrt{\frac{2 \mathrm{G}\left(\mathrm{M}_{\mathrm{e}} / 9\right)}{\left(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{e}} / 4\right)}}\)

= 7.47 kms^-1

Question 24.
A black hole is a body from whose surface nothing may ever escape. What is the condition for a uniform spherical mass M to be a black hole? What should be radius of earth if it has to be a black hole?
Answer:
For a body to be a black hole, even light should not escape. So limiting escape velocity is 3 × 10⁸ ms^-1
So, for body of Mass M, condition is,
\(\sqrt{\frac{2 \mathrm{GM}}{\mathrm{R}}}\) ≥ 3 × 10⁸ ms^-1
For Earth, M = 6 × 10²⁴ kg
\(\frac{2 \times 6.67 \times 10^{-11} \times 6 \times 10^{24}}{R}\) = (3 × 10⁸)² R
= 9 × 10^-2 m
R = 9 cm.

1st PUC Physics Gravitation Three Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
The mass and diameter of a planet are 4 times those of Earth. What will be the time period of oscillation of the seconds pendulum on that planet?
Answer:
We know that the time period of oscillation of the pendulum is given by,
\(\mathrm{T}=\sqrt[2 \pi]{\frac{1}{g}}\)
Let the value of ‘g’ on the planet be g_p and on earth be g_e.
We know that, g ∝ \(\frac{M}{R^{2}}\)


⇒ T_p = 2 T_s
Since it is a seconds pendulum T_e = 1s
⇒ T_p = 2s.

Question 2.
Three equal masses are placed on three corners of equilateral triangles. What is work done in doing this?
Answer:
When m_a is brought no work is done when m_b is brought work done is, \(-\frac{G m_{a} m_{b}}{x}\)

When m_c is brought to point C from infinity.
The work done is \(-\frac{G m_{a} m_{c}}{x}\)\(-\frac{G m_{b} m_{c}}{x}\)
Total work done

Since all masses are equal, total work done is = \(-\frac{3 G m^{2}}{x}\)

Question 3.
Show that the gravitational potential at point of distant ‘a’ from the mass M₁ is given by, V = \(-\frac{\mathrm{GM}_{1}}{\mathrm{a}}\).
Answer:
Consider a mass ‘m’ placed at a distance a from a mass M, then force is given by,
\(\mathrm{F}=\frac{\mathrm{GmM}_{1}}{\mathrm{a}^{2}}\)
Let the work done in moving the body through a distance dx, if it originally at a distance x, the work done be dw.
dw = F.dx

The potential energy is the amount of work done in bringing the object from ∞ to point ‘a’. PE, U = \(-\frac{\mathrm{GM}_{1} \mathrm{m}}{\mathrm{a}}\)
Gravitational potential is PE per unit mass
⇒ V = \(\frac{\mathrm{u}}{\mathrm{m}}=-\frac{\mathrm{GM}_{1}}{\mathrm{a}}\)

Question 4.
What happens to a body when it’s projected up with a velocity of 11.2 km s^-1? Why? Compare escape speeds of 2 planets of mass M and 4 M and radii 2 R and R respectively.
Answer:
When the object is throw up with 11.2 km s^-1, which is equal to the escape velocity. The object doesn’t come back and escapes from Earth’s gravitational field. The escape velocity is given by,

\(\frac{V_{\mathrm{esc}_{1}}}{V_{\mathrm{esc}_{2}}}=\frac{1}{2 \sqrt{2}}\)
The escape velocity of the 2^nd planet is greater by a factor of 2\(\sqrt{2}\).

Question 5.
What are geostationary satellite? Calculate the height of the orbit above surface of Earth in which a satellite, if placed, will appear stationary.
Answer:
A geostationary satellite is a satellite which revolves around the Earth with exact same angular speed and direction as the Earth. Thus it appears stationary from Earth.
T = 24 × 3600 s = 8.64 × 10⁴s
Let h be the height of orbit. Then,

≅ (4.24 × 10⁷) – (6.4 × 10⁶)m
≈ 3.6 × 10⁷ m or 36,000 km from the surface of Earth.

Question 6.
Explain the variation of ‘g’ with

1. height
2. depth

Answer:
Consider M to be mass of Earth and R to be radius of Earth.
1. At a point ‘h’ above the ground
New g is g_n = \(\frac{\mathrm{GM}}{(\mathrm{R}+\mathrm{h})^{2}}\)
\(=\frac{\mathrm{GM}}{\mathrm{R}^{2}\left[1+\frac{\mathrm{h}}{\mathrm{R}}\right]^{2}}\)
g_n = g[1 + \(\frac{h}{R}\)]^-2
if h << R,
g_n = g[1 – \(\frac{2h}{R}\)]
So, g decreases with increase in height,

2. At a depth ‘d’ below the ground. The new g, gd is given by
d_d = g[1 – \(\frac{d}{R}\)]
So, g also decreases with depth.

Question 7.
If the earth is one half of its present distance from the sun, How many days will the present one year on the surface will change?
Answer:
We know that, T² ∝ R³
\(\left(\frac{T_{1}}{T_{2}}\right)^{2}=\left(\frac{R_{1}}{R_{2}}\right)^{3}\)
Since, R is halved
T₁ = (1/2)^3/2T
= \(\frac{T}{2 \sqrt{2}}\)
T₁ = 129 days
The year of the new Earth will have 236 days lesser.

Question 8.
Define gravitational potential and field intensity. Give their units. Also, write relation between them.
Answer:
Gravitational potential at point is defined as the work done in bringing a body of unit mass from infinity to that point. Its unit is J/kg, denoted by V Gravitational field intensity is defined as the force experienced by a unit mass at that point. It is expressed in N/kg, denoted by I.
I = \(-\frac{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{R}}\)

Question 9.
A body weighs 90 kg f on the surface of Earth. What is its weight on a planet whose mass ln \(\frac{1}{9}\) and radius is \(\frac{1}{2}\) of Earth ?
Answer:
We know that g ∝ \(\frac{M}{R^{2}}\)

Let m be the mass of the object, then its weight is m_gρ = m [\(\frac{4}{9}\) g_e]
\(\frac{4}{9}\)(m_gρ)
\(\frac{4}{9}\) (90kgf)
= 40kgf

Question 10.
The escape velocity v of a body depends on

1. the acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ and
2.  the radius of planet ‘R’

Find the relation between them using dimension analysis.
Answer:
We know that,
Escape velocity = V = [LT^-1]
Acceleration due to gravity = g = [LT^-2]
and Radius = R = [L]
⇒ Let V = kg^aR^b
⇒ [LT^-1] = [L^aT^-2a] [L^b]
a + b = 1 and -2a = -1
⇒ a = 1/2 and b =1/2
So, V = k \(\sqrt{\mathrm{Rg}}\).

Question 11.
State Newton’s Law of Gravitation. Find a % decrease in weight of the body when taken to a height of 16 km above surface of Earth. Radius of Earth a 6400 km.
Answer:
According to Newton’s Law of Gravitation, everybody in the universe attracts every other body with a force proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them.
\(\mathrm{F} \propto \frac{\mathrm{m}_{1} \mathrm{m}_{2}}{\mathrm{r}^{2}}\)
⇒ F = \(\frac{\mathrm{Gm}_{1} \mathrm{m}^{2}}{\mathrm{r}^{2}}\), where
G → Universal Gravitational Constant
m₁ and m₂ → masses of the 2 bodies
r → distance between the bodies.
The % change is weight is given by
\(\frac{\Delta m g}{m g}\) × 100 = \(\frac{\Delta g}{ g}\) × 100 = \(\frac{\mathrm{g}-\mathrm{g}_{n}}{\mathrm{g}}\) × 100
We know that, g_n = g \(g\left(1-\frac{2 h}{R}\right)\)

= 0.005
% change = \(\frac{\mathrm{g}-\mathrm{g}_{n}}{\mathrm{g}}\) × 100 = 0.5%

Question 12.
Define gravitational field strength. Which plane in the solar system has the greatest gravitational field strength? What is the gravitational field strength of a planet where a 60 kg astronaut weighs 300 N?
Answer:
The gravitational field strength at a point in a field is defined as the force experienced by a body of unit mass placed at that point.
I = \(\frac{G M}{R^{2}}\) ⇒ I = g
The value of I is maximum for Saturn.
I = \(\frac{300 N}{60 \mathrm{kg}}\)
I = 5 ms^-2

1st PUC Physics Gravitation Five Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is a geostationary satellite? Write any four applications of artificial satellites.
Answer:
1 Part:
A satellite which revolves round the earth with the same angular speed and the same direction as that of earth around its axis is a geostationary satellite.
Uses of artificial satellites:

1. for mapping of forests (or to study deforestation)
2. for mapping of rivers, reservoirs
3. for pollution monitoring.
4. for weather forecasting, prediction, and warning of cyclones, mapping of flood-affected areas
5. geostationary satellites are used for telephones, mobiles, broadcasting of radio and television.

Question 2.
What are orbital and escape velocity? Write relation between them. Mention any two characteristics of geostationary satellite.
Answer:
The velocity with which a satellite revolves in its closed orbit is called orbital velocity. The minimum velocity with which body must be projected so that it escapes form the gravitational force of attraction of earth is called escape velocity.
Escape velocity v_e = \(\sqrt{2}\)V_o Where V_o is the orbital velocity.
Two properties of geostationary satellites:

1. These satellites are appears to be stationary with respect to the earth’s surface.
2. Their height form earth’s surface is about 36,000km and they revolve around the earth from west to east in the equatorial plane.

Question 3.
State and explain Newton’s Law of gravitation. Hence define universal gravitational constant and find the dimensional formula for it.
Answer:
The gravitational force of attraction between two bodies is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. If two masses m₁ and m₂ are separated by a distance r then \(\mathrm{F} \propto \frac{\mathrm{m}_{\mathrm{m}_{2}}}{\mathrm{r}^{2}}\) Or \(\mathrm{F}=\mathrm{G} \frac{\mathrm{m}_{\mathrm{1}} \mathrm{m}_{2}}{\mathrm{r}^{2}}\) Where G is the proportionality constant known as universal gravitational constant.
From the above equation, G = \(\frac{\mathrm{Fr}^{2}}{\mathrm{m}_{1} \mathrm{m}_{2}}\)
If m₁ = m₂ = 1 and r = 1 then G = \(=\frac{F(1)^{2}}{1 \times 1}\) = F
Gravitational constant is defined as the gravitational force attraction between two bodies of unit masses separated by unit distance. Dimensional formula for [G] = [M^-1 L³ T^-2 ].

Question 4.
What is the difference between gravitational potential energy and gravitation potential? Derive an expression for gravitational potential energy.
Answer:
The gravitational potential is the gravitational potential energy per unit mass. So it is independent of the mass considered. The gravitational potential energy is defined as the work done in bringing a mass ‘m’ from infinity to the given point.
We know that, F = \(\frac{\mathrm{GMm}}{\mathrm{x}^{2}}\), where x is the distance between M and m.
Work done in moving the mass by dx from

The gravitational potential V= \(\frac{\mathrm{U}}{\mathrm{m}}\)
= \(-\frac{\mathrm{GM}}{\mathrm{r}}\)

Question 5.
Define the term orbital velocity. Establish a relation for the orbital velocity of a satellite very close to the surface of the earth. Find the ratio of orbital velocity and escape velocity.
Answer:
Orbital velocity is the minimum velocity that is needed to put the satellite into a given orbit around Earth. Consider a satellite of mass ‘m’ moving around in an orbit at height ‘h’ above the ground. Let M be mass of Earth, R be the radius of earth and the orbital velocity be V_o.
We know that, F_g = \(\frac{\mathrm{GMm}}{(\mathrm{R}+\mathrm{h})^{2}}\)
and centrifugal force F_C = \(\frac{m V_{0}^{2}}{(R+h)}\)
In equilibrium i.e., while rotating around the orbit

(Since, h << R ; R + h = R)
\(\frac{V_{0}}{V_{e s c}}=\frac{\sqrt{g R}}{\sqrt{2 g R}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\)

Question 6.
Obtain an expression for escape velocity of an object of mass ‘m’ from the surface of planet of mass M and radius R. If the escape velocity of planet is know to be 11.2 km s^-1. How fast will the object move If its velocity of launch is 22.4 km s^-1 from the surface?
Answer:
The minimum velocity required to escape from the gravitational force of the planet is known as the escape velocity of the planet. Consider the object ‘m’ on the surface of Earth.
Initial PE = \(-\frac{\mathrm{GMm}}{\mathrm{R}}\)
Initial KE = \(\frac{1}{2} m\left(V_{\text {esc }}\right)^{2}\)
Total energy = \(\frac{1}{2} m\left(V_{\text {esc }}\right)^{2}-\frac{G M m}{R}\)
To escape, the KE should greater than or equal to its PE.

Initial velocity of object = 22.4 km s^-1
= 2 V_esc
Total Initial Energy
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) m(2V_esc)² – \(\frac{\mathrm{GMm}}{\mathrm{R}}\)
= 2 m \(V_{\text {esc }}^{2}\) – \(\frac{1}{2}\) m \(V_{\text {esc }}^{2}\)  [From(1)]
= \(\frac{3}{2}\) m \(V_{\text {esc }}^{2}\)   ……(2)
Total Final energy = PE (at ∞) + \(\frac{1}{2}\) mV_f²
= 0+ \(\frac{1}{2}\) mV_f²
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) mV_f² ………(3)
By conservation of energy, (2) = (3)
V_f = \(\sqrt{3}\) V_esc
= 19.4 km s^-1

1st PUC Physics Gravitation Numerical Problems Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Find the gravitational force between two masses 15 kg each separated by a distance of 2m.
(G = 6.67 × 10^-11Nm²kg^-2)
Solution:
Given, m₁ = m₂ = 15 kg
d = 2 m
G = 6.67 × 10^-11Nm²kg^-2
∴ F = \(\frac{m_{1} m_{2}}{d^{2}}\)
= \(\frac{6.67 \times 10^{-11} \times 15 \times 15}{2^{2}}\)
= 3.75 × 10^-9 N.

Question 2.
Find the height at which the acceleration due to gravity is 1% less than its value on the surface of the earth. Radius of the earth 6400 km.
Solution:
Let h be the height where the acceleration due to gravity is 1 % less than that on the surface of the earth. Then,
\(g^{\prime}=g\left(1-\frac{2 h}{R}\right)\)
Here, g’ = 1 % less than g.

= 32 km.

Question 3.
The mass of a sphere is twice the mass of another sphere. These spheres attract each other with a force of 2 × 10^-4 N. When they are moved 0.3 m apart, the force reduces to 5 × 10^-5N. Find

1. the mass of the spheres.
2. Initial separation between the spheres.

Solution:
Let m be the mass of one sphere. Then the mass of second sphere is 2 m. If ‘d’ is the initial separation between the two spheres,
F₁ = \(\mathrm{G} \frac{\mathrm{m}_{1} \mathrm{m}_{2}}{\mathrm{d}^{2}}\)
= G \(\frac{\mathrm{m} \times 2 \mathrm{m}}{\mathrm{d}^{2}}\) ……(1)
When they are moved 0.3 m further apart,
F₂ = G \(\frac{\mathrm{m} \times 2 \mathrm{m}}{(\mathrm{d}+0.3)^{2}}\) ………(2)
Dividing (1) by (2),

Taking square root,
2 = \(\frac{(\mathrm{d} + 0.3)}{\mathrm{d}}\) or d = 0. 3 m
∴ Initial separation between the spheres is 0. 3 m
To find the mass, substituting in equation (1)

∴ m = 367.3 kg
2m = 734.61 kg

Question 4.
Calculate the height at which the acceleration due to gravity becomes\(\left(\frac{1}{16}\right)^{t h}\) of its value on the surface.(Radius of the earth 6400 km).
Solution:
Acceleration due to gravity at a height h is given by,

\(\frac{h}{R}\) = 3
h = 3R = 3 × 6400
= 19,200 km.

Question 5.
An artificial satellite revolves in a circular orbit at height 600 km above the earths surface. What is the orbital velocity and period of revolution of the satellite? ( Radius of the earth = 8400 km, g = 9.8 ms^-2)
Solution:
Orbital velocity is given by,
v = \(\sqrt{\frac{\mathrm{GM}}{\mathrm{r}}}\)
where G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of the earth.
We have, g = \(\frac{G M}{R^{2}}\) and GM = gR²
v = \(\sqrt{\frac{\mathrm{gR}^{2}}{\mathrm{r}}}\)
\(=\sqrt{\frac{g R^{2}}{R+h}}\)
where ‘h‘ is the height of the satellite above the earth’s surface.
∴ v = \(\sqrt{\frac{9.8 \times\left(6400 \times 10^{3}\right)^{2}}{6400 \times 10^{3}+600 \times 10^{3}}}\)
= 7.57 × 10³ ms^-1
Period of revolution, T = \(\frac{2 \pi r}{v}\)

= 5810 seconds

Question 6.
The acceleration due to gravity on moon is 1.7 ms^-2 and its radius is 0.27 times the radius of the earth. Calculate the ratio of mass of the earth to the mass of the moon. The acceleration due to gravity on the earths surface is 9.8 ms^-2
Solution:
Acceleration due to gravity on moon, g_m = 1.7 ms^-2
Acceleration due to gravity on earths surface g_E = 9.8 ms^-2
Given, R_m = 0.27 R_E where R_m and R_E are the radii of moon and the earth respectively. Acceleration due to gravity on moon is
g_m = \(\frac{\mathrm{GM}_{\mathrm{m}}}{\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{m}}^{2}}\) …..(1)
Acceleration due to gravity on earth is
g_E = \(\frac{\mathrm{GM}_{\mathrm{E}}}{\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{E}}^{2}}\) ……(2)
where M_m and M_E are the masses of moon and earth respectively.

= 79
Mass of the earth is 79 times the mass of the moon.

Question 7.
A Saturn year is 30 times the earth year. How far is the Saturn from the sun if the earth is 1.50 × 10⁸ km away from the sun?
Solution:
According to Kepler’s third law, T² ∝ R³
∴\(\frac{\mathrm{T}_{\mathrm{S}}^{2}}{\mathrm{T}_{\mathrm{E}}^{2}}=\left(\frac{\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{S}}}{\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{E}}}\right)^{3}\) …..(1)
where T_S and T_E are the period of revolution of Saturn and the earth and R_S and R_E are the distances of Saturn and the earth from the sun respectively.

Given R_E = 1.50 × 10¹¹m
T_S = 30 × T_E
∴ R_S = 1.50 × 10¹¹ × \(\left(\frac{30 T_{E}}{T_{E}}\right)^{2 / 3}\)
= 1.50 × 10¹¹ x 30^2/3
= 1.448 × 10¹² m
= 1.448 × 10⁹ km.

Question 8.
Determine the escape velocity of a body from the moon assuming moon to be a uniform sphere of radius 1.74 × 10⁶m and mass 7.36 × 10²²kg. Based on the answer explain why moon has no atmosphere.
(G = 6.67 × 10^-11 Nm²kg^-2).
Solution:
Escape velocity is given by,

= 2.38 × 10³ ms^-1
= 2.38 km s^-1
The escape velocity from the moon is 2.38kms^-1 which is less than the r.m.s. value of velocity of gas molecule. Hence all gases which might have been on the surface of the moon had escaped from moon. Hence moon has no atmosphere.

Question 9.
Mass of Jupiter is 320 times that of earth and its radius is 11 times the earth’s radius. Calculate the escape velocity of a body from Jupiter’s surface, given that escape velocity of earth’s surface is 11.2 km s^-1
Solution:
The escape velocity from Jupiter’s surface is given by,
V_J = \(\sqrt{\frac{2 \mathrm{GM}_{\mathrm{J}}}{\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{J}}}}\)
where M_J and R_J are the mass and radius of Jupiter respectively.
Given that, M_J = 320 M_E and R_J = 11 R_E

= \(\sqrt{\frac{320}{11}}\) × 11.2 × 10³
= 5.394 × 11.2 × 10³ ms^-1
= 60.41 kms^-1.

Question 10.
Determine the angular velocity with which earth would rotate on its axis so that a person on the equator would weigh 3/5 of his present weight. Radius of earth = 6400 km, g = 9.8 ms^-2
Solution:
Real weight of the person W = mg
Apparent weight of the person due to the rotation of the earth,
W’ = mg’
But W’ = \(\frac{3}{5}\)W
mg’ = \(\frac{3}{5}\) mg or
g’ = \(\frac{3}{5}\) g
Variation of acceleration due to gravity on the equator is given by,
g’ = g – ω²R
i.e. \(\frac{3}{5}\) g = g – ω²R
∴ ω²R = \(\frac{2}{5}\) g
ω = \(\sqrt{\frac{2 g}{5 R}}\)
\(=\sqrt{\frac{2 \times 9.8}{5 \times 6400 \times 10^{3}}}\)
= 7.8 × 10^-4 rads^-1.

Question 11.
A satellite circling round the earth has a period of 10 hours. Calculate its height above the surface of the earth., g = 9.8ms^-2
Solution:
Period of revolution of the satellite, T = 10hrs
= 10 × 60 × 60 = 36,000 sec
g = 9.8ms^-2.
From, the equation

R = 321.6 × 10⁶m
orbital velocity v_o = \(\sqrt{\mathrm{gR}}\)
\(=\sqrt{9.8 \times 321.6 \times 10^{6}}\)
= 56.14 × 10³ms^-1
∴ from the equation T = \(\frac{2 \pi(\mathrm{R}+\mathrm{h})}{\mathrm{v}_{0}}\)
3600 = \(\frac{2 \times 3.142\left(321.6 \times 10^{6}+h\right)}{56.14 \times 10^{3}}\)
2021040 = 2020.9 × 10⁶ + 6.284h
h = \(\frac{0.14 \times 10^{6}}{6.284}\)
= 222.79km.

Question 12.
Calculate the acceleration due to gravity

1. at a height 16km above Earth’s surface and
2. at a depth 2.8km below the surface of the earth. (Radius of the earth is 6400 km and acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the earth = 9.8m/s^-2).

Solution:
1. Acceleration due to gravity,
g=9.8ms^-2, Height h = 16 × 10³m Radius of the earth, R = 6400 × 10³ m From the equation g¹ = g \(\left(\frac{\mathrm{R}}{\mathrm{R}+\mathrm{h}}\right)^{2}\)
= 9.8 \(\left(\frac{6400 \times 10^{3}}{6400 \times 10^{3}+16 \times 10^{3}}\right)^{2}\)
= 9.75 ms^-2

2.  depth, h = 2.8 × 10³m
From the equation g¹ = g \(\left[1-\frac{h}{R}\right]\)
= 9.8 \(\left[1-\frac{2.8 \times 10^{3}}{6400 \times 10^{3}}\right]\)
= 9.796 ms^-2

Question 13.
The gravitational force between two bodies. A and B is 6.4 × 10^-7 N. When the distance between them is decreased by 0.2m. the force increases to 14.4 × 10^-7 N. Find their original distance apart. If the mass of A is twice that of B, find the mass of A and B. Given G = 6.67 × 10^-11Nm²kg^-2
Solution:
1. Let the mass of body A = m₁
Let the mass of body B = m₂
Let ‘ α ’ be the distance
force F = 6.4 × 10^-7N
F = \(\frac{\mathrm{G} \mathrm{m}_{1} \mathrm{m}_{2}}{\mathrm{d}^{2}}\)
6.4 × 10^-7 = \(\frac{\mathrm{G} \mathrm{m}_{1} \mathrm{m}_{2}}{\mathrm{d}^{2}}\) (1)

2. Now the distance, d = d – 0.2 force, F= 14.4 × 10^-7N
14.4 × 10^-7 = \(\frac{\mathrm{G}_{\mathrm{m}_{1} \mathrm{m}_{2}}}{(\mathrm{d}-0.2)^{2}}\) (2)

Taking Square root on both sides we have 1.5 = \(\frac{d}{d-0.2}\)
d = 1.5d – 0.3
d = 0.6m

3. If the mass, of A is twice that of B then m₁ = 2m₂, force F = 14.4 × 10^-7N
∴ 14.4 × 10^-7 = \(\frac{6.67 \times 10^{-11} \times 2 m_{2} \cdot m_{2}}{0.6}\)
m₂² = 0.6477 × 10⁴
m₂ = 0.8048 × 10²kg = 80.48kg
m₁ = 2m₂ = 1.61 × 10²kg
= 161kg.

Question 14.
The mass and diameter of a planet are 3 times that of the earth, what is the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of planet (given ‘g’ on the surface of earth is 9.8m/s²).
Solution:
Mass of the planet M¹ = 3M_earth
Diameter of the planet, R¹ = 3R_earth
Let g¹ be the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the earth whose mass M_earth & Radius R_earth Then,
g = \(\frac{\mathrm{GM}_{\mathrm{earth}}}{\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{earth}}^{2}}\) (1)
Let g¹ be the accleration due to grav-ity. on the surface of the planet whose mass is M¹ & Radius is R¹ then
g¹ = \(\frac{\mathrm{GM}^{1}}{\left(\mathrm{R}^{1}\right)^{2}}\)
g¹ = \(\frac{\text { G3M earth }}{3 \mathrm{R} \text { earth }}=\frac{\text { GMearth }}{3 \mathrm{R}_{\text {earth }}^{2}}\) (2)
Divide equ (2) by equ (1)

= 3.267 m s^-2

Question 15.
An artificial satellite revolves round the earth at a height of 1200km, the radius of the earth is 6400km. What is its orbital velocity and time period of revolution?
Answer:
Orbital velocity, v_o = \(\sqrt{\frac{\mathrm{GM}}{\mathrm{r}}}\)
But we have, g = \(\frac{\mathrm{GM}}{\mathrm{R}^{2}}\) ⇒ GM = gR²
∴ v_o = \(\sqrt{\frac{9 R^{2}}{r}}=\sqrt{\frac{g R^{2}}{R+h}}\)
where ‘h’ is the height of the satellite above the earths surface.
∴ v_o = \(\sqrt{\frac{9.8 \times\left(6400 \times 10^{3}\right)^{2}}{6400 \times 10^{3}+1200 \times 10^{3}}}\)
= 7.27 x 10³ms^-1
Period of revolution, T = \(\frac{2 \pi r}{v_{0}}\)

= 6569 seconds

Question 16.
Calculate the mass and density of the earth from the following data. Gravitational constant = 6.67 × 10^-11Nm²Kg^-2 Radius of the earth = 6.4 × 10⁶m. Acceleration due to gravity = 9.8ms^-2.
Answer:
G = 6.67 × 10^-11Nm^2<Kg^-2,
R = 6.4 × 10⁶m , g = 9.8 m/s^-2, M = ? and ρ =?
g = \(\frac{\mathrm{GM}}{\mathrm{R}^{2}}\) or M = \(\frac{\mathrm{g} \mathrm{R}^{2}}{\mathrm{G}}\)
= \(\frac{9.8 \times\left(6.4 \times 10^{6}\right)^{2}}{6.67 \times 10^{-11}}\)
= 60.18 × 10²³kg
= 6 × 10²⁴ kg.
Density
ρ = \(\frac{3 g}{4 \pi R G}\)
= \(\frac{3 \times 9.8}{4 \times 3.14 \times 6.4 \times 10^{6} \times 6.67 \times 10^{-11}}\)
= 5.483 × 10³ kg/m³.

Question 17.
A person can jump 1.2 m on Earth. How high can he jump on a planet whose density is 1/3^rd and radius is 4 times that of Earth, assuming he uses same energy.
Answer:
We know that,
g ∝ \(\frac{M}{R^{2}}\)

Now, since same energy is spent
mg_ph_p = mg_eh_e
⇒ h_p = \(\left(\frac{g_{e}}{g_{p}}\right)\) h_e
\(\frac{3}{4}\) × 1.2m
h_p = 0.9m.

Question 18.
Find ratio of the accelerations due to gravity of 2 planets if their radii ratio is 2 : 3. Under condition

1. Mass remains constant
2. Material remains constant.

Answer:
1. Here since mass remains constant, g ∝ \(\frac{M}{R^{2}}\) ⇒ g ∝ 1/R²
⇒ Ratio of gravitation is,
\(\frac{g_{1}}{g_{2}}=\left(\frac{R_{2}}{R_{1}}\right)^{2}=\frac{9}{4}\)

2. Here since material is same its density is same ⇒ g ∝ ρR ⇒ g ∝ R
∴ \(\frac{g_{1}}{g_{2}}=\left(\frac{R_{1}}{R_{2}}\right)=\frac{2}{3}\)

Question 19.
Find the percentage change in velocity of moon to escape the Earth’s gravity.
Answer:
Initial Velocity of moon = Orbital
Velocity, V_o = \(\sqrt{\frac{\mathrm{GM}}{\mathrm{r}}}\)
For the moon to escape Earth’s influence,
its velocity must become \(\sqrt{2 \frac{\mathrm{GM}}{\mathrm{r}}}\)
So, increase in velocity required

Percentage change

= 41.4 %

Question 20.
A rocket is launched with 0.8 times escape velocity. How high will it go before it starts falling?
Answer:
Initial KE = \(\frac{1}{2}\) mV_r²
\(\frac{1}{2}\) m (0.8)² (V_esc)²
= (0.64) [\(\frac{1}{2}\) m \(V_{\text {esc }}^{2}\)]
= 0.64 \(\frac{\mathrm{GMm}}{\mathrm{R}}\)
Initial PE = \(-\frac{\mathrm{GMm}}{\mathrm{R}}\)
At the height ‘h’, its velocity is 0.
So Final Potential Energy = \(-\frac{\mathrm{GMm}}{\mathrm{R}+\mathrm{h}}\)
By Law of Conservation of Energy
(0.64)\(\frac{\mathrm{GMm}}{\mathrm{R}}-\frac{\mathrm{GMm}}{\mathrm{R}}=\frac{\mathrm{GMm}}{(\mathrm{R}+\mathrm{h})}\)
0.36(R + h) = R
h = \(\frac{0.64}{0.36}\) R = \(\frac{16}{9}\) R
So, the rocket reaches a height of \(\frac{16}{9}\) R,
where R is radius of the Earth.

Question 21.
A mass m is left to fall freely to fall from a height R/3 from the surface of Earth. What is Its velocity when it hits the surface of Earth.
Answer:
Initial KE = 0,
Initial PE = \(\frac{-G M m}{(R+R / 3)}\) = \(-\frac{3}{4} \frac{\mathrm{GMm}}{\mathrm{R}}\)
Total Energy = \(-\frac{3}{4} \frac{\mathrm{GMm}}{\mathrm{R}}\) …..(1)
at the surface of the Earth, let its velocity be V_f then
TE = \(\frac{1}{2}\) m(V_f)² – \(\frac{\mathrm{GMm}}{\mathrm{R}}\) ….(2)
By conservation of energy (1) = (2)

\(\frac{1}{2}\) V_esc
= 5.6 km s^-1

Question 22.
Calculate the increase in potential energy when a body is moved from the surface of Earth to a height 2 R from the surface, where R is the radius of Earth.
Answer:
The Potential Energy of object on the surface of Earth is U _l = \(-\frac{\mathrm{GMm}}{\mathrm{R}}\)
The Potential Energy at the height of 2 R from surface is U_f = \(-\frac{G M m}{(R+2 R)}\)

Question 23.
Show that velocity of a body released from a height r from centre of Earth (r > R) is
R [2g \(\left(\frac{1}{\mathbf{R}}-\frac{1}{\mathbf{r}}\right)\)]^1/2 when it reaches the Earth’s surface is, where R is radius of Earth.
Answer:
From law of conservation of Energy we can write \(-\frac{\mathrm{GMm}}{\mathrm{r}}=\frac{1}{2} \mathrm{mV}^{2}-\frac{\mathrm{GMm}}{\mathrm{R}}\)

V = \(\mathrm{R}\left(2 \mathrm{g}\left(\frac{1}{\mathrm{R}}-\frac{1}{\mathrm{r}}\right)\right)^{1 / 2}\)

Question 24.
Determine the speed with which the Earth has to rotate so that the weight of a person on the equator is 2/3^rd of the current weight. Assume radius of Earth is 6.4 × 10⁶ m.
Answer:
Let m be the mass of the person, then,
Original weight = mg
and new weight = mg’
Given that \(\frac{\mathrm{mg}^{\prime}}{\mathrm{mg}}=\frac{2}{3}\)
⇒ g’ = \(\frac{2}{3}\) g
We know that,
g’ = g – Rω² (for equatorial plane)
\(\frac{2}{3}\) g = g – Rω²
⇒ ω = \(\sqrt{\frac{\mathrm{g}}{3 \mathrm{R}}}\)
ω = \(\sqrt{\frac{9.8}{3 \times 6.4 \times 10^{6}}}\)
ω = 5.104 × 10^-4rad s10^-1.

Question 25.
Two stars of mass M_x and M_y of radii R_x and R_y are d distance apart. Now if there is a particle of mass m at the midway, find the minimum speed with which it needs to be projected to escape to infinity.
Answer:
The initial potential energy of the mass is, given by

Let the initial velocity be V_i
then KE_i = \(\frac{1}{2}\) m(V_i)²
So, Total Energy
\(\frac{1}{2}\) mV_i² – \(\frac{2 G m}{d}\) (M_x + M_y)
Total Final Energy = 0
By conservation of Energy,

Question 26.
The mass of Jupiter is 1.9 × 10²⁷ kg and that of Sun is 2 × 10³⁰kg. The mean distance between them is 7.8 × 10¹¹m. Find the gravitational force exerted by Sun. Also, calculate the speed of Jupiter assuming circular orbit around the Sun.
Answer:
Mass of Jupiter = 1.9 × 10²⁷kg
Mass of Sun = 2 × 10³⁰kg
Distance, r = 7.8 × 10¹¹m
So, gravitational Force, F_g = \(-\frac{G M_{1} M_{2}}{r^{2}}\)
= \(\frac{6.67 \times 10^{-11} \times 1.9 \times 2 \times 10^{57}}{(7.8)^{2} \times 10^{22}}\)
= 4.16 × 10²³N
Now, the F_g is equal the centrifugal force of Jupiter.

= 1.3 × 10⁴ m s^-1 or 13 km s^-1.

Question 27.
A 500 kg satellite is in a circular orbit of radius 2 R_E about the Earth. How much energy is required to move it to another orbit of radius 4 R_e? What are changes in kinetic and potential energies?
Answer:
Mass of satellite, m_s = 500 kg
Let M_E be mass of Earth and R_E be radius of earth.
The PE₁ = \(-\frac{G M_{E} m_{s}}{2 R_{E}}\)
and KE₁ = \(\frac{1}{2}\) mv_o² = \(\frac{1}{2}\) m_s \(\left(\frac{\mathrm{GM}_{\mathrm{E}}}{2 \mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{E}}}\right)\)
= \(\frac{\mathrm{GM}_{\mathrm{E}} \mathrm{m}_{\mathrm{s}}}{4 \mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{E}}}\)
Total Energy, TE₁

Similarly for new orbit

Difference in Energy = TE₂ – TE₁

= 3.92 × 10⁹ J
An energy of 3.92 GJ needs to be supplied to the satellite to change its orbit.
Change in PE = \(\frac{G M_{E} m_{s}}{2 R_{E}}-\frac{G M_{E} m_{s}}{4 R_{E}}\)
= \(\frac{\mathrm{GM}_{\mathrm{E}} \mathrm{m}_{\mathrm{s}}}{4 \mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{E}}}\)
= 2 × 3.92 × 10⁹ J
= 7.84 × 10⁹ J
Change in KE = \(\frac{G M_{E} m_{s}}{8 R_{E}}-\frac{G M_{E} m_{s}}{4 R_{E}}\)
= – 3.92 × 10⁹ J.

Question 28.
A solid sphere of R/2 is cut and removed as shown. If ρ is the density of material. A mass ‘m’ is place at a distance R from centre of sphere. Find the gravitational force of attraction the mass.
Answer:

Mass of the Sphere is,
M₁ = ρ × \(\frac{4}{3}\)R³
Force due to the sphere.
F₁ = \(\frac{\mathrm{GM}_{1} \mathrm{m}}{(3 \mathrm{R})^{2}}\)
The Mass of missing portion
M₂ = ρ \(\frac{4}{3}\) π (R/2)³ = ρ × \(\frac{4}{3}\) × \(\frac{\pi \mathrm{R}^{3}}{8}\)
= \(\frac{M_{1}}{8}\)
Force on mass from only the missing portion

The total effective force on the mass is, F = F₁ – F₂

= 0.38 × G × R × ρ × m.

Question 29.
Infinite number of masses are placed at x = 1, 2, 4, 8….. If each of these masses are equal to ‘m’. Find the potential energy on a mass ‘m’ at origin.
Answer:
The gravitational potential energy at a point distance x from a mass m is given
by \(-\frac{\mathrm{Gmm}}{\mathrm{x}}\)
The total potential energy is given by,

[sum of infinity GP]
= – 2Gm²

Question 30.
Two masses m₁ and m₂ are separated by a distance r. Find the expression for gravitational potential at a point where the net force is zero.
Answer:
Let x be the distance of the point where net force is zero from m.


The potential at the point x is

You can Download Chapter 17 Web designing Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC Computer Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Computer Science Question Bank Chapter 17 Web designing

1st PUC Computer Science Web designing One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the internet?
Answer:
Internet is the largest network of networks in the world.

Question 2.
Mention any two uses of the internet.
Answer:

1. One can talk to anyone, anywhere around the world.
2. Offers unlimited commercial opportunity to do business
3. Can be used to play computer games.

Question 3.
Mention any two services of the internet.
Answer:
The main services of the internet are email, voicemail, and chat.

Question 4.
Expand WWW.
Answer:
WWW stands for World Wide Web.

Question 5.
What is the World Wide Web?
Answer:
The World Wide Web is a complete set of documents present on all internet servers that use the HTTP protocol, accessible to users via a simple point-and-click system.

Question 6.
What is email?
Answer:
It is a system for exchanging written text, voice and video messages through a computer network.

Question 7.
What is voice mail?
Answer:
Voicemail is a computerized system that enables support for answering and storing telephone call messages. The voicemail records and stores incoming messages, enabling playback of the messages from the same phone number or from another telephone.

Question 8.
What is chatting?
Answer:
It is the online communication between two users connected through the internet and a sing computer. Here, one user can enter text by typing on the keyboard and that will appear on the other user’s monitor and that person can replay.

Question 9.
What are bulleting boards?
Answer:
It is an electronic message center where people can post public messages. Messages are placed on the computer, so people can leave than for other people to read and see and later erase then when not required.

Question 10.
What is a newsgroup?
Answer:
A newsgroup is an internet-based discussion group. Users post messages to a news server. Then other users can access the newsgroup and read the postings and reply with their comments and views on that topic.

Question 11.
Expand FTP.
Answer:
FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol.

Question 12.
Expand the term TCP/IP.
Answer:
The term TCP/IP means Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.

Question 13.
What is FTP?
Answer:
It is a standard network protocol used to exchange and manipulate files over the Internet. FTP is most commonly used to download a file from a server, using the internet or to upload a file to a server.

Question 14.
Define protocol.
Answer:
A specific set of communication rules is called a protocol.

Question 15.
What is telnet or remote login?
Answer:
This is a program that allows a user to access resources of a computer situated in a different location via a text-based interface.

Question 16.
What is Gopher?
Answer:
The gopher is a system that allows users of the internet to search for and retrieve information using a text interface via a directory structure.

Question 17.
Define web page.
Answer:
A web page is HTML document or resource of text, images and video’s that is suitable for the World Wide Web.

Question 18.
What is a website?
Answer:
Website is a collection of web pages.

Question 19.
Expand the term HTML.
Answer:
HTML means HyperText Markup Language.

Question 20.
Expand HTTP.
Answer:
The term HTTP means HyperText Transfer Protocol.

Question 21.
Name the two kinds of web pages.
Answer:
The two kinds of web pages are static web pages and dynamic web page.

Question 22.
What is a static web page?
Answer:
A web page that shows the same contents every time, when they are viewed is called a static web page.

Question 23.
What is a dynamic webpage?
Answer:
A web page that has contents that can change dynamically whenever they are a mended and show to changed page when it is viewed is called a dynamic web page.

Question 24.
Expand the term XHTML.
Answer:
The term XHTML means Extensible HyperText Markup Language.

Question 25.
What is a web browser?
Answer:
Web browser is a software application program used to locate and display Web pages.

Question 26.
Write any two popular web browsers.
Answer:
The most popular browsers are google chrome, Microsoft Internet Explorer and Firefox.

Question 27.
Expand the term DNS.
Answer:
The term DNS means Domain Name System.

Question 28.
What is DNS?
Answer:
It is a name that identifies one or more IP addresses on the internet.

Question 29.
Expand the term URL.
Answer:
URL means Uniform Resource Locator.

Question 30.
What is a URL?
Answer:
URL is the address of a specific Web site or file on the Internet. It cannot have spaces or certain other characters in its name and uses forward slashes to denote different directories.

Question 31.
What are search engines?
Answer:
A web search engine is an automated software agent that is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web.

Question 32.
What do you mean by surfing?
Answer:
The term surfing is a type of Web browsing in which the user jumps from web page to web page at random.

Question 33.
What is HTML?
Answer:
The language used to develop web pages is called HyperText Markup Language (HTML).

Question 34.
What are tags?
Answer:
Tags are instructions that are embedded directly into the text of the HTML document.

Question 35.
What are the different types of tags?
Answer:
The different types of tags are empty tags and container tags.

Question 36.
What is an empty tag?
Answer:
It is a singular tag and does not have a companion tag.

Question 37.
What is a container tag?
Answer:
HTML tags which require a closing tag are called container tags.

Question 38.
What is the default extension file name for an HTML document?
Answer:
The default extension file name for an HTML document is *.HTM or *.HTML.

Question 39.
Name any two formatting tags.
Answer:
Two formatting tags are <b> for bold text and <i> for italicizing text.

Question 40.
Name the tag to break the line.
Answer:
The tag used to break the line is <br>.

Question 41.
Name the tag to insert the image in the HTML document.
Answer:
The tag to insert the image in a HTML document is <img>.

Question 42.
Give the named of the tag used to hyperlink to web pages.
Answer:
The tag <A> is used to hyperlink the webpages.

Question 43.
What are the two types of list?
Answer:
The two types of list are ordered list and unordered list.

Question 44.
Name the tag used to apply the ordered list.
Answer:
The tag used to apply ordered list is <OL>.

Question 45.
Name the tag used to apply an unordered list.
Answer:
The tag used to apply the ordered list is <UL>.

Question 46.
What is the use of <HR> tag?
Answer:
The <HR> tag is used to insert a horizontal ruler line in an HTML document.

1st PUC Computer Science Web designing Two/Three Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the history of the internet?
Answer:
In 1969, the American Department of Defense (DOD) started a network of devices called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Administration Network) with one computer in California and three in Utah. The actual term Internet was coined in 1995 by the FNC (Federal Networking Council, USA).

Question 2.
What are the uses of the internet?
Answer:

1. One can talk to anyone, anywhere around the world.
2. Ocean of resources waiting to be mined.
3. One can do research on any subject for a project.
4. Online business, on-line reservation can be done sitting at in-home or workplace

Question 3.
Write the services of the internet.
Answer:
The services of the internet are email, chat, newsgroup, FTP, WWW, etc.,

Question 4.
Mention any two uses of email.
Answer:

1. Messages can be sent 24 × 7 at any convenient time that suits the user.
2. Messages reach the recipient’s mailbox within minutes.
3. Delivery of messages can be confirmed.

Question 5.
Mention a few disadvantages of email.
Answer:

1. Recipients must also be email users.
2. Until a mailbox is checked, there is no way of knowing that a message has arrived.
3. Need Internet access and a modem along with the computer.

Question 6.
What is voice mail? Explain.
Answer:
Voicemail messages are stored on hard disk drives, the media generally used by computers. Messages are recorded in digitized natural human voice. To retrieve messages, a user calls the system from any phone, logs on, and their messages can be retrieved immediately.

Question 7.
What is chat? Explain.
Answer:
It is online communication between two users through computer on the internet. Once a chat has been initiated, either user can enter text by typing on the keyboard and the entered text will appear on the other user’s monitor. Most networks and online services offer a chat facility.

Question 8.
What is a bulletin board? Explain.
Answer:
It is an electronic message center where people can post public messages, messages are placed on the computer so people can leave them for other people to read and see. For example, it is used to advertise things to buy or sell, and erase when the need is over announce events, or provide information.

Question 9.
What is FTP? Mention is use.
Answer:
It is a standard network protocol used to exchange and manipulate files over a TCP/IP based network, such as the Internet. FTP is most commonly used to download a file from a server using the Internet or to upload a file to a server.

Question 10.
What is the use of telnet? Briefly explain.
Answer:
Telnet stands for ‘telecommunications network’, and was built to be form of remote control to manage mainframe computers from distant terminals. Telnet is a text-only protocol, and the user cannot see graphics or fancy images while working with Telnet, nor will they be able to transfer files with Telnet. Telnet is used to communicate with other computers and machines in a text-based manner.

Question 11.
What is meant by web page and web site?
Answer:
A web page is a HTML document or resource of text, images and video’s that is suitable for the World Wide Web, while a website is a collection of web pages.

Question 12.
What is a web browser? Name any two web browsers.
Answer:
Web browser is a software application program used to locate and display web pages. The most popular browsers are google chrome, Microsoft Internet Explorer and Firefox.

Question 13.
What is URL? Give an example.
Answer:
It is the global address of documents and other resources on the World Wide Web.
For example, http:// www.puc.com /index.html
The first part of the address is called a protocol identifier and it indicates what protocol to use and the second part is called a resource name and it specifies the IP address or the domain name where the resource is located.

Question 14.
What is TCP/IP? Briefly explain.
Answer:
TCP is one of the main protocols in TCP/IP networks. While the IP protocol deals only with packets, TCP enables two hosts to establish a connection and exchange streams of data. TCP guarantees delivery of data and also guarantees that packets are delivered in the same order in which they are sent.

Question 15.
What is HTTP? Briefly explain.
Answer:
It is the protocol used by the World Wide Web. HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers should take, in response to various commands.

Question 16.
What is surfing? What is the use of a search engine?
Answer:
The term surfing is a type of Web browsing in which the user jumps from web page to web page. A web search engine is an automated software agents that visit a Web site, read the information to search for specific information on the World Wide Web.

Question 17.
Mention the basic tags of HTML.
Answer:
The basic tags of HTML are <HTML>, <HEAD>, <TITLE>, and <BODY>.

Question 18.
What are tags? Name the different types of tags.
Answer:
Tags are instructions that are embedded directly into the text of the HTML document. The different types of tags are empty tags and container tags. Empty tag is a singular tag and does not have companion tag. Whereas the container tag require a closing tag.

Question 19.
Briefly explain tags.
Answer:
The general format for a HTML tag is : <tag_name> affected text </tag_name>
The opening tag consists of just the tag name and it instructs the web browser to start tagging (formatting) the text. The ending tag includes a slash preceding the tag name. This / slash tells a web browser to stop tagging the text.
For example: <b> HTML tags </b>.

Question 20.
Name the tools needed to create and view web pages.
Answer:
An HTML editor, to create and save the HTML documents. Notepad or Word Pad for Windows are examples of text editors. A web browser, to view and test the HTML documents. The most common and popular web browsers are Mozilla Firefox and Internet explorer.

Question 21.
Briefly explain any three formatting tags.
Answer:
1. Bold Text:
You user can make bold text to emphasize information in the web page. Bold text is useful for introducing new terms and highlighting important phrases on a Web page.
Tag:
<B> SOME TEXT </B> <B> SOME TEXT <B/> display SOME TEXT
EXAMPLE:
<BODY> <B> THIS IS A Bold TEXT </B> </BODY>

2. Underline Text:
</U> Define underlined word-used to highlight
Tag:
<U> Some text </U> <U> Some text </U> display some text
Example:
<BODY> <U> You can underline this text </U> </BODY>

3. Italicise Text:
<i> Defines intalicized text. Makes data to appear as
Tag:
<I> SOME TEXT </I> <U> SOME TEXT </i> display SOME TEXT
EXAMPLE:
<BODY> <I> THIS IS A Itilicize TEXT </I> </BODY>

Question 22.
How do web pages get linked? Give an example.
Answer:
User can link a word, phrase or image on One. Web page to another page on the Web. User should ensure the text or image used for the link clearly indicates where the link will take the users.
Tag:
<A HREF = ”link-reference file”> Link name </A>
Example:
<HTML><HEAD> <TITLE>LINK-REFERENCE PAGE</TITLE> </HEAD>
<BODY>
<CENTER><H1> Welcome to Chapter 11: Click hereto Open </H1></CENTER>
</BODY>
</HTML>

1st PUC Computer Science Web designing Five Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write a short note on the internet.
Answer:
The Internet is a worldwide network of computers connecting thousands and thousands of computers across the globe. It is formed by the joining of many smaller networks around the world to form the largest network in the world.

In 1969, the American Department of Defense (DOD) started a network of devices called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Administration Network) with one computer in California and three in Utah. The actual term Internet was coined in 1995 by the FNC (Federal Networking Council, USA). The computers of the Internet are connected through telephone lines, satellite links, modem and through many other means.
The Internet consists of following applications:

1. # World Wide Web
2. # E-Mail
3. # Chatting
4. # VideoConferencing
5. # Searching for information
6. # Online Shopping and Trade
7. #Education and Research.

Uses of internet

1. One can talk to anyone anywhere around the world.
2. Ocean of resources waiting to be mined.
3. One can do research on any subject for a project.
4. Online business, on-line reservation can be done sitting at home or workplace.

Question 2.
Explain the different services of the internet.
Answer:
The services of internet are email, vace mail chat, Bullet inboard, newsgroup, FTP, WWW, etc.,
1. email:
It is a system for exchanging written, voice and video messages through a computer network. Some uses of email are as follows;

• Messages can be sent 24 × 7 at any convenient time that suits the user.
• Messages reach the recipient’s mailbox within minutes.
• Delivery of the messages can be confirmed.

2. Voice Mail:
Voice mail messages are stored on hard disk drives, a media generally used by computers. Messages are recorded in digitized from of the natural human voice. To retrieve messages, a user calls the system from any phone, logs on, and their messages can be retrieved immediately.

3. Chat:
It is an online communication between two users, through a computer on the internet. Once a chat has been initiated, either user can enter text by typing on the keyboard and the entered text will appear on the other user’s monitor. Most networks and online services offer a chat facility.

4. Bulletin Board:
It is an electronic message center where people can post public messages, messages are placed on the computer so people can leave them for other people to read and see and erase when the need is oyen it is used, For example, to advertise things to buy or sell, announce events, or provide information.

5. FTP:
It is a standard network protocol used to exchange and manipulate files over a TCP/ IP based network, such as the Internet. FTP is most commonly used to download a file from a server using the Internet or to upload a file to a server.

6. Telnet:
Telnet stands for ‘telecommunications network’, and was built to be a form of remote control to manage mainframe computers from distant terminals. Telnet is a text-only protocol, and to user cannot see graphics or fancy images while working with Telnet, nor will they be able to transfer files with Telnet. Telnet is used to communicate with other computers and machines in a text-based manner.

Question 3.
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of email.
Answer:
Advantages:

1. Messages can be sent at whatever time of day which suits the user.
2. Messages reach the recipient’s mailbox within minutes.
3. No need to speak to the recipient.
4. Delivery of the messages can be confirmed.
5. Copies of the message can be sent automatically to more recipients.
6. Received Messages can be read whenever it is convenient for the user.
7. Incoming messages can be saved in one’s computer.
8. email reduces paper usage for communication.

Disadvantages:

1. Recipients must also be email users.
2. Junk mail may flood the mailbox making it very uncomfortable.
3. Until the mailbox is checked, there is no way of knowing that a message has arrived.
4. One needs Internet access and a modern along with the computer.
5. If the user mails something that is written in anger or wrongly written sent to the wrong person there is no way to take it back.

Question 4.
Write a short note on WWW, Web page and Website.
Answer:
1. WorldWideWeb(WWW):
This is a system of Internet servers that support specially formatted documents. The documents are formatted in a markup language called HTML (HyperText Markup Language) that supports links to other documents, as well as graphics, audio, and video files. There are several applications called Web browsers that make it easy to access the World Wide Web Three of the most popular browsers are Google Chrome, Firefox and Microsoft’s Internet Explorer. World Wide Web is not synonymous with the Internet.

2. Web page:
A web page is a document or resource of text, images and video’s that is suitable for the World Wide Web and can be accessed through a web browser and displayed on a computer screen. Web pages may consist of files of static text stored within the web server’s file system (static web pages), or the web server may construct the (X)HTML for each web page when it is requested by a browser (dynamic web pages).

3. Web Browser:
It is a software application.used to locate and display Web pages. The most popular browsers are Google Chrome, Microsoft Internet Explorer and Firefox. They are graphical browsers, which mean that they can display graphics as well as text. In addition, most modem browsers can present multimedia information, including sound and video.

Question 5.
Write a short note on HTML and HTTP.
Answer:
1. HyperText Markup Language [HTML]:
It is the main language used to create documents on the World Wide Web. It allows images and objects to be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms. It is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of “tags” surrounded by angle brackets within the web page content.

2. HyperText Transfer Protocol [HTTP]:
It is the underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web. HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands. For example, when you enter a URL in your browser, this actually sends an HTTP command to the Web server directing it to fetch and transmit the requested Web page.

Question 6.
Explain the structure of a HTML Document.
Answer:
Web Pages include both the text that we want to display and HTML tags (commands) to Web Browsers. A Web page is marked by an opening HTML tag <HTML> and a closing </HTML> tag and is divided into the following major sections:
Head Section (Optional)
Body Section
A Web page outline containing the following three sections and the opening and closing HTML tags are is illustrated below:
<HTML>
<HEAD> <Title> page name </title> </HEAD>

Head Section

<BODY>
HTML Tags (Commands)
……..
</BODY>
Body Section
Head Section
The head section is defined with a starting <HEAD> tag and a closing </HEAD> tag. This section is usually contains a title for the Web page as shown below:
<HEAD>
<TITLE> Welcome to HTML Page </TITLE>
</HEAD>
The text enclosed in the tags <TITLE> and </TITLE> will appear in the title bar of the Web Browser when it displays the page.

Body Section:
After the head section comes the body section. We call this as body section because this section contains the entire information about the Web Page and its behavior. We can set up many options to indicate how our page must appear on the screen (like color, location, etc..) Shown below is a simple body section:
<BODY> <CENTER>
<H1> Welcome to the World of Web paging </H1>
</CENTER> </BODY>
The body shown above contains instructions to display the message
Welcome to the World of Web paging.

Question 7.
Write a short note on ‘list’ tag.
Answer:
The list tag is used to apply numbers or symbols to a list of values. The tag name is <li>.
The <li> tag defines a list item.
The <li> tag is used in ordered lists(<ol>), unordered lists (<ul>), and in menu lists (<menu>).
For example,
<ol>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>

<ul>
<li>Coffee</l i>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Mi lk</li>
</ul>